Irreducible complexity

1851:"We therefore find that Professor Behe's claim for irreducible complexity has been refuted in peer-reviewed research papers and has been rejected by the scientific community at large. (17:45–46 (Padian); 3:99 (Miller)). Additionally, even if irreducible complexity had not been rejected, it still does not support ID as it is merely a test for evolution, not design. (2:15, 2:35–40 (Miller); 28:63–66 (Fuller)). We will now consider the purportedly "positive argument" for design encompassed in the phrase used numerous times by Professors Behe and Minnich throughout their expert testimony, which is the "purposeful arrangement of parts." Professor Behe summarized the argument as follows: We infer design when we see parts that appear to be arranged for a purpose. The strength of the inference is quantitative; the more parts that are arranged, the more intricately they interact, the stronger is our confidence in design. The appearance of design in aspects of biology is overwhelming. Since nothing other than an intelligent cause has been demonstrated to be able to yield such a strong appearance of design, Darwinian claims notwithstanding, the conclusion that the design seen in life is real design is rationally justified. (18:90–91, 18:109–10 (Behe); 37:50 (Minnich)). As previously indicated, this argument is merely a restatement of the 1845:"As irreducible complexity is only a negative argument against evolution, it is refutable and accordingly testable, unlike ID , by showing that there are intermediate structures with selectable functions that could have evolved into the allegedly irreducibly complex systems. (2:15–16 (Miller)). Importantly, however, the fact that the negative argument of irreducible complexity is testable does not make testable the argument for ID. (2:15 (Miller); 5:39 (Pennock)). Professor Behe has applied the concept of irreducible complexity to only a few select systems: (1) the bacterial flagellum; (2) the blood-clotting cascade; and (3) the immune system. Contrary to Professor Behe's assertions with respect to these few biochemical systems among the myriad existing in nature, however, Dr. Miller presented evidence, based upon peer-reviewed studies, that they are not in fact irreducibly complex." (Page 76) 3857:, an overtly creationist journal published by the Creation Research Societv. .... a picture of none other than our now old friend the bacterial flagellum, accompanied by text that calls it a 'nanomachine,' which sounds a lot like biological machine, and a description that is a pretty good summary statement for Behe's and Minnich's claim for the flagellum's irreducible complexity: 'However, it is clear from the details of operation that nothing about them works unless every one of their complexly fashioned and integrated components are in place.' And a little further along in the article, he reads, 'In terms of biophysical complexity, the bacterial rotor flagellum is without precedent in the living world. ...To evolutionists the system presents an enigma. To creationists it offers clear and compelling evidence of purposeful intelligent design.' "I don't have any problem with that statement. 1480:, have shown that systems satisfying Behe's characterization of irreducible biochemical complexity can arise naturally and spontaneously as the result of self-organizing chemical processes. They also assert that what evolved biochemical and molecular systems actually exhibit is "redundant complexity"—a kind of complexity that is the product of an evolved biochemical process. They claim that Behe overestimated the significance of irreducible complexity because of his simple, linear view of biochemical reactions, resulting in his taking snapshots of selective features of biological systems, structures, and processes, while ignoring the redundant complexity of the context in which those features are naturally embedded. They also criticized his over-reliance on overly simplistic metaphors, such as his mousetrap. 616:(1859), he wrote, "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down. But I can find out no such case." Darwin's theory of evolution challenges the teleological argument by postulating an alternative explanation to that of an intelligent designer—namely, evolution by natural selection. By showing how simple unintelligent forces can ratchet up designs of extraordinary complexity without invoking outside design, Darwin showed that an intelligent designer was not the necessary conclusion to draw from complexity in nature. The argument from irreducible complexity attempts to demonstrate that certain biological features cannot be purely the product of Darwinian evolution. 1318:

an advantage over those without the mutation. This genetic trait would then be "selected for" as those with the trait would have an increased chance of survival, and therefore progeny, over those without the trait. Individuals with deeper depressions would be able to discern changes in light over a wider field than those individuals with shallower depressions. As ever deeper depressions were advantageous to the organism, gradually, this depression would become a pit into which light would strike certain cells depending on its angle. The organism slowly gained increasingly precise visual information. And again, this gradual process continued as individuals having a slightly shrunken

1424:

flagellum can be removed without eliminating its functionality. Behe responded to Miller by asking "why doesn't he just take an appropriate bacterial species, knock out the genes for its flagellum, place the bacterium under selective pressure (for mobility, say), and experimentally produce a flagellum—or any equally complex system—in the laboratory?" However a laboratory experiment has been performed where "immotile strains of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens that lack flagella regained flagella within 96 hours via a two-step evolutionary pathway", concluding that "natural selection can rapidly rewire regulatory networks in very few, repeatable mutational steps".

1903:

by continuously improving the initial function, which continues to work by the same mechanism) by slight, successive modifications of a precursor system, because any precursor to an irreducibly complex system that is missing a part is by definition nonfunctional. An irreducibly complex biological system, if there is such a thing, would be a powerful challenge to Darwinian evolution. Since natural selection can only choose systems that are already working, then if a biological system cannot be produced gradually it would have to arise as an integrated unit, in one fell swoop, for natural selection to have anything to act on.

6717:

part and the system ceases to function, correct? A. Correct. Q. And the point that you're trying make for purposes of evolution is that irreducibly complex systems in your view cannot evolve? A. I think it's a problem for evolution. ..... Q. Dr. Minnich, I'm showing you a publication of the Creation research Society Quarterly from June of 1994. Do you see that? ... ... I'd like you to agree with me, to know whether you agree with me that that is the same argument that you have advanced here today in your direct testimony. A. Right, I mean in terms of -- I don't have any problem with that statement. ...

1054:...struck upon the brilliant idea of using an old, broken mousetrap as a spitball catapult, and it worked brilliantly.... It had worked perfectly as something other than a mousetrap.... my rowdy friend had pulled a couple of parts—probably the hold-down bar and catch—off the trap to make it easier to conceal and more effective as a catapult... the base, the spring, and the hammer. Not much of a mousetrap, but a helluva spitball launcher.... I realized why mousetrap analogy had bothered me. It was wrong. The mousetrap is not irreducibly complex after all. 805:, in which he wrote; "The creationist maintains that the degree of complexity and order which science has discovered in the universe could never be generated by chance or accident." He continued; "This issue can actually be attacked quantitatively, using simple principles of mathematical probability. The problem is simply whether a complex system, in which many components function unitedly together, and in which each component is uniquely necessary to the efficient functioning of the whole, could ever arise by random processes." In 1975 1855:'s argument applied at the cell level. Minnich, Behe, and Paley reach the same conclusion, that complex organisms must have been designed using the same reasoning, except that Professors Behe and Minnich refuse to identify the designer, whereas Paley inferred from the presence of design that it was God. (1:6–7 (Miller); 38:44, 57 (Minnich)). Expert testimony revealed that this inductive argument is not scientific and as admitted by Professor Behe, can never be ruled out. (2:40 (Miller); 22:101 (Behe); 3:99 (Miller))." (Pages 79–80) 1379:. In contrast to Behe's claims, many proteins can be deleted or mutated and the flagellum still works, even though sometimes at reduced efficiency. In fact, the composition of flagella is surprisingly diverse across bacteria with many proteins only found in some species but not others. Hence the flagellar apparatus is clearly very flexible in evolutionary terms and perfectly able to lose or gain protein components. Further studies have shown that, contrary to claims of "irreducible complexity", flagella and the 686:, in the early 20th century, discussed a concept similar to irreducible complexity. However, far from seeing this as a problem for evolution, he described the "interlocking" of biological features as a consequence to be expected of evolution, which would lead to irreversibility of some evolutionary changes. He wrote, "Being thus finally woven, as it were, into the most intimate fabric of the organism, the once novel character can no longer be withdrawn with impunity, and may have become vitally necessary." 2110:"The Discovery Institute and ID proponents have a number of goals that they hope to achieve using disingenuous and mendacious methods of marketing, publicity, and political persuasion. They do not practice real science because that takes too long, but mainly because this method requires that one have actual evidence and logical reasons for one's conclusions, and the ID proponents just don't have those. If they had such resources, they would use them, and not the disreputable methods they actually use." 47: 1848:"...on cross-examination, Professor Behe was questioned concerning his 1996 claim that science would never find an evolutionary explanation for the immune system. He was presented with fifty-eight peer-reviewed publications, nine books, and several immunology textbook chapters about the evolution of the immune system; however, he simply insisted that this was still not sufficient evidence of evolution, and that it was not "good enough." (23:19 (Behe))." (Page 78) 1369:

system. Despite this, Behe presents this as a prime example of an irreducibly complex structure defined as "a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning", and argues that since "an irreducibly complex system that is missing a part is by definition nonfunctional", it could not have evolved gradually through

303: 1286: 1201:, also called Hageman factor) was later found to be absent in whales, demonstrating that it is not essential for a clotting system. Many purportedly irreducible structures can be found in other organisms as much simpler systems that utilize fewer parts. These systems, in turn, may have had even simpler precursors that are now extinct. Behe has responded to critics of his clotting cascade arguments by suggesting that 1032:

the mousetrap. Likewise, he asserts that biological systems require multiple parts working together in order to function. Intelligent design advocates claim that natural selection could not create from scratch those systems for which science is currently unable to find a viable evolutionary pathway of successive, slight modifications, because the selectable function is only present when all parts are assembled.

710:, and one biological system given extended description was the jaw apparatus of a python. The conclusion of this investigation, rather than that evolution of a complex adaptation was impossible, "awed by the adaptations of living things, to be stunned by their complexity and suitability", was "to accept the inescapable but not humiliating fact that much of mankind can be seen in a tree or a lizard." 988:

intelligent design of the blood clotting cascade," but that there were "probably a large number of peer reviewed articles in science journals that demonstrate that the blood clotting system is indeed a purposeful arrangement of parts of great complexity and sophistication." (The judge ruled that "intelligent design is not science and is essentially religious in nature".)

1498:

then, one sees that the mousetrap (which is not alive) offers better evidence, in terms of irreducible complexity, for intelligent design than the cat. Even looking at the mousetrap analogy, several critics have described ways in which the parts of the mousetrap could have independent uses or could develop in stages, demonstrating that it is not irreducibly complex.

1373:. However, each of the three types of flagella—eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal—has been shown to have evolutionary pathways. For archaeal flagella, there is a molecular homology with bacterial Type IV pili, pointing to an evolutionary link. In all these cases, intermediary, simpler forms of the structures are possible and provide partial functionality. 1835:"As expert testimony revealed, the qualification on what is meant by "irreducible complexity" renders it meaningless as a criticism of evolution. (3:40 (Miller)). In fact, the theory of evolution proffers exaptation as a well-recognized, well-documented explanation for how systems with multiple parts could have evolved through natural means." (Page 74) 1228: 542:(1614–1672), who wrote (citing Galen), "Now to imagine, that all these things, according to their several kinds, could be brought into this regular frame and order, to which such an infinite number of Intentions are required, without the contrivance of some wise Agent, must needs be irrational in the highest degree." In the late 17th-century, 1832:"Professor Behe admitted in "Reply to My Critics" that there was a defect in his view of irreducible complexity because, while it purports to be a challenge to natural selection, it does not actually address "the task facing natural selection." and that "Professor Behe wrote that he hoped to "repair this defect in future work..." (Page 73) 1338:, and the interior of the eye was filled with humours to assist in focusing images. In this way, eyes are recognized by modern biologists as actually a relatively unambiguous and simple structure to evolve, and many of the major developments of the eye's evolution are believed to have taken place over only a few million years, during the 426:, and he said it made evolution through natural selection of random mutations impossible, or extremely improbable. This was based on the mistaken assumption that evolution relies on improvement of existing functions, ignoring how complex adaptations originate from changes in function, and disregarding published research. 661:(1868). The history of this concept in the dispute has been characterized: "An older and more religious tradition of idealist thinkers were committed to the explanation of complex adaptive contrivances by intelligent design. ... Another line of thinkers, unified by the recurrent publications of Herbert Spencer, also saw 364:, which would need all intermediate precursor systems to have been fully functional. This negative argument is then complemented by the claim that the only alternative explanation is a "purposeful arrangement of parts" inferring design by an intelligent agent. Irreducible complexity has become central to the 876:

explain by natural selection. The abstract said that in "terms of biophysical complexity, the bacterial rotor-flagellum is without precedent in the living world. ... To evolutionists, the system presents an enigma; to creationists, if offers clear and compelling evidence of purposeful intelligent design."

1642:

claims that things like this would take billions of years and could not arise from random tinkering, but the corn was bred during the 20th century. When presented with T-urf13 as an example for the evolvability of irreducibly complex systems, the Discovery Institute resorted to its flawed probability

1472:

Researchers have proposed potentially viable evolutionary pathways for allegedly irreducibly complex systems such as blood clotting, the immune system and the flagellum—the three examples Behe proposed. John H. McDonald even showed his example of a mousetrap to be reducible. If irreducible complexity

1427:

Dembski has argued that phylogenetically, the TTSS is found in a narrow range of bacteria which makes it seem to him to be a late innovation, whereas flagella are widespread throughout many bacterial groups, and he argues that it was an early innovation. Against Dembski's argument, different flagella

1423:

notes that, "The parts of this supposedly irreducibly complex system actually have functions of their own." Studies have also shown that similar parts of the flagellum in different bacterial species can have different functions despite showing evidence of common descent, and that certain parts of the

1345:

Behe maintains that the complexity of light sensitivity at the molecular level and the minute biochemical reactions required for those first "simple patches of photoreceptor" still defies explanation, and that the proposed series of infinitesimal steps to get from patches of photoreceptors to a fully

1317:

that could detect the presence or absence of light, but not its direction. When, via random mutation across the population, the photosensitive cells happened to have developed on a small depression, it endowed the organism with a better sense of the light's source. This small change gave the organism

1281:

for Darwin. He goes on to explain that if gradual evolution of the eye could be shown to be possible, "the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection ... can hardly be considered real". He then proceeded to roughly map out a likely course for evolution

1208:

The "improbability argument" also misrepresents natural selection. It is correct to say that a set of simultaneous mutations that form a complex protein structure is so unlikely as to be unfeasible, but that is not what Darwin advocated. His explanation is based on small accumulated changes that take

949:

before saying "Other examples of irreducible complexity abound, including aspects of protein transport, blood clotting, closed circular DNA, electron transport, the bacterial flagellum, telomeres, photosynthesis, transcription regulation, and much more. Examples of irreducible complexity can be found

6716:

Q. Now, you and Dr. Behe both, or together, you make the same claim, the claim of irreducible complexity? A. Correct. Q. And essentially if I understand your contention, it is that an irreducibly complex system is one in which it cannot function unless all the parts are there, and you take away one

6314:

Dembski considers the case of a gene, T-urf13, which occurs in a particular strain of maize ... Specified complexity (CSI) is not a marker of intelligent design. If specified complexity is determined according to the uniform-probability interpretation, then natural processes are perfectly capable of

1902:

By irreducibly complex I mean a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning. An irreducibly complex system cannot be produced directly (that is,

1368:

requiring the interaction of about 40 different protein parts. The flagellum (or cilium) developed from the pre-existing components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. In bacterial flagella, strong evidence points to an evolutionary pathway from a Type III secretory system, a simpler bacterial secretion

1100:

cannot be explained by current models, and that an intelligent designer must have created life or guided its evolution. Accordingly, the debate on irreducible complexity concerns two questions: whether irreducible complexity can be found in nature, and what significance it would have if it did exist

1309:

Since Darwin's day, the eye's ancestry has become much better understood. Although learning about the construction of ancient eyes through fossil evidence is problematic due to the soft tissues leaving no imprint or remains, genetic and comparative anatomical evidence has increasingly supported the

1137:

An irreducibly complex system cannot be produced directly (that is, by continuously improving the initial function, which continues to work by the same mechanism) by slight, successive modifications of a precursor system, because any precursor to an irreducibly complex system that is missing a part

1809:

systems, like the bacterial flagellum, the blood-clotting cascade, and the immune system, were intelligently designed nor are there any peer-reviewed articles supporting his argument that certain complex molecular structures are "irreducibly complex." There was extensive discussion of IC arguments

1571:

The precursors of complex systems, when they are not useful in themselves, may be useful to perform other, unrelated functions. Evolutionary biologists argue that evolution often works in this kind of blind, haphazard manner in which the function of an early form is not necessarily the same as the

1031:

Behe uses the mousetrap as an illustrative example of this concept. A mousetrap consists of five interacting pieces: the base, the catch, the spring, the hammer, and the hold-down bar. All of these must be in place for the mousetrap to work, as the removal of any one piece destroys the function of

3852:

an article, predating publication of Darwin's Black Box, the book by Michael Behe in which the idea of 'irreducible complexity' was allegedly hammered out and from which the bacterial flagellum became the molecular poster child for both irreducible complexity and intelligent design. The article,

1497:

One can compare a mousetrap with a cat in this context. Both normally function so as to control the mouse population. The cat has many parts that can be removed leaving it still functional; for example, its tail can be bobbed, or it can lose an ear in a fight. Comparing the cat and the mousetrap,

991:

According to the theory of evolution, genetic variations occur without specific design or intent. The environment "selects" the variants that have the highest fitness, which are then passed on to the next generation of organisms. Change occurs by the gradual operation of natural forces over time,

1501:

Moreover, even cases where removing a certain component in an organic system will cause the system to fail do not demonstrate that the system could not have been formed in a step-by-step, evolutionary process. By analogy, stone arches are irreducibly complex—if you remove any stone the arch will

875:

Magazine for June 1994 called a flagellum a "bacterial nanomachine", forming the "bacterial rotor-flagellar complex" where "it is clear from the details of their operation that nothing about them works unless every one of their complexly fashioned and integrated components are in place", hard to

534:(1st and 2nd centuries AD) wrote about the large number of parts of the body and their relationships, which observation was cited as evidence for creation. The idea that the interdependence between parts would have implications for the origins of living things was raised by writers starting with 5694:

page 90: "Just as a mousetrap does not work unless all of its constituent parts are present, ciliary motion simply does not exist in the absence of microtubules, connectors, and motors. Therefore we can conclude that the cilium is irreducibly complex – an enormous monkey wrench thrown into its

1742:

Intelligent design proponents attribute to an intelligent designer those biological structures they believe are irreducibly complex and therefore they say a natural explanation is insufficient to account for them. However, critics view irreducible complexity as a special case of the "complexity

1017: 1765:

note that intelligent design arguments from irreducible complexity rest on the false assumption that a lack of knowledge of a natural explanation allows intelligent design proponents to assume an intelligent cause, when the proper response of scientists would be to say that we do not know, and

486:

A system performing a given basic function is irreducibly complex if it includes a set of well-matched, mutually interacting, nonarbitrarily individuated parts such that each part in the set is indispensable to maintaining the system's basic, and therefore original, function. The set of these

987:

Behe additionally testified that the presence of irreducible complexity in organisms would not rule out the involvement of evolutionary mechanisms in the development of organic life. He further testified that he knew of no earlier "peer reviewed articles in scientific journals discussing the

977:

In 2001, Behe wrote: "here is an asymmetry between my current definition of irreducible complexity and the task facing natural selection. I hope to repair this defect in future work." Behe specifically explained that the "current definition puts the focus on removing a part from an already

701:

components that must blend together operationally to make the adaptation 'work'. It is analogous to a machine whose performance depends upon careful cooperation among its parts. In the case of the machine, no single part can greatly be altered without changing the performance of the entire

1698:

and imposing a selective pressure for mobility. If, after a few thousand generations, the bacteria evolved the bacterial flagellum, then Behe believes that this would refute his theory. This has been done: a laboratory experiment has been performed where "immotile strains of the bacterium

1152:. Mainstream critics, however, argue that irreducible complexity, as defined by Behe, can be generated by known evolutionary mechanisms. Behe's claim that no scientific literature adequately modeled the origins of biochemical systems through evolutionary mechanisms has been challenged by 870:

called bacterial flagella "rotary engines", and dismissed the possibility that these "incredibly complicated arrangements of matter" could have "evolved by selection of chance mutations. The alternative explanation, that they were created, is much more reasonable." An article in the

1418:

cells. The needle's base has ten elements in common with the flagellum, but it is missing forty of the proteins that make a flagellum work. The TTSS system negates Behe's claim that taking away any one of the flagellum's parts would prevent the system from functioning. On this basis,

900:

ruling, that it was unconstitutional to teach creationism in public school science classes, the authors changed the wording to "intelligent design", introducing the new meaning of this term when the book was published in 1989. In a separate response to the same ruling, law professor

1489:

consisted of several parts (DNA binders and DNA binding sites) which contribute to the basic function; removal of either one leads immediately to the death of the organism. This model fits the definition of irreducible complexity exactly, yet it evolves. (The program can be run from

1255:. Although Behe acknowledged that the evolution of the larger anatomical features of the eye have been well-explained, he pointed out that the complexity of the minute biochemical reactions required at a molecular level for light sensitivity still defies explanation. Creationist 647:'s endeavour to disprove my second thesis—that it is impossible to explain by natural selection alone the co-adaptation of co-operative parts. It is thirty years since this was set forth in 'The Principles of Biology.' In § 166, I instanced the enormous horns of the extinct 1045:

challenges Behe's claim that the mousetrap is irreducibly complex. Miller observes that various subsets of the five components can be devised to form cooperative units, ones that have different functions from the mousetrap and so, in biological terms, could form functional

793:

with the plants they fertilize would not function if it was incomplete, so could not have evolved; "The whole procedure points so strongly to intelligent design that it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the hand of a wise and beneficent creator has been involved."

6624:

Two years later, Johnson organized a meeting at Pajaro Dunes near Monterey to bring like-minded thinkers together. Its participants would become the major public figures in intelligent design: Scott Minnich and Michael Behe, who would testify on behalf of ID in Dover,

651:, and contended that in this and in kindred cases, where for the efficient use of some one enlarged part many other parts have to be simultaneously enlarged, it is out of the question to suppose that they can have all spontaneously varied in the required proportions." 1599:

trial an expert witness for the plaintiffs, Ken Miller, demonstrated this possibility using Behe's mousetrap analogy. By removing several parts, Miller made the object unusable as a mousetrap, but he pointed out that it was now a perfectly functional, if unstylish,

1766:

further investigation is needed. Other critics describe Behe as saying that evolutionary explanations are not detailed enough to meet his standards, while at the same time presenting intelligent design as exempt from having to provide any positive evidence at all.

1383:

share several components which provides strong evidence of a shared evolutionary history (see below). In fact, this example shows how a complex system can evolve from simpler components. Multiple processes were involved in the evolution of the flagellum, including

1008:", such as changing the relative frequency of various beak lengths in finches, but assert that it cannot account for irreducible complexity, because none of the parts of an irreducible system would be functional or advantageous until the entire system is in place. 2440:

if it includes a set of well-matched, mutually interacting, nonarbitrarily individuated parts such that each part in the set is indispensable to maintaining the system's basic, and therefore original, function. The set of these indispensable parts is known as the

1196:

can lead to complex biochemical systems being built up from simpler systems, or to existing functional systems being recombined as a new system with a different function. For example, one of the clotting factors that Behe listed as a part of the clotting cascade

1728:

are frequently irreducibly complex since the process, like evolution, both removes non-essential components over time as well as adding new components. The removal of unused components with no essential function, like the natural process where rock underneath a

1191:

The irreducible complexity argument assumes that the necessary parts of a system have always been necessary, and therefore could not have been added sequentially. However, in evolution, something which is at first merely advantageous can later become necessary.

1075:

The point of the reduction is that—in biology—most or all of the components were already at hand, by the time it became necessary to build a mousetrap. As such, it required far fewer steps to develop a mousetrap than to design all the components from scratch.

1800:

trial, expert witness testimony defending ID and IC was given by Behe and Scott Minnich, who had been one of the "Johnson-Behe cadre of scholars" at Pajaro Dunes in 1993, was prominent in ID, and was now a tenured associate professor in microbiology at the

443:

trial, Behe gave testimony on the subject of irreducible complexity. The court found that "Professor Behe's claim for irreducible complexity has been refuted in peer-reviewed research papers and has been rejected by the scientific community at large."

1557:, presented this theory in 2005. They describe how certain mutation and changes can cause apparent irreducible complexity. Thus, seemingly irreducibly complex structures are merely "very complex", or they are simply misunderstood or misrepresented. 2156:, Behe's idea of irreducible complexity was anticipated in creation science; much as in Paley's conception, creation science proponents hold that structures too complex to have occurred 'by chance' require special creation (Scott and Matzke 2007)." 1346:

functional eye would actually be considered great, complex leaps in evolution if viewed on the molecular scale. Other intelligent design proponents claim that the evolution of the entire visual system would be difficult rather than the eye alone.

978:

functioning system", but the "difficult task facing Darwinian evolution, however, would not be to remove parts from sophisticated pre-existing systems; it would be to bring together components to make a new system in the first place". In the 2005

919:. According to Johnson, around 1992 Behe developed his ideas of what he later called his "irreducible complexity" concept, and first presented these ideas in June 1993 when the "Johnson-Behe cadre of scholars" met at Pajaro Dunes in California. 1517:

Evolution can act to simplify as well as to complicate. This raises the possibility that seemingly irreducibly complex biological features may have been achieved with a period of increasing complexity, followed by a period of simplification.

6570:

is the correct explanation for life then there is no such thing as "irreducible complexity" in the mechanisms of life; while, if we use the unmodified original definition then "irreducible complexity" has nothing whatever to do with

473:

An irreducibly complex evolutionary pathway is one that contains one or more unselected steps (that is, one or more necessary-but-unselected mutations). The degree of irreducible complexity is the number of unselected steps in the

6452:

Index to Creationist Claims. Mark Isaak. The Talk.Origins Archive. "Irreducible complexity and complex specified information are special cases of the "complexity indicates design" claim; they are also arguments from incredulity."

1838:"By defining irreducible complexity in the way that he has, Professor Behe attempts to exclude the phenomenon of exaptation by definitional fiat, ignoring as he does so abundant evidence which refutes his argument. Notably, the 934:, published in 2003, historian Thomas Woodward wrote that "Michael Behe assisted in the rewriting of a chapter on biochemistry in a revised edition of Pandas. The book stands as one of the milestones in the infancy of Design." 1733:

is removed, can produce irreducibly complex structures without requiring the intervention of a designer. Researchers applying these algorithms automatically produce human-competitive designs—but no human designer is required.

1079:

Thus, the development of the mousetrap, said to consist of five different parts which had no function on their own, has been reduced to one step: the assembly from parts that are already present, performing other functions.

6967: 1259:

has described the eye as evolutionary biologists' "greatest challenge as an example of superb 'irreducible complexity' in God's creation", specifically pointing to the supposed "vast complexity" required for transparency.

1536:

Irreducible complexity may not actually exist in nature, and the examples given by Behe and others may not in fact represent irreducible complexity, but can be explained in terms of simpler precursors. The theory of

5560:

Taylor, Tiffany B.; Mulley, Geraldine; Dills, Alexander H.; Alsohim, Abdullah S.; McGuffin, Liam J.; Studholme, David J.; Silby, Mark W.; Brockhurst, Michael A.; Johnson, Louise J.; Jackson, Robert W. (2015-02-27).

2765: 3008:

The Continuity of the Schemes of Nature and Revelation: A Sermon Preached, by request, on the occasion of the meeting of the British Association at Nottingham. With remarks on some relations of modern knowledge to

554:

wrote "An organized body contains an infinity of parts that mutually depend upon one another in relation to particular ends, all of which must be actually formed in order to work as a whole", arguing in favor of

513:, that complexity in nature implies a God for the same reason that the existence of a watch implies the existence of a watchmaker. This argument has a long history, and one can trace it back at least as far as 4181: 1703:

that lack flagella regained flagella within 96 hours via a two-step evolutionary pathway", concluding that "natural selection can rapidly rewire regulatory networks in very few, repeatable mutational steps".

1529:'s Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, using techniques for resurrecting ancient genes, reconstructed the evolution of an apparently irreducibly complex molecular system. The April 7, 2006 issue of 465:... a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning. 1829:"... creationists made the same argument that the complexity of the bacterial flagellum supported creationism as Professors Behe and Minnich now make for ID. (P-853; P-845; 37:155–56 (Minnich))." (Page 34) 1637:

and is due to a completely new gene. It arose from the fusion of several non-protein-coding fragments of mitochondrial DNA and the occurrence of several mutations, all of which were necessary. Behe's book

1250:

is frequently cited by intelligent design and creationism advocates as a purported example of irreducible complexity. Behe used the "development of the eye problem" as evidence for intelligent design in

4192: 4351: 3165: 2702: 1694:

Behe argues that the theory that irreducibly complex systems could not have evolved can be falsified by an experiment where such systems are evolved. For example, he posits taking bacteria with no

1313:

Current evidence does suggest possible evolutionary lineages for the origins of the anatomical features of the eye. One likely chain of development is that the eyes originated as simple patches of

1273:

appears to acknowledge the eye's development as a difficulty for his theory. However, the quote in context shows that Darwin actually had a very good understanding of the evolution of the eye (see

2561:, translated and edited by Margaret Tallmadge May, Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 1968, especially book XVII. For a relevant discussion of Galen and other ancients see pages 121–122, 1342:. Behe asserts that this is only an explanation of the gross anatomical steps, however, and not an explanation of the changes in discrete biochemical systems that would have needed to take place. 6546: 1999: 963:

systems, now including the bacterial flagellum. He posits that evolutionary mechanisms cannot explain the development of such "irreducibly complex" systems. Notably, Behe credits philosopher

1277:). He notes that "to suppose that the eye ... could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree". Yet this observation was merely a 1707:

Other critics take a different approach, pointing to experimental evidence that they consider falsification of the argument for intelligent design from irreducible complexity. For example,

2113: 1998:"We therefore find that Professor Behe's claim for irreducible complexity has been refuted in peer-reviewed research papers and has been rejected by the scientific community at large." 2790:

Guyer adds this parenthetical comment: "(here is where the theory of natural selection removes the difficulty)". See Kant's discussion in section IX of the "First Introduction" to the

2013:"True in this latest creationist variant, advocates of so-called intelligent design ... use more slick, pseudoscientific language. They talk about things like "irreducible complexity" 950:

on virtually every page of a biochemistry textbook." Suggesting "these things cannot be explained by Darwinian evolution," he said they had been neglected by the scientific community.

671:

raised the objection to natural selection that "Complex and simultaneous co-ordinations ... until so far developed as to effect the requisite junctions, are useless". In the 2012 book

2992: 2801: 1334:

is a modern example of an animal with such an eye. Finally, via this same selection process, a protective layer of transparent cells over the aperture was differentiated into a crude

280: 4337:

Yet here again the evolutionary literature is totally missing. No scientist has ever published a model to account for the gradual evolution of this extraordinary molecular machine.

1592:

fish (about 360 million years ago). Furthermore, recent research shows that viruses play a heretofore unexpected role in evolution by mixing and matching genes from various hosts.

573:

is said by Guyer to argue that "we cannot conceive how a whole that comes into being only gradually from its parts can nevertheless be the cause of the properties of those parts".

6964: 941:

Behe posted "Molecular Machines: Experimental Support for the Design Inference" with a note that "This paper was originally presented in the Summer of 1994 at the meeting of the

1448:

protein was cited by Behe as an example of irreducible complexity. He further said that the advances in knowledge in the subsequent 10 years had shown that the complexity of

505:

for God (the argument from design or from complexity). This states that complex functionality in the natural world which looks designed is evidence of an intelligent creator.

3111:

Darwin and Modern Science: Essays in Commemoration of the Centenary of the Birth of Charles Darwin and of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Publication of The Origin of Species

223: 945:

Society, Cambridge University." An "Irreducible Complexity" section quoted Darwin, then discussed "the humble mousetrap", and "Molecular Machines", going into detail about

836:, Roth said of "complex integrated structures": "This system would not be functional until all the parts were there ... How did these parts survive during evolution ...?" 4536: 2945: 6504: 1595:

Arguments for irreducibility often assume that things started out the same way they ended up—as we see them now. However, that may not necessarily be the case. In the

5938: 2466: 1209:

place without a final goal. Each step must be advantageous in its own right, although biologists may not yet understand the reason behind all of them—for example,

813:; "The creationist maintains that the degree of complexity and order which science has discovered in the universe could never be generated by chance or accident." 3919:

Forrest, B (2001). "1: The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism is Wedging its way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream". In Pennock, RT (ed.).

657: 563:, of the individual; and a similar argument about the origins of the individual was made by other 18th-century students of natural history. In his 1790 book, 5884: 5285:

Clements, A.; Bursac, D.; Gatsos, X.; Perry, A.; Civciristov, S.; Celik, N.; Likic, V.; Poggio, S.; Jacobs-Wagner, C.; Strugnell, R. A.; Lithgow, T. (2009).

2656:

De la recherche de la verité: où l'on traite de la nature de l'esprit de l'homme, & de l'usage qu'il en doit faire pour éviter l'erreur dans les sciences

690: 5634: 1724:, which routinely uses computer analogues of the processes of evolution in order to automatically design complex solutions to problems. The results of such 693:

published a book-length study of a concept similar to irreducible complexity, explained by gradual, step-wise, non-teleological evolution. Frazzetta wrote:

7005: 6630: 4475: 3153: 2887:. Kants gesammelte Schriften. Vol. 21 (Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ed.). Berlin: Georg Reimer. February 1971. p. 210. 5656: 1050:

before being adapted to the new function of catching mice. In an example taken from his high school experience, Miller recalls that one of his classmates

1088:

Supporters of intelligent design argue that anything less than the complete form of such a system or organ would not work at all, or would in fact be a

866:"scientists (the late Dr. Dick Bliss) was using this example in his talks on creation a generation ago". In December 1992 the creation science magazine 3773: 3454: 2882: 2822: 6436: 232: 6872:

Ruben, J.A.; Jones, T.D.; Geist, N.R.; Hillenius, W.J. (November 14, 1997). "Lung Structure and Ventilation in Theropod Dinosaurs and Early Birds".

6525: 1428:

use completely different mechanisms, and publications show a plausible path in which bacterial flagella could have evolved from a secretion system.

843:

wrote of "interlocking": "How can a complex collaboration between components evolve in small steps?" and used the analogy of the scaffolding called

740:

systems in order to fully understand how they work. He extended his work on biological complexity into a general theory of systems in a book titled

717:

wrote of "interlocking": "How can a complex collaboration between components evolve in small steps?" and used the analogy of the scaffolding called

6315:

generating it. If it is determined by the chance-elimination method, then specified complexity is just a disguise for the god-of-the-gaps argument.

241: 148: 139: 5862: 851:

then removed afterwards: "Surely there was 'scaffolding'. Before the multitudinous components of present biochemistry could come to lean together

725:

then removed afterwards: "Surely there was 'scaffolding'. Before the multitudinous components of present biochemistry could come to lean together

3275: 2827:. Kants gesammelte Schriften. Vol. 5 (Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ed.). Berlin: Georg Reimer. 1913. p. 371. 3683: 1142:

Irreducible complexity is not an argument that evolution does not occur, but rather an argument that it is "incomplete". In the last chapter of

1092:

to the organism, and would therefore never survive the process of natural selection. Although they accept that some complex systems and organs

6902: 6597: 5807: 5054: 4425: 3959: 2984: 7159: 2654: 332: 171: 434:

show that complex molecular systems are formed by the addition of components as revealed by different temporal origins of their proteins.

6688: 5045: 4466: 6979: 4387:

Semba U, Shibuya Y, Okabe H, Yamamoto T (1998). "Whale Hageman factor (factor XII): prevented production due to pseudogene conversion".

2981:

in pages 37–38, 48–49 citing Joseph John Murphy accepting natural selection within limits, excepting "the eye" with its multiple parts.

1839: 1622:. A number of mathematical models of evolution have explored the circumstances under which such valleys can, nevertheless, be crossed. 1165: 930:

with new sections on the complex mechanism of blood clotting and on the origin of proteins. Behe was not named as their author, but in

6411: 6063: 5789: 4587:

Halder G, Callaerts P, Gehring WJ (March 1995). "Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila".

1460:

Like intelligent design, the concept it seeks to support, irreducible complexity has failed to gain any notable acceptance within the

6586:

noted that this implicit assumption of the defendant school board created a "flawed and illogical contrived dualism" (Opinion p. 64).

4371: 1774:

Irreducible complexity is at its core an argument against evolution. If truly irreducible systems are found, the argument goes, then

830:

of even the simplest organisms is, at best, a most improbable event". In 1981, defending the creation science position in the trial

405:, the 1993 edition was revised to include a variation of the same argument: it was later shown that these revisions were written by 6582: 6326:

Levings 3rd, C.S. (1990) The Texas cytoplasm of maize: cytoplasmic male sterility and disease susceptibility. Science 250, 942–947.

5765: 4355: 3402: 1796: 1577: 980: 439: 128: 4700: 3407: 3405: 391:

The central concept, of biological complexity too improbable to have evolved by chance natural processes, was already featured in

6559: 6336: 4165: 3268: 624: 5673: 4502: 4443: 4112: 6459: 5444: 2620: 266: 6477: 4301: 1305:, whereas octopuses avoided this with a non-inverted retina. (1 photo-receptors, 2 neural tissue, 3 optic nerve, 4 blind spot) 1129:

Behe argues that organs and biological features which are irreducibly complex cannot be wholly explained by current models of

826:

said "Creation and various other views can be supported by the scientific data that reveal that the spontaneous origin of the

7018: 6938: 6833: 6814: 6785: 6757: 6738: 6387: 5746: 5713: 5493: 5241: 4894: 4857: 4824: 4799: 4729: 4533: 4423:"In Defense of the Irreducibility of the Blood Clotting Cascade: Response to Russell Doolittle, Ken Miller and Keith Robison" 4330: 4258: 4026: 3936: 3838: 3746: 3715: 3562: 3427: 3260: 2974: 2942: 2892: 2832: 2813: 2783: 2738: 2714: 2680: 2572: 2535: 2422: 2041: 2030: 1888: 1762: 1676: 1160:

trial wrote "By defining irreducible complexity in the way that he has, Professor Behe attempts to exclude the phenomenon of

6501: 2546: 7127: 5935: 5459: 5081:"Molecular analysis of archaeal flagellins: similarity to the type IV pilin – transport superfamily widespread in bacteria" 2459: 2386:

In Defense of the Irreducibility of the Blood Clotting Cascade: Response to Russell Doolittle, Ken Miller and Keith Robison

970:

Intelligent design advocates argue that irreducibly complex systems must have been deliberately engineered by some form of

3972: 3951: 3909: 2235:

Shanks, Niall; Joplin, Karl H. (1999). "Redundant Complexity: A Critical Analysis of Intelligent Design in Biochemistry".

2037:"for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience." 7121: 5428: 3293: 3068: 2636: 2181:

Bridgham JT, Carroll SM, Thornton JW (April 2006). "Evolution of hormone-receptor complexity by molecular exploitation".

1188:

cascade in vertebrates is a complex biological pathway which is given as an example of apparent irreducible complexity.

761:

in the early 1950s, General Systems Theory lost many of its adherents in the physical and biological sciences. However,

1554: 4211: 2462:

Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity. Collected from the Appearances of Nature

2103: 2000:

4:Whether ID Is Science, in E. Application of the Endorsement Test to the ID Policy, Ruling, Judge John E. Jones III,

1778:

must be the correct explanation for their existence. However, this conclusion is based on the assumption that current

1452:

for two hundred components cilium and many other cellular structures is substantially greater than was known earlier.

5126:

Rajagopala SV, Titz B, Goll J, Parrish JR, Wohlbold K, McKevitt MT, Palzkill T, Mori H, Finley RL Jr, Uetz P (2007).

4062: 3808: 3539: 3396: 2866: 1274: 818: 271: 325: 154: 6993: 3478: 356:

with multiple interacting parts would not function if one of the parts were removed, so supposedly could not have

7154: 5626: 2608: 1477: 1004:). Most intelligent design advocates accept that evolution occurs through mutation and natural selection at the " 911:, published in 1991, and at a conference in March 1992 brought together key figures in what he later called the ' 863: 675:, Robert J. Asher said this "amounts to the concept of 'irreducible complexity' as defined by ... Michael Behe". 6638: 1326:

the light is at any one specific group of photoreceptors. As this trait developed, the eye became effectively a

6093:"Cryptic genetic variation can make "irreducible complexity" a common mode of adaptation in sexual populations" 707: 610:

identified the argument as a possible way to falsify a prediction of the theory of evolution at the outset. In

384:, are the two main arguments used by intelligent-design proponents to support their version of the theological 212: 122: 112: 5704:

Signs of Intelligence, article Darwin's Breakdown: Irreducible Complexity and Design at the Foundation of Life

6804: 6729: 6566:

makes the point that: if "irreducible complexity" is tautologically redefined to allow a valid argument that

4097: 1176:

Behe and others have suggested a number of biological features that they believed to be irreducibly complex.

565: 217: 5859:"Secular Web Kiosk: Design Yes, Intelligent No: A Critique of Intelligent Design Theory and Neo-Creationism" 3770: 3451: 2392: 1000:

complex structures from simpler beginnings, or convert complex structures from one function to another (see

665:

as a composed, irreducible whole, but sought to explain it by the inheritance of acquired characteristics."

6433: 5563:"Evolution. Evolutionary resurrection of flagellar motility via rewiring of the nitrogen regulation system" 1629:

to be irreducibly complex, but evidently has evolved, is the protein T-urf13, which is responsible for the

595:

to describe an animal from fragmentary remains. For Cuvier, this related to another principle of his, the

585:

discusses at length what he called "relations" of parts of living things as an indication of their design.

430:

have published rebuttals showing how systems discussed by Behe can evolve, and examples documented through

7076:: 2. Contemporary Versions of the Design Argument, a. The Argument from Irreducible Biochemical Complexity 4881:, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 607, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 130–140, 4113:"Reply to My Critics: A Response to Reviews of Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution" 1514:

of stone form by the weathering away of bits of stone from a large concretion that has formed previously.

7164: 7149: 7054: 6521: 6059: 3830:

The Battle Over the Meaning of Everything: Evolution, Intelligent Design, and a School Board in Dover, PA

3640: 1522: 1395: 1380: 318: 306: 102: 30: 5858: 3863: 1164:

by definitional fiat, ignoring as he does so abundant evidence which refutes his argument. Notably, the

7053:

Zoologist Dan-Erik Nilsson demonstrates eye evolution through intermediate stages with working model. (

5955:

M. Brazeau; P. Ahlberg (January 19, 2006). "Tetrapod-like middle ear architecture in a Devonian fish".

5058: 3923:

Intelligent design creationism and its critics: philosophical, theological, and scientific perspectives

3636:"Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience" 2619:"The appeal to irreducible complexity goes back more than three centuries. To quote John Wilkins ...", 1644: 1630: 765:

remained popular in the social sciences long after its demise in the physical and biological sciences.

4422: 3635: 3272: 6340: 4299:

Claim CA350: Professional literature is silent on the subject of the evolution of biochemical systems

3227: 2698: 1815: 1068:

glue the spitball launcher/tie clip to a sheet of wood to create a clipboard (launcher + glue + wood)

872: 782: 729:" However, neither Muller or Cairns-Smith claimed their ideas as evidence of something supernatural. 668: 5515: 5271: 3518: 1473:

is an insurmountable obstacle to evolution, it should not be possible to conceive of such pathways.

1065:

remove the spring from the spitball launcher/tie clip to create a two-part key chain (base + hammer)

455:

defined irreducible complexity in natural selection in terms of well-matched parts in his 1996 book

6608: 5843: 3056:(also Osnabrück: Otto Zeller, 1967). See also part III, Chapter XII, § 166, pages 449-457 in: 2775: 2769: 1818:

article presented the same argument, Minnich said he did not have any problem with that statement.

1449: 1385: 1265: 736:(1901–1972), an Austrian biologist. He believed that complex systems must be examined as complete, 600: 1720:

Other evidence that irreducible complexity is not a problem for evolution comes from the field of

7117: 4067: 3956: 3486: 3181: 3026: 2099:

Mark D. Decker. College of Biological Sciences, General Biology Program, University of Minnesota

1744: 938: 774: 7050: 3762: 3443: 2672: 19:

This article is about the concept in intelligent design. For the concept in systems theory, see

3578: 3419: 3413: 2858: 2499:

Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries

1546: 1485: 1123: 993: 733: 7092: 7060: 6299:"Not a Free Lunch But a Box of Chocolates. A critique of William Dembski's book No Free Lunch" 5042: 4849: 4463: 3957:

Introduction: Of Pandas and People, the foundational work of the 'Intelligent Design' movement

3928: 3828: 3738: 3732: 3294:"Genetic variability, twin hybrids and constant hybrids, in a case of balanced lethal factors" 3078:(Part I: April) and pages 749-770 (Part II: May). "Factors" was reprinted in pages 389-466 of 2857:. Translated by Eckart Förster; Michael Rosen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 2497: 2153: 7069: 7032: 6775: 4528: 3707: 3701: 3505: 2937: 2022: 2016: 1878: 1811: 1672: 1664: 1538: 1483:

A computer model of the co-evolution of proteins binding to DNA in the peer-reviewed journal

1355: 1144: 955: 683: 612: 502: 457: 422: 385: 46: 6055: 4841: 4242: 3920: 3353:

Muller, HJ (1939). "Reversibility in evolution considered from the standpoint of genetics".

2850: 1058:

Other systems identified by Miller that include mousetrap components include the following:

6881: 6403: 6251: 6240:"Experiments on the role of deleterious mutations as stepping stones in adaptive evolution" 6140:

Weissman, Daniel B.; Desai, Michael M.; Fisher, Daniel S.; Feldman, Marcus W. (June 2009).

5964: 5786: 5298: 4651: 4596: 2291: 2190: 1942: 1660: 1526: 1461: 1222: 971: 896: 886: 560: 431: 427: 397: 381: 373: 82: 72: 4368: 2621:

Paul Braterman "Darwin Does Devolve. Sometimes. So What?" 3 Quarks Daily February 25, 2019

1805:. Behe conceded that there are no peer-reviewed papers supporting his claims that complex 855:" Neither Muller or Cairns-Smith said their ideas were evidence of anything supernatural. 8: 7065: 6988: 6974: 3134: 2278:

Finnigan, Gregory C.; Hanson-Smith, Victor; Stevens, Tom H.; Thornton, Joseph W. (2012).

1802: 1322:

of the eye had an advantage over those without the mutation as an aperture increases how

1298: 1153: 840: 839:

In 1985, countering the creationist claims that all the changes would be needed at once,

714: 551: 207: 77: 6885: 6255: 5968: 5762: 5302: 4655: 4600: 2295: 2194: 1946: 1062:

use the spitball launcher as a tie clip (same three-part system with different function)

7111: 6999: 6916: 6567: 6274: 6239: 6215: 6190: 6166: 6141: 6117: 6092: 6032: 6007: 5988: 5835: 5702: 5608: 5503: 5485: 5408: 5321: 5286: 5259: 5201: 5176: 5152: 5127: 4967: 4905: 4770: 4697: 4620: 4552:

Halder G, Callaerts P, Gehring WJ (October 1995). "New perspectives on eye evolution".

4480: 4250: 4135: 3675: 3370: 3366: 3318: 3209: 3121: 2911: 2665: 2408: 2363: 2336: 2312: 2279: 2260: 2252: 2214: 2092: 2067: 2042:"Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design" 1973: 1930: 1775: 1680: 1339: 1314: 1202: 1149: 1047: 1001: 902: 832: 510: 479: 369: 181: 176: 51: 38: 6700: 6556: 6380:

Finding Darwin's God: a scientist's search for common ground between God and evolution

5913: 5888: 5226:

Bacterial Flagella and Type III Secretion: Case Studies in the Evolution of Complexity

5080: 4440: 4400: 4159: 3237: 3102: 3048:(Part I: February) and pages 439-456 (Part II: March). These essays were reprinted in 2798:="reciprocally dependent"), and § 66 of "Part Two, First Division". For example, 1584:'s thumb (derived from a wrist bone spur) provide classic examples. A 2006 article in 959:, where he set out his ideas about theoretical properties of some complex biochemical 6934: 6907: 6860: 6829: 6810: 6791: 6781: 6753: 6734: 6689:

Memorandum Opinion, Judge John E. Jones III, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District

6661: 6383: 6353: 6279: 6220: 6171: 6122: 6037: 5980: 5918: 5827: 5742: 5709: 5669: 5612: 5600: 5592: 5533: 5489: 5400: 5361: 5326: 5247: 5237: 5206: 5157: 5108: 5100: 5021: 5013: 4972: 4954: 4910: 4890: 4853: 4842: 4820: 4795: 4789: 4762: 4725: 4679: 4674: 4639: 4612: 4569: 4565: 4494: 4404: 4326: 4254: 4143: 4091: 4022: 3932: 3921: 3834: 3742: 3711: 3667: 3558: 3535: 3423: 3392: 3323: 3256: 3201: 3117: 3003: 2999: 2970: 2888: 2873:

The definition of an organic body is that it is a body, every part of which is there

2862: 2851: 2828: 2809: 2779: 2710: 2676: 2568: 2539: 2531: 2418: 2368: 2317: 2206: 2026: 1978: 1960: 1884: 1725: 1708: 1619: 1542: 1420: 1370: 1227: 1193: 1042: 620: 410: 361: 353: 7044: 5839: 5412: 5344:

Zuckerkandl, Emile (December 2006). "Intelligent design and biological complexity".

4774: 4139: 3734:

The Creator in the courtroom "Scopes II": the 1981 Arkansas creation-evolution trial

3679: 3552: 3374: 2264: 1096:

be explained by evolution, they claim that organs and biological features which are

7023: 6889: 6852: 6497: 6473: 6455: 6298: 6269: 6259: 6210: 6202: 6161: 6153: 6112: 6104: 6027: 6019: 5992: 5972: 5908: 5900: 5819: 5582: 5574: 5481: 5392: 5353: 5316: 5306: 5229: 5196: 5188: 5147: 5139: 5092: 5003: 4962: 4946: 4900: 4882: 4754: 4669: 4659: 4624: 4604: 4561: 4459: 4396: 4298: 4127: 3989: 3657: 3649: 3533:

Problems of Life: An Evaluation of Modern Biological and Scientific Thought, pg 148

3362: 3313: 3305: 3213: 3193: 2358: 2348: 2307: 2299: 2244: 2218: 2198: 2087: 2079: 1968: 1950: 1721: 1712: 1256: 1110: 891: 778: 519: 392: 249: 191: 87: 6893: 5426:

Kenneth Miller's The Collapse of Intelligent Design: Section 5 Bacterial Flagellum

5079:

Faguy, David M.; Jarrell, Ken F.; Kuzio, John; Kalmokoff, Martin L. (1994-01-01).

2631: 2056: 1104:

Behe's original examples of irreducibly complex mechanisms included the bacterial

984:

trial, Behe testified under oath that he "did not judge serious enough to yet."

469:

A second definition given by Behe in 2000 (his "evolutionary definition") states:

7132: 6971: 6928: 6856: 6824:

Jantzen, Benjamin C. (2014). "12: Intelligent design I: irreducible complexity".

6563: 6508: 6440: 5942: 5793: 5769: 5735: 5463: 5432: 5049: 4886: 4875:"The Evolution of Eukaryotic Cilia and Flagella as Motile and Sensory Organelles" 4704: 4540: 4470: 4447: 4429: 4375: 4305: 4215: 4169: 4016: 3976: 3963: 3913: 3906: 3902: 3777: 3697: 3631: 3458: 3279: 2949: 2640: 2550: 2470: 2412: 2396: 2107: 1748: 1618:

Irreducible complexity can be seen as equivalent to an "uncrossable valley" in a

1550: 1406: 1365: 907: 798: 786: 644: 628: 535: 92: 7079: 6871: 6206: 5787:

Evolution in (Brownian) space: a model for the origin of the bacterial flagellum

5457:

Evolution in (Brownian) space: a model for the origin of the bacterial flagellum

5456: 4081:

This paper was originally presented in the Summer of 1994 at the meeting of the

2414:

No Free Lunch: Why Specified Complexity Cannot Be Purchased Without Intelligence

2101:

Frequently Asked Questions About the Texas Science Textbook Adoption Controversy

1588:

demonstrates intermediate states leading toward the development of the ear in a

862:

featured in creation science literature. Morris later claimed that one of their

7037: 6843:

Macnab, RM (2004). "Type III flagellar protein export and flagellar assembly".

6087:

Trotter, Meredith V.; Weissman, Daniel B.; Peterson, Grant I.; Peck, Kayla M.;

5357: 5291:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4874: 4523: 4243: 3968: 3627: 3309: 3129: 2985:"Presidential Address to the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society" 2962: 2932: 2920: 1782:

theory and intelligent design are the only two valid models to explain life, a

1684: 1335: 1327: 1270: 1148:, Behe goes on to explain his view that irreducible complexity is evidence for 1005: 960: 912: 762: 742: 737: 607: 588: 117: 6157: 5425: 4131: 3331: 3231: 3197: 2730: 1679:) have argued that the concept of irreducible complexity and, more generally, 7143: 6924: 5904: 5596: 5104: 5017: 4958: 3106: 2353: 1964: 1852: 1783: 1754: 1668: 1278: 1037: 964: 823: 754: 662: 619:

In the late 19th century, in a dispute between supporters of the adequacy of

570: 543: 506: 377: 6795: 6264: 5578: 5562: 5311: 4608: 2417:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield (published 2006). p. 285. 2202: 2068:"Why Intelligent Design Isn't Intelligent — Review of: Unintelligent Design" 1955: 1842:

has rejected Professor Behe's claim for irreducible complexity..." (Page 75)

360:

by successive small modifications from earlier less complex systems through

7101: 6864: 6283: 6224: 6175: 6126: 6088: 6041: 6023: 5984: 5922: 5831: 5730: 5697: 5604: 5529: 5404: 5365: 5330: 5251: 5210: 5161: 5025: 4976: 4914: 4720:

Fernald, RD (1988). "Aquatic Adaptations in Fish Eyes". In Atema, J (ed.).

4664: 4318: 4208: 3671: 3327: 3205: 2494: 2372: 2321: 2210: 2100: 2083: 1982: 1758: 1730: 1613: 1511: 1210: 1133:. In explicating his definition of "irreducible complexity" he notes that: 1020: 916: 750: 556: 539: 452: 406: 186: 5112: 4950: 4766: 4683: 4616: 4573: 4408: 3662: 3554:

Chance and necessity: an essay on the natural philosophy of modern biology

2594:

Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 1966, volume 2, pages 811-812.

2018:

Undermining science: suppression and distortion in the Bush Administration

1491: 1213:

accomplish blood clotting with just six proteins instead of the full ten.

801:

introduced an irreducible complexity concept in his creation science book

7118:

The bacterial flagellar motor: brilliant evolution or intelligent design?

6545:

Amerikanbeat.net: A Critique of Behe, Dembski on "Irreducible Complexity"

4275: 4182:

Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 4: whether ID is science (p. 88)

4082: 3474: 2126: 1656: 1581: 1185: 1115: 942: 372:(ID), but the concept of irreducible complexity has been rejected by the 365: 292: 6056:"NOVA: Transcripts: Judgment Day: Intelligent Design on Trial Chapter 8" 5976: 5823: 5396: 5192: 4934: 2919:

See also the discussion of these principles in the Knowledge article on

2663:

Malebranche, Nicholas (1997). Thomas M. Lennon; Paul J. Olscamp (eds.).

2303: 1503: 953:

Behe first published the term "irreducible complexity" in his 1996 book

848: 722: 7093:

Miller's "The Flagellum Unspun: The Collapse of Irreducible Complexity"

6959: 6354:"Philosophical Objections to Intelligent Design: A Response to Critics" 5587: 5534:"Philosophical Objections to Intelligent Design: A Response to Critics" 5143: 4219: 3490: 3184:(March 1982). "Coadapatation and the Inadequacy of Natural Selection". 2761: 2643:, 2nd edition, London: Walter Kettilby, 1691. Book I Chapter IV page 43 2503:

volume 2 page 385 part iii chapter iii section i paragraph 26 footnote

1688: 1573: 1566: 1400: 1323: 1302: 1198: 1161: 1071:

remove the hold-down bar for use as a toothpick (single element system)

997: 806: 790: 6238:

Covert, Arthur; Lenski, Richard; Wilke, Claus; Ofria, Charles (2013).

6108: 5233: 5008: 4991: 4758: 3790: 2256: 1023:

believes that many aspects of life show evidence of design, using the

546:

referred to "a multitude of pieces aptly joyn'd" to argue against the

4990:

Milne-Davies, Bailey; Wimmi, Stephan; Diepold, Andreas (March 2021).

3255:. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 214. 2913:

Georges Cuvier, Zoologist: A Study in the History of Evolution Theory

1806: 1779: 1634: 1607: 1415: 1394:. The basal body of the flagella has been found to be similar to the 1130: 1105: 1024: 859: 648: 357: 20: 6985: 6511:, National Center for Science Education website, September 10, 2002. 5096: 3853:

titled 'Not So Blind a Watchmaker,' is in a journal called Creation

3706:(2nd ed.). San Diego, Calif: Creation-Life Publishers. p. 3139:

Darwin and After Darwin: Post-Darwinian Questions, Heredity, Utility

2114:

list of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design

773:

Versions of the irreducible complexity argument have been common in

487:

indispensable parts is known as the irreducible core of the system.

6337:

The Evolution of T-URF13: Does Irreducible Complexity count or not?

4791:

The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals

4063:"Molecular Machines: Experimental Support for the Design Inference" 3653: 2703:"Malebranche on Animal Generation: Preexistence and the Microscope" 2667:

The Search After Truth: With Elucidations of The Search After Truth

2277: 2248: 2130: 1695: 1601: 1589: 1507: 1361: 1331: 1319: 1168:

has rejected Professor Behe's claim for irreducible complexity..."

1016: 844: 718: 547: 7087: 7024:

Darwin vs. Intelligent Design (again), by H. Allen Orr (review of

3605: 3603: 3137:(1895). "III: Characters as Hereditary and Acquired (continued)". 3038:

Spencer, Herbert (1893). "The Inadequacy of "Natural Selection"".

1467: 1282:

using examples of gradually more complex eyes of various species.

631:, and followed by others, depended on what Spencer referred to as 6189:

Weissman, D. B.; Feldman, M. W.; Fisher, D. S. (5 October 2010).

4193:

Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 6: Conclusion, section H

3730: 2389: 2335:

Del Bem, Luiz Eduardo V.; Vincentz, Michel GA (5 November 2010).

1441: 1293:(right) developed independently: vertebrates evolved an inverted 1290: 1238: 6684: 6682: 5808:"From The Origin of Species to the origin of bacterial flagella" 3979:

by Nicholas J Matzke, NCSE Public Information Project Specialist

1285: 501:

The argument from irreducible complexity is a descendant of the

5627:"Spinning Tales About the Bacterial Flagellum – Evolution News" 5287:"The reducible complexity of a mitochondrial molecular machine" 3600: 3415:

Seven clues to the origin of life: a scientific detective story

3253:

Evolution and belief: confessions of a religious paleontologist

3099:

One example of a response was in Section III(γ) pages 32-42 of

3004:"Appendix Note A On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection" 2709:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–214. 1825:, Judge Jones specifically singled out irreducible complexity: 1445: 1437: 1294: 946: 673:

Evolution and Belief, Confessions of a Religious Paleontologist

514: 7097: 6693: 6654: 5043:

The Flagellum Unspun: The Collapse of "Irreducible Complexity"

1572:

function of the later form. The term used for this process is

1398:(TTSS), a needle-like structure that pathogenic germs such as 1242:(d) The complex lensed eye of the marine snail and the octopus 7107: 6679: 6142:"The rate at which asexual populations cross fitness valleys" 6008:"Horizontal gene transfer in evolution: facts and challenges" 5175:

Titz B, Rajagopala SV, Ester C, Häuser R, Uetz P (Nov 2006).

4042: 3884: 3066:

Spencer, Herbert (1886). "The Factors of Organic Evolution".

1411: 1289:

The eyes of vertebrates (left) and invertebrates such as the

1119: 531: 5177:"Novel conserved assembly factor of the bacterial flagellum" 4879:

Eukaryotic Membranes and Cytoskeleton: Origins and Evolution

4441:

Creationism special: A sceptic's guide to intelligent design

2661:

Livre 6ième, 2ième partie, chapître 4; English translation:

2234: 1625:

An example of a structure that is claimed in Dembski's book

1545:, a professor and chair of Department of Systems Biology at 420:

along with a full account of his arguments in his 1996 book

6595: 6471:"The argument from incredulity creates a god of the gaps." 6191:"The Rate of Fitness-Valley Crossing in Sexual Populations" 6086: 2808:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–244. 2707:

The problem of animal generation in early modern philosophy

2590:, chapter III. Partial translation in: Howard B. Adelmann, 2127:"Why scientists dismiss 'intelligent design' – LiveScience" 1650: 732:

An early concept of irreducibly complex systems comes from

655:

Darwin responded to Spencer's objections in chapter XXV of

6139: 5078: 4638:

Tomarev SI, Callaerts P, Kos L, et al. (March 1997).

4323:

Darwin's black box: the biochemical challenge to evolution

3024:

Spencer, Herbert (October 1894). "Weismannism Once More".

2687:

Second paragraph from the end of the chapter, on page 465.

2280:"Evolution of increased complexity in a molecular machine" 1880:

Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution

1205:

is evidence for evolution, but not for natural selection.

926:, published in 1993, had extensive revisions to Chapter 6 5284: 5174: 5125: 4386: 3355:

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

2159: 1814:, and when Minnich was asked if similar claims in a 1994 1810:

about the bacterial flagellum, first published in Behe's

1247: 967:

for the original concept (alone among the predecessors).

758: 6701:"Kitzmiller v. Dover: Day 20, PM, Part 2: Scott Minnich" 6662:"Kitzmiller v. Dover: Day 20, PM, Part 1: Scott Minnich" 6335:

Andreas Beyer, Hansjörg Hemminger & Martin Neukamm:

5670:"CB200.1: Bacterial flagella and Irreducibly Complexity" 5559: 4989: 3954:

Comments on 1993 Revisions by Frank J. Sonleitner (1994)

3141:. Vol. II. London: Longman, Green. pp. 60–102. 3113:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–65. 1883:. Touchstone book (2 ed.). Free Press. p. 39. 1330:

which allowed the organism to dimly make out shapes—the

811:

The Amazing Story of Creation from Science and the Bible

5657:

Rebuttal to Reports by Opposing Expert Witnesses, p. 52

4992:"Adaptivity and dynamics in type III secretion systems" 4054: 3783: 3399:. Referencing pages 3, 4-7, 7-20, and xi, respectively. 3391:, Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, 1975. 3162:

The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication

3128:

Both of these referred to what has become known as the

2567:. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. 2337:"Evolution of xyloglucan-related genes in green plants" 2180: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1455: 658:

The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication

482:

assumed an "original function" in his 2002 definition:

6237: 4586: 4551: 3626: 3418:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3164:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. pp. 321–338. 3115:

See also Chapter VII, § 12(1), pages 237-238 in:

2484:, translated by Francis Brooks, London: Methuen, 1896. 2230: 2228: 1929:

Scott, Eugenie C.; Matzke, Nicholas J. (15 May 2007).

1560: 7045:

Does irreducible complexity imply Intelligent Design?

6986:

How to Explain Irreducible Complexity -- A Lab Manual

6188: 3952:

The New Pandas: Has Creationist Scholarship Improved?

3036:

Another essay of Spencer's treating this concept is:

2917:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2118: 1506:

easily enough, one stone at a time, by building over

6502:"Intelligent Design" Not Accepted by Most Scientists 5954: 4018:

Doubts about Darwin: A History of Intelligent Design

3982: 3822: 3820: 2794:

and in §§ 61, 64 (where he uses the expression

2021:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 1909: 932:

Doubts About Darwin: A History of Intelligent Design

7000:

Irreducible Complexity: Definition & Evaluation

6828:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. 5055:"The Bacterial Flagellum: Still Spinning Just Fine" 5037: 5035: 4637: 3411: 2877:(reciprocally as end and, at the same time, means). 2225: 1994: 1992: 6434:Evidence for Intelligent Design from Biochemistry. 5734: 5701: 2910: 2774:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2664: 2562: 1608:Methods by which irreducible complexity may evolve 5435:(Case Western Reserve University, 2006 January 3) 4698:The Evolution of Eyes: Why Do We See What We See? 3817: 3086:(also Osnabrück: Otto Zeller, 1967)= volume 1 of 2671:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 2592:Marcello Malpighi and the Evolution of Embryology 1872: 1870: 1868: 781:journals. For example, in the July 1965 issue of 7141: 6752:. ISSR library. University of California Press. 6341:HTML document on the website of "Panda's Thumb". 5228:. Genome Dynamics. Vol. 3. pp. 30–47. 5032: 4787: 3250: 2605:Of the Principles and Duties of Natural Religion 2143: 1989: 816:A 1980 article in the creation science magazine 6244:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6082: 6080: 4071:. Archived from the original on 3 February 1999 3879:Received 11 May 1993; Revised 15 September 1993 3479:"Bacteria Flagella Look Like Man-made Machines" 2334: 1935:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1743:indicates design" claim, and thus see it as an 884:The biology supplementary textbook for schools 5741:. FreePress division of Simon & Schuster. 3622: 3620: 3618: 3550: 3469: 3467: 3088:Essays: Scientific, Political, and Speculative 2436:A system performing a given basic function is 2176: 2174: 1865: 1643:argument based on false premises, akin to the 706:The machine that he chose as an analog is the 7128:Unlocking cell secrets bolsters evolutionists 6048: 5883: 5729: 5696: 5445:Unlocking cell secrets bolsters evolutionists 4932: 4745:Fernald, RD (1997). "The evolution of eyes". 4554:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 4276:"Why scientists dismiss 'intelligent design'" 4008: 3696: 3571: 3132:. An analysis of both sides of the issue is: 3084:. Vol. 13. London: Williams and Norgate. 3054:. Vol. 17. London: Williams and Norgate. 2014: 1553:, a professor in Molecular and Cell Biology, 326: 6726: 6446: 6077: 5805: 5378: 5223: 4048: 3731:Keough, Mark J.; Geisler, Norman L. (1982). 3609: 3062:. Vol. I. London: Williams and Norgate. 2849:Kant, Imanuel (1993). Eckart Förster (ed.). 2165: 697:"A complex adaptation is one constructed of 16:Argument by proponents of intelligent design 6635:The Berkeley Science Review: Read: Articles 5343: 5128:"The protein network of bacterial motility" 4933:Wickstead, Bill; Gull, Keith (2011-08-22). 4744: 4719: 3615: 3464: 3389:Complex Adaptations in Evolving Populations 3285: 2662: 2659:(6ième ed.). Paris: Chez Michel David. 2652: 2607:, London, 1675, book I, chapter 6, page 82 2171: 1928: 1711:describes the lab work of Barry G. Hall on 1392:Evolution from type three secretion systems 7019:Behe, Biochemistry, and the Invisible Hand 6842: 6750:Evolution Vs. Creationism: An Introduction 6290: 3918: 3352: 3291: 3186:British Journal for the History of Science 2559:On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body 1737: 992:perhaps slowly, perhaps more quickly (see 627:, one of the arguments made repeatedly by 401:introduced the alternative terminology of 333: 319: 7070:Design Arguments for the Existence of God 6727:Forrest, Barbara; Gross, Paul R. (2007). 6377: 6273: 6263: 6214: 6165: 6116: 6031: 5912: 5661: 5586: 5379:Pallen, M.J.; Matzke, N.J. (2006). "From 5320: 5310: 5200: 5151: 5007: 4966: 4904: 4839: 4673: 4663: 4347: 4345: 3661: 3317: 3011:. London: Bell and Daldy. pp. 31–37. 2998: 2983:Murphy, Joseph John (November 19, 1866). 2759:This is Guyer's exposition on page 22 of 2538:. One 18th-century reference to Galen is 2362: 2352: 2311: 2091: 2065: 1972: 1954: 1931:"Biological design in science classrooms" 1476:Niall Shanks and Karl H. Joplin, both of 1179: 526: 7110:(sister site to talk.origins archive on 7033:Devolution: Why intelligent design isn't 4872: 4840:Wiker, Benjamin; Witt, Jonathan (2006). 4356:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 4325:. New York, NY: Free Press. p. 72. 4110: 4014: 3990:"Design on Trial in Dover, Pennsylvania" 3877:(1): 13–22, quotations from pp. 13, 20. 3100: 2969:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2530:, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997 2455: 2453: 2002:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1823:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1797:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1651:Falsifiability and experimental evidence 1525:, assistant professor of biology at the 1444:microtubules movement by the sliding of 1310:idea of a common ancestry for all eyes. 1284: 1226: 1015: 1011: 981:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 440:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 6823: 6631:"In the matter of Berkeley v. Berkeley" 6598:"In the matter of Berkeley v. Berkeley" 6596:Michelangelo D'Agostino (Spring 2006). 5695:presumed gradual, Darwinian evolution." 5528: 5475: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4204: 4202: 4200: 3927:. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. pp. 3896: 3861: 3133: 3116: 3079: 3065: 3057: 3049: 3037: 3023: 2908: 2804:. In Paul Guyer; Eric Matthews (eds.). 2553:, § 3, page 215. Also see Galen's 2501:Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1854 2407: 1859: 789:argued that the complex interaction of 625:inheritance of acquired characteristics 7142: 6900: 6802: 6589: 6066:from the original on November 23, 2008 5555: 5553: 5478:Intelligent Design A2 – Maloy, Stanley 5383:to the origin of bacterial flagella". 4342: 4240: 3969:Design on Trial in Dover, Pennsylvania 3473: 3226: 3180: 3151: 2982: 2961: 2907:See especially chapters VI and VII of 1510:that is removed afterward. Similarly, 828:complex integrated biochemical systems 376:, which regards intelligent design as 6923: 6747: 5889:"Evolution of Biological Information" 5806:Pallen MJ, Matzke NJ (October 2006). 5667: 4369:"Behe and the Blood Clotting Cascade" 4249:. New York: Viking Penguin. pp. 3994:National Center for Science Education 3890: 3826: 3737:. Milford, Mich: Mott Media. p. 2760: 2542:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 2450: 2149: 1789: 1763:National Center for Science Education 1677:National Center for Science Education 1675:and former executive director of the 1468:Reducibility of "irreducible" systems 879: 606:While he did not originate the term, 224:International Society for Complexity, 7088:Miller, Kenneth R. textbook website 6773: 6522:"Darwin's Black Box by Michael Behe" 6351: 6296: 6005: 5945:University of Oregon, April 4, 2006. 5480:. Academic Press. pp. 112–114. 4814: 4794:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 4317: 4225: 4197: 4061:Behe, Michael J. (3 February 1999). 4060: 3761:McShea, Daniel W. and Wim Hordijk. " 3442:McShea, Daniel W. and Wim Hordijk. " 3267:See also Christian Faculty Forum at 2848: 2799: 2697: 2124: 1876: 1456:Response of the scientific community 915:', including biochemistry professor 599:, which excluded the possibility of 550:of life. In the early 18th century, 7160:Creationist objections to evolution 7074:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6826:An Introduction to Design Arguments 5550: 5447:(Chicago Tribune, 2006 February 13) 4935:"The evolution of the cytoskeleton" 4505:from the original on 3 October 2017 4453: 3871:Creation Research Society Quarterly 2995:from the original on July 18, 2012. 1561:Gradual adaptation to new functions 1541:challenges irreducible complexity. 1263:In an often misquoted passage from 1171: 853:they had to lean on something else. 727:they had to lean on something else. 13: 6767: 6637:. 1 September 2006. Archived from 6474:"CA100: Argument from incredulity" 6358:Evolution News & Science Today 6352:Behe, Michael (October 27, 2016). 6012:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5486:10.1016/B978-0-12-374984-0.00806-8 5224:Pallen, M. J.; Gophna, U. (2007). 4722:Sensory biology of aquatic animals 4464:Argument: 'Irreducible complexity' 3367:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1939.tb00934.x 3170:especially page 333 and following. 2741:from the original on 29 April 2017 2039: 1555:University of California, Berkeley 1237:(c) The simple optic cup found in 1231:Stages in the evolution of the eye 14: 7176: 6948: 5637:from the original on 4 March 2016 5476:Egelman, E. H. (1 January 2013). 4640:"Squid Pax-6 and eye development" 4492: 3862:Lumsden, Richard D. (June 1994). 3361:(3): 261–80, quotation from 272. 2806:Critique of the power of judgment 1717:as showing that "Behe is wrong". 1580:(derived from a jawbone) and the 1364:of certain bacteria constitute a 1275:fallacy of quoting out of context 1184:The process of blood clotting or 1027:in an analogy disputed by others. 894:arguments, but shortly after the 409:, a professor of biochemistry at 281:Scientific bodies that explicitly 7006:Irreducible Complexity Revisited 6607:. pp. 31–35. Archived from 6574: 6550: 6539: 6514: 6491: 6426: 6414:from the original on 8 July 2016 6396: 6382:. New York: Cliff Street Books. 6371: 6345: 6329: 6320: 6231: 6182: 6133: 5999: 5948: 5929: 5877: 5850: 5799: 5779: 5755: 5722: 5688: 5676:from the original on 4 July 2013 5649: 5619: 5522: 5085:Canadian Journal of Microbiology 4273: 3686:from the original on 2010-11-30. 3168:from the original on 2015-09-25. 2125:Than, Ker (September 23, 2005). 1769: 1431: 302: 301: 45: 6994:Institute for Creation Research 6809:. Bethesda: Adler & Adler. 6528:from the original on 2015-07-15 6480:from the original on 2013-10-20 6462:from the original on 2013-10-04 6297:Wein, Richard (23 April 2002). 6006:Boto, Luis (October 28, 2009). 5865:from the original on 2010-01-05 5469: 5450: 5438: 5419: 5372: 5337: 5278: 5217: 5168: 5119: 5072: 4983: 4926: 4866: 4833: 4808: 4781: 4738: 4713: 4690: 4631: 4580: 4545: 4517: 4495:"CA113.1: Evolution of the eye" 4486: 4434: 4415: 4380: 4361: 4311: 4292: 4267: 4186: 4174: 4153: 4104: 3945: 3755: 3724: 3690: 3544: 3531:Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1952). 3525: 3436: 3381: 3346: 3282:and the references cited there. 3244: 3220: 3173: 3145: 3093: 3016: 2954: 2926: 2901: 2841: 2771:The Cambridge Companion to Kant 2753: 2723: 2690: 2646: 2625: 2613: 2597: 2581: 2509: 2487: 2475: 2401: 2379: 2328: 2271: 1478:East Tennessee State University 1138:is by definition nonfunctional. 1083: 864:Institute for Creation Research 678: 576: 538:in the mid-17th century and by 416:Behe introduced the expression 352:) is the argument that certain 226:Information, and Design (ISCID) 6933:. Cambridge University Press. 6901:Zimmer, Carl (February 2005). 6456:"CI101: Complexity and design" 6146:Theoretical Population Biology 4848:. InterVarsity Press. p. 4218:(graphics-intensive, requires 4085:Society, Cambridge University. 3579:"CRSQ 1965 Volume 2, Number 2" 2633:The Sacred Theory of the Earth 2526:, translated by P. N. Singer, 2520:The Construction of the Embryo 2007: 768: 496: 447: 213:Center for Science and Culture 1: 6894:10.1126/science.278.5341.1267 6806:Evolution: A Theory in Crisis 5466:(Talk Design, 2006 September) 4401:10.1016/S0049-3848(97)00307-1 4209:A reducibly complex mousetrap 3236:. London: Macmillan. p. 2653:Malebranche, Nicolas (1712). 591:applied his principle of the 509:famously argued, in his 1802 380:. Irreducible complexity and 218:Centre for Intelligent Design 149:Discovery Institute campaigns 7051:Evolution of the Eye (Video) 6965:About Irreducible Complexity 6857:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.04.005 6780:. New York: The Free Press. 4887:10.1007/978-0-387-74021-8_11 4696:Fernald, Russell D. (2001). 4566:10.1016/0959-437X(95)80029-8 4450:, New Scientist, 9 July 2005 3412:Cairns-Smith, A. G. (1985). 3082:The Works of Herbert Spencer 3052:The Works of Herbert Spencer 1906:(originally published 1996). 478:Intelligent-design advocate 7: 6980:Behe's Reply to his Critics 6733:. Oxford University Press. 6408:www.genetic-programming.com 6207:10.1534/genetics.110.123240 5812:Nature Reviews Microbiology 5785:Nicholas J. Matzke, 2003. " 5385:Nature Reviews Microbiology 4873:Mitchell, David R. (2007), 4724:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 4241:Miller, Kenneth R. (2008). 4021:. Baker Books. p. 89. 3864:"Not So Blind A Watchmaker" 3833:. Wiley. pp. 172–173. 3641:Quarterly Review of Biology 3557:. New York: Vintage Books. 2563:Goodman, Lenn Evan (2010). 2390:Discovery Institute article 1349: 996:). This process is able to 757:published the structure of 395:. The 1989 school textbook 242:Physicians and Surgeons for 10: 7181: 6748:Scott, Eugenie C. (2009). 6730:Creationism's Trojan Horse 5358:10.1016/j.gene.2006.03.025 4819:. Free Press. p. 38. 4111:Behe, MJ (November 2001). 3855:Research Society Quarterly 3228:Mivart, St. George Jackson 2967:The Evidence for Evolution 2609:Early English Books Online 1645:Texas sharpshooter fallacy 1631:cytoplasmic male sterility 1611: 1564: 1512:naturally occurring arches 1353: 1220: 1116:the blood clotting cascade 708:Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage 643:"We come now to Professor 491: 235:Evolution Awareness Center 18: 6960:Michael J. Behe home page 6158:10.1016/j.tpb.2009.02.006 4788:Conway-Morris, S (1999). 4358:, December 2005. Page 74. 4096:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3763:Complexity by Subtraction 3595:The Plants Will Teach You 3583:Creation Research Society 3444:Complexity by Subtraction 3343:, especially pages 463–4. 3251:Asher, Robert J. (2012). 3233:On the Genesis of Species 3198:10.1017/S0007087400018938 3158:– Correlated Variability" 3101:Weismann, August (1909). 3080:Spencer, Herbert (1891). 3058:Spencer, Herbert (1864). 3050:Spencer, Herbert (1891). 2909:Coleman, William (1964). 2875:for the sake of the other 2482:On the Nature of the Gods 2066:Perakh, M (Summer 2005). 1816:Creation Research Society 1533:published this research. 1396:Type III secretion system 1381:type-III secretion system 873:Creation Research Society 783:Creation Research Society 669:St. George Jackson Mivart 523:ii.34, written in 45 BC. 283:reject intelligent design 6803:Denton, Michael (1986). 5874:Collaboration Sept. 2001 4529:On the Origin of Species 4049:Forrest & Gross 2007 3893:, pp. 122, 149–151. 3610:Forrest & Gross 2007 3310:10.1093/genetics/3.5.422 3154:"XXV. Laws of Variation 3152:Darwin, Charles (1868). 2938:On the Origin of Species 2884:Kritik der Urtheilskraft 2824:Kritik der Urtheilskraft 2731:"The Chicken or the Egg" 2588:De Generatione Animalium 2354:10.1186/1471-2148-10-341 2341:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2166:Forrest & Gross 2007 1450:intraflagellar transport 1386:horizontal gene transfer 1266:On the Origin of Species 1235:(b) A simple pigment cup 928:Biochemical Similarities 601:transmutation of species 566:The Critique of Judgment 7002:by Craig Rusbult, Ph.D. 6605:Berkeley Science Review 6265:10.1073/pnas.1313424110 5672:. TalkOrigins Archive. 5579:10.1126/science.1259145 5312:10.1073/pnas.0908264106 4939:Journal of Cell Biology 4710:64: "The Eye in Focus". 4609:10.1126/science.7892602 4534:pages 186ff, Chapter VI 4532:. London: John Murray. 4132:10.1023/A:1012268700496 4068:Access Research Network 3551:Monod, Jacques (1972). 3487:Skeptic (U.S. magazine) 3040:The Contemporary Review 3027:The Contemporary Review 2941:. London: John Murray. 2800:Kant, Immanuel (2000). 2768:. In Paul Guyer (ed.). 2203:10.1126/science.1123348 2040:Mu, David (Fall 2005). 1956:10.1073/pnas.0701505104 1821:In the final ruling of 1745:argument from ignorance 1738:Argument from ignorance 1701:Pseudomonas fluorescens 1673:physical anthropologist 939:Access Research Network 890:was drafted presenting 775:young Earth creationist 623:and those who held for 597:conditions of existence 428:Evolutionary biologists 7155:Complex systems theory 6774:Behe, Michael (1996). 6024:10.1098/rspb.2009.1679 5905:10.1093/nar/28.14.2794 5893:Nucleic Acids Research 4996:Molecular Microbiology 4815:Behe, Michael (2006). 4665:10.1073/pnas.94.6.2421 4644:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 4120:Biology and Philosophy 3703:Scientific creationism 3513:Cite journal requires 3273:Irreducible Complexity 3126:. London: John Murray. 3103:"The Selection theory" 3069:The Nineteenth Century 2997:and in page 48 citing 2565:Creation and evolution 2084:10.1187/cbe.05-02-0071 2049:Harvard Science Review 2015:Shulman, Seth (2006). 1941:(suppl_1): 8669–8676. 1853:Reverend William Paley 1655:Some critics, such as 1547:Harvard Medical School 1486:Nucleic Acids Research 1306: 1243: 1216: 1180:Blood clotting cascade 1140: 1124:adaptive immune system 1056: 1028: 994:punctuated equilibrium 922:The second edition of 803:Scientific Creationism 743:General Systems Theory 734:Ludwig von Bertalanffy 704: 653: 581:Chapter XV of Paley's 527:Up to the 18th century 489: 476: 467: 418:irreducible complexity 346:Irreducible complexity 233:Intelligent Design and 68:Irreducible complexity 7061:Facilitated Variation 6062:. November 13, 2007. 5737:The Edge of Evolution 5381:The Origin of Species 4951:10.1083/jcb.201102065 4015:Woodward, T. (2003). 3060:Principles of Biology 2796:wechselsweise abhängt 2705:. In Smith JH (ed.). 2524:Galen: Selected Works 2237:Philosophy of Science 1665:University of Chicago 1612:Further information: 1539:facilitated variation 1356:Evolution of flagella 1288: 1230: 1135: 1052: 1019: 1012:The mousetrap example 695: 641: 613:The Origin of Species 503:teleological argument 484: 471: 463: 155:Teach the controversy 7124:Science, 7 July 2015 7098:Talk.origins archive 7081:Kitzmiller vs. Dover 7066:Himma, Kenneth Einar 6927:(29 November 2018). 6845:Biochim Biophys Acta 5668:Isaak, Mark (2006). 4308:TalkOrigins Archive. 4160:Behe's testimony in 3966:by Nick Matzke 2004, 3767:Evolutionary Biology 3630:; Blancke, Stefaan; 3448:Evolutionary Biology 3135:Romanes, George John 3013:, especially page 33 2943:page 189, Chapter VI 2792:Critique of Judgment 2528:The World's Classics 2516:De Formatione Foetus 2243:(2, June): 268–282. 1860:Notes and references 1687:and, therefore, not 1661:evolutionary biology 1578:mammalian middle ear 1527:University of Oregon 1502:collapse—yet humans 1462:scientific community 1377:Reducible complexity 1223:Evolution of the eye 924:Of Pandas and People 897:Edwards v. Aguillard 887:Of Pandas and People 593:correlation of parts 432:comparative genomics 398:Of Pandas and People 386:argument from design 382:specified complexity 374:scientific community 244:Scientific Integrity 83:Intelligent designer 73:Specified complexity 6989:Discovery Institute 6975:Discovery Institute 6930:The Design Argument 6915:(2). Archived from 6886:1997Sci...278.1267R 6705:TalkOrigins Archive 6666:TalkOrigins Archive 6641:on 1 September 2006 6614:on 1 September 2006 6404:"Human Competitive" 6303:TalkOrigins Archive 6256:2013PNAS..110E3171C 6250:(34): E3171–E3178. 5977:10.1038/nature04196 5969:2006Natur.439..318B 5856:Pigliucci, Massimo 5824:10.1038/nrmicro1493 5761:Matt Inlay, 2002. " 5633:. 21 January 2010. 5573:(6225): 1014–1017. 5397:10.1038/nrmicro1493 5303:2009PNAS..10615791C 5297:(37): 15791–15795. 5193:10.1128/JB.00820-06 5041:Miller, Kenneth R. 4656:1997PNAS...94.2421T 4601:1995Sci...267.1788H 4499:www.talkorigins.org 4180:Behe, Michael 2005 4162:Kitzmiller v. Dover 3612:, pp. 284–286. 3292:Muller, HJ (1918). 2438:irreducibly complex 2409:Dembski, William A. 2304:10.1038/nature10724 2296:2012Natur.481..360F 2195:2006Sci...312...97B 2055:(1). Archived from 1947:2007PNAS..104.8669S 1877:Behe, M.J. (2006). 1803:University of Idaho 1315:photoreceptor cells 1156:. The judge in the 1098:irreducibly complex 860:bacterial flagellum 691:Thomas H. Frazzetta 552:Nicolas Malebranche 208:Discovery Institute 129:Kitzmiller v. Dover 78:Fine-tuned universe 7165:Intelligent design 7150:Biological systems 7112:intelligent design 7026:Darwin's Black Box 6970:2008-07-01 at the 6777:Darwin's Black Box 6568:intelligent design 6562:2004-08-13 at the 6507:2009-03-30 at the 6500:and Glenn Branch, 6439:2006-09-03 at the 6378:Miller, K (1999). 5941:2007-09-30 at the 5792:2005-12-20 at the 5768:2006-01-11 at the 5462:2016-09-19 at the 5431:2016-10-17 at the 5144:10.1038/msb4100166 5048:2014-02-14 at the 4844:A Meaningful World 4817:Darwin's Black Box 4703:2006-03-19 at the 4539:2007-09-27 at the 4481:Answers in Genesis 4476:Refuting Evolution 4469:2005-11-23 at the 4446:2015-05-06 at the 4428:2010-09-17 at the 4374:2005-06-05 at the 4304:2007-03-04 at the 4214:2014-02-22 at the 4168:2006-06-29 at the 3996:. 14 December 2004 3975:2008-12-29 at the 3962:2008-12-29 at the 3912:2014-09-05 at the 3827:Slack, G. (2008). 3776:2013-05-13 at the 3634:(September 2010). 3457:2013-05-13 at the 3278:2011-10-18 at the 3118:Thomson, J. Arthur 2948:2007-09-30 at the 2639:2007-10-20 at the 2549:2005-11-22 at the 2469:2008-04-30 at the 2464:12th edition, 1809 2395:2015-09-06 at the 2106:2010-09-30 at the 1790:In the Dover trial 1776:intelligent design 1726:genetic algorithms 1681:intelligent design 1340:Cambrian explosion 1307: 1253:Darwin's Black Box 1244: 1233:(a) A pigment spot 1150:intelligent design 1145:Darwin's Black Box 1029: 956:Darwin's Black Box 903:Phillip E. Johnson 880:Intelligent design 833:McLean v. Arkansas 511:watchmaker analogy 480:William A. Dembski 458:Darwin's Black Box 423:Darwin's Black Box 403:intelligent design 370:intelligent design 354:biological systems 182:Phillip E. Johnson 177:William A. Dembski 52:Watchmaker analogy 39:Intelligent design 6940:978-1-108-64392-4 6908:Discover Magazine 6880:(5341): 1267–70. 6835:978-0-521-18303-1 6816:978-0-917561-05-4 6787:978-0-684-83493-1 6759:978-0-520-26187-7 6740:978-0-19-531973-6 6389:978-0-06-093049-3 6109:10.1111/evo.12517 6103:(12): 3357–3367. 6091:(December 2014). 6018:(1683): 819–827. 5899:(14): 2794–2799. 5763:Evolving Immunity 5748:978-0-7432-9622-9 5715:978-1-58743-004-6 5631:evolutionnews.org 5495:978-0-08-096156-9 5243:978-3-8055-8340-4 5234:10.1159/000107602 5009:10.1111/mmi.14658 4896:978-0-387-74021-8 4859:978-0-8308-2799-2 4826:978-0-7432-9031-9 4801:978-0-19-286202-0 4759:10.1159/000113339 4747:Brain Behav. Evol 4731:978-0-387-96373-0 4595:(5205): 1788–92. 4460:Sarfati, Jonathan 4332:978-0-684-82754-4 4260:978-0-670-01883-3 4051:, pp. 68–69. 4028:978-0-8010-6443-2 3938:978-0-262-66124-9 3907:The Wedge at Work 3840:978-0-470-37931-8 3748:978-0-88062-020-8 3717:978-0-89051-003-2 3564:978-0-394-71825-5 3429:978-0-521-27522-4 3387:T. H. Frazzetta, 3262:978-0-521-19383-2 2976:978-0-226-72382-2 2960:See for example, 2894:978-3-11-090167-2 2834:978-3-11-001438-9 2815:978-0-521-34447-0 2785:978-0-521-36768-4 2716:978-0-521-84077-4 2696:Pages 202-204 of 2682:978-0-521-58004-5 2574:978-0-415-91380-5 2536:978-0-19-282450-9 2424:978-0-7425-5810-6 2388:, July 31, 2000, 2290:(7381): 360–364. 2032:978-0-520-24702-4 1890:978-0-684-82754-4 1620:fitness landscape 1543:Marc W. Kirschner 1371:natural selection 1279:rhetorical device 1194:Natural selection 1043:Kenneth R. Miller 1035:In his 2008 book 621:natural selection 411:Lehigh University 362:natural selection 343: 342: 7172: 6944: 6920: 6903:"Testing Darwin" 6897: 6868: 6839: 6820: 6799: 6763: 6744: 6720: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6697: 6691: 6686: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6627: 6621: 6619: 6613: 6602: 6593: 6587: 6578: 6572: 6557:IC and Evolution 6554: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6518: 6512: 6498:Eugenie C. Scott 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6450: 6444: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6349: 6343: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6277: 6267: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6218: 6201:(4): 1389–1410. 6186: 6180: 6179: 6169: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6120: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6035: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5963:(7074): 318–21. 5952: 5946: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5916: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5842:. Archived from 5803: 5797: 5783: 5777: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5740: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5708:. Brazos Press. 5707: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5590: 5557: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5499: 5473: 5467: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5314: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5263: 5255: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5204: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5155: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5057:. Archived from 5052:with reply here 5039: 5030: 5029: 5011: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4908: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4847: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4717: 4711: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4667: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4549: 4543: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4490: 4484: 4457: 4451: 4438: 4432: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4384: 4378: 4365: 4359: 4349: 4340: 4339: 4319:Behe, Michael J. 4315: 4309: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4248: 4238: 4223: 4206: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4142:. Archived from 4117: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4087: 4078: 4076: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3986: 3980: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3926: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3868: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3791:"Rotary engines" 3787: 3781: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3665: 3632:Braeckman, Johan 3624: 3613: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3548: 3542: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3489:. Archived from 3471: 3462: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3409: 3400: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3330:. Archived from 3321: 3289: 3283: 3266: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3179:Pages 67-68 in: 3177: 3171: 3169: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3127: 3114: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3077: 3063: 3055: 3047: 3035: 3020: 3014: 3012: 2996: 2980: 2958: 2952: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2880:German original 2879: 2856: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2820:German original 2819: 2789: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2670: 2660: 2650: 2644: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2601: 2595: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2522:, chapter 11 in 2513: 2507: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2457: 2448: 2447: 2443:irreducible core 2433: 2431: 2405: 2399: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2366: 2356: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2315: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2232: 2223: 2222: 2189:(5770): 97–101. 2178: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2122: 2116: 2097: 2095: 2063: 2061: 2046: 2036: 2011: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1986: 1976: 1958: 1926: 1907: 1905: 1899: 1897: 1874: 1722:computer science 1440:construction of 1257:Jonathan Sarfati 1172:Claimed examples 892:creation science 797:In 1974 the YEC 779:creation science 583:Natural Theology 520:De Natura Deorum 393:creation science 335: 328: 321: 305: 304: 250:Truth in Science 192:Stephen C. Meyer 88:Theistic science 49: 26: 25: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7140: 7139: 7133:Chicago Tribune 6972:Wayback Machine 6951: 6941: 6919:on 18 May 2005. 6851:(1–3): 207–17. 6836: 6817: 6788: 6770: 6768:Further reading 6760: 6741: 6723: 6709: 6707: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6644: 6642: 6629: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6579: 6575: 6564:Wayback Machine 6555: 6551: 6544: 6540: 6531: 6529: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6509:Wayback Machine 6496: 6492: 6483: 6481: 6472: 6465: 6463: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6441:Wayback Machine 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6376: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6350: 6346: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6307: 6305: 6295: 6291: 6236: 6232: 6187: 6183: 6138: 6134: 6085: 6078: 6069: 6067: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6004: 6000: 5953: 5949: 5943:Wayback Machine 5934: 5930: 5882: 5878: 5868: 5866: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5804: 5800: 5794:Wayback Machine 5784: 5780: 5770:Wayback Machine 5760: 5756: 5749: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5558: 5551: 5542: 5540: 5527: 5523: 5511: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5474: 5470: 5464:Wayback Machine 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5433:Wayback Machine 5424: 5420: 5391:(10): 784–790. 5377: 5373: 5342: 5338: 5283: 5279: 5267: 5266: 5257: 5256: 5244: 5222: 5218: 5173: 5169: 5124: 5120: 5097:10.1139/m94-011 5077: 5073: 5064: 5062: 5053: 5050:Wayback Machine 5040: 5033: 4988: 4984: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4917: 4897: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4786: 4782: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4718: 4714: 4705:Wayback Machine 4695: 4691: 4636: 4632: 4585: 4581: 4550: 4546: 4541:Wayback Machine 4524:Darwin, Charles 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4491: 4487: 4471:Wayback Machine 4458: 4454: 4448:Wayback Machine 4439: 4435: 4430:Wayback Machine 4420: 4416: 4385: 4381: 4376:Wayback Machine 4367:Action, George 4366: 4362: 4350: 4343: 4333: 4316: 4312: 4306:Wayback Machine 4297: 4293: 4284: 4282: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4239: 4226: 4216:Wayback Machine 4207: 4198: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4170:Wayback Machine 4158: 4154: 4146: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4089: 4088: 4074: 4072: 4059: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3977:Wayback Machine 3967: 3964:Wayback Machine 3955: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3917: 3914:Wayback Machine 3903:Barbara Forrest 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3866: 3860: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3825: 3818: 3800: 3798: 3797:. December 1992 3789: 3788: 3784: 3778:Wayback Machine 3760: 3756: 3749: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3695: 3691: 3628:Boudry, Maarten 3625: 3616: 3608: 3601: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3530: 3526: 3514: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3496: 3494: 3472: 3465: 3459:Wayback Machine 3441: 3437: 3430: 3410: 3403: 3386: 3382: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3290: 3286: 3280:Wayback Machine 3263: 3249: 3245: 3225: 3221: 3178: 3174: 3150: 3146: 3098: 3094: 3021: 3017: 2977: 2963:Rogers, Alan R. 2959: 2955: 2950:Wayback Machine 2933:Darwin, Charles 2931: 2927: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2881: 2869: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2821: 2816: 2786: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2651: 2647: 2641:Wayback Machine 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2602: 2598: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2551:Wayback Machine 2544:, 1779, Part 12 2514: 2510: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2471:Wayback Machine 2458: 2451: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2406: 2402: 2397:Wayback Machine 2384: 2380: 2333: 2329: 2276: 2272: 2233: 2226: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2108:Wayback Machine 2098: 2072:Cell Biol. Educ 2064: 2059: 2044: 2038: 2033: 2012: 2008: 1997: 1990: 1927: 1910: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1875: 1866: 1862: 1792: 1772: 1749:God-of-the-gaps 1740: 1653: 1640:Darwin Devolves 1616: 1610: 1569: 1563: 1551:John C. Gerhart 1523:Joseph Thornton 1470: 1458: 1434: 1407:Yersinia pestis 1366:molecular motor 1358: 1352: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1225: 1219: 1182: 1174: 1086: 1014: 908:Darwin on Trial 882: 799:Henry M. Morris 787:Harold W. Clark 771: 681: 629:Herbert Spencer 579: 536:Pierre Gassendi 529: 499: 494: 450: 339: 285: 282: 276: 246: 243: 237: 234: 228: 225: 134: 97: 93:Neo-creationism 54: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7178: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7138: 7137: 7125: 7115: 7108:TalkDesign.org 7105: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7077: 7063: 7058: 7048: 7047:by Mark Perakh 7042: 7038:The New Yorker 7030: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6983: 6977: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6949:External links 6947: 6946: 6945: 6939: 6925:Sober, Elliott 6921: 6898: 6869: 6840: 6834: 6821: 6815: 6800: 6786: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6758: 6745: 6739: 6722: 6721: 6692: 6678: 6653: 6588: 6573: 6549: 6538: 6513: 6490: 6445: 6432:Michael Behe. 6425: 6395: 6388: 6370: 6344: 6328: 6319: 6289: 6230: 6181: 6152:(4): 286–300. 6132: 6076: 6047: 5998: 5947: 5928: 5876: 5849: 5846:on 2006-09-27. 5818:(10): 784–90. 5798: 5778: 5774:TalkDesign.org 5754: 5747: 5721: 5714: 5687: 5660: 5648: 5618: 5549: 5538:Evolution News 5532:(2016-10-27). 5521: 5512:|journal= 5494: 5468: 5449: 5437: 5418: 5371: 5336: 5277: 5268:|journal= 5242: 5216: 5187:(21): 7700–6. 5167: 5118: 5071: 5031: 5002:(3): 395–411. 4982: 4945:(4): 513–525. 4925: 4895: 4865: 4858: 4832: 4825: 4807: 4800: 4780: 4737: 4730: 4712: 4708:Karger Gazette 4689: 4630: 4579: 4544: 4516: 4485: 4452: 4433: 4421:Behe, Michael 4414: 4379: 4360: 4341: 4331: 4310: 4291: 4266: 4259: 4224: 4196: 4185: 4173: 4152: 4149:on 2011-07-11. 4126:(5): 685–709. 4103: 4053: 4041: 4027: 4007: 3981: 3944: 3937: 3916:. Talk Reason. 3895: 3883: 3839: 3816: 3782: 3769:(April 2013). 3754: 3747: 3723: 3716: 3689: 3663:1854/LU-952482 3654:10.1086/656904 3614: 3599: 3570: 3563: 3543: 3524: 3515:|journal= 3463: 3450:(April 2013). 3435: 3428: 3401: 3380: 3345: 3284: 3261: 3243: 3219: 3172: 3144: 3130:Baldwin effect 3092: 3015: 2975: 2953: 2925: 2900: 2893: 2867: 2840: 2833: 2814: 2784: 2766:"Introduction" 2752: 2735:talkreason.org 2722: 2715: 2689: 2681: 2645: 2624: 2612: 2603:John Wilkins, 2596: 2580: 2573: 2555:De Usu Partium 2508: 2486: 2474: 2460:William Paley: 2449: 2445:of the system. 2423: 2400: 2378: 2327: 2270: 2249:10.1086/392687 2224: 2170: 2158: 2142: 2117: 2062:on 2007-07-24. 2031: 2006: 1988: 1908: 1889: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1791: 1788: 1771: 1768: 1739: 1736: 1709:Kenneth Miller 1659:(professor of 1652: 1649: 1609: 1606: 1565:Main article: 1562: 1559: 1521:A team led by 1469: 1466: 1457: 1454: 1433: 1430: 1421:Kenneth Miller 1410:use to inject 1354:Main article: 1351: 1348: 1328:pinhole camera 1271:Charles Darwin 1221:Main article: 1218: 1215: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1085: 1082: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1013: 1010: 913:wedge movement 881: 878: 770: 767: 763:systems theory 684:Hermann Muller 680: 677: 639:parts, as in: 608:Charles Darwin 589:Georges Cuvier 578: 575: 559:, rather than 528: 525: 498: 495: 493: 490: 449: 446: 341: 340: 338: 337: 330: 323: 315: 312: 311: 310: 309: 296: 295: 289: 288: 287: 286: 279: 275: 274: 272:Roman Catholic 269: 263: 260: 259: 255: 254: 253: 252: 247: 240: 238: 231: 229: 222: 220: 215: 210: 202: 201: 197: 196: 195: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 172:Jonathan Wells 166: 165: 161: 160: 159: 158: 151: 143: 142: 136: 135: 133: 132: 125: 120: 118:Wedge strategy 115: 109: 106: 105: 99: 98: 96: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 64: 61: 60: 56: 55: 50: 42: 41: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7177: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6942: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6718: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6685: 6683: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6584: 6580:The Court in 6577: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6542: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6479: 6475: 6461: 6457: 6449: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6429: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6391: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6359: 6355: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6323: 6316: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6089:Masel, Joanna 6083: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5936:Press release 5932: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5885:Schneider, TD 5880: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5782: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5750: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5732: 5731:Behe, Michael 5725: 5717: 5711: 5706: 5705: 5699: 5698:Behe, Michael 5691: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5554: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530:Michael, Behe 5525: 5517: 5505: 5497: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5132:Mol Syst Biol 5129: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5061:on 2006-04-03 5060: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4836: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4650:(6): 2421–6. 4649: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4493:Isaak, Mark. 4489: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4364: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4245:Only A Theory 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4156: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4045: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4011: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3887: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3858: 3856: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3727: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3698:Morris, Henry 3693: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3648:(3): 473–82. 3647: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3540:1-131-79242-4 3537: 3534: 3528: 3520: 3507: 3493:on 2008-12-08 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3408: 3406: 3398: 3397:0-87893-194-5 3394: 3390: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3334:on 2007-05-18 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3304:(5): 422–99. 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3108: 3107:Albert Seward 3104: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3061: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3022:Page 594 in: 3019: 3010: 3005: 3001: 3000:Pritchard, C. 2994: 2990: 2989:Northern Whig 2986: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2914: 2904: 2896: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2870: 2868:0-521-31928-5 2864: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2853:Opus Postumum 2844: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2576: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2456: 2454: 2446: 2444: 2439: 2426: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2229: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2168:, p. 78. 2167: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2034: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1995: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1904: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1864: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1787: 1785: 1784:false dilemma 1781: 1777: 1770:False dilemma 1767: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755:Eugenie Scott 1752: 1750: 1746: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1669:Eugenie Scott 1666: 1662: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627:No Free Lunch 1623: 1621: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1465: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1432:Cilium motion 1429: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1240: 1229: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1177: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1077: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1038:Only A Theory 1033: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 989: 985: 983: 982: 975: 973: 968: 966: 965:William Paley 962: 958: 957: 951: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 909: 904: 899: 898: 893: 889: 888: 877: 874: 869: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 849:build an arch 846: 842: 837: 835: 834: 829: 825: 824:Ariel A. Roth 821: 820: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 795: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 766: 764: 760: 756: 755:Francis Crick 752: 747: 745: 744: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 723:build an arch 720: 716: 711: 709: 703: 700: 694: 692: 687: 685: 676: 674: 670: 666: 664: 663:co-adaptation 660: 659: 652: 650: 646: 640: 638: 634: 633:co-adaptation 630: 626: 622: 617: 615: 614: 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 584: 574: 572: 568: 567: 562: 558: 553: 549: 545: 544:Thomas Burnet 541: 537: 533: 524: 522: 521: 516: 512: 508: 507:William Paley 504: 488: 483: 481: 475: 470: 466: 462: 460: 459: 454: 445: 442: 441: 435: 433: 429: 425: 424: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 399: 394: 389: 387: 383: 379: 378:pseudoscience 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 336: 331: 329: 324: 322: 317: 316: 314: 313: 308: 300: 299: 298: 297: 294: 291: 290: 284: 278: 277: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 262: 261: 257: 256: 251: 248: 245: 239: 236: 230: 227: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 204: 203: 200:Organisations 199: 198: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 168: 167: 163: 162: 156: 152: 150: 147: 146: 145: 144: 141: 138: 137: 131: 130: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 110: 108: 107: 104: 101: 100: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 65: 63: 62: 58: 57: 53: 48: 44: 43: 40: 37: 36: 32: 28: 27: 22: 7131: 7120:Matt Baker, 7102:talk.origins 7080: 7073: 7036: 7025: 6929: 6917:the original 6912: 6906: 6877: 6873: 6848: 6844: 6825: 6805: 6776: 6749: 6728: 6715: 6708:. Retrieved 6704: 6695: 6669:. Retrieved 6665: 6656: 6643:. Retrieved 6639:the original 6634: 6623: 6616:. Retrieved 6609:the original 6604: 6591: 6581: 6576: 6552: 6541: 6530:. Retrieved 6516: 6493: 6482:. Retrieved 6464:. Retrieved 6448: 6428: 6416:. Retrieved 6407: 6398: 6379: 6373: 6361:. Retrieved 6357: 6347: 6331: 6322: 6313: 6306:. Retrieved 6302: 6292: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6100: 6096: 6068:. Retrieved 6050: 6015: 6011: 6001: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5931: 5896: 5892: 5879: 5867:. Retrieved 5852: 5844:the original 5815: 5811: 5801: 5781: 5773: 5757: 5736: 5724: 5703: 5690: 5678:. Retrieved 5663: 5651: 5639:. Retrieved 5630: 5621: 5570: 5566: 5541:. Retrieved 5537: 5524: 5477: 5471: 5452: 5440: 5421: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5225: 5219: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5091:(1): 67–71. 5088: 5084: 5074: 5063:. Retrieved 5059:the original 4999: 4995: 4985: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4918:, retrieved 4878: 4868: 4843: 4835: 4816: 4810: 4790: 4783: 4753:(4): 253–9. 4750: 4746: 4740: 4721: 4715: 4707: 4692: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4560:(5): 602–9. 4557: 4553: 4547: 4527: 4519: 4507:. Retrieved 4498: 4488: 4474: 4455: 4436: 4417: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4363: 4336: 4322: 4313: 4294: 4283:. Retrieved 4279: 4269: 4244: 4188: 4176: 4161: 4155: 4144:the original 4123: 4119: 4106: 4080: 4073:. Retrieved 4066: 4056: 4044: 4032:. Retrieved 4017: 4010: 3998:. Retrieved 3993: 3984: 3947: 3922: 3898: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3854: 3851: 3844:. Retrieved 3829: 3807: 3806: 3799:. Retrieved 3795:creation.com 3794: 3785: 3766: 3757: 3733: 3726: 3702: 3692: 3645: 3639: 3594: 3587:. Retrieved 3582: 3573: 3553: 3546: 3532: 3527: 3506:cite journal 3495:. Retrieved 3491:the original 3482: 3475:Perakh, Mark 3447: 3438: 3414: 3388: 3383: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3336:. Retrieved 3332:the original 3301: 3297: 3287: 3252: 3246: 3232: 3222: 3192:(1): 45–68. 3189: 3185: 3182:Ridley, Mark 3175: 3161: 3155: 3147: 3138: 3122: 3110: 3095: 3087: 3081: 3073: 3067: 3059: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3025: 3018: 3007: 2988: 2966: 2956: 2936: 2928: 2912: 2903: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2852: 2843: 2823: 2805: 2795: 2791: 2770: 2755: 2743:. Retrieved 2734: 2725: 2706: 2699:Pyle, Andrew 2692: 2666: 2655: 2648: 2632: 2627: 2615: 2604: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2564: 2558: 2554: 2541: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2498: 2495:Henry Hallam 2489: 2481: 2477: 2461: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2428:. Retrieved 2413: 2403: 2385: 2381: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2240: 2236: 2186: 2182: 2161: 2145: 2134:. Retrieved 2120: 2078:(2): 121–2. 2075: 2071: 2057:the original 2052: 2048: 2017: 2009: 2001: 1938: 1934: 1901: 1894:. Retrieved 1879: 1822: 1820: 1795: 1794:At the 2005 1793: 1780:evolutionary 1773: 1759:Glenn Branch 1753: 1741: 1731:natural arch 1719: 1713: 1706: 1700: 1693: 1654: 1639: 1626: 1624: 1617: 1614:Evolvability 1596: 1594: 1585: 1570: 1535: 1530: 1520: 1516: 1500: 1496: 1484: 1482: 1475: 1471: 1459: 1435: 1426: 1414:into living 1405: 1399: 1391: 1390: 1376: 1375: 1359: 1344: 1312: 1308: 1264: 1262: 1252: 1245: 1211:jawless fish 1207: 1190: 1183: 1175: 1157: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1128: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1084:Consequences 1078: 1074: 1057: 1053: 1041:, biologist 1036: 1034: 1030: 1021:Michael Behe 990: 986: 979: 976: 972:intelligence 969: 954: 952: 936: 931: 927: 923: 921: 917:Michael Behe 906: 895: 885: 883: 867: 857: 852: 841:Cairns-Smith 838: 831: 827: 817: 815: 810: 802: 796: 772: 751:James Watson 748: 741: 731: 726: 715:Cairns-Smith 712: 705: 698: 696: 688: 682: 679:20th century 672: 667: 656: 654: 642: 637:co-operative 636: 632: 618: 611: 605: 596: 592: 587: 582: 580: 577:19th century 564: 557:preformation 540:John Wilkins 530: 518: 500: 485: 477: 472: 468: 464: 456: 453:Michael Behe 451: 438: 437:In the 2005 436: 421: 417: 415: 407:Michael Behe 402: 396: 390: 349: 345: 344: 187:Michael Behe 127: 67: 7083:transcripts 5588:10871/16523 5181:J Bacteriol 4395:(1): 31–7. 4274:Than, Ker. 4083:C. S. Lewis 3589:29 November 3585:. July 1965 2991:. Belfast. 2802:"§ 64" 2762:Guyer, Paul 2540:David Hume 1685:falsifiable 1657:Jerry Coyne 1301:over their 1186:coagulation 1154:TalkOrigins 1101:in nature. 1006:micro level 943:C. S. Lewis 822:by the YEC 791:yucca moths 769:Creationism 738:irreducible 497:Forerunners 448:Definitions 368:concept of 366:creationist 293:Creationism 7144:Categories 6954:Supportive 6618:3 November 6571:evolution. 6532:2015-07-15 6484:2014-03-24 6466:2014-03-24 6363:August 17, 6070:2008-12-17 5869:2009-12-26 5543:2022-10-12 5065:2006-04-26 4920:2023-06-25 4389:Thromb Res 4285:2021-10-14 4220:JavaScript 3891:Scott 2009 3497:2008-12-06 3338:2006-10-31 3076:: 570–589. 3046:: 153–166. 3034:: 592–608. 2430:1 November 2152:, p. 2150:Scott 2009 2136:2010-05-17 1751:argument. 1689:scientific 1574:exaptation 1567:Exaptation 1504:build them 1492:Ev program 1401:Salmonella 1324:collimated 1303:optic disc 1299:blind spot 1199:Factor XII 1162:exaptation 1122:, and the 807:Duane Gish 785:Quarterly 561:epigenesis 6339:, and as 6308:25 August 6097:Evolution 5655:Dembski, 5613:206561157 5597:1095-9203 5514:ignored ( 5504:cite book 5270:ignored ( 5260:cite book 5105:0008-4166 5018:0950-382X 4959:1540-8140 4321:(1996) . 3420:39, 58–64 3156:continued 2847:See also 2112:See also 1965:0027-8424 1812:1996 book 1807:molecular 1747:and as a 1696:flagellum 1635:waxy corn 1508:centering 1416:eukaryote 1131:evolution 1106:flagellum 1090:detriment 1048:spandrels 1025:mousetrap 847:—used to 845:centering 809:wrote in 721:—used to 719:centering 702:machine." 649:Irish elk 258:Reactions 140:Campaigns 21:Emergence 7013:Critical 6968:Archived 6865:15546667 6796:34150540 6560:Archived 6526:Archived 6505:Archived 6478:Archived 6460:Archived 6437:Archived 6412:Archived 6284:23918358 6225:20923976 6195:Genetics 6176:19285994 6127:25178652 6064:Archived 6042:19864285 5985:16421569 5939:Archived 5923:10908337 5887:(2000). 5863:Archived 5840:24057949 5832:16953248 5790:Archived 5766:Archived 5733:(2007). 5700:(1999). 5674:Archived 5635:Archived 5605:25722415 5460:Archived 5429:Archived 5413:24057949 5405:16953248 5366:17011142 5352:: 2–18. 5331:19717453 5252:18753783 5211:16936039 5162:17667950 5046:Archived 5026:33251695 4977:21859859 4915:17977465 4775:46796856 4701:Archived 4537:Archived 4526:(1859). 4503:Archived 4467:Archived 4462:(2000). 4444:Archived 4426:Archived 4372:Archived 4302:Archived 4280:NBC News 4212:Archived 4166:Archived 4140:34945871 4092:cite web 3973:Archived 3960:Archived 3910:Archived 3812:15(1):23 3809:Creation 3774:Archived 3700:(1974). 3684:Archived 3680:27218269 3672:21243965 3477:(2008). 3455:Archived 3375:85668728 3328:17245914 3298:Genetics 3276:Archived 3230:(1871). 3206:11610981 3166:Archived 3123:Heredity 3120:(1908). 3009:theology 3002:(1866). 2993:Archived 2965:(2011). 2946:Archived 2935:(1859). 2764:(1992). 2739:Archived 2701:(2006). 2637:Archived 2547:Archived 2467:Archived 2411:(2002). 2393:Archived 2373:21054875 2322:22230956 2265:62198290 2211:16601189 2131:NBC News 2104:Archived 1983:17494747 1602:tie clip 1590:Devonian 1362:flagella 1350:Flagella 1332:nautilus 1320:aperture 1203:homology 1002:spandrel 961:cellular 868:Creation 819:Creation 713:In 1985 689:In 1975 645:Weismann 548:eternity 474:pathway. 307:Category 123:Politics 113:Timeline 103:Movement 59:Concepts 31:a series 29:Part of 6882:Bibcode 6874:Science 6710:29 July 6671:28 July 6645:23 July 6275:3752215 6252:Bibcode 6216:2998319 6167:2992471 6118:4258170 6033:2842723 5993:4301561 5965:Bibcode 5680:25 June 5567:Science 5322:2747197 5299:Bibcode 5202:1636259 5153:1943423 5138:: 128. 5113:7908603 4968:3160578 4906:3322410 4767:9310200 4684:9122210 4652:Bibcode 4625:9646449 4617:7892602 4597:Bibcode 4589:Science 4574:8664548 4473:, from 4409:9678675 4075:28 July 4034:29 July 4000:28 July 3971:(2006) 3846:17 July 3801:17 July 3319:1200446 3214:9704653 3109:(ed.). 2364:3087550 2347:: 341. 2313:3979732 2292:Bibcode 2219:9662677 2191:Bibcode 2183:Science 2093:1103713 1974:1876445 1943:Bibcode 1896:16 July 1761:of the 1714:E. coli 1683:is not 1663:at the 1531:Science 1442:axoneme 1297:with a 1291:octopus 1239:abalone 1111:E. coli 699:several 492:History 358:evolved 164:Authors 6937: 6863: 6832: 6813: 6794: 6784: 6756: 6737: 6628:(also 6386: 6282: 6272: 6223: 6213: 6174: 6164: 6125: 6115: 6040: 6030: 5991: 5983: 5957:Nature 5921: 5914:102656 5911: 5838: 5830: 5772:." In 5745: 5728:pg 95 5712: 5611: 5603: 5595: 5492: 5411: 5403: 5364: 5329: 5319: 5250: 5240: 5209: 5199: 5160: 5150: 5111: 5103: 5024: 5016: 4975: 4965: 4957: 4913: 4903: 4893: 4856: 4823: 4798: 4773: 4765: 4728: 4682: 4672: 4623: 4615: 4572: 4407: 4352:Ruling 4329: 4257: 4138: 4025: 3935: 3837: 3745: 3714: 3678: 3670: 3561: 3538: 3426: 3395: 3373: 3326: 3316: 3259: 3212: 3204: 2973: 2921:Cuvier 2891: 2865: 2831: 2812: 2782: 2713: 2679: 2571: 2534: 2421: 2371: 2361: 2320: 2310: 2284:Nature 2263: 2257:188646 2255: 2217: 2209: 2090: 2029: 1981: 1971: 1963: 1887: 1667:) and 1586:Nature 1576:. The 1549:, and 1446:dynein 1438:cilium 1412:toxins 1295:retina 905:wrote 777:(YEC) 749:After 515:Cicero 267:Jewish 7100:(see 7008:(PDF) 6996:(PDF) 6982:(PDF) 6625:..... 6612:(PDF) 6601:(PDF) 6583:Dover 6443:1996. 6418:7 May 5989:S2CID 5836:S2CID 5641:7 May 5609:S2CID 5409:S2CID 4771:S2CID 4675:20103 4621:S2CID 4509:7 May 4253:–55. 4147:(PDF) 4136:S2CID 4116:(PDF) 3931:–54. 3867:(PDF) 3676:S2CID 3485:(3). 3371:S2CID 3210:S2CID 3105:. In 3064:And: 2745:7 May 2261:S2CID 2253:JSTOR 2215:S2CID 2060:(PDF) 2045:(PDF) 1597:Dover 1582:panda 1158:Dover 1120:cilia 998:adapt 947:cilia 532:Galen 6935:ISBN 6861:PMID 6849:1694 6830:ISBN 6811:ISBN 6792:OCLC 6782:ISBN 6754:ISBN 6735:ISBN 6712:2023 6673:2023 6647:2023 6620:2007 6420:2018 6384:ISBN 6365:2018 6310:2022 6280:PMID 6221:PMID 6172:PMID 6123:PMID 6038:PMID 5981:PMID 5919:PMID 5828:PMID 5743:ISBN 5710:ISBN 5682:2013 5643:2018 5601:PMID 5593:ISSN 5516:help 5490:ISBN 5401:PMID 5362:PMID 5346:Gene 5327:PMID 5272:help 5248:PMID 5238:ISBN 5207:PMID 5158:PMID 5109:PMID 5101:ISSN 5022:PMID 5014:ISSN 4973:PMID 4955:ISSN 4911:PMID 4891:ISBN 4854:ISBN 4821:ISBN 4796:ISBN 4763:PMID 4726:ISBN 4680:PMID 4613:PMID 4570:PMID 4511:2018 4405:PMID 4327:ISBN 4255:ISBN 4098:link 4077:2023 4036:2023 4023:ISBN 4002:2023 3933:ISBN 3848:2023 3835:ISBN 3803:2023 3743:ISBN 3712:ISBN 3668:PMID 3591:2022 3559:ISBN 3536:ISBN 3519:help 3424:ISBN 3393:ISBN 3324:PMID 3269:UCSB 3257:ISBN 3202:PMID 2971:ISBN 2889:ISBN 2863:ISBN 2829:ISBN 2810:ISBN 2780:ISBN 2776:1–25 2747:2018 2711:ISBN 2677:ISBN 2569:ISBN 2532:ISBN 2493:See 2432:2020 2419:ISBN 2369:PMID 2318:PMID 2207:PMID 2027:ISBN 1979:PMID 1961:ISSN 1898:2023 1885:ISBN 1757:and 1436:The 1404:and 1360:The 1336:lens 1246:The 858:The 753:and 571:Kant 7122:ABC 7055:PBS 6890:doi 6878:278 6853:doi 6270:PMC 6260:doi 6248:110 6211:PMC 6203:doi 6199:186 6162:PMC 6154:doi 6113:PMC 6105:doi 6060:PBS 6028:PMC 6020:doi 6016:277 5973:doi 5961:439 5909:PMC 5901:doi 5820:doi 5583:hdl 5575:doi 5571:347 5482:doi 5393:doi 5354:doi 5350:385 5317:PMC 5307:doi 5295:106 5230:doi 5197:PMC 5189:doi 5185:188 5148:PMC 5140:doi 5093:doi 5004:doi 5000:115 4963:PMC 4947:doi 4943:194 4901:PMC 4883:doi 4755:doi 4670:PMC 4660:doi 4605:doi 4593:267 4562:doi 4397:doi 4128:doi 3771:PDF 3765:." 3739:146 3658:hdl 3650:doi 3452:PDF 3446:." 3363:doi 3314:PMC 3306:doi 3194:doi 2673:465 2359:PMC 2349:doi 2308:PMC 2300:doi 2288:481 2245:doi 2199:doi 2187:312 2154:126 2088:PMC 2080:doi 1969:PMC 1951:doi 1939:104 1840:NAS 1671:(a 1633:of 1494:.) 1248:eye 1217:Eye 1166:NAS 1108:of 1094:can 937:On 759:DNA 635:of 517:'s 7146:: 7072:. 7068:. 6913:26 6911:. 6905:. 6888:. 6876:. 6859:. 6847:. 6790:. 6714:. 6703:. 6681:^ 6664:. 6633:. 6622:. 6603:. 6524:. 6476:. 6458:. 6410:. 6406:. 6356:. 6312:. 6301:. 6278:. 6268:. 6258:. 6246:. 6242:. 6219:. 6209:. 6197:. 6193:. 6170:. 6160:. 6150:75 6148:. 6144:. 6121:. 6111:. 6101:68 6099:. 6095:. 6079:^ 6058:. 6036:. 6026:. 6014:. 6010:. 5987:. 5979:. 5971:. 5959:. 5917:. 5907:. 5897:28 5895:. 5891:. 5861:. 5834:. 5826:. 5814:. 5810:. 5796:." 5629:. 5607:. 5599:. 5591:. 5581:. 5569:. 5565:. 5552:^ 5536:. 5508:: 5506:}} 5502:{{ 5488:. 5407:. 5399:. 5387:. 5360:. 5348:. 5325:. 5315:. 5305:. 5293:. 5289:. 5264:: 5262:}} 5258:{{ 5246:. 5236:. 5205:. 5195:. 5183:. 5179:. 5156:. 5146:. 5134:. 5130:. 5107:. 5099:. 5089:40 5087:. 5083:. 5034:^ 5020:. 5012:. 4998:. 4994:. 4971:. 4961:. 4953:. 4941:. 4937:. 4909:, 4899:, 4889:, 4877:, 4852:. 4850:44 4769:. 4761:. 4751:50 4749:. 4678:. 4668:. 4658:. 4648:94 4646:. 4642:. 4619:. 4611:. 4603:. 4591:. 4568:. 4556:. 4501:. 4497:. 4483:). 4403:. 4393:90 4391:. 4354:, 4344:^ 4335:. 4278:. 4251:54 4227:^ 4199:^ 4134:. 4124:16 4122:. 4118:. 4094:}} 4090:{{ 4079:. 4065:. 3992:. 3905:, 3875:31 3873:. 3869:. 3850:. 3819:^ 3805:. 3793:. 3741:. 3710:. 3708:59 3682:. 3674:. 3666:. 3656:. 3646:85 3644:. 3638:. 3617:^ 3602:^ 3593:. 3581:. 3510:: 3508:}} 3504:{{ 3483:14 3481:. 3466:^ 3422:. 3404:^ 3369:. 3359:14 3357:. 3322:. 3312:. 3300:. 3296:. 3271:, 3238:52 3208:. 3200:. 3190:15 3188:. 3160:. 3074:19 3072:. 3044:63 3042:. 3032:66 3030:. 3006:. 2987:. 2871:. 2861:. 2859:64 2778:. 2737:. 2733:. 2675:. 2452:^ 2434:. 2367:. 2357:. 2345:10 2343:. 2339:. 2316:. 2306:. 2298:. 2286:. 2282:. 2259:. 2251:. 2241:66 2239:. 2227:^ 2213:. 2205:. 2197:. 2185:. 2173:^ 2129:. 2086:. 2074:. 2070:. 2053:19 2051:. 2047:. 2025:. 2023:13 1991:^ 1977:. 1967:. 1959:. 1949:. 1937:. 1933:. 1911:^ 1900:. 1867:^ 1786:. 1691:. 1647:. 1604:. 1464:. 1388:. 1269:, 1126:. 1118:, 1114:, 974:. 746:. 603:. 569:, 461:: 413:. 388:. 350:IC 33:on 7136:) 7130:( 7114:) 7104:) 7057:) 7041:) 7035:( 7028:) 6943:. 6896:. 6892:: 6884:: 6867:. 6855:: 6838:. 6819:. 6798:. 6762:. 6743:. 6675:. 6651:) 6649:. 6535:. 6487:. 6469:. 6422:. 6392:. 6367:. 6286:. 6262:: 6254:: 6227:. 6205:: 6178:. 6156:: 6129:. 6107:: 6073:. 6044:. 6022:: 5995:. 5975:: 5967:: 5925:. 5903:: 5872:. 5822:: 5816:4 5776:. 5751:. 5718:. 5684:. 5645:. 5615:. 5585:: 5577:: 5546:. 5518:) 5498:. 5484:: 5415:. 5395:: 5389:4 5368:. 5356:: 5333:. 5309:: 5301:: 5274:) 5254:. 5232:: 5213:. 5191:: 5164:. 5142:: 5136:3 5115:. 5095:: 5068:. 5028:. 5006:: 4979:. 4949:: 4885:: 4862:. 4829:. 4804:. 4777:. 4757:: 4734:. 4686:. 4662:: 4654:: 4627:. 4607:: 4599:: 4576:. 4564:: 4558:5 4513:. 4479:( 4411:. 4399:: 4288:. 4263:. 4222:) 4130:: 4100:) 4038:. 4004:. 3941:. 3929:5 3780:. 3751:. 3720:. 3660:: 3652:: 3567:. 3521:) 3517:( 3500:. 3461:. 3432:. 3377:. 3365:: 3341:. 3308:: 3302:3 3265:. 3240:. 3216:. 3196:: 3090:. 2979:. 2923:. 2897:. 2837:. 2818:. 2788:. 2749:. 2719:. 2685:. 2577:. 2557:= 2518:= 2505:u 2375:. 2351:: 2324:. 2302:: 2294:: 2267:. 2247:: 2221:. 2201:: 2193:: 2139:. 2096:. 2082:: 2076:4 2035:. 1985:. 1953:: 1945:: 1197:( 348:( 334:e 327:t 320:v 157:" 153:" 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.