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981:. Heme iron is usually found in red meat, whereas non-heme iron is found in plant based sources. Heme iron is the most easily absorbed form of iron. In those with hemochromatosis undergoing phlebotomy for treatment; restriction of dietary iron is not required. However, those who do restrict dietary iron usually require less blood needing to be phlebotomized (about 0.5–1.5 liters of blood less per year). Vitamin C and iron supplementation should be avoided as vitamin C accelerates intestinal absorption of iron and mobilization of body iron stores. Raw seafood should be avoided because of increased risk of infections from iron loving pathogens such as
958:
and transferrin saturation are within the normal range, maintenance phlebotomies may be needed in some (depending upon the rate of reabsorption of iron), scheduled at varying frequencies to keep iron stores within normal range. A phlebotomy session typically draws between 450 and 500 mL of blood. Routine phlebotomy may reverse liver fibrosis and alleviate some symptoms of hemochromatosis, but chronic arthritis is usually not responsive to treatment. In those with hemochromatosis; the blood drawn during phlebotomy is safe to be
48:
1122:, significant changes are thought to have occurred in both the environment and diet. Some communities of foragers migrated north, leading to changes in lifestyle and environment, with a decrease in temperatures and a change in the landscape which the foragers then needed to adapt to. As people began to develop and advance their tools, they learned new ways of producing food, and
278:-related hereditary hemochromatosis). Currently, hemochromatosis (without further specification) is mostly defined as iron overload with a hereditary or primary cause, or originating from a metabolic disorder. However, the term is currently also used more broadly to refer to any form of iron overload, thus requiring specification of the cause, for example,
957:
is the mainstay of treatment in iron overload, consisting of regularly scheduled blood draws to remove red blood cells (and iron) from the body. Upon initial diagnosis of iron overload, the phlebotomies may be performed weekly or twice weekly, until iron levels are normalized. Once the serum ferritin
917:
gene testing, elevated iron status for no other obvious reason, and family history of liver disease, additional evaluation of liver iron concentration is indicated. In this case, diagnosis of hemochromatosis is based on biochemical analysis and histologic examination of a liver biopsy. Assessment of
1151:
Studies and surveys conducted to determine the frequencies of hemochromatosis help explain how the mutation migrated around the globe. In theory, the disease initially evolved from travelers migrating from the north. Surveys show a particular distribution pattern with large clusters and frequencies
1060:
In general, provided there has been no liver damage, patients should expect a normal life expectancy if adequately treated by venesection. If the serum ferritin is greater than 1,000 μg/L at diagnosis there is a risk of liver damage and cirrhosis which may eventually shorten their life. The
813:
females, normal range of serum ferritin is between 12 and 300 ng/mL (670 pmol/L) . In premenopausal females, normal range of serum ferritin is between 12 and 150 or 200 ng/mL (330 or 440 pmol/L). In those with hemochromatosis, the serum ferritin level correlates with the degree of iron
1138:
in the body. Iron deficiency will lead to a drop in the core temperature. In the chilly and damp environments of
Northern Europe, supplementary iron from food was necessary to keep temperatures regulated, however, without sufficient iron intake the human body would have started to store iron at
768:
lead to a loss or decrease in hepcidin production, which subsequently leads to the loss of the inhibitory signal regulating iron absorption and mobilization and thus leads to iron overload. In very rare instances, mutations in ferroportin result in ferroportin resistance to hepcidin's negative
320:
Hereditary hemochromatosis is characterized by an accelerated rate of intestinal iron absorption and progressive iron deposition in various tissues. This typically begins to be expressed in the third to fifth decades of life, but may occur in children. The most common presentation is hepatic
423:
The overwhelming majority depend on mutations of the HFE gene discovered in 1996, but since then others have been discovered and sometimes are grouped together as "non-classical hereditary hemochromatosis", "non-HFE related hereditary hemochromatosis", or "non-HFE hemochromatosis".
1207:
gene has two main mutations, causing amino acid substitutions C282Y and H63D, which were the main cause of hereditary hemochromatosis. The next year the CDC and the
National Human Genome Research Institute sponsored an examination of hemochromatosis following the discovery of the
3004:
Groborz O, Poláková L, Kolouchová K, Švec P, Loukotová L, Miriyala VM, Francová P, Kučka J, Krijt J, Páral P, Báječný M, Heizer T, Pohl R, Dunlop D, Czernek J, Šefc L, Beneš J, Štěpánek P, Hobza P, Hrubý M (2020). "Chelating
Polymers for Hereditary Hemochromatosis Treatment".
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The risk of death and liver fibrosis are elevated in males with HFE type hemochromatosis but not in females; this is thought to be due to a protective effect of menstruation and pregnancy seen in females as well as possible hormone-related differences in iron absorption.
1098:, communities of people lived in an environment that was fairly sunny, warm and had the dry climates of the Middle East. Most humans who lived at that time were foragers and their diets consisted largely of wild plants, fish, and game. Archaeologists studying
1126:. These changes would have led to serious stress on the body and a decrease in the consumption of iron-rich foods. This transition is a key factor in the mutation of genes, especially those that regulated dietary iron absorption. Iron, which makes up 70% of
304:
production) are responsible for most cases of hereditary hemochromatosis; 95% of cases of hereditary hemochromatosis involve a mutation of this HFE gene. Non-HFE hereditary hemochromatosis involves mutations in genes coding for the iron regulatory proteins
752:
transporter. In response to elevated plasma iron levels, hepcidin inhibits the ferroportin transporter leading to decreased iron mobilization from stores and decreased intestinal iron absorption, thus functioning as a negative iron regulatory protein.
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HHC is most common in certain
European populations (such as those of Irish or Scandinavian descent) and occurs in 0.6% of some unspecified population. Men have a 24-fold increased rate of iron-overload disease compared with women.
784:
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Allen KJ, Gurrin LC, Constantine CC, Osborne NJ, Delatycki MB, Nicoll AJ, McLaren CE, Bahlo M, Nisselle AE, Vulpe CD, Anderson GJ, Southey MC, Giles GG, English DR, Hopper JL, Olynyk JK, Powell LW, Gertig DM (17 January 2008).
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made their way along the coastline of Europe in search of trade, riches, and land. Genetic studies suggest that the extremely high frequency patterns in some
European countries are the result of migrations of Vikings and later
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testing is a low-cost, readily available, and minimally invasive method for assessing body iron stores. However ferritin levels may be elevated due to a variety of other causes including obesity, infection, inflammation (as an
2912:
Polomoscanik SC, Cannon CP, Neenan TX, Holmes-Farley SR, Mandeville WH, Dhal PK (2005). "Hydroxamic Acid-Containing
Hydrogels for Nonabsorbed Iron Chelation Therapy: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation".
257:
Hemochromatosis leading to secondary diabetes (through iron deposition in the insulin secreting beta cells of the pancreas), when combined with a bronzing or darkening of the skin, is sometimes known as "bronze diabetes".
295:
Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder with estimated prevalence in the population of 1 in 200 among patients with
European ancestry, with lower incidence in other ethnic groups. Mutations of the
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regulatory effects, and continued intestinal iron absorption and mobilization despite inhibitory signaling from hepcidin. Approximately 95% of cases of hereditary hemochromatosis are due to mutations in the HFE gene.
3566:
3551:
3489:
Burke W, Thomson E, Khoury MJ, McDonnell SM, Press N, Adams PC, Barton JC, Beutler E, Brittenham G (1998-07-08). "Hereditary
Hemochromatosis: Gene Discovery and Its Implications for Population-Based Screening".
1181:(a French internist) was one of the first to describe many of the symptoms of a diabetic patient with cirrhosis of the liver and bronzed skin color. The term hemochromatosis was first used by German pathologist
1003:
binds with iron in the bloodstream and enhances its elimination in urine and faeces. Typical treatment for chronic iron overload requires subcutaneous injection over a period of 8–12 hours daily. Two newer
905:
iron staining, highlighting the hemosiderin pigment as blue. This finding indicates mesenchymal iron overload (within
Kupffer cells and/or portal macrophages) rather than parenchymal iron overload (within
3446:
Feder J, Gnirke A, Thomas W, Tsuchihashi Z, Ruddy D, Basava A, Dormishian F, Domingo R, Ellis M (August 1996). "A novel MHC class I–like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis".
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usually precede ferritin elevations in hemochromatosis. Transferrin saturation of greater than 45% combined with an elevated ferritin level is highly sensitive in diagnosing HFE hemochromatosis.
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929:(MRI) is used as a noninvasive method to estimate iron deposition levels in the liver and heart, which may aid in determining a response to treatment or prognosis.
208:(insufficiency of the sex hormone producing glands) which leads to low sex drive and/or loss of fertility in men and loss of fertility and menstrual cycle in women.
2956:
Qian J, Sullivan BP, Peterson SJ, Berkland C (2017). "Nonabsorbable Iron
Binding Polymers Prevent Dietary Iron Absorption for the Treatment of Iron Overload".
1052:, the approach has virtually no side effects in sub-chronic studies. Interestingly, the simultaneous chelation of Fe and Fe increases the treatment efficacy.
3679:
2095:
1193:
Although it was known most of the 20th century that most cases of hemochromatosis were inherited, they were incorrectly assumed to depend on a single gene.
135:). Iron deposition most commonly occurs in the liver, pancreas, skin, heart, and joints. People with iron overload classically present with the triad of
724:
Normally, hepcidin acts to reduce iron levels in the body by inhibiting intestinal iron absorption and inhibiting iron mobilization from stores in the
349:
of this disorder if left untreated, and recognizing that treatment is relatively simple, early diagnosis before symptoms or signs appear is important.
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1069:. Other risk factors for liver damage in hemochromatosis include alcohol use, diabetes, liver iron levels greater than 2,000 μmol/gram and increased
387:
Hemosiderosis is arbitrarily differentiated from hemochromatosis by the reversible nature of the iron accumulation in the reticuloendothelial system.
1196:
In 1935 J.H. Sheldon, a British physician, described the link to iron metabolism for the first time as well as demonstrating its hereditary nature.
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363:
is used to indicate the pathological effect of iron accumulation in any given organ, which mainly occurs in the form of the iron-storage complex
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1110:, grasses and other foods rich in iron. Over many generations, the human body became well-adapted to a high level of iron content in the diet.
242:, elbow, hip, knee and ankle joints. Risk factors for the development of arthritis in those with hemochromatosis include elevated iron levels (
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Some disorders do not normally cause hemochromatosis on their own, but may do so in the presence of other predisposing factors. These include
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772:
The resulting iron overload causes iron to deposit in various sites throughout the body, especially the liver and joints, which coupled with
3258:
913:
is the removal of small sample in order to be studied and can determine the cause of inflammation or cirrhosis. In someone with negative
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Diet and the environment are thought to have had large influence on the mutation of genes related to iron overload. Starting during the
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378:
Hemosiderosis is hemochromatosis caused by excessive blood transfusions, that is, hemosiderosis is a form of secondary hemochromatosis.
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gene analysis are evident in ~80% of patients with hemochromatosis; a negative report for HFE gene does not rule out hemochromatosis.
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411:
origin have a particularly high incidence, with about 10% being carriers of the principal genetic variant, the C282Y mutation on the
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gene mutations in addition to iron overload confirms the clinical diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis. The alleles evaluated by
230:, from iron deposition in joints leading to joint pains. The most commonly affected joints are those of the hands, particularly the
2134:
2506:"Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis: 2011 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases"
3259:"Clinical Penetrance of HFE Hereditary Hemochromatosis, Serum Ferritin Levels, and Screening Implications: Can We Iron This Out?"
1299:
Hider RC, Kong X (2013). "Iron: Effect of Overload and Deficiency". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.).
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Mendes AI, Ferro A, Martins R, Picanço I, Gomes S, Cerqueira R, Correia M, Nunes AR, Esteves J, Fleming R, Faustino P (2008).
2010:
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Hemosiderosis is hemosiderin deposition within cells, while hemochromatosis is hemosiderin within cells and interstitium.
1959:
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overload. Ferritin levels are usually monitored serially in those with hemochromatosis to assess response to treatment.
1470:
Lu JP (1994). "Selective iron deposition in pancreatic islet B cells of transfusional iron-overloaded autopsy cases".
3635:
2727:"Relevance of dietary iron intake and bioavailability in the management of HFE hemochromatosis: A systematic review"
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and thus limiting their uptake and long-term accumulation. Although this method has only a limited efficacy, unlike
2135:"Non-classical hereditary hemochromatosis in Portugal: novel mutations identified in iron metabolism-related genes"
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saturation greater than 50%) for an extended period of time, increasing age and concurrent advanced liver fibrosis.
1345:"Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Clinical Implications of Hereditary Hemochromatosis-The Cardiological Point of View"
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Fitzsimons EJ, Cullis JO, Thomas DW, Tsochatzis E, Griffiths WJ, the British Society for Haematology (May 2018).
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Miller MJ (1989-11-01). "Syntheses and therapeutic potential of hydroxamic acid based siderophores and analogs".
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875:
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Phlebotomy is associated with improved survival if it is initiated before the onset of cirrhosis or diabetes.
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143:, and bronze skin. However, due to earlier detection nowadays, symptoms are often limited to general chronic
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by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
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Hypothesis". Cluster locations and mapped patterns of this mutation correlate closely to the locations of
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124:
3203:"The evolutionary adaptation of the C282Y mutation to culture and climate during the European Neolithic"
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higher rates than normal. In theory, the pressures caused by migrating north would have selected for a
987:. Alcohol consumption should be avoided due to the risk of compounded liver damage with iron overload.
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635:
235:
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Other definitions distinguishing hemochromatosis or hemosiderosis that are occasionally used include:
4204:
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Daniłowicz-Szymanowicz L, Świątczak M, Sikorska K, Starzyński RR, Raczak A, Lipiński P (2021-07-16).
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480:
461:
132:
3289:"Do all hemochromatosis patients have the same origin? A pilot study of mitochondrial DNA and Y-DNA"
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gene, which helped lead to the population screenings and estimates that are still being used today.
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3735:
3701:
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In hereditary hemochromatosis, mutations in the proteins involved in hepcidin production including
670:
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Choudhry VP, Naithani R (2007). "Current status of iron overload and chelation with deferasirox".
2008:
The HealthScout Network > Health Encyclopedia > Diseases and Conditions > Hemochromatosis
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Blood tests are usually the initial test if there is a clinical suspicion of iron overload. Serum
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the hepatic iron index (HII) is considered the "gold standard" for diagnosis of hemochromatosis.
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520:
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63:
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Bullen JJ (1 August 1991). "Hemochromatosis, Iron, and Septicemia Caused by Vibrio vulnificus".
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1975:
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established c.700 AD to c.1100 AD. The Vikings originally came from Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
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leads to organ damage or joint damage and the pathological findings seen in hemochromatosis.
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384:
Hemosiderosis is iron overload that does not cause tissue damage, while hemochromatosis does.
300:(hemostatic iron regulator) located on chromosome 6 (responsible for iron regulatory protein
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of gene mutations along the western European coastline. This led the development of the "
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are thought to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of hereditary hemochromatosis.
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Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Source for mesenchymal versus parenchymal iron overload
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Koperdanova M, Cullis JO (3 August 2015). "Interpreting raised serum ferritin levels".
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2294:"Screening for hemochromatosis by measuring ferritin levels: a more effective approach"
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Brissot P, Pietrangelo A, Adams PC, de Graaff B, McLaren CE, Loréal O (5 April 2018).
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Excess parenteral (non-ingested) iron supplements, such as what can acutely happen in
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in people with iron overload occurs as a result of selective iron deposition in islet
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Literature review current through: Jun 2016. | This topic last updated: Apr 14, 2015.
1614:"Patient information: Hemochromatosis (hereditary iron overload) (Beyond the Basics)"
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Rosenzweig PH, Volpe SL (March 1999). "Iron, thermoregulation, and metabolic rate".
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1169:, indicating a genetic link between hereditary hemochromatosis and Viking ancestry.
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that are licensed for use in patients receiving regular blood transfusions to treat
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Kowdley KV (November 2004). "Iron, hemochromatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma".
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809:), chronic alcohol intake, liver disease, kidney disease, and cancer. In males and
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The Atlantic: "The Iron in Our Blood That Keeps and Kills Us" by Bradley Wertheim
2014:
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Medications are used for those unable to tolerate routine blood draws, there are
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There are several methods available for diagnosing and monitoring iron overload.
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2253:"Hereditary iron overload: Update on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment"
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eMedicine Specialties > Radiology > Gastrointestinal > Hemochromatosis
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Defects in iron metabolism, specifically involving the iron regulatory protein
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in the body, leading to organ damage. The primary mechanism of organ damage is
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3382:"Diagnosis and therapy of genetic haemochromatosis (review and 2017 update)"
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is derived from mass value using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1 for ferritin
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2873:"Role of deferiprone in chelation therapy for transfusional iron overload"
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GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on HFE-Associated Hereditary Hemochromatosis
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1303:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 229–94.
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GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on TFR2-Related Hereditary Hemochromatosis
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3347:"Videos: Hereditary Hemochromatosis | Canadian Hemochromatosis Society"
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399:(acquired during life). People of Northern European descent, including
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Crownover BK, Covey, CJ (Feb 1, 2013). "Hereditary hemochromatosis".
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and they are designed to form stable complexes with Fe and Fe in the
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for hereditary causes of iron overload is indicated. The presence of
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Selective iron deposition (blue) in pancreatic islet beta cells (red)
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1808:"Hereditary Hemochromatosis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment"
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has limited utility in detecting liver fibrosis in hemochromatosis.
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was initially used to refer to what is now more specifically called
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GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Juvenile Hereditary Hemochromatosis
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2187:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1048.
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Maddrey, Willis C., Schiff, Eugene R., Sorrell, Michael F. (2007).
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In 1996 Felder and colleagues identified the hemochromatosis gene,
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in 1889 when he described an accumulation of iron in body tissues.
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Hemochromatosis may present with the following clinical syndromes:
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Bacon BR, Adams PC, Kowdley KV, Powell LW, Tavill AS (July 2011).
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General screening for hemochromatosis is not recommended, however
653:), which are usually needed either by individuals with hereditary
391:
The causes of hemochromatosis broken down into two subcategories:
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3059:"Iron-overload-related disease in HFE hereditary hemochromatosis"
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1040:. These polymers or particles have a negligible or null systemic
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669:) or by older patients with severe acquired anaemias such as in
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Moretti D, Van Doorn GM, Swinkels DW, Melse-Boonstra A (2013).
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Barton JC (1 December 1998). "Management of Hemochromatosis".
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Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
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Organs most commonly affected by hemochromatosis include the
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1966:
2002, Charles E. Kahn, Jr., MD. Medical College of Wisconsin
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Brandhagen DJ, Fairbanks VF, Batts KP, Thibodeau SN (1999).
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Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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Waalen J, Felitti VJ, Gelbart T, Beutler E (1 April 2008).
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817:
Elevations in serum levels of the iron transporter protein
493:
433:
418:
104:
3200:
1602:
894:
pigment, which is a common normal finding). H&E stain.
2132:
1733:
Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary > hemochromatosis
1566:
Olynyk JK, Ramm GA (8 December 2022). "Hemochromatosis".
395:(hereditary or genetically determined) and less frequent
3201:
Heath KM, Axton JH, McCullough JM, Harris N (May 2016).
1248:
Hsu CC, Senussi NH, Fertrin KY, Kowdley KV (June 2022).
1247:
253:
skin: melanoderma (darkening or 'bronzing' of the skin).
2566:
Kowdley KV, Brown KE, Ahn J, Sundaram V (August 2019).
2565:
2503:
1888:
Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary > hemosideroses
1849:"Update on hereditary hemochromatosis and the HFE gene"
1012:(and, thus, who develop iron overload as a result) are
833:
may be low in hemochromatosis, but can also be normal.
1143:
that promoted greater absorption and storage of iron.
732:. Iron is absorbed from the intestines (mostly in the
103:) is the abnormal and increased accumulation of total
3533:
2615:
2568:"ACG Clinical Guideline: Hereditary Hemochromatosis"
2397:
2395:
1188:
634:
of any cause, including intravascular hemolysis and
4376:
Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
1402:Andrews NC (1999). "Disorders of Iron Metabolism".
3660:GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Aceruloplasminemia
2461:
3414:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2392:
2340:
2208:Pietrangelo A (2005). "Non-HFE Hemochromatosis".
2176:
2033:McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine
1982:Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers
1751:Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers
1719:McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine
111:, as elevated intracellular iron levels increase
4362:
2949:
2905:
2827:
2482:
1957:Notecards on radiology gamuts, diseases, anatomy
403:(Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Cornish, Breton etc.),
3157:
2681:10.7326/0003-4819-129-11_Part_2-199812011-00003
2445:labtestsonline.org TIBC & UIBC, Transferrin
1801:
1799:
1682:
1437:
1435:
1433:
821:saturation as well as increased red blood cell
3768:Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation
3286:
3160:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
2999:
2997:
2995:
2554:
1928:Author: Sandor Joffe, MD. Updated: May 8, 2009
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1243:
1241:
613:Most types of hereditary hemochromatosis have
3954:
3680:
1944:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
290:
223:leading to functional failure and cell death.
62:showing iron deposits due to haemosiderosis.
2244:
2201:
2126:
2040:
1994:Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary
1840:
1796:
1441:
1430:
890:deposition (shown next to a hepatocyte with
624:
2992:
2207:
2046:
1805:
1238:
973:The human diet contains iron in two forms:
3961:
3947:
3687:
3673:
3421:Cam Patterson, Marschall S. Runge (2006).
2731:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2709:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2401:
2382:
2380:
2285:
1707:thefreedictionary.com > hemochromatosis
1565:
1506:
46:
3425:. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 567.
3397:
3322:
3304:
3234:
3207:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2888:
2870:
2759:
2742:
2643:
2633:
2583:
2529:
2317:
2268:
2250:
2072:
1864:
1823:
1665:
1378:
1360:
1298:
1275:
1265:
848:Once iron overload has been established,
827:mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
286:Primary hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis
2428:
2426:
2334:
2027:thefreedictionary.com > hemosiderosis
1976:thefreedictionary.com > hemosiderosis
1938:thefreedictionary.com > hemosiderosis
1906:The American Heritage Medical Dictionary
1900:thefreedictionary.com > hemosiderosis
1713:The American Heritage Medical Dictionary
897:
874:
783:
748:in the bone marrow by the transmembrane
419:Non-classical hereditary hemochromatosis
3968:
3695:Metal deficiency and toxicity disorders
3098:
3092:
2450:
2377:
1401:
4363:
2800:
2765:
2666:
845:of those affected should be screened.
3942:
3668:
3375:
3373:
3371:
2423:
1023:
740:or mobilized out of storage in liver
158:
131:to repeated blood transfusions (i.e.
3293:Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology
3287:Symonette CJ, Adams PC (June 2011).
2780:10.1001/archinte.1991.00400080096018
2618:"Pathology of hepatic iron overload"
2572:American Journal of Gastroenterology
1338:
1336:
1146:
736:) and transported across intestinal
4059: (Core six elements)
3066:The New England Journal of Medicine
1183:Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen
999:agents available for use. The drug
475:(HJV, also known as RGMc and HFE2)
415:gene, and 1% having the condition.
204:hormones: diabetes (see below) and
13:
3368:
3339:
2447:Last reviewed on October 28, 2009.
1908:, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company
1715:, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company
1612:Bruce R Bacon, Stanley L Schrier.
1484:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1994.tb02592.x
1469:
712:
14:
4392:
4371:Inborn errors of metal metabolism
3529:
1333:
1189:Identification of genetic factors
1028:A minimally invasive approach to
3423:Principles of molecular medicine
1349:Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
491:hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (
352:
3482:
3439:
3280:
3251:
3194:
3151:
3127:
3049:
2864:
2821:
2794:
2712:"Hemochromatosis Donor Program"
2703:
2660:
2608:
2438:
2101:
2089:
2020:
2001:
1969:
1950:
1931:
1919:
1893:
1881:
1771:
1738:
1726:
1700:
1690:"Haemochromatosis and diabetes"
1646:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
1568:New England Journal of Medicine
1404:New England Journal of Medicine
1172:
1080:
758:HFE (hemostatic iron regulator)
4047:Biological aspects of fluorine
3386:British Journal of Haematology
2871:Hoffbrand AV (20 March 2003).
2257:American Journal of Hematology
2185:Schiff's diseases of the liver
2017:Retrieved on December 11, 2009
1890:Retrieved on December 11, 2009
1735:Retrieved on December 11, 2009
1395:
1292:
617:inheritance, while type 4 has
367:. Sometimes, the simpler term
1:
4325:Composition of the human body
2768:Archives of Internal Medicine
2616:Deugnier Y, Turlin B (2007).
2585:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000315
1232:
1124:farming also slowly developed
990:
941:
795:
446:: "classical" hemochromatosis
3908:Acrodermatitis enteropathica
3265:. 2008-05-01. Archived from
3113:10.1016/j.gastro.2004.09.019
2970:10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00945
2310:10.1182/blood-2007-07-102673
1825:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.013
1203:gene. Felder found that the
1158:Viking settlements in Europe
1113:
1089:
1055:
936:
779:
649:(either whole blood or just
7:
4335:Mineral (Essential element)
3928:Inborn errors of metabolism
2669:Annals of Internal Medicine
2113:Encyclopædia Britannica.com
2065:10.1136/gut.52.suppl_2.ii23
1416:10.1056/NEJM199912233412607
1362:10.3390/diagnostics11071279
1309:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_8
1215:
1130:composition, is a critical
836:
831:Total iron binding capacity
133:transfusional iron overload
125:hereditary haemochromatosis
10:
4397:
4350:Uranium in the environment
3746:African iron overload/HFE4
2890:10.1182/blood-2002-06-1867
1912:Mosby's Medical Dictionary
1757:Mosby's Medical Dictionary
1030:hereditary hemochromatosis
927:Magnetic resonance imaging
921:
636:ineffective erythropoiesis
483:: juvenile hemochromatosis
464:: juvenile hemochromatosis
291:Hereditary hemochromatosis
280:hereditary hemochromatosis
236:metacarpophalangeal joints
4317:
4205:Acute beryllium poisoning
4180:
4117:
4055:
3974:
3920:
3896:
3876:
3867:
3834:
3809:
3800:
3776:
3709:
3700:
3607:
3537:
3172:10.1080/10408399908500491
3007:Macromolecular Bioscience
2842:10.1007/s12098-007-0134-7
2464:American Family Physician
2210:Seminars in Liver Disease
2154:10.1007/s00277-008-0572-y
1988:Mosby's Dental Dictionary
1446:. McGraw Hill Australia.
1250:"Iron overload disorders"
1050:small-molecular chelators
870:
671:myelodysplastic syndromes
625:Secondary hemochromatosis
261:
119:. Iron overload is often
70:
54:
45:
31:
26:
2635:10.3748/wjg.v13.i35.4755
2404:"Hemochromatosis Workup"
1067:hepatocellular carcinoma
667:Diamond–Blackfan anaemia
543:Neonatal hemochromatosis
345:. Because of the severe
3855:Occipital horn syndrome
3135:"The Evolution of Diet"
2744:10.3945/ajcn.112.048264
1853:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1102:have found evidence of
1042:biological availability
968:
823:mean corpuscular volume
699:porphyria cutanea tarda
689:(especially related to
659:beta-thalassaemia major
481:Hemochromatosis type 2B
462:Hemochromatosis type 2A
4217:Chlorine gas poisoning
3504:10.1001/jama.280.2.172
3019:10.1002/mabi.202000254
2047:Pietrangelo A (2003).
1806:Pietrangelo A (2010).
1071:aspartate transaminase
1065:increases the risk of
907:
895:
882:of the liver, showing
843:first-degree relatives
789:
766:transferrin receptor 2
638:(hemolysis within the
521:Hemochromatosis type 4
513:transferrin receptor-2
503:Hemochromatosis type 3
444:Hemochromatosis type 1
311:transferrin receptor-2
272:hemochromatosis type 1
4190:Argyria (Silver)
4032:Molybdenum in biology
3107:(5 Suppl 1): S79–86.
2675:(11_Part_2): 932–39.
2622:World J Gastroenterol
2420:Updated: Jan 02, 2016
2222:10.1055/s-2005-923316
1745:thefreedictionary.com
1580:10.1056/NEJMra2119758
1442:John Murtagh (2007).
1222:Human iron metabolism
901:
878:
787:
525:African iron overload
357:In general, the term
246:greater than 1000 or
184:chronic liver disease
4330:Lithium (medication)
4042:Arsenic biochemistry
4002:Manganese in biology
3992:Potassium in biology
3987:Magnesium in biology
3731:Hemochromatosis/HFE1
3078:10.1056/NEJMoa073286
2251:Franchini M (2006).
2142:Annals of Hematology
1658:10.1038/nrdp.2018.16
1006:iron-chelating drugs
691:alcohol use disorder
558:Acaeruloplasminaemia
325:in combination with
4200:Beryllium poisoning
4027:Selenium in biology
3969:Elements in biology
3306:10.1155/2011/463810
3139:National Geographic
2815:10.1021/cr00097a011
2433:Molar concentration
1759:, 8th edition. 2009
1038:polymeric chelators
1034:maintenance therapy
807:acute phase protein
707:portacaval shunting
682:Excess dietary iron
663:sickle cell anaemia
615:autosomal recessive
4294:Thallium poisoning
3997:Calcium in biology
3753:Aceruloplasminemia
3608:External resources
3460:10.1038/ng0896-399
3351:www.toomuchiron.ca
3263:www.hematology.org
3219:10.1002/ajpa.22937
2059:(90002): ii23–30.
2049:"Haemochromatosis"
2013:2010-02-09 at the
1962:2010-07-21 at the
1642:"Haemochromatosis"
1024:Chelating polymers
931:Liver elastography
908:
896:
790:
647:blood transfusions
645:Multiple frequent
619:autosomal dominant
537:(SLC11A3/SLC40A1)
240:radiocarpal joints
199:cardiac arrhythmia
159:Signs and symptoms
127:) but may also be
115:formation via the
4358:
4357:
4304:Toxic heavy metal
4289:Selenium toxicity
4274:Mercury poisoning
4242:Fluoride toxicity
4237:Cadmium poisoning
4222:Chromium toxicity
4195:Arsenic poisoning
4037:Iodine in biology
4017:Copper in biology
4012:Cobalt in biology
3982:Sodium in biology
3936:
3935:
3916:
3915:
3863:
3862:
3846:Copper deficiency
3796:
3795:
3631:
3630:
3432:978-1-58829-202-5
3399:10.1111/bjh.15164
2958:ACS Macro Letters
2927:10.1021/bm050036p
2915:Biomacromolecules
2522:10.1002/hep.24330
2355:10.1136/bmj.h3692
2270:10.1002/ajh.20493
2194:978-0-7817-6040-9
2109:"Hemachromatosis"
1779:"Hemochromatosis"
1453:978-0-07-470436-3
1318:978-94-007-7499-5
1267:10.1002/hep4.2012
1147:Viking hypothesis
1032:treatment is the
984:Vibrio vulnificus
886:with significant
611:
610:
577:atransferrinaemia
371:is used instead.
343:hyperpigmentation
141:diabetes mellitus
90:
89:
21:Medical condition
4388:
4269:Lithium toxicity
4227:Cobalt poisoning
3963:
3956:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3901:
3881:
3874:
3873:
3839:
3826:Wilson's disease
3814:
3807:
3806:
3781:
3758:Atransferrinemia
3714:
3707:
3706:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3377:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3353:. Archived from
3343:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3308:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3101:Gastroenterology
3096:
3090:
3089:
3063:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3001:
2990:
2989:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2830:Indian J Pediatr
2825:
2819:
2818:
2803:Chemical Reviews
2798:
2792:
2791:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2710:NIH blood bank.
2707:
2701:
2700:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2637:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2587:
2563:
2552:
2551:
2533:
2501:
2480:
2479:
2459:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2402:Andrea Duchini.
2399:
2390:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2105:
2099:
2098:January 10, 2013
2093:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2044:
2038:
2024:
2018:
2005:
1999:
1973:
1967:
1954:
1948:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1866:10.4065/74.9.917
1844:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1812:Gastroenterology
1803:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1781:. Archived from
1775:
1769:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1563:
1504:
1503:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1444:General Practice
1439:
1428:
1427:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1364:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1245:
1179:Armand Trousseau
1136:thermoregulation
774:oxidative stress
595:GRACILE syndrome
427:
426:
173:endocrine glands
109:oxidative stress
97:haemochromatosis
81:gastroenterology
50:
36:Haemochromatosis
24:
23:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4381:Iron metabolism
4361:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4340:Oxygen toxicity
4313:
4232:Copper toxicity
4176:
4113:
4051:
4022:Zinc in biology
4007:Iron in biology
3970:
3967:
3937:
3932:
3912:
3897:
3892:
3877:
3859:
3835:
3830:
3821:Copper toxicity
3810:
3792:
3788:Iron deficiency
3777:
3772:
3726:Hemochromatosis
3710:
3696:
3693:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3603:
3602:
3546:
3532:
3527:
3487:
3483:
3448:Nature Genetics
3444:
3440:
3433:
3419:
3415:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3270:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3199:
3195:
3156:
3152:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3097:
3093:
3061:
3054:
3050:
3013:(12): 2000254.
3002:
2993:
2954:
2950:
2910:
2906:
2869:
2865:
2826:
2822:
2799:
2795:
2764:
2760:
2723:
2719:
2708:
2704:
2665:
2661:
2628:(35): 4755–60.
2613:
2609:
2564:
2555:
2502:
2483:
2460:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2378:
2339:
2335:
2290:
2286:
2249:
2245:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2181:
2177:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2045:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2015:Wayback Machine
2006:
2002:
1974:
1970:
1964:Wayback Machine
1955:
1951:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1845:
1841:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1705:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1610:
1603:
1574:(23): 2159–70.
1564:
1507:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1440:
1431:
1410:(26): 1986–95.
1400:
1396:
1341:
1334:
1319:
1297:
1293:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1227:Iron deficiency
1218:
1191:
1175:
1149:
1116:
1092:
1083:
1058:
1026:
993:
971:
944:
939:
924:
873:
857:genetic testing
839:
798:
782:
715:
713:Pathophysiology
695:steatohepatitis
651:red blood cells
630:Severe chronic
627:
515:(TFR2 or HFE3)
421:
397:secondary cases
355:
327:hypopituitarism
293:
288:
268:hemochromatosis
264:
161:
137:liver cirrhosis
117:Fenton reaction
101:hemochromatosis
95:(also known as
40:Hemochromatosis
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4394:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4284:Nickel allergy
4281:
4279:Metal toxicity
4276:
4271:
4266:
4264:Lead poisoning
4261:
4260:
4259:
4252:Iron poisoning
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4062:
4060:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3851:Menkes disease
3848:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3589:
3578:
3563:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:Classification
3531:
3530:External links
3528:
3526:
3525:
3481:
3454:(4): 399–408.
3438:
3431:
3413:
3392:(3): 293–303.
3367:
3338:
3299:(6): 324–326.
3279:
3250:
3193:
3166:(2): 131–148.
3150:
3126:
3091:
3048:
2991:
2948:
2921:(6): 2946–53.
2904:
2863:
2820:
2809:(7): 1563–79.
2793:
2774:(8): 1606–09.
2758:
2717:
2702:
2659:
2607:
2578:(8): 1202–18.
2553:
2481:
2449:
2437:
2422:
2391:
2376:
2333:
2304:(7): 3373–76.
2284:
2243:
2200:
2193:
2175:
2125:
2100:
2088:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2019:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1996:, 3rd ed. 2007
1991:
1985:
1968:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1930:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1914:, 8th edition.
1909:
1892:
1880:
1839:
1818:(2): 393–408.
1795:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1737:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1699:
1681:
1632:
1601:
1505:
1459:
1452:
1429:
1394:
1332:
1317:
1291:
1260:(8): 1842–54.
1254:Hepatol Commun
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1190:
1187:
1174:
1171:
1148:
1145:
1134:for effective
1128:red blood cell
1115:
1112:
1096:Mesolithic era
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1057:
1054:
1025:
1022:
992:
989:
970:
967:
943:
940:
938:
935:
923:
920:
880:Histopathology
872:
869:
838:
835:
811:postmenopausal
797:
794:
781:
778:
714:
711:
710:
709:
697:of any cause,
683:
680:
678:iron poisoning
674:
643:
626:
623:
609:
608:
603:
598:
591:
590:
585:
580:
572:
571:
569:caeruloplasmin
566:
561:
554:
553:
550:
545:
539:
538:
532:
527:
517:
516:
510:
505:
499:
498:
489:
484:
477:
476:
470:
465:
458:
457:
452:
447:
440:
439:
436:
431:
420:
417:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
354:
351:
331:cardiomyopathy
292:
289:
287:
284:
263:
260:
255:
254:
251:
224:
209:
202:
191:
160:
157:
88:
87:
74:
68:
67:
52:
51:
43:
42:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4393:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Soil salinity
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4309:Zinc toxicity
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4299:Tin poisoning
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4257:Iron overload
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Halotolerance
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3888:Zinc toxicity
3886:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Hemosiderosis
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:Juvenile/HFE2
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Iron overload
3719:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:Iron overload
3634:
3633:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3498:(2): 172–78.
3497:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3357:on 2018-04-11
3356:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3269:on 2018-06-15
3268:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3213:(1): 86–101.
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:(3): 221–30.
3071:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:(4): 350–53.
2963:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:(8): 759–64.
2835:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2737:(2): 468–79.
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:(1): 328–43.
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2473:
2470:(3): 183–90.
2469:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2263:(3): 202–09.
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:(4): 450–60.
2215:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:(3): 229–34.
2147:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2004:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1859:(9): 917–21.
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1785:on 2007-03-18
1784:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:(3): 194–99.
1477:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1144:
1142:
1141:gene mutation
1137:
1133:
1132:micronutrient
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:Neolithic era
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:dental plaque
1097:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
985:
980:
979:non-heme iron
976:
966:
963:
961:
956:
952:
948:
934:
932:
928:
919:
916:
912:
906:hepatocytes).
904:
903:Prussian blue
900:
893:
889:
885:
884:Kupffer cells
881:
877:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
852:
846:
844:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
812:
808:
803:
793:
786:
777:
775:
770:
767:
763:
759:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:
679:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:
622:
621:inheritance.
620:
616:
607:
604:
602:
599:
596:
593:
592:
589:
586:
584:
581:
578:
574:
573:
570:
567:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
522:
519:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
495:
490:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
456:
453:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
437:
435:
432:
429:
428:
425:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:primary cases
386:
383:
380:
377:
376:
375:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:
360:hemosiderosis
353:Hemosiderosis
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
318:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
259:
252:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
195:heart failure
192:
190:of the liver.
189:
185:
181:
180:
179:
176:
174:
170:
166:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:Iron overload
86:
82:
78:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
41:
37:
34:
30:
27:Iron overload
25:
19:
16:Human disease
4256:
4119:Deficiencies
4106:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4066:
3898:
3878:
3836:
3811:
3778:
3720:
3711:
3615:
3591:
3580:
3565:
3550:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3422:
3416:
3389:
3385:
3359:. Retrieved
3355:the original
3350:
3341:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3271:. Retrieved
3267:the original
3262:
3253:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3142:. Retrieved
3138:
3129:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3069:
3065:
3051:
3010:
3006:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2883:(1): 17–24.
2880:
2876:
2866:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2705:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2625:
2621:
2610:
2575:
2571:
2513:
2509:
2467:
2463:
2440:
2413:. Retrieved
2407:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2184:
2178:
2145:
2141:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2112:
2103:
2091:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2032:
2022:
2003:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1971:
1952:
1943:
1933:
1921:
1911:
1905:
1895:
1883:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1815:
1811:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:the original
1773:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1740:
1728:
1718:
1712:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1617:
1571:
1567:
1475:
1471:
1443:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1352:
1348:
1300:
1294:
1257:
1253:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1176:
1173:Modern times
1162:Viking ships
1150:
1117:
1093:
1084:
1081:Epidemiology
1075:
1061:presence of
1059:
1027:
1010:thalassaemia
1001:deferoxamine
994:
982:
972:
964:
951:bloodletting
945:
925:
914:
911:Liver biopsy
909:
864:
860:
850:
847:
840:
816:
799:
791:
771:
755:
723:
716:
703:hemodialysis
701:, prolonged
612:
492:
473:Haemojuvelin
422:
409:Scandinavian
396:
392:
390:
373:
358:
356:
319:
294:
279:
267:
265:
256:
238:, wrists or
211:metabolism:
206:hypogonadism
177:
162:
153:hepatomegaly
139:, secondary
128:
120:
113:free radical
100:
96:
92:
91:
39:
35:
18:
4210:Berylliosis
3899:deficiency:
3837:deficiency:
3779:deficiency:
3617:MedlinePlus
1694:Diabetes UK
1355:(7): 1279.
1018:deferiprone
1014:deferasirox
955:venesection
888:hemosiderin
819:transferrin
762:hemojuvelin
750:ferroportin
746:macrophages
742:hepatocytes
738:enterocytes
726:bone marrow
705:, and post-
640:bone marrow
597:(very rare)
588:transferrin
579:(very rare)
575:Congenital
560:(very rare)
535:ferroportin
497:) or HFE2B
430:Description
365:hemosiderin
315:ferroportin
307:hemojuvelin
248:transferrin
32:Other names
4365:Categories
4157:Molybdenum
3593:DiseasesDB
3361:2018-04-11
3273:2018-04-11
3144:2018-04-11
2510:Hepatology
2415:2016-07-14
2029:, citing:
1978:, citing:
1940:, citing:
1902:, citing:
1789:2012-10-05
1747:, citing:
1709:, citing:
1625:2016-07-14
1472:Pathol Int
1233:References
991:Medication
947:Phlebotomy
942:Phlebotomy
892:lipofuscin
796:Blood test
552:(unknown)
226:skeletal:
217:beta cells
149:arthralgia
85:hepatology
77:Hematology
64:Iron stain
56:Micrograph
4152:Manganese
4147:Potassium
4101:hosphorus
3512:0098-7484
3315:0835-7900
3227:0002-9483
3180:1040-8398
3043:221827050
3027:1616-5187
2978:2161-1653
2935:1525-7797
2602:198192589
2349:: h3692.
2238:260320984
1990:, 2nd ed.
1652:: 18016.
1596:254432917
1371:2075-4418
1177:In 1865,
1114:Neolithic
1108:plantains
1090:Stone Age
1063:cirrhosis
1056:Prognosis
997:chelating
977:iron and
937:Treatment
855:mutation
780:Diagnosis
687:cirrhosis
657:(such as
632:hemolysis
438:Mutation
369:siderosis
339:arthritis
323:cirrhosis
266:The term
228:arthritis
188:cirrhosis
129:secondary
72:Specialty
58:of liver
4182:Toxicity
4167:Selenium
4127:Chromium
3975:Elements
3476:26239768
3408:29663319
3333:21766093
3245:26799452
3188:10198751
3121:15508107
3086:18199861
3035:32954629
2986:35610854
2943:16283713
2899:12637334
2858:19930076
2850:17785900
2753:23803887
2697:53087679
2654:17729397
2594:31335359
2540:21452290
2476:23418762
2409:Medscape
2387:Ferritin
2371:44923011
2363:26239322
2328:18025154
2279:16493621
2230:16315138
2170:23206256
2162:18762941
2118:17 April
2083:12651879
2011:Archived
1960:Archived
1875:10488796
1834:20542038
1676:29620054
1619:UpToDate
1588:36477033
1500:25357672
1424:10607817
1389:34359361
1327:24470094
1286:35699322
1216:See also
1106:, nuts,
1073:levels.
837:Genetics
802:ferritin
744:or from
734:duodenum
719:hepcidin
655:anaemias
347:sequelae
335:diabetes
302:hepcidin
298:HFE gene
244:ferritin
232:knuckles
221:pancreas
213:diabetes
4318:Related
4093:itrogen
4077:ydrogen
3879:excess:
3812:excess:
3712:excess:
3587:D019190
3520:9669792
3468:8696333
3324:3142605
3236:5066702
2788:1872665
2689:9867745
2645:4611197
2548:9311604
2531:3149125
2319:2275006
2074:1867747
1766:. 2005.
1762:Jonas:
1667:7775623
1380:8304945
1277:9315134
1167:Normans
1118:In the
960:donated
922:Imaging
405:English
219:in the
193:heart:
182:liver:
145:malaise
121:primary
4162:Sodium
4142:Iodine
4132:Copper
4057:CHONPS
3802:Copper
3640:Curlie
3622:000327
3576:275.03
3518:
3510:
3474:
3466:
3429:
3406:
3331:
3321:
3313:
3243:
3233:
3225:
3186:
3178:
3119:
3084:
3041:
3033:
3025:
2984:
2976:
2941:
2933:
2897:
2856:
2848:
2786:
2751:
2695:
2687:
2652:
2642:
2600:
2592:
2546:
2538:
2528:
2474:
2369:
2361:
2326:
2316:
2277:
2236:
2228:
2191:
2168:
2160:
2081:
2071:
2035:. 2002
1984:, 2007
1873:
1832:
1753:, 2007
1721:. 2002
1674:
1664:
1594:
1586:
1498:
1492:802561
1490:
1450:
1422:
1387:
1377:
1369:
1325:
1315:
1284:
1274:
1154:Viking
1104:tubers
871:Biopsy
665:, and
601:603358
583:209300
564:604290
548:231100
530:604653
508:604250
487:606464
468:602390
450:235200
407:, and
401:Celtic
262:Causes
171:, and
151:, and
123:(i.e.
60:biopsy
4109:ulfur
4085:xygen
4069:arbon
3921:Other
3561:E83.1
3472:S2CID
3062:(PDF)
3039:S2CID
2877:Blood
2854:S2CID
2693:S2CID
2598:S2CID
2544:S2CID
2367:S2CID
2298:Blood
2234:S2CID
2166:S2CID
2138:(PDF)
1592:S2CID
1496:S2CID
1036:with
730:liver
606:BCS1L
341:, or
169:heart
165:liver
4172:Zinc
4137:Iron
3869:Zinc
3741:HFE3
3702:Iron
3598:5581
3582:MeSH
3571:9-CM
3516:PMID
3508:ISSN
3492:JAMA
3464:PMID
3427:ISBN
3404:PMID
3329:PMID
3311:ISSN
3241:PMID
3223:ISSN
3184:PMID
3176:ISSN
3117:PMID
3082:PMID
3031:PMID
3023:ISSN
2982:PMID
2974:ISSN
2939:PMID
2931:ISSN
2895:PMID
2846:PMID
2784:PMID
2749:PMID
2685:PMID
2650:PMID
2590:PMID
2536:PMID
2472:PMID
2359:PMID
2324:PMID
2275:PMID
2226:PMID
2189:ISBN
2158:PMID
2120:2017
2079:PMID
1871:PMID
1830:PMID
1672:PMID
1584:PMID
1488:PMID
1448:ISBN
1420:PMID
1385:PMID
1367:ISSN
1323:PMID
1313:ISBN
1282:PMID
1016:and
975:heme
969:Diet
853:gene
825:and
764:and
728:and
494:HAMP
434:OMIM
313:and
274:(or
186:and
105:iron
3638:at
3567:ICD
3552:ICD
3500:doi
3496:280
3456:doi
3394:doi
3390:181
3319:PMC
3301:doi
3231:PMC
3215:doi
3211:160
3168:doi
3109:doi
3105:127
3074:doi
3070:358
3015:doi
2966:doi
2923:doi
2885:doi
2881:102
2838:doi
2811:doi
2776:doi
2772:151
2739:doi
2677:doi
2673:129
2640:PMC
2630:doi
2580:doi
2576:114
2526:PMC
2518:doi
2351:doi
2347:351
2343:BMJ
2314:PMC
2306:doi
2302:111
2265:doi
2218:doi
2150:doi
2069:PMC
2061:doi
2053:Gut
1861:doi
1820:doi
1816:139
1662:PMC
1654:doi
1576:doi
1572:387
1480:doi
1412:doi
1408:341
1375:PMC
1357:doi
1305:doi
1272:PMC
1262:doi
1210:HFE
1205:HFE
1201:HFE
1046:GIT
953:or
915:HFE
865:HFE
861:HFE
851:HFE
693:),
455:HFE
413:HFE
276:HFE
234:or
99:or
38:or
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