38:
107:, comprised a majority of the Republicans. They wanted a treaty with reservations, especially on Article 10, which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the United States Congress. The closest the Treaty came to passage, came in mid-November 1919, was when Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats, and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations, but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to permanently end the chances for ratification.
247:
have power over the United States was unacceptable. A second group, the "realists", rejected isolationism in favor of limited cooperation among nations with similar interests. They thought the League of
Nations would be too strong. A third group, the "idealists", called for a League with far reaching authority. The three factions cooperated to help defeat the treaty. All of them denounced the League as a tool of Britain and its nefarious empire.
96:, but the Senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question. It proved possible to build a majority coalition, but impossible to build a two thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty. One block of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty. A second group of Democrats supported the Treaty but followed
246:
According to Stone's 1970 book, the
Irreconcilables in the Senate fell into three loosely defined factions. One group was composed of isolationists and nationalists who proclaimed that America must be the sole commander of its destiny, and that membership in any international organization that might
243:". Most of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson, and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them. However, Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills.
80:, fought intensely to defeat the ratification of the treaty by the Senate in 1919. They succeeded, and the United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles and never joined the
19:
This article is about the opponents of the Treaty of
Versailles. For the group of Confederate veterans who moved to Brazil following the American Civil War, see
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93:
526:
77:
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400:"The Disillusionment of a Progressive: U. S. Senator David I. Walsh and the League of Nations Issue, 1918-1920"
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and his domestic policies. Walsh, the
Massachusetts Democrat, argued that the Treaty failed to address the "
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With the exception of Reed, Walsh, and Gore, all of the
Irreconcilables were Republicans.
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in opposing any amendments or reservations. The largest block, led by
Senator
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United States
Senators opposed to the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles
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and nationalistic attitudes, Sherman's to personal antipathy to
President
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504:
480:
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Stone, Ralph A. "Two
Illinois Senators among the Irreconcilables,"
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415:
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Among the American public as a whole, the Irish Catholics and the
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Those who have been identified as members of the faction include:
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Duff, John B. "The Versailles Treaty and the Irish-Americans,"
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Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy
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The Republican Party controlled the United States Senate after
487:
The Irreconcilables: The Fight Against the League of Nations
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is guiding through the Senate. Political cartoon, 1920.
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503:Vol. 50, No. 3 (Dec., 1963), pp. 443–465
479:Vol. 55, No. 3 (Dec., 1968), pp. 582–598
65:who opposed the United States ratifying the
231:McCormick's position can be traced to his
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489:. (University Press of Kentucky, 1970)
254:were intensely opposed to the Treaty.
532:History of United States isolationism
470:Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
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293:Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
501:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
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13:
496:1967, Vol. 49 Issue 3, pp 163–173,
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398:Flannagan, John (December 1968).
511:Wilson and the League of Nations
26:For Irreconcilables during the
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513:(1967), articles by scholars.
32:Irreconcilables (Philippines)
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477:Journal of American History
445:Woodrow Wilson: A Biography
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110:
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41:Irreconcilables, Senators
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404:The New England Quarterly
61:were a group of 12 to 18
527:League of Nations people
443:John Milton Cooper, Jr.
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76:but also including some
28:Philippine–American War
180:Lawrence Yates Sherman
63:United States Senators
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361:Bailey, (1945) p. 53.
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509:Stone, Ralph A. ed.
304:William C. Widenor,
264:Treaty of Versailles
94:the election of 1918
67:Treaty of Versailles
468:Bailey, Thomas A.
72:The group, largely
291:Thomas A. Bailey,
162:Frank B. Brandegee
132:Robert La Follette
55:
410:(4483): 483–504.
269:Henry Cabot Lodge
216:Charles S. Thomas
174:Philander C. Knox
105:Henry Cabot Lodge
82:League of Nations
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252:German Americans
222:Miles Poindexter
210:Medill McCormick
198:Joseph I. France
188:of New Hampshire
158:of Massachusetts
120:George W. Norris
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186:George H. Moses
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456:Duff (1968)
233:Anglophobia
218:of Colorado
212:of Illinois
200:of Maryland
182:of Illinois
152:of Oklahoma
150:Thomas Gore
146:of Missouri
122:of Nebraska
521:Categories
388:Stone 1963
74:Republican
98:President
78:Democrats
505:in JSTOR
481:in JSTOR
258:See also
206:of Maine
128:of Idaho
429:4 April
111:Members
88:History
47:Johnson
472:(1945)
424:363908
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308:(1980)
295:(1945)
30:, see
420:JSTOR
280:Notes
51:Lodge
43:Borah
431:2023
57:The
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