1520:
1940:
1952:
1976:
1598:
3551:
1964:
1332:
1643:
461:
747:
1262:
952:
1447:
31:
709:
42:
3545:
3557:
1760:
919:≈ 4). That is, for every object of 1000 km there are a thousand objects with a diameter of 100 km, though it's unknown how far this distribution extends. The size distribution of a population may provide insights into its origin, whether through capture, collision and break-up, or accretion.
1697:
According to current knowledge, the number of irregular satellites orbiting Uranus and
Neptune is smaller than that of Jupiter and Saturn. However, it is thought that this is simply a result of observational difficulties due to the greater distance of Uranus and Neptune. The table at right shows the
758:
Because objects of a given size are more difficult to see the greater their distance from Earth, the known irregular satellites of Uranus and
Neptune are larger than those of Jupiter and Saturn; smaller ones probably exist but have not yet been observed. Bearing this observational bias in mind, the
1247:
When the colours and spectra of the satellites are known, the homogeneity of these data for all the members of a given grouping is a substantial argument for a common origin. However, lack of precision in the available data often makes it difficult to draw statistically significant conclusions. In
943:(about 98%). Nereid also dominates among irregular satellites taken altogether, having about two-thirds the mass of all irregular moons combined. Phoebe makes up about 17%, Sycorax about 7%, and Himalia about 5%: the remaining moons add up to about 4%. (In this discussion, Triton is not included.)
619:
Increasing eccentricity results in smaller pericenters and large apocenters. The satellites enter the zone of the regular (larger) moons and are lost or ejected via collision and close encounters. Alternatively, the increasing perturbations by the Sun at the growing apocenters push them beyond the
484:
are far more common (83%) than prograde orbits. No satellites are known with orbital inclinations higher than 60° (or smaller than 130° for retrograde satellites); moreover, apart from Nereid, no irregular moon has inclination less than 26°, and inclinations greater than 170° are only found in
158:
is the largest irregular moon around
Neptune. It is currently thought that the irregular satellites were once independent objects orbiting the Sun before being captured by a nearby planet, early in the history of the Solar System. An alternative suggests that they originated further out in the
1519:
1265:
The orbits of
Jupiter's irregular satellites, showing how they cluster into groups. Satellites are represented by circles that indicate their relative sizes. An object's position on the horizontal axis shows its distance from Jupiter. Its position on the vertical axis indicates its
1167:
with their rotation so that they only show one face toward their parent planet). In contrast, tidal forces on the irregular satellites are negligible given their distance from the planet, and rotation periods in the range of only ten hours have been measured for the biggest moons
400:. The radius of the Hill sphere is given in the adjacent table: Uranus and Neptune have larger Hill sphere radii than Jupiter and Saturn, despite being less massive, because they are farther from the Sun. However, no known irregular satellite has a semi-major axis exceeding 0.47
623:
Retrograde satellites can be found further from the planet than prograde ones. Detailed numerical integrations have shown this asymmetry. The limits are a complicated function of the inclination and eccentricity, but in general, prograde orbits with semi-major axes up to 0.47
1939:
1735:
These two groups are distinct (with 3σ confidence) in their distance from Uranus and in their eccentricity. However, these groupings are not directly supported by the observed colours: Caliban and
Sycorax appear light red, whereas the smaller moons are grey.
434:
seems to be an exception: it is not usually listed as an irregular satellite even though its precession is primarily controlled by the Sun and its semi-major axis is greater than 0.05 of the radius of Earth's Hill sphere. On the other hand, Neptune's
1713:
Due to the smaller numbers, statistically significant conclusions about the groupings are difficult. A single origin for the retrograde irregulars of Uranus seems unlikely given a dispersion of the orbital parameters that would require high impulse
643:. The apocenter of the satellite, where the planet's grip on the moon is at its weakest, gets locked in resonance with the position of the Sun. The effects of the perturbation accumulate at each passage pushing the satellite even further outwards.
439:, which is probably a captured object, is usually listed as irregular despite being within 0.05 of the radius of Neptune's Hill sphere, so that Triton's precession is primarily controlled by Neptune's oblateness instead of by the Sun. Neptune's
1154:
With the current resolution, the visible and near-infrared spectra of most satellites appear featureless. So far, water ice has been inferred on Phoebe and Nereid and features attributed to aqueous alteration were found on
Himalia.
1223:
of tens of meters per seconds (5–50 m/s) could result from a break-up. Dynamical groupings of irregular satellites can be identified using these criteria and the likelihood of the common origin from a break-up evaluated.
955:
This diagram illustrates the differences of colour in the irregular satellites of
Jupiter (red labels), Saturn (yellow) and Uranus (green). Only irregulars with known colour indices are shown. For reference, the
1718:≈ 300 km), implying a large diameter of the impactor (395 km), which is incompatible in turn with the size distribution of the fragments. Instead, the existence of two groupings has been speculated:
566:
a close encounter between an incoming binary object and the planet (or possibly an existing moon), resulting in one component of the binary being captured. Such a route has been suggested as most likely for
1597:
754:≈ 4 and thus N ~ D. That is, for every Kuiper belt object of a particular size, there are approximately 8 times as many objects half that size and a thousands times as many objects one-tenth that size.
492:, for example, changes as much as 1.5 Gm in two years (single orbit), the inclination around 10°, and the eccentricity as much as 0.4 in 24 years (twice Jupiter's orbit period). Consequently,
1951:
488:
Given their distance from the planet, the orbits of the outer satellites are highly perturbed by the Sun and their orbital elements change widely over short intervals. The semi-major axis of
736:
10 kg. Sycorax and Nereid are estimated, not measured; Nereid may not be a captured body. Mars's moons Phobos and Deimos would not be visible at this scale while Triton would dominate.
864:
1928:
mission (to launch 2029) is planned to focus on the regular moon
Callisto around Jupiter, but it may fly-by several irregular Jovian satellites before settling into Callistonian orbit.
447:
have semi-major axes close to 0.05 of the radius of their parent planets' Hill spheres: Nereid (with a very eccentric orbit) is usually listed as irregular, but not
Iapetus.
4152:
1434:, sometimes included into the Pasiphae group, is red and given the difference in inclination, it could be captured independently. Pasiphae and Sinope are also trapped in
296:
There is no widely accepted precise definition of an irregular satellite. Informally, satellites are considered irregular if they are far enough from the planet that the
766:: there are many more small objects than large ones, and the smaller the size, the more numerous the object. The mathematical relation expressing the number of objects,
464:
Irregular satellites of
Jupiter (red), Saturn (green), Uranus (magenta) and Neptune (blue) (including Triton). The horizontal axis shows their distance from the planet (
732:
Comparative masses of the largest irregular moons and Jupiter's largest inner moon Amalthea (for comparison). Values are ×10 kg. One at each outer planet is > 1
927:
Around each giant planet, there is one irregular satellite that dominates, by having over three-quarters the mass of the entire irregular satellite system: Jupiter's
1945:
71 irregular moons of Jupiter (with Callisto for comparison; the other Galileans are also visible near the centre, though not labelled explicitly). Data as of 2021.
808:
786:
425:
398:
367:
340:
1975:
2678:
Fedorets, Grigori; Granvik, Mikael; Jedicke, Robert (March 15, 2017). "Orbit and size distributions for asteroids temporarily captured by the Earth-Moon system".
635:
The boundary for the semimajor axis is surprisingly sharp for the prograde satellites. A satellite on a prograde, circular orbit (inclination=0°) placed at 0.5 r
3477:
893:
in 2010 shows that the power law for Jupiter's population of small retrograde satellites, down to a detection limit of ≈ 400 m, is relatively shallow, at
2506:
2432:
1196:
Some irregular satellites appear to orbit in 'groups', in which several satellites share similar orbits. The leading theory is that these objects constitute
1119:. Some groups of satellites are observed to display similar colours (see later sections). Saturn's irregulars are slightly redder than those of Jupiter.
1003:. The observed colours of the irregular satellites vary from neutral (greyish) to reddish (but not as red as the colours of some Kuiper belt objects).
2486:
2428:
654:
with the planet. For the prograde satellites the acceleration points outward and for the retrograde it points inward, stabilising the satellite.
1501:
group shares an average inclination of 174°; this sub-group too is widely dispersed, and may be further divided into at least two sub-sub-groups
1963:
542:
and a fraction of these injected TNOs captured by the giant planets. For this to occur, at least one of three things needs to have happened:
522:
Irregular satellites may have been captured from heliocentric orbits. (Indeed, it appears that the irregular moons of the giant planets, the
485:
Saturn's system. In addition, some groupings can be identified, in which one large satellite shares a similar orbit with a few smaller ones.
2132:
Sheppard, S. S. (2006). "Outer irregular satellites of the planets and their relationship with asteroids, comets and Kuiper Belt objects".
612:
Orbits with inclinations between 50° and 130° are very unstable: their eccentricity increases quickly resulting in the satellite being lost
1751:
could be a fragment of Nereid. The two satellites have had a very high probability (41%) of collision over the age of the solar system.
1494:
is defined mostly for naming purposes; the orbital parameters are very widely dispersed. Sub-divisions have been investigated, including
3470:
3178:
563:
a collision (or close encounter) of an incoming body and a satellite, resulting in the incoming body losing energy and being captured.
3050:
3374:
2290:
1646:
Irregular satellites of Uranus (green) and Neptune (blue) (excluding Triton). Data as of 2006. For explanation, see Jupiter diagram
3202:
Sheppard, S. S.; Jewitt, D.; Kleyna, J. (2005). "An Ultradeep Survey for Irregular Satellites of Uranus: Limits to Completeness".
1107:
Each planet's system displays slightly different characteristics. Jupiter's irregulars are grey to slightly red, consistent with
3954:
2780:
2739:
3463:
1471:≈ 50 m/s), and they are light red in colour; the colouring is homogenous at both visible and near infra-red wavelengths.
2890:
Grav, Tommy; Holman, Matthew J.; Gladman, Brett J.; Aksnes, Kaare (2003). "Photometric survey of the irregular satellites".
2717:
1450:
Irregular satellites of Saturn, showing how they cluster into groups. Data as of 2006. For explanation, see Jupiter diagram
1208:
Simple collision models can be used to estimate the possible dispersion of the orbital parameters given a velocity impulse
1184:(to compare with their orbital periods of hundreds of days). Such rotation rates are in the same range that is typical for
2233:
2193:
972:
3077:
Grav, Tommy; Holman, Matthew J. (2004). "Near-Infrared Photometry of the Irregular Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn".
3400:
2873:
1278:
Typically, the following groupings are listed (dynamically tight groups displaying homogenous colours are listed in
2545:
968:
1385:< 50 m/s). It is very homogenous in colour, each member displaying light red colouring consistent with a
816:
4192:
1286:
890:
615:
Retrograde orbits are more stable than prograde (stable retrograde orbits can be found further from the planet)
100:
4213:
1248:
addition, the observed colours are not necessarily representative of the bulk composition of the satellite.
964:
481:
111:
which often have similarly irregular orbits but will eventually depart. The term does not refer to shape;
2111:
1235:
either more than one collision must be assumed, i.e. the cluster should be further subdivided into groups
1302:≈ 150 m/s). They are homogenous at visible wavelengths (having neutral colours similar to those of
662:
The capture of an asteroid from a heliocentric orbit is not always permanent. According to simulations,
4167:
3565:
3498:
3440:
646:
The asymmetry between the prograde and retrograde satellites can be explained very intuitively by the
297:
2954:
2189:
1710:
of 0.04; thus, there are almost certainly small Uranian and Neptunian moons that cannot yet be seen.
593:
The current orbits of the irregular moons are stable, in spite of substantial perturbations near the
301:
721:
628:(Hill sphere radius) can be stable, whereas for retrograde orbits stability can extend out to 0.67 r
480:
The orbits of the known irregular satellites are extremely diverse, but there are certain patterns.
3960:
3550:
1957:
122 irregular moons of Saturn (with Titan, Hyperion, and Iapetus for comparison). Data as of 2023.
1398:
shares an average inclination of 148°. It shows little dispersion of orbital parameters (15 < Δ
1238:
or significant post-collision changes, for example resulting from resonances, must be postulated.
539:
501:
557:
535:
2952:; Fraser, Wesley C. (2004-09-20). "Photometry of Irregular Satellites of Uranus and Neptune".
1274:(i.e. the extent to which its distance from Jupiter varies during its orbit). Data as of 2006.
3266:(2006). "A Survey for "Normal" Irregular Satellites around Neptune: Limits to Completeness".
2480:
2105:
647:
3131:
1331:
759:
size distribution of irregular satellites appears to be similar for all four giant planets.
3921:
3342:
3285:
3221:
3146:
3096:
3026:
2973:
2909:
2829:
2687:
2635:
2588:
2521:
2444:
2435:(2006). "Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary-planet gravitational encounter".
2392:
2327:
2274:
2151:
2077:
2022:
1271:
1215:. Applying these models to the known orbital parameters makes it possible to estimate the Δ
889:≃ 3.5) is observed for objects smaller than 10 km. An analysis of images taken by the
791:
769:
597:. The cause of this stability in a number of irregulars is the fact that they orbit with a
403:
376:
345:
318:
96:
639:
would leave Jupiter in as little as forty years. The effect can be explained by so-called
8:
4172:
3721:
3670:
3455:
2776:
2569:Ćuk, Matija; Burns, Joseph A. (2004). "On the Secular Behavior of Irregular Satellites".
1771:
To date, the only irregular satellites to have been visited close-up by a spacecraft are
1267:
957:
663:
473:
115:, for example, is a round moon but is considered irregular due to its orbit and origins.
108:
92:
3346:
3327:
3289:
3225:
3150:
3100:
3030:
3011:
2977:
2913:
2833:
2691:
2639:
2592:
2525:
2448:
2396:
2331:
2278:
2259:
2155:
2081:
2026:
3969:
3863:
3366:
3301:
3275:
3237:
3211:
3170:
3112:
3086:
3042:
2989:
2963:
2925:
2899:
2847:
2819:
2604:
2578:
2537:
2468:
2382:
2351:
2167:
2141:
2067:
2012:
1197:
984:
1779:, the largest of Neptune's and Saturn's irregulars respectively. Triton was imaged by
762:
The size distribution of asteroids and many similar populations can be expressed as a
3912:
3654:
3616:
3596:
3486:
3358:
3323:
3319:
3255:
3162:
2949:
2869:
2851:
2768:
2648:
2623:
2460:
2410:
2343:
2093:
2059:
2040:
1878:
1818:
1435:
1418:
1369:
1164:
598:
582:
517:
496:
orbital elements (averaged over time) are used to identify the groupings rather than
104:
88:
4121:
3241:
3116:
3046:
2993:
2608:
2355:
154:
of Neptune. Triton is rather unusual for an irregular moon; if it is excluded, then
3849:
3832:
3663:
3534:
3519:
3423:
3370:
3350:
3293:
3229:
3174:
3154:
3104:
3034:
2981:
2929:
2917:
2837:
2803:
2747:
2695:
2643:
2596:
2541:
2529:
2472:
2452:
2400:
2335:
2282:
2171:
2159:
2085:
2030:
1858:
1834:
1422:
497:
20:
3305:
2371:"Irregular Moons Possibly Injected from the Outer Solar System by a Stellar Flyby"
2001:"Irregular Moons Possibly Injected from the Outer Solar System by a Stellar Flyby"
1482:≈ 350 m/s) but they are physically homogenous, sharing a light red colouring.
717:
4223:
4177:
4131:
4081:
4011:
3991:
3814:
3606:
3601:
3586:
3529:
3524:
3259:
2921:
2699:
2505:
Nesvorný, David; Alvarellos, Jose L. A.; Dones, Luke; Levison, Harold F. (2003).
1902:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1748:
1740:
1414:
1386:
1322:
1314:
1303:
1143:
1131:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1093:
1076:
1066:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1000:
602:
523:
505:
489:
465:
308:
107:, which formed in orbit around them. Irregular moons have a stable orbit, unlike
2713:
1188:. Triton, being much larger and closer to its parent planet, is tidally locked.
460:
4218:
4101:
4091:
4061:
4051:
4036:
3926:
3896:
3871:
3735:
3581:
2405:
2370:
2258:
Carruba, V.; Burns, Joseph A.; Nicholson, Philip D.; Gladman, Brett J. (2002).
2089:
2035:
2000:
1890:
1886:
1846:
1804:
1728:
1722:
1642:
1410:
1177:
1169:
1135:
1127:
1123:
936:
928:
651:
527:
444:
195:
147:
139:
3903:
3450:
2225:
2185:
2163:
1747:
has been noted. Given the similar (grey) colours, it was also suggested that
4207:
4136:
4126:
4116:
4076:
4056:
4046:
4031:
4026:
3932:
3843:
3800:
3777:
3698:
3634:
3629:
3514:
2414:
2315:
2097:
2044:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1894:
1870:
1862:
1838:
1796:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1546:
1532:
1505:
1498:
1431:
1403:
1294:
1181:
1173:
1139:
940:
932:
750:
The power law for the size distribution of objects in the Kuiper belt, where
568:
476:. Points or circles represent their relative sizes. Data as of February 2024.
440:
436:
155:
151:
143:
118:
As of February 2024, 228 irregular moons are known, orbiting all four of the
112:
58:
50:
2339:
967:
are also plotted (grey labels, size not to scale). For comparison, see also
4187:
4182:
4096:
4071:
4066:
4006:
3940:
3877:
3742:
3690:
3648:
3576:
3490:
3446:
3362:
3166:
2464:
2347:
2286:
1898:
1882:
1850:
1814:
1809:
1467:
shares an average inclination of 34°. Their orbits are dynamically tight (Δ
1463:
1394:
1318:
119:
1706:) of satellites that can be detected with current technology, assuming an
1478:
shares an average inclination of 46°. Their orbits are widely dispersed (Δ
746:
585:
could further modify the orbits making these groupings less recognizable.
4041:
3890:
3822:
3772:
3767:
3684:
3429:
3280:
3216:
3091:
2968:
2904:
2842:
2807:
2583:
2146:
1918:
1874:
1866:
1854:
1744:
1491:
1475:
1377:
980:
960:
912:
550:
531:
469:
312:
160:
3354:
3158:
2456:
1381:
shares an average inclination of 165°. It is dynamically tight (5 < Δ
1261:
951:
923:
For every object of 100 km, ten objects of 10 km can be found.
4157:
3857:
3827:
3808:
3750:
3715:
3263:
2058:
Pfalzner, Susanne; Govind, Amith; Portegies Zwart, Simon (2024-09-04).
1446:
1163:
Regular satellites are usually tidally locked (that is, their orbit is
668:
1298:
shares an average inclination of 28°. They are confined dynamically (Δ
1227:
When the dispersion of the orbits is too wide (i.e. it would require Δ
716:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
546:
energy dissipation (e.g. in interaction with the primordial gas cloud)
30:
4086:
4016:
3729:
3703:
3640:
3132:"An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter"
2808:"The Population of Kilometer-scale Retrograde Jovian Irregular Moons"
2663:
Camille M. Carlisle (December 30, 2011). "Pseudo-moons Orbit Earth".
2369:
Pfalzner, Susanne; Govind, Amith; Wagner, Frank W. (September 2024).
1925:
1781:
1454:
The following groupings are commonly listed for Saturn's satellites:
763:
594:
184:
72:
4111:
3946:
3435:
2260:"On the Inclination Distribution of the Jovian Irregular Satellites"
2060:"Trajectory of the stellar flyby that shaped the outer Solar System"
885:≃ 2) is observed for sizes of 10 to 100 km, but a steeper law (
577:
After the capture, some of the satellites could break up leading to
3297:
3233:
3108:
3038:
2985:
2824:
2600:
2533:
2387:
2072:
2017:
1307:
1185:
679:
370:
304:
is primarily controlled by the Sun, other planets, or other moons.
1825:
mission, many Saturnian irregulars were observed from a distance:
3794:
3544:
1999:
Pfalzner, Susanne; Govind, Amith; Wagner, Frank W. (2024-09-01).
1981:
6 irregular moons of Neptune (excluding Triton). Data as of 2021.
1574:
1560:
1209:
135:
123:
2427:
65:), two irregular satellites that have been visited by spacecraft
41:
3591:
3556:
2507:"Orbital and Collisional Evolution of the Irregular Satellites"
1707:
1699:
1588:
1009:
666:
should be a common phenomenon. The only observed examples are
131:
127:
2504:
1406:
itself appears light red but the other group members are grey.
342:. Irregular satellites have semi-major axes greater than 0.05
4106:
2769:"MPEC 2020-D104 : 2020 CD3: Temporarily Captured Object"
2318:(2006). "A Thick Cloud of Neptune Trojans and Their Colors".
2057:
1637:
689:
608:
In addition, simulations indicate the following conclusions:
2257:
897:≃ 2.5. Thus it can be extrapolated that Jupiter should have
4021:
3509:
988:
431:
3485:
3318:
1759:
996:
103:. They have been captured by their parent planet, unlike
3248:
3012:"Collisional Origin of Families of Irregular Satellites"
2714:"2006 RH120 ( = 6R10DB9) (A second moon for the Earth?)"
163:
and were captured after the close flyby of another star
3312:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2889:
979:
The colours of irregular satellites can be studied via
2677:
1803:
captured a distant, low-resolution image of Jupiter's
315:(that is, the sphere of its gravitational influence),
3010:
Nesvorn, David; Beaug, Cristian; Dones, Luke (2004).
2801:
1813:
captured low-resolution images of Jupiter's Himalia,
819:
794:
772:
406:
379:
348:
321:
3254:
3201:
2936:
2368:
1998:
2662:
2134:
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
3401:"China's plans for outer Solar System exploration"
3195:
3123:
2716:. Great Shefford Observatory. September 14, 2017.
1417:itself appears to be grey, whereas other members (
1256:
858:
802:
788:, with a diameter smaller than a particular size,
780:
578:
419:
392:
361:
334:
3009:
1441:
799:
777:
4205:
2947:
2737:
2313:
1508:group is a possible sub-group of the Norse group
1219:necessary to create the observed dispersion. A Δ
1191:
534:objects have a similar origin.). Alternatively,
3005:
3003:
2622:Hamilton, Douglas P.; Burns, Joseph A. (1991).
2500:
2498:
2496:
1525:Animation of Saturn's Inuit group of satellites
16:Captured satellite following an irregular orbit
3328:"Discovery of five irregular moons of Neptune"
3129:
2761:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
553:in a brief period of time (thousands of years)
549:a substantial (40%) extension of the planet's
3471:
2621:
2253:
2251:
2186:"Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters"
1969:9 irregular moons of Uranus. Data as of 2021.
1795:2 also captured a distant image of Neptune's
3398:
3000:
2493:
2485:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
311:is compared with the radius of the planet's
3072:
3070:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2118:
859:{\displaystyle {\frac {dN}{dD}}\sim D^{-q}}
695:
692:discovered in 2006 and 2020, respectively.
581:of smaller moons following similar orbits.
3478:
3464:
3076:
2795:
2615:
2248:
2178:
1638:Irregular satellites of Uranus and Neptune
1138:are grey, as are the Neptunian satellites
911:For comparison, the distribution of large
881:For irregular moons, a shallow power law (
468:) expressed as a fraction of the planet's
3441:MPC: Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service
3279:
3215:
3090:
2967:
2903:
2841:
2823:
2647:
2624:"Orbital stability zones about asteroids"
2582:
2562:
2404:
2386:
2145:
2071:
2034:
2016:
1739:For Neptune, a possible common origin of
908:moons 400 m in diameter or greater.
798:
776:
472:'s radius. The vertical axis shows their
3067:
2878:
2706:
2671:
2656:
2568:
2131:
1758:
1641:
1445:
1330:
1260:
1200:, parts of a larger body that broke up.
1122:The large Uranian irregular satellites (
983:: simple measures of differences of the
950:
745:
538:may have been injected due to the close
459:
3130:Sheppard, S. S.; Jewitt, D. C. (2003).
455:
4206:
3392:
2731:
2421:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
588:
3459:
2236:from the original on 24 February 2024
1251:
1130:) are light red, whereas the smaller
688:, which were temporary satellites of
657:
3380:from the original on 2 November 2013
2783:from the original on 22 October 2020
2223:
1203:
702:
2802:Ashton, Edward; Beaudoin, Matthew;
2738:Roger W. Sinnott (April 17, 2007).
2208:
2196:from the original on 6 October 2021
1242:
878:is determined through observation.
500:at the given date. (Similarly, the
13:
2307:
138:). The largest of each planet are
14:
4235:
3417:
2375:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
2005:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1231:in the order of hundreds of m/s)
3555:
3549:
3543:
3326:; Grav, T.; et al. (2004).
2773:Minor Planet Electronic Circular
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1596:
1518:
1325:are not part of any known group.
1270:. The yellow lines indicate its
707:
40:
29:
3184:from the original on 2013-10-15
3056:from the original on 2017-08-09
2858:
2720:from the original on 2015-02-06
2296:from the original on 2009-02-27
1257:Irregular satellites of Jupiter
170:
2866:Oxford Dictionary of Astronomy
2864:Based on the definitions from
2362:
2051:
1992:
1754:
1649:
1442:Irregular satellites of Saturn
1005:
891:Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope
1:
3445:Tilmann Denk: Outer Moons of
2812:The Planetary Science Journal
1986:
1335:Animation of Himalia's orbit.
1192:Families with a common origin
965:classical Kuiper belt objects
307:In practice, the satellite's
166:
2922:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.07.005
2700:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.12.022
2649:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90039-V
1603:Animation of Phoebe's orbit.
518:Triton (moon) § Capture
373:extending as far as to 0.65
206:satellite (10 km)
7:
3399:Andrew Jones (2023-12-21).
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1158:
939:(about 90%), and Neptune's
85:irregular natural satellite
10:
4240:
2090:10.1038/s41550-024-02349-x
1931:
1785:in 1989 and Phoebe by the
1149:
946:
556:a transfer of energy in a
515:
504:are used to determine the
18:
4148:
3982:
3615:
3564:
3541:
3497:
3079:The Astrophysical Journal
2955:The Astrophysical Journal
2190:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2164:10.1017/S1743921305006824
915:objects is much steeper (
511:
450:
4000:: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths
3428:Discovery circumstances
3268:The Astronomical Journal
3204:The Astronomical Journal
3019:The Astronomical Journal
2571:The Astronomical Journal
2514:The Astronomical Journal
2406:10.3847/2041-8213/ad63a6
2036:10.3847/2041-8213/ad63a6
1821:in 2007. Throughout the
1313:The prograde satellites
696:Physical characteristics
3403:. The Planetary Society
2340:10.1126/science.1127173
2226:"Outer Moons of Saturn"
2110:: CS1 maint: bibcode (
741:
536:trans-neptunian objects
502:proper orbital elements
3434:Mean orbital elements
2740:"Earth's "Other Moon""
2287:10.1006/icar.2002.6896
2224:Denk, Tilmann (2024).
1768:
1647:
1487:Retrograde satellites
1451:
1365:
1275:
995:green-yellow (V), and
976:
931:(about 75%), Saturn's
860:
810:, is approximated as:
804:
782:
755:
560:. This could involve:
558:three-body interaction
477:
421:
394:
363:
336:
1762:
1645:
1449:
1334:
1264:
987:of an object through
954:
935:(about 98%), Uranus'
861:
805:
803:{\displaystyle D\,\!}
783:
781:{\displaystyle N\,\!}
749:
648:Coriolis acceleration
506:families of asteroids
463:
422:
420:{\displaystyle r_{H}}
395:
393:{\displaystyle r_{H}}
364:
362:{\displaystyle r_{H}}
337:
335:{\displaystyle r_{H}}
283:9 (including Triton)
91:following a distant,
4214:Irregular satellites
4173:Planetary-mass moons
3424:David Jewitt's pages
2779:. 25 February 2020.
1458:Prograde satellites
1272:orbital eccentricity
1198:collisional families
817:
792:
770:
664:temporary satellites
456:Current distribution
404:
377:
346:
319:
109:temporary satellites
3355:10.1038/nature02832
3347:2004Natur.430..865H
3290:2006AJ....132..171S
3226:2005AJ....129..518S
3159:10.1038/nature01584
3151:2003Natur.423..261S
3101:2004ApJ...605L.141G
3031:2004AJ....127.1768N
2978:2004ApJ...613L..77G
2914:2003Icar..166...33G
2834:2020PSJ.....1...52A
2777:Minor Planet Center
2744:Sky & Telescope
2692:2017Icar..285...83F
2665:Sky & Telescope
2640:1991Icar...92..118H
2593:2004AJ....128.2518C
2526:2003AJ....126..398N
2457:10.1038/nature04792
2449:2006Natur.441..192A
2397:2024ApJ...972L..21P
2332:2006Sci...313..511S
2279:2002Icar..158..434C
2156:2006IAUS..229..319S
2082:2024NatAs.tmp..211P
2027:2024ApJ...972L..21P
1413:is very dispersed.
1402:< 80 m/s).
1268:orbital inclination
969:colours of centaurs
870:defining the slope.
589:Long-term stability
498:osculating elements
474:orbital inclination
81:irregular satellite
4153:Discovery timeline
3487:Natural satellites
3256:Sheppard, Scott S.
2950:Holman, Matthew J.
2843:10.3847/PSJ/abad95
2806:(September 2020).
1769:
1648:
1452:
1436:secular resonances
1366:
1276:
1252:Observed groupings
985:apparent magnitude
977:
856:
800:
778:
756:
658:Temporary captures
641:evection resonance
478:
417:
390:
359:
332:
105:regular satellites
4201:
4200:
4001:
3341:(7002): 865–867.
3145:(6937): 261–263.
2326:(5786): 511–514.
2314:Sheppard, S. S.;
1695:
1694:
1204:Dynamic groupings
1105:
1104:
924:
838:
729:
728:
528:Neptunian trojans
482:Retrograde orbits
294:
293:
97:highly elliptical
89:natural satellite
4231:
3996:
3975:
3963:
3949:
3935:
3918:
3906:
3899:
3880:
3866:
3852:
3817:
3803:
3789:
3784:
3762:
3757:
3745:
3738:
3724:
3710:
3693:
3676:
3666:
3657:
3643:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3332:
3324:Kavelaars, J. J.
3316:
3310:
3309:
3283:
3281:astro-ph/0604552
3260:Jewitt, David C.
3252:
3246:
3245:
3219:
3217:astro-ph/0410059
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3136:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3094:
3092:astro-ph/0312571
3085:(2): L141–L144.
3074:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3025:(3): 1768–1783.
3016:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2971:
2969:astro-ph/0405605
2945:
2934:
2933:
2907:
2905:astro-ph/0301016
2887:
2876:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2827:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2746:. Archived from
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2586:
2584:astro-ph/0408119
2577:(5): 2518–2541.
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2544:. Archived from
2511:
2502:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2476:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2390:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2232:. Tilmann Denk.
2221:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2149:
2147:astro-ph/0605041
2129:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2101:
2075:
2064:Nature Astronomy
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2020:
1996:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1767:image of Himalia
1650:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1591:
1586:
1577:
1572:
1563:
1558:
1549:
1544:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1425:) are light red.
1364:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1304:C-type asteroids
1243:Colour groupings
1117:D-type asteroids
1006:
922:
907:
906:
905:
865:
863:
862:
857:
855:
854:
839:
837:
829:
821:
809:
807:
806:
801:
787:
785:
784:
779:
735:
711:
710:
703:
687:
685:
684:
676:
674:
673:
426:
424:
423:
418:
416:
415:
399:
397:
396:
391:
389:
388:
368:
366:
365:
360:
358:
357:
341:
339:
338:
333:
331:
330:
171:
101:retrograde orbit
44:
33:
21:Asteroid capture
4239:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4163:Irregular moons
4144:
3984:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3959:
3945:
3931:
3916:
3911:
3902:
3895:
3876:
3862:
3848:
3840:Jupiter trojans
3813:
3799:
3787:
3782:
3760:
3755:
3741:
3734:
3720:
3708:
3689:
3674:
3669:
3662:
3653:
3639:
3618:
3611:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3539:
3500:
3493:
3484:
3420:
3415:
3406:
3404:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3330:
3317:
3313:
3253:
3249:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3014:
3008:
3001:
2946:
2937:
2888:
2879:
2863:
2859:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2676:
2672:
2661:
2657:
2620:
2616:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2509:
2503:
2494:
2478:
2477:
2443:(7090): 192–4.
2433:Hamilton, D. P.
2426:
2422:
2367:
2363:
2316:Trujillo, C. A.
2312:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2130:
2119:
2103:
2102:
2056:
2052:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1970:
1967:
1958:
1955:
1946:
1943:
1934:
1791:probe in 2004.
1757:
1705:
1659:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1444:
1387:D-type asteroid
1360:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1259:
1254:
1245:
1206:
1194:
1161:
1152:
1099:
1082:
1072:
1055:
1045:
1035:
949:
903:
901:
900:
898:
847:
843:
830:
822:
820:
818:
815:
814:
793:
790:
789:
771:
768:
767:
744:
739:
738:
737:
733:
730:
725:
712:
708:
698:
682:
681:
678:
671:
670:
667:
660:
638:
631:
627:
603:Kozai resonance
591:
520:
514:
466:semi-major axis
458:
453:
411:
407:
405:
402:
401:
384:
380:
378:
375:
374:
353:
349:
347:
344:
343:
326:
322:
320:
317:
316:
309:semi-major axis
289:
268:
247:
226:
205:
193:
182:
178:
169:
150:of Uranus, and
69:
68:
67:
66:
47:
46:
45:
36:
35:
34:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4237:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3955:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà
3952:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3419:
3418:External links
3416:
3414:
3413:
3391:
3311:
3298:10.1086/504799
3274:(1): 171–176.
3247:
3234:10.1086/426329
3210:(1): 518–525.
3194:
3122:
3109:10.1086/420881
3066:
3039:10.1086/382099
2999:
2986:10.1086/424997
2962:(1): L77–L80.
2935:
2877:
2857:
2804:Gladman, Brett
2794:
2760:
2730:
2705:
2670:
2655:
2634:(1): 118–131.
2614:
2601:10.1086/424937
2561:
2534:10.1086/375461
2492:
2420:
2361:
2306:
2273:(2): 434–449.
2247:
2230:tilmanndenk.de
2207:
2177:
2117:
2050:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1756:
1753:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1443:
1440:
1438:with Jupiter.
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1411:Pasiphae group
1407:
1390:
1363: Callisto
1352: Himalia
1341: Jupiter
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1311:
1306:) and at near
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1205:
1202:
1193:
1190:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
981:colour indices
948:
945:
872:
871:
853:
850:
846:
842:
836:
833:
828:
825:
797:
775:
743:
740:
731:
727:
726:
715:
713:
706:
701:
700:
699:
697:
694:
659:
656:
652:frame rotating
636:
629:
625:
617:
616:
613:
590:
587:
575:
574:
573:
572:
564:
554:
547:
513:
510:
457:
454:
452:
449:
414:
410:
387:
383:
356:
352:
329:
325:
292:
291:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
271:
270:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
250:
249:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
229:
228:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
208:
207:
204:Farthest known
202:
199:
191:
188:
180:
175:
168:
165:
77:irregular moon
49:
48:
39:
38:
37:
28:
27:
26:
25:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4236:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Regular moons
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3402:
3395:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:Holman, M. J.
3315:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3006:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2948:Grav, Tommy;
2944:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2875:
2874:0-19-211596-0
2871:
2867:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2750:on 2012-04-02
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2659:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2551:on 2020-04-15
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1799:in 1989, and
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1625:
1620: Phoebe
1614:
1609: Saturn
1599:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1562:
1553:
1548:
1539:
1534:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1346:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1295:Himalia group
1291:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1249:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
991:(B), visible
990:
986:
982:
974:
970:
966:
962:
959:
953:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
920:
918:
914:
909:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
874:The value of
869:
851:
848:
844:
840:
834:
831:
826:
823:
813:
812:
811:
795:
773:
765:
760:
753:
748:
723:
722:MediaWiki.org
719:
714:
705:
704:
693:
691:
686:
675:
665:
655:
653:
649:
644:
642:
633:
621:
620:Hill sphere.
614:
611:
610:
609:
606:
604:
600:
596:
586:
584:
580:
570:
565:
562:
561:
559:
555:
552:
548:
545:
544:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
519:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
483:
475:
471:
467:
462:
448:
446:
443:and Saturn's
442:
438:
433:
428:
412:
408:
385:
381:
372:
354:
350:
327:
323:
314:
310:
305:
303:
302:orbital plane
299:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
251:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
203:
201:Number known
200:
197:
189:
186:
176:
173:
172:
164:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:outer planets
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
64:
60:
56:
52:
43:
32:
22:
4193:Trojan moons
4183:Subsatellite
4162:
3997:
3722:Petit-Prince
3617:Minor-planet
3566:Dwarf planet
3491:Solar System
3405:. Retrieved
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3338:
3334:
3314:
3271:
3267:
3250:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3186:. Retrieved
3142:
3138:
3125:
3082:
3078:
3058:. Retrieved
3022:
3018:
2959:
2953:
2898:(1): 33–45.
2895:
2891:
2865:
2860:
2815:
2811:
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2772:
2763:
2752:. Retrieved
2748:the original
2743:
2733:
2722:. Retrieved
2708:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2664:
2658:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2553:. Retrieved
2546:the original
2517:
2513:
2481:cite journal
2440:
2436:
2429:Agnor, C. B.
2423:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2298:. Retrieved
2270:
2266:
2238:. Retrieved
2229:
2198:. Retrieved
2180:
2137:
2133:
2106:cite journal
2063:
2053:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1923:
1822:
1810:New Horizons
1808:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1738:
1734:
1715:
1712:
1696:
1667:1.5 km
1623:
1612:
1579:
1565:
1551:
1537:
1479:
1468:
1464:Gallic group
1462:
1453:
1430:
1399:
1395:Ananke group
1393:
1382:
1376:
1355:
1344:
1299:
1293:
1279:
1277:
1246:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1195:
1162:
1153:
1121:
1106:
1092:
1075:
1065:
1048:
1038:
1028:
992:
978:
926:
921:
916:
910:
894:
886:
882:
880:
875:
873:
867:
761:
757:
751:
661:
645:
640:
634:
622:
618:
607:
592:
576:
540:passing star
521:
493:
487:
479:
429:
306:
295:
142:of Jupiter,
117:
95:, and often
84:
80:
76:
70:
62:
54:
4158:Inner moons
3864:Skamandrios
3264:Kleyna, Jan
2787:25 February
2240:25 February
2140:: 319–334.
1755:Exploration
1691:16 km
1631: Titan
1492:Norse group
1476:Inuit group
1389:progenitor.
1378:Carme group
1372:satellites
1310:wavelengths
1289:satellites
1165:synchronous
913:Kuiper belt
718:Phabricator
551:Hill sphere
532:Kuiper belt
530:, and grey
470:Hill sphere
313:Hill sphere
286:50.6 (0.44r
265:20.4 (0.28r
244:26.4 (0.38r
223:24.2 (0.47r
177:Hill radius
161:Kuiper belt
146:of Saturn,
4208:Categories
3922:Sila–Nunam
3788:Cleoselene
3783:Alexhelios
3761:Gorgoneion
3699:Euphrosyne
3626:Near-Earth
3568:satellites
3501:satellites
3407:2023-12-27
3384:24 October
3188:2015-08-29
3060:2006-08-02
2825:2009.03382
2754:2017-11-13
2724:2017-11-13
2555:2006-07-29
2520:(1): 398.
2388:2409.03529
2381:(2): L21.
2300:2006-09-09
2200:15 January
2073:2409.03342
2018:2409.03529
2011:(2): L21.
1987:References
1879:Mundilfari
1819:Callirrhoe
1683:7 km
1675:3 km
1419:Callirrhoe
1370:Retrograde
963:and three
583:Resonances
516:See also:
298:precession
185:10 km
167:Definition
19:See also:
4087:Enceladus
3961:Gǃòʼé ǃHú
3872:Eurybates
3850:Menoetius
3844:Patroclus
3833:Dinkinesh
3778:Kleopatra
3681:Main belt
3641:Dimorphos
3499:Planetary
2852:221534456
2818:(2): 52.
2686:: 83–94.
2415:2041-8205
2098:2397-3366
2045:2041-8205
1926:Tianwen-4
1859:Hyrrokkin
1835:Bergelmir
1807:in 2000.
1782:Voyager 2
1423:Megaclite
1186:asteroids
849:−
841:∼
764:power law
595:apocenter
579:groupings
300:of their
73:astronomy
4132:Hyperion
4082:Dysnomia
4012:Callisto
3992:Ganymede
3815:Olympias
3685:Kalliope
3655:Squannit
3630:Florence
3602:Gonggong
3597:Makemake
3436:from JPL
3430:from JPL
3375:Archived
3363:15318214
3242:18688556
3179:Archived
3167:12748634
3117:15665146
3051:Archived
3047:27293848
2994:15706906
2781:Archived
2718:Archived
2609:18564122
2465:16688170
2356:35721399
2348:16778021
2291:Archived
2234:Archived
2194:Archived
1903:Suttungr
1843:Erriapus
1831:Bebhionn
1827:Albiorix
1763:Distant
1749:Halimede
1741:Psamathe
1698:minimum
1688:Neptune
1664:Jupiter
1415:Pasiphae
1323:Valetudo
1315:Themisto
1308:infrared
1287:Prograde
1159:Rotation
1144:Halimede
1132:Prospero
1017:reddish
1014:neutral
490:Pasiphae
430:Earth's
371:apoapses
274:Neptune
211:Jupiter
93:inclined
4122:Hiʻiaka
4102:Proteus
4092:Miranda
4062:Umbriel
4052:Iapetus
4037:Titania
3998:largest
3985:by size
3970:2013 FY
3927:Salacia
3913:2002 UX
3835:(Selam)
3823:Pulcova
3773:Elektra
3768:Camilla
3751:Minerva
3736:Romulus
3716:Eugenia
3709:Peneius
3671:2001 SN
3664:1994 CC
3635:Didymos
3535:Neptune
3520:Jupiter
3489:of the
3447:Jupiter
3371:4412380
3343:Bibcode
3286:Bibcode
3222:Bibcode
3175:4424447
3147:Bibcode
3097:Bibcode
3027:Bibcode
2974:Bibcode
2930:7793999
2910:Bibcode
2830:Bibcode
2688:Bibcode
2636:Bibcode
2589:Bibcode
2542:8502734
2522:Bibcode
2473:4420518
2445:Bibcode
2393:Bibcode
2328:Bibcode
2320:Science
2275:Bibcode
2172:2077114
2152:Bibcode
2078:Bibcode
2066:: 1–7.
2023:Bibcode
1932:Gallery
1891:Siarnaq
1887:Paaliaq
1847:Fornjot
1823:Cassini
1805:Himalia
1801:Cassini
1793:Voyager
1788:Cassini
1765:Cassini
1729:Sycorax
1723:Caliban
1680:Uranus
1672:Saturn
1653:Planet
1575:Siarnaq
1573:
1561:Paaliaq
1559:
1545:
1531:
1178:Sycorax
1170:Himalia
1150:Spectra
1136:Setebos
1128:Caliban
1124:Sycorax
1060:medium
1001:filters
958:centaur
947:Colours
937:Sycorax
929:Himalia
720:and on
680:2020 CD
669:2006 RH
650:in the
599:secular
445:Iapetus
253:Uranus
232:Saturn
194: (
183: (
174:Planet
148:Sycorax
140:Himalia
136:Neptune
124:Jupiter
4224:Orbits
4178:Naming
4137:Phoebe
4127:Actaea
4117:Nereid
4112:Ilmarë
4077:Tethys
4057:Charon
4047:Oberon
4032:Triton
4027:Europa
3983:Ranked
3947:Ilmarë
3933:Actaea
3858:Hektor
3809:Roxane
3801:Dactyl
3730:Sylvia
3704:Daphne
3649:Moshup
3592:Quaoar
3587:Haumea
3530:Uranus
3525:Saturn
3451:Saturn
3369:
3361:
3335:Nature
3306:154011
3304:
3240:
3173:
3165:
3139:Nature
3115:
3045:
2992:
2928:
2892:Icarus
2872:
2850:
2680:Icarus
2628:Icarus
2607:
2540:
2471:
2463:
2437:Nature
2413:
2354:
2346:
2267:Icarus
2170:
2096:
2043:
1917:, and
1915:Thrymr
1911:Tarvos
1907:Tarqeq
1895:Skathi
1871:Kiviuq
1863:Ijiraq
1839:Bestla
1817:, and
1797:Nereid
1777:Phoebe
1773:Triton
1708:albedo
1700:radius
1629:
1624:·
1622:
1618:
1613:·
1611:
1607:
1589:Tarqeq
1587:
1585:
1580:·
1578:
1571:
1566:·
1564:
1557:
1552:·
1550:
1547:Ijiraq
1543:
1538:·
1536:
1533:Kiviuq
1529:
1506:Skathi
1499:Phoebe
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