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2690:. Berlin defined 'negative liberty' as absence of coercion or interference in private actions by an external political body, which Berlin derived from the Hobbesian definition of liberty. 'Positive liberty' Berlin maintained, could be thought of as self-mastery, which asks not what we are free from, but what we are free to do. Berlin contended that modern political thinkers often conflated positive liberty with rational action, based upon a rational knowledge to which, it is argued, only a certain elite or social group has access. This rationalist conflation was open to political abuses, which encroached on negative liberty, when such interpretations of positive liberty were, in the nineteenth century, used to defend nationalism, paternalism, social engineering, historicism, and collective rational control over human destiny.
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loyal to the Tsar was the police, the
Pharaon, I've never seen Pharaon in the histories of the Russian Revolution. They existed, and they did sniping from the rooftops or attics. I saw a man like that, a Pharaon . That's not in the books, but it is true. And they sniped at the revolutionaries from roofs or attics and things. And this man was dragged down, obviously, by a crowd, and was being obviously taken to a not very agreeable fate, and I saw this man struggling in the middle of a crowd of about twenty hat gave me a permanent horror of violence which has remained with me for the rest of my life.
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Despite his fluency in
English, however, in later life Berlin's Oxford English accent would sound increasingly Russian in its vowel sounds. Whenever he was described as an English philosopher, Berlin always insisted that he was not an English philosopher, but would forever be a Russian Jew: "I am a Russian Jew from Riga, and all my years in England cannot change this. I love England, I have been well treated here, and I cherish many things about English life, but I am a Russian Jew; that is how I was born and that is who I will be to the end of my life."
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The same publication reported: "Isaiah Berlin was often described, especially in his old age, by means of superlatives: the world's greatest talker, the century's most inspired reader, one of the finest minds of our time. There is no doubt that he showed in more than one direction the unexpectedly large possibilities open to us at the top end of the range of human potential." The front page of
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incompatible, and may, therefore, come into conflict with one another in a way that admits of no resolution without reference to particular contexts of a decision. When values clash, it may not be that one is more important than the other: keeping a promise may conflict with the pursuit of truth; liberty may clash with
756:, at the Hotel PalĂĄcio, between 19 and 24 October 1940. Prior to this service, however, Berlin was barred from participation in the British war effort as a result of his being born in Latvia, and because his left arm had been damaged at birth. In April 1943 he wrote a confidential analysis of members of the
2886:. The society invites world famous academics to share their research into the answers to life's great concerns and to respond to students' questions. In the last few years they have hosted: A.C. Grayling, Brad Hooker, Jonathan Dancy, John Cottingham, Tim Crane, Arif Ahmed, Hugh Mellor and David Papineau.
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A number of commemorative events for Isaiah Berlin are held at Oxford
University, as well as scholarships given out in his name, including the Wolfson Isaiah Berlin Clarendon Scholarship, The Isaiah Berlin Visiting Professorship, and the annual Isaiah Berlin Lectures. The Berlin Quadrangle of Wolfson
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For Berlin, values are creations of mankind, rather than products of nature waiting to be discovered. He argued, on the basis of the epistemic and empathetic access we have to other cultures across history, that the nature of mankind is such that certain values â the importance of individual liberty,
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wrote: "he was a man of formidable intellectual power with a rare gift for understanding a wide range of human motives, hopes and fears, and a prodigiously energetic capacity for enjoyment â of life, of people in all their variety, of their ideas and idiosyncrasies, of literature, of music, of art".
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made astonishing feats in the school's Junior
Debating Society and the School Union Society. The rapid, even flow of his ideas, the succession of confident references to authors whom most of his contemporaries had never heard, left them mildly stupefied. Yet there was no backlash, no resentment at
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Berlin's native language was
Russian, and his English was virtually nonexistent at first, but he reached proficiency in English within a year at around the age of 12. In addition to Russian and English, Berlin was fluent in French, German, and Italian, and he knew Hebrew, Latin, and Ancient Greek.
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tape recorder. He would often dictate these letters while simultaneously conversing with friends, and his secretary would then transcribe them. At times, the secretary would inadvertently include the author's jokes and laughter in the transcribed text. The product of this unique methodology was a
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Well I was seven and a half and something, and then I was â did I tell you the terrible sight of the policeman being dragged â not policeman, a sharp shooter from the rooftop â being dragged away by a lynching bee In the early parts of the revolution, the only people who remained
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and then on
Angliiskii Prospekt on the mainland. On Angliiskii Prospekt, they shared their building with other tenants, including Rimsky-Korsakov's daughter, an assistant Minister of Finnish affairs, and Princess Emeretinsky. With the onset of the October Revolution of 1917, the fortunes of the
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to its sawmills in Riga. As his father, who was the head of the Riga
Association of Timber Merchants, worked for the company in its dealings with Western companies, he was fluent not only in Yiddish, Russian, and German, but also in French and English. His Russian-speaking mother, Marie (Musya)
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Isaiah Berlin's essay 'Two
Concepts of Liberty'* is one of the most important pieces of post-war political philosophy. It was originally given as a lecture in Oxford in 1958 and has been much discussed since then. In this extract from the lecture Berlin identifies the two different concepts of
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rule, which identified the family as bourgeoisie, the family left
Petrograd, on 5 October 1920, for Riga, but encounters with anti-Semitism and difficulties with the Latvian authorities convinced them to leave, and they moved to Britain in early 1921 (Mendel in January, Isaiah and Marie at the
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Berlin did not enjoy writing, and his published work (including both his essays and books) was produced through dictation to a tape-recorder, or by the transcription of his improvised lectures and talks from recorded tapes. The work of transcribing his spoken word often placed a strain on his
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on a similarity in forms of life, with the inverse implication that our epistemic access to other cultures entails an ontologically contiguous value-structure. With his account of value pluralism, he proposed the view that moral values may be equally, or rather incommensurably, valid and yet
2779:. Moral conflicts are "an intrinsic, irremovable element in human life". "These collisions of values are of the essence of what they are and what we are." For Berlin, this clashing of incommensurate values within, no less than between, individuals, constitutes the tragedy of human life.
2801:, was one of Berlin's most popular essays with the general public, reprinted in numerous editions. Of the classification that gives the essay its title, Berlin once said "I never meant it very seriously. I meant it as a kind of enjoyable intellectual game, but it was taken seriously."
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are compilations or transcripts of lectures, essays, and letters. Details given are of first and latest UK editions, and current US editions. Most titles are also available as e-books. The twelve titles marked with a '+' are available in the US market in revised editions from
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concluded: "His was an exuberant life crowded with joys â the joy of thought, the joy of music, the joy of good friends. ... The theme that runs throughout his work is his concern with liberty and the dignity of human beings .... Sir Isaiah radiated well-being."
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Berlin is known for his inaugural lecture, "Two
Concepts of Liberty," delivered in 1958 as Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at Oxford. The lecture, later published as an essay, reintroduced the study of political philosophy to the methods of
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College, Oxford, is named after him. The Isaiah Berlin Association of Latvia was founded in 2011 to promote the ideas and values of Sir Isaiah Berlin, in particular by organising an annual Isaiah Berlin day and lectures in his memory. At the
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and form part of the Aranne Library collection. The Isaiah Berlin Room, on the third floor of the library, is a replica of his study at the University of Oxford. There is also the Isaiah Berlin Society which takes place at his alma mater of
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at Cambridge University. Wittgenstein rejected the argument of his paper in discussion but praised Berlin for his intellectual honesty and integrity. Berlin was to remain at Oxford for the rest of his life, apart from a period working for
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His date of birth was officially registered as 24 May, according to the Julian calendar then in force in the Russian Empire. Latvian State Historical Archive, RÄ«gas rabinÄts, 4346. fonds, 2. apraksts, 58. lieta, 71. lp. o. p., 72.
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writing style that mimicked his spoken discourseâanimated, quick, and constantly jumping from one idea to another. His everyday conversation was literally mirrored in his works, complete with intricate grammar and punctuation.
826:. The college was founded to be a centre of academic excellence which, unlike many other colleges at Oxford, would also be based on a strong egalitarian and democratic ethos. Berlin was a member of the Founding Council of the
752:(BIS) in New York from 1940 to 1942 and for the British embassies in Washington, DC, and Moscow from then until 1946. Before crossing the Atlantic in 1940, Berlin took rest in Portugal for a few days. He stayed in
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Ned O'Gorman, 'My dinners with Isaiah: the music of a philosopher's life â Sir Isaiah Berlin' â includes related article on Isaiah Berlin's commitment to ideals of genuine understanding over intellectual mastery,
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fallacy the notion that there are "clear and distinct" ideas "which can be contemplated by a kind of inner eye", without the use of language â a recognition greatly sharpened in the 20th century by Wittgenstein's
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2742:, Berlin argues that Hamann was one of the first thinkers to conceive of human cognition as language â the articulation and use of symbols. Berlin saw Hamann as having recognised as the rationalist's
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more often promote "positive liberty" – that is, liberty insofar as it is tethered to collectively defined ends. They praise the state as an essential tool to emancipate the people.
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building's tenants were rapidly reversed, with both the Princess Emeretinsky and Rimsky-Korsakov's daughter soon being made to stoke the building's stoves and sweep the yards. Berlin witnessed the
490:, for which occasion he prepared a "short credo" (as he called it in a letter to a friend), now known as "A Message to the Twenty-First Century", to be read on his behalf at the ceremony.
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2860:. Eighteen of these character sketches were published together as "Personal Impressions" (1980; 2nd ed., with four additional essays, 1998; 3rd ed., with a further ten essays, 2014).
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Berlin expands upon this idea to divide writers and thinkers into two categories: hedgehogs, who view the world through the lens of a single defining idea (examples given include
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in Leningrad in November 1945 and January 1946 had a powerful effect on both of them, and serious repercussions for Akhmatova (who immortalised the meetings in her poetry).
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2848:(in the case of this volume, jointly with Aileen Kelly). Berlin also contributed a number of essays on leading intellectuals and political figures of his time, including
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Volshonok). His family owned a timber company, one of the largest in the Baltics, as well as forests in Russia, from where the timber was floated down the
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According to Berlin, the most eloquent of all defenders of freedom and privacy Benjamin Constant, who had not forgotten the Jacobin dictatorship
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2808:), and foxes, who draw on a wide variety of experiences and for whom the world cannot be boiled down to a single idea (examples given include
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Joshua L. Cherniss and Steven B. Smith (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Isaiah Berlin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2018, p. 13.
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Though like Our Lord and Socrates he does not publish much, he thinks and says a great deal and has had an enormous influence on our times
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for instance â will hold true across cultures, and this is what he meant by objective pluralism. Berlin's argument was partly grounded in
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both from his apartment windows and from walks in the city with his governess, where he recalled the crowds of protesters marching on the
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suggests, however, that Berlin ignores the fact that values are commensurable in the extent to which they contribute to the human good.
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for his lifelong defence of civil liberties, and on 25 November 1994, he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws at the
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a solid, stolid, 78-year-old reactionary from the corn belt, who is the very voice of Mid-Western "grass root" isolationism
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these breathless marathons, because Berlin's essential modesty and good manners eliminated jealousy and disarmed hostility.
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One particular childhood memory of the February Revolution marked his lifelong opposition to violence, with Berlin saying:
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In their matrimonial record from 1906, available at the Jewish genealogy site JewishGen.org, mother's name is spelled
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2898:, all books/editions listed from 1978 onwards are edited (or, where stated, co-edited) by Henry Hardy, and all but
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700:, again taking first-class honours after less than a year on the course. He was appointed a tutor in philosophy at
679:, but was denied admission after a chaotic interview. Berlin decided to apply again, only to a different college:
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2996:(edited by Henry Hardy and Aileen Kelly), Hogarth Press, 1978. 2nd ed. (revised by Henry Hardy), Penguin, 2008.
838:, Isaiah Berlin argued against a promotion, because of the profoundly pro-communist militancy of the candidate.
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in 1975. He was instrumental in the founding, in 1966, of a new graduate college at Oxford University:
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where he was sent to Arundel House for preparatory school, then within the year they bought a house in
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Exile, Statelessness, and Migration: Playing Chess with History from Hannah Arendt to Isaiah Berlin
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While still a student, he befriended Ayer (with whom he was to share a lifelong amicable rivalry),
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Berlin refers to Diderot and Lessing as 'two of my favorite thinkers in the eighteenth century.'
3129:(edited by Henry Hardy and Roger Hausheer) , Chatto & Windus, 1997. 2nd ed., Vintage, 2013.
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freedom â negative and positive â which provide the framework for his wide-ranging discussion.
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403:(24 May/6 June 1909 â 5 November 1997) was a Russian-British social and political theorist,
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2797:"The Hedgehog and the Fox", a title referring to a fragment of the ancient Greek poet
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743:. In 1940, he presented a philosophical paper on other minds to a meeting attended by
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beginning of February), when Berlin was eleven. In London, the family first stayed in
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Michael C. Behrent, "Liberal Dispositions: Recent scholarship on French Liberalism."
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Isaiah Berlin and the Politics of Freedom: 'Two Concepts of Liberty' 50 Years Later,
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This article is about the 20th-century philosopher. For the 18th-century rabbi, see
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family, the only son of Mendel Berlin, a timber trader (and a direct descendant of
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Political Ideas in the Romantic Age: Their Rise and Influence on Modern Thought
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Cultural Diversity, Liberal Pluralism and Schools: Isaiah Berlin and Education
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The Magus of the North: J. G. Hamann and the Origins of Modern Irrationalism
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http://www.sjpcommunications.org/images/uploads/documents/Isaiah_Berlin.pdf
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Blattberg has also criticised Berlin for taking politics "too seriously."
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2770:'s later theory of language, which argued that inter-translatability was
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Berlin died in Oxford on 5 November 1997, aged 88. He is buried there in
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3350:(edited by Henry Hardy and Jennifer Holmes), Chatto & Windus, 2009.
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4213:. Political Philosophy Now. University of Wales Press. pp. 71â95.
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An annual Isaiah Berlin Lecture is held at the Hampstead Synagogue, at
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in London. According to Michael Bonavia, a British author (and son of
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4370:
Chinese Village Life Today: Building Families in an Age of Transition
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1522:
1042:
708:, the first unconverted Jew to achieve this fellowship at All Souls.
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630:
583:
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574:. Isaiah Berlin spent his first six years in Riga and later lived in
510:
431:
5309:
5004:
4638:
3793:
3754:
Isaiah Berlin. Palgrave Studies in Cultural and Intellectual History
3386:(edited by Henry Hardy and Mark Pottle), Chatto & Windus, 2015.
3372:(edited by Henry Hardy and Mark Pottle), Chatto & Windus, 2013.
2618:
8502:
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3505:
2954:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1953. 2nd ed., 2014, Phoenix.
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2431:
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2126:
1377:
1220:
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from Russian into English, and during World War II, worked for the
59:
5005:
Entry on Isaiah Berlin in the International Encyclopedia of Ethics
4771:
Encounters with Isaiah Berlin: Story of an Intellectual Friendship
3595:
3215:(lectures delivered in 1952), Chatto & Windus, 2002. Pimlico.
3144:(lectures delivered in 1965), Chatto & Windus, 1999. [imlico.
2734:) contributed to his advocacy of an irreducibly pluralist ethical
525:
Plaque marking what was once Berlin's childhood home (designed by
8539:
8452:
7340:
7308:
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7069:
7029:
6862:
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2907:, with additional material by Berlin, and (except in the case of
2601:
1567:
1173:
1107:
753:
506:
319:
281:
3072:
The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas
792:
de Gunzbourg (1915â2014), the former wife of nuclear physicist
7288:
7089:
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6852:
6842:
6812:
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6603:
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5664:
5516:
5428:
5359:
4975:
4805:
2951:
The Hedgehog and the Fox: An Essay on Tolstoy's View of History
1237:
886:
423:
314:
109:
4777:
2844:(1978; 2nd ed. 2008) and edited, as most of Berlin's work, by
545:, where Berlin lived as a child during the Russian Revolutions
7318:
6807:
6742:
5704:
5699:
5679:
5487:
4652:
Isaac and Isaiah: The Covert Punishment of a Cold War Heretic
4269:
Berlin, Isaiah (1997). Hardy, Henry; Hausheer, Roger (eds.).
2942:
The Age of Enlightenment: The Eighteenth-Century Philosophers
2805:
586:(now St Petersburg). In Petrograd, the family lived first on
579:
4627:
From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First
3731:, edited by Henry Hardy, (Boydell & Brewer 2013), p. 180
2911:) new forewords by contemporary authors; the 5th edition of
466:, and became its founding President. Berlin was appointed a
7313:
6737:
5689:
3585:
3583:
704:, and soon afterwards was elected to a prize fellowship at
550:
419:
83:
4812:
A podcast interview with Henry Hardy on Berlin's pluralism
3502:"Philosopher and political thinker Sir Isaiah Berlin dies"
6882:
6777:
5251:
4732:
The Book of Isaiah: Personal Impressions of Isaiah Berlin
4304:
Modern Political Philosophy: Theories of the Just Society
4086:"Isaiah Berlin, Philosopher And Pluralist, Is Dead at 88"
3729:
The Book of Isaiah: Personal Impressions of Isaiah Berlin
462:
from 1963 to 1964. In 1966, he played a role in creating
32:
4829:
A section from the last essay written by Isaiah Berlin,
4684:
The Problem of Value Pluralism: Isaiah Berlin and Beyond
3580:
3166:
Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder
3105:
The Sense of Reality: Studies in Ideas and their History
497:, at the British Academy, and in Riga. Berlin's work on
446:. In addition to his own output, he translated works by
4262:
2786:
4629:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
3836:
3213:
Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty
2608:
788:
In 1956 Berlin married Aline Elisabeth Yvonne Halban,
6459:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
4796:
on The Philosopher's Zone, ABC, 6 & 13 June 2009.
458:
at the University of Oxford. He was president of the
8741:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
4985:
Website and bibliography of Isaiah Berlin's writings
3425:
3328:(edited by Henry Hardy), Chatto & Windus, 2004.
2984:
Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas
5051:
Sir Isaiah Berlin's Blue Plaque on Headington House
4818:
A recording of the last of Berlin's Mellon Lectures
4426:Steven J. Heyman, "Positive and negative liberty."
4271:
The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays
4014:. The Rothermere American Institute. Archived from
3127:
The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays
3033:
Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas
1866:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
696:. He subsequently took another degree at Oxford in
8721:Chichele Professors of Social and Political Theory
4643:Brockliss, Laurence and Ritchie Robertson (eds.),
4211:Isaiah Berlin: A Kantian and Post-Idealist Thinker
4048:
4046:
3914:
3770:. The Self Publishing Association Ltd. p. 29.
3469:
772:. For his services, he was appointed a CBE in the
3752:Dubnov A.M. (2012) "Becoming a Russian-Jew". In:
625:at 33 Upper Addison Gardens, Holland Park, London
456:Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory
8577:
4234:D. Bleich (2006). "The Materiality of Reading".
3590:Isaiah Berlin: In Conversation with Steven Lukes
3528:"Concepts and Categories â Philosophical Essays"
3470:Brockliss, Laurence; Robertson, Ritchie (2016).
3249:The Soviet Mind: Russian Culture under Communism
2962:. 2nd US ed., Princeton University Press, 2013.
814:He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
582:, effectively owned by the family business) and
4716:Isaiah Berlin: An Interpretation of His Thought
4295:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4043:
3051:, Hogarth Press, 1980. 2nd ed., Pimlico, 1998.
2976:, Oxford University Press, 1969. Superseded by
4824:Biographical information on Sir Isaiah Berlin.
4691:Isaiah Berlin: The Journey of a Jewish Liberal
4306:. Middlesex: Penguin Books. pp. 157â158.
3426:Cherniss, Joshua; Hardy, Henry (25 May 2010).
549:Berlin was born on 6 June 1909 into a wealthy
8766:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
8751:Members of the American Philosophical Society
6698:
5325:
5237:
4328:
3592:, Salmagundi, No. 120 (Fall 1998), pp. 52â134
3290:. 2nd ed., 2014, Princeton University Press.
3223:. 2nd ed., 2014, Princeton University Press.
3200:. 2nd ed., 2013, Princeton University Press.
3177:. 2nd ed., 2013, Princeton University Press.
3152:. 2nd ed., 2013, Princeton University Press.
3115:. 2nd ed., 2019, Princeton University Press.
3082:. 2nd ed., 2013, Princeton University Press.
3074:, John Murray, 1990. 2nd ed., Pimlico, 2013.
3059:. 3rd ed., 2014, Princeton University Press.
3019:. 2nd ed., 2013, Princeton University Press.
3009:Concepts and Categories: Philosophical Essays
2559:
1891:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
1861:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
629:Feeling increasingly oppressed by life under
482:from 1974 to 1978. He also received the 1979
7204:
5567:
5521:
5507:
4118:
3992:
3044:. 2nd ed., 2013, Princeton University Press.
2594:
8711:People educated at St Paul's School, London
7140:
4850:Tribute from the Chief Rabbi at his funeral
4778:Tributes, obituaries, articles and profiles
4334:
3774:
3710:
3698:
3671:
3659:
3647:
3635:
2647:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
675:After leaving St Paul's, Berlin applied to
8621:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
6705:
6691:
5332:
5318:
5244:
5230:
4637:. A critique of Berlin's value pluralism.
4396:Isaiah Berlin, "Two concepts of liberty."
3454:Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill
2566:
2552:
570:Volshonok, was also fluent in Yiddish and
58:
5009:
4866:Hywel Williams: An English liberal stooge
4657:Cherniss, Joshua, and Steven Smith, eds.
4565:
4233:
4141:
4129:
3998:
3780:
3743:(Routledge, 2006), Neil Burtonwood, p. 11
3716:
3704:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3496:
3494:
2986:, Chatto and Windus, 1976. Superseded by
2667:Learn how and when to remove this message
1896:International Federation of Liberal Youth
8716:Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
8626:British people of Latvian-Jewish descent
6712:
4784:Sir Isaiah Berlin â May He Rest in Peace
4659:The Cambridge Companion to Isaiah Berlin
4647:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
2693:
802:
683:. Berlin was admitted and commenced his
614:
532:
520:
8616:Latvian emigrants to the United Kingdom
8288:Reflections on the Revolution in France
5128:Professional and academic associations
4273:. Chatto and Windus. pp. 11, 238.
4074:
3947:"Book of Members, 1780â2010: Chapter B"
3765:
2925:, Thornton Butterworth, 1939. 5th ed.,
1876:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
8706:Presidents of the Aristotelian Society
8578:
4800:Isaiah Berlin and the history of ideas
4718:, (Princeton University Press, 1996).
4442:
4367:
4268:
4227:
4152:Freedom: An Introduction with Readings
4080:
3894:
3837:Hachey, Thomas E. (Winter 1973â1974).
3520:
3491:
3192:, Chatto & Windus, 2000. Pimlico.
3107:, Chatto & Windus, 1996. Pimlico.
8726:Presidents of Wolfson College, Oxford
6686:
5339:
5313:
5253:Presidents of Wolfson College, Oxford
5225:
4608:Baum, Bruce and Robert Nichols, eds.
4301:
4208:
4052:
3954:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3606:"Isaiah Berlin: Connection with Riga"
3451:
3421:
3419:
3259:. 2nd ed., Brookings Classics, 2016.
3251:, Brookings Institution Press, 2004.
2589:on Isaiah Berlin's publishing record.
816:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
8736:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
4968:interview with Michael Ignatieff on
4669:Isaiah Berlin: Liberty and Pluralism
4661:(Cambridge University Press, 2018).
4471:"The Isaiah Berlin Day in Riga 2015"
3939:
3927:from the original on 12 January 2022
2929:, 2013, Princeton University Press.
2730:, to whose views Berlin referred as
2645:adding citations to reliable sources
2612:
8398:The End of History and the Last Man
8308:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
5021:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4764:Isaiah Berlinâs Cold War Liberalism
4645:Isaiah Berlin and the Enlightenment
4436:
3472:Isaiah Berlin and the Enlightenment
3432:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3274:(1952), Chatto & Windus, 2006.
3096:, John Murray, 1993. Superseded by
2922:Karl Marx: His Life and Environment
2815:
1916:Liberal South East European Network
871:
13:
4622:(Princeton University Press, 2018)
4597:
4339:. Halban Publishers. p. 188.
4209:Kocis, Robert (17 November 2023).
3416:
3098:Three Critics of the Enlightenment
2988:Three Critics of the Enlightenment
2889:
2875:Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
2754:
2740:Three Critics of the Enlightenment
2706:Three Critics of the Enlightenment
845:. On his death, the obituarist of
758:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
698:philosophy, politics and economics
14:
8792:
8731:Presidents of the British Academy
5034:
4946:
4882:"The Spectacles of Isaiah Berlin"
4806:The Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library
4794:A conversation with Isaiah Berlin
4700:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
4671:, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004.
3301:(with Beata Polanowska-Sygulska)
3237:, Oxford University Press, 2002.
1906:Liberal Network for Latin America
1339:(contributions to liberal theory)
891:Israeli National Security Council
666:) who was at school with him, he
478:in 1971. He was President of the
8368:The Open Society and Its Enemies
6529:The Closing of the American Mind
6449:Civilization and Its Discontents
6429:A Vindication of Natural Society
5010:Cherniss, Joshua; Hardy, Henry.
4959:
4872:Letter to Berlin from Tony Blair
4459:– via press.princeton.edu.
4337:Conversations with Isaiah Berlin
4053:Hardy, Henry (7 November 1997).
3169:, Pimlico, 2000. 2nd ed., 2013.
3036:, Hogarth Press, 1979. Pimlico.
3011:, Hogarth Press, 1978. Pimlico.
2863:
2617:
2533:
2521:
920:
881:expert and diplomat, advisor to
783:
8696:20th-century English historians
8646:Historians of political thought
7175:Family as a model for the state
4756:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020).
4754:The Philosophy of Isaiah Berlin
4531:
4513:
4495:
4481:
4463:
4420:
4407:
4390:
4361:
4202:
4177:
4135:
4105:
4030:
4004:
3967:
3907:
3888:
3871:
3830:
3816:
3804:
3786:
3759:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3690:Isaiah Berlin and the Policeman
3683:
3622:
3348:Enlightening: Letters 1946â1960
2820:Berlin promoted the notion of "
513:, has had a lasting influence.
505:, as well as his opposition to
140:
16:British philosopher (1909â1997)
8776:Burials at Wolvercote Cemetery
8746:Fellows of the British Academy
8671:Refugees in the United Kingdom
8656:British political philosophers
8525:Separation of church and state
8423:Collectivism and individualism
8378:The Origins of Totalitarianism
4934:Berlin archive and author page
4860:Wolfson College's tribute page
4449:. Princeton University Press.
4374:University of Washington Press
3824:"A Biography of Isaiah Berlin"
3756:. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
3571:
3552:
3481:
3463:
3445:
3325:Flourishing: Letters 1928â1946
1280:Separation of church and state
820:American Philosophical Society
681:Corpus Christi College, Oxford
474:in 1957, and appointed to the
440:Corpus Christi College, Oxford
122:Corpus Christi College, Oxford
1:
8761:Members of the Order of Merit
8681:Linguists of Slavic languages
8565:Category:Political philosophy
8438:Critique of political economy
6419:Oration on the Dignity of Man
4928:Isaiah Berlin, Beyond the Wit
4654:(Yale University Press, 2013)
4115:quoted in Lloyd-Jones, p. 53.
4055:"Obituary: Sir Isaiah Berlin"
3846:Wisconsin Magazine of History
3794:"Sir Isaiah's modest Zionism"
3410:
2915:is also available in the UK.
2831:
828:Rothermere American Institute
818:in 1959, and a member of the
516:
8463:Institutional discrimination
8458:History of political thought
7190:Negative and positive rights
6489:The Society of the Spectacle
4939:The New York Review of Books
4831:The New York Review of Books
4400:(Routledge, 2017) pp. 33â57
3895:Brooks, David (2 May 2014),
3384:Affirming: Letters 1975â1997
2714:and its critics (especially
750:British Information Services
653:
454:. From 1957 to 1967, he was
7:
8641:British social philosophers
8473:Justification for the state
8258:Two Treatises of Government
5086:Social and Political Theory
4833:, Vol. XLV, Number 8 (1998)
4693:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
4415:Modern Intellectual History
4335:Jahanbegloo, Ramin (1992).
4038:Building: Letters 1960â1975
3474:. Oxford University Press.
3398:
3370:Building: Letters 1960â1975
798:Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe
265:Other notable students
10:
8797:
8771:Jerusalem Prize recipients
8691:Giambattista Vico scholars
7143:Bellum omnium contra omnes
4913:'Freedom and Philosophers'
4901:'Isaiah Berlin: A Defence'
4820:, Wolfson College, Oxford.
4808:, Wolfson College, Oxford.
4790:A tribute to Isaiah Berlin
4742:(The Boydell Press, 2009).
4698:Isaiah Berlin's Liberalism
4573:. New York: Metropolitan.
4559:
4539:"The Age of Enlightenment"
3456:. Routledge. p. 251.
3317:
2905:Princeton University Press
2790:
2787:"The Hedgehog and the Fox"
2758:
2703:
2697:
2678:
896:
862:Isaiah Berlinâs nephew is
578:(a small timber town near
452:British Diplomatic Service
18:
8560:
8410:
8179:
7827:
7560:
7440:
7359:
7271:
7262:
7128:
6962:
6891:
6720:
6667:
6571:
6559:Intellectuals and Society
6509:The Culture of Narcissism
6400:
6068:
5860:
5809:
5738:
5652:
5645:
5585:
5347:
5259:
5210:
5201:
5193:
5188:
5178:
5168:
5160:
5150:
5140:
5132:
5127:
5117:
5107:
5102:
5092:
5081:
5073:
5068:
5056:Isaiah Berlin Day in Riga
5037:"War in the 20th Century"
4958:
4953:
4749:(Chatto and Windus, 1998)
4185:"Two Concepts of Liberty"
4147:"Two Concepts of Liberty"
3766:Bonavia, Michael (1990).
3692:Posted on 29 March 2014,
3533:. Pimlico. Archived from
3452:Rosen, Frederick (2005).
2854:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
2749:private language argument
2732:the Counter-Enlightenment
2609:"Two Concepts of Liberty"
2595:Lecturing and composition
2503:Sexually liberal feminism
2410:Bias in American academia
1881:European Democratic Party
1337:List of liberal theorists
706:All Souls College, Oxford
444:All Souls College, Oxford
381:
348:
290:
264:
223:
210:All Souls College, Oxford
197:
174:
164:
154:
150:
127:
117:
112:, England, United Kingdom
98:
69:
57:
30:
8348:The Revolt of the Masses
6549:The Malaise of Modernity
6499:The History of Sexuality
5598:Catholic social teaching
4917:Freedom and its Betrayal
4762:MĂŒller, Jan-Werner, ed.
4602:
4489:"Isaiah Berlin Lectures"
4368:Santos, Gonçalo (2021).
3916:"Lady Berlin â obituary"
3142:The Roots of Romanticism
2793:The Hedgehog and the Fox
1162:Labor theory of property
889:and the 3rd head of the
436:St Paul's School, London
8781:Yiddish-speaking people
8631:British social liberals
8328:The Communist Manifesto
7254:Tyranny of the majority
7165:Consent of the governed
6629:Philosophy of education
5111:Wolfson College, Oxford
5077:G. D. H. Cole
4992:Concepts and Categories
4894:Obituary by Henry Hardy
4521:"Isaiah Berlin Society"
4443:Berlin, Isaiah (2014).
4428:Chicago-Kent Law Review
3405:Gerald C. MacCallum Jr.
2720:Johann Gottfried Herder
2681:Two Concepts of Liberty
1871:Arab Liberal Federation
1061:Consent of the governed
807:The Berlin Quadrangle,
764:; he described Senator
677:Balliol College, Oxford
658:Berlin was educated at
642:and six years later in
561:), and his wife Marie (
495:Wolfson College, Oxford
464:Wolfson College, Oxford
430:) in 1909, he moved to
215:Wolfson College, Oxford
159:20th-century philosophy
8701:People from Headington
8606:People from Kreis Riga
7205:
7155:Clash of civilizations
7141:
5568:
5522:
5508:
3811:Exiles Memorial Center
3768:London Before I Forget
3565:9 January 2021 at the
2974:Four Essays on Liberty
2582:
1886:European Liberal Youth
1856:Africa Liberal Network
1081:Economic globalization
885:, 9th director of the
811:
673:
626:
613:
546:
539:Angliyskaya Embankment
530:
8636:Analytic philosophers
7170:Divine right of kings
6634:Philosophy of history
6624:Philosophy of culture
6519:A Conflict of Visions
5279:William James Kennedy
5084:Chichele Professor of
4970:Isaiah Berlin: A Life
4747:Isaiah Berlin: A Life
4738:1 August 2009 at the
4593:Authorised biography.
4571:Isaiah Berlin: A Life
4417:13.2 (2016): 447â477.
4248:10.1353/nlh.2006.0000
2838:philosophy of history
2710:Berlin's lectures on
2704:Further information:
2700:Counter-Enlightenment
2694:Counter-Enlightenment
2578:
2528:Liberalism portal
2400:Anti-authoritarianism
1901:Liberal International
806:
774:1946 New Year Honours
668:
618:
608:
536:
524:
488:University of Toronto
426:, then a part of the
368:Counter-Enlightenment
305:philosophy of history
21:Isaiah Berlin (rabbi)
8318:Democracy in America
7697:political philosophy
7680:political philosophy
7495:political philosophy
7324:political philosophy
7234:Separation of powers
7195:Night-watchman state
7180:Monopoly on violence
6714:Political philosophy
6639:Political philosophy
6439:Democracy in America
5144:Aristotelian Society
4930:, Evan R. Goldstein.
4745:Ignatieff, Michael.
4625:Blattberg, Charles.
4446:Personal Impressions
4430:. 68 (1992): 81â90.
4302:Brown, Alan (1986).
4236:New Literary History
4189:berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk
4159:. Psychology Press.
4084:(10 November 1997).
3979:search.amphilsoc.org
3975:"APS Member History"
3305:, Prometheus, 2006.
3049:Personal Impressions
2641:improve this section
1332:Age of Enlightenment
1285:Separation of powers
601:Winter Palace Square
460:Aristotelian Society
422:(now the capital of
300:Political philosophy
8676:Scholars of Marxism
8666:Jewish philosophers
8508:Right-wing politics
8388:A Theory of Justice
8358:The Road to Serfdom
8278:The Social Contract
6985:Christian democracy
6479:One-Dimensional Man
4998:19 May 2016 at the
4773:(Peter Lang, 2011).
4157:The Open University
4018:on 17 November 2012
3867:on 21 October 2013.
3303:Unfinished Dialogue
2896:Unfinished Dialogue
2728:Johann Georg Hamann
2688:analytic philosophy
2540:Politics portal
1243:Civil and political
1216:Popular sovereignty
1076:Economic liberalism
843:Wolvercote Cemetery
745:Ludwig Wittgenstein
702:New College, Oxford
597:October Revolutions
236:James H. Billington
231:Frederick C. Beiser
205:New College, Oxford
8520:Political violence
8515:Political theology
8498:Left-wing politics
8493:Political spectrum
6599:Cultural pessimism
6594:Cultural criticism
5493:National character
5274:Raymond Hoffenberg
5031:at Wolfson College
4874:, 23 October 1997.
4769:Walicki, Andrzej.
4729:Hardy, Henry, ed.
4696:Galipeau, Claude.
4612:(Routledge, 2013).
4567:Ignatieff, Michael
4091:The New York Times
4012:"Founding Council"
3923:. 26 August 2014.
3901:The New York Times
3694:Lesley Chamberlain
3190:The Power of Ideas
1211:Permissive society
1191:Limited government
855:The New York Times
812:
800:) based in Paris.
686:literae humaniores
627:
547:
531:
527:Mikhail Eisenstein
409:historian of ideas
335:Russian literature
169:Western philosophy
133:Aline de Gunzbourg
8651:British agnostics
8573:
8572:
8483:Philosophy of law
8428:Conflict theories
8268:The Spirit of Law
8175:
8174:
7224:Original position
6680:
6679:
6396:
6395:
5541:Spontaneous order
5531:Social alienation
5380:Cultural heritage
5341:Social philosophy
5307:
5306:
5220:
5219:
5211:Succeeded by
5182:Sir Kenneth Dover
5179:Succeeded by
5170:President of the
5151:Succeeded by
5142:President of the
5118:Succeeded by
5093:Succeeded by
5069:Academic offices
4981:
4980:
4972:, 24 January 1999
4911:Joshua Cherniss,
4899:Joshua Cherniss,
4766:(Springer, 2019).
4686:(Routledge, 2019)
4682:Crowder, George.
4667:Crowder, George.
4383:978-0-295-74738-5
4376:. pp. xiii.
4166:978-0-415-21246-5
3508:. 8 November 1997
2850:Winston Churchill
2826:French Revolution
2724:Joseph de Maistre
2716:Giambattista Vico
2712:the Enlightenment
2677:
2676:
2669:
2576:
2575:
2415:Bias in the media
1931:Regional variants
1248:Natural and legal
832:Oxford University
737:J. L. Austin
664:Ferruccio Bonavia
588:Vasilevsky Island
388:Sir Isaiah Berlin
385:
384:
224:Doctoral students
8788:
8756:Knights Bachelor
8661:Jewish agnostics
8601:People from Riga
8488:Political ethics
8478:Machiavellianism
8418:Authoritarianism
8403:
8393:
8383:
8373:
8363:
8353:
8343:
8333:
8323:
8313:
8303:
8293:
8283:
8273:
8263:
8253:
8243:
8233:
8223:
8213:
8203:
8193:
7269:
7268:
7210:
7146:
7136:Balance of power
7110:Social democracy
7105:Social Darwinism
7080:Multiculturalism
7025:Environmentalism
7000:Communitarianism
6707:
6700:
6693:
6684:
6683:
6644:Social criticism
6564:
6554:
6544:
6534:
6524:
6514:
6504:
6494:
6484:
6474:
6464:
6454:
6444:
6434:
6424:
6414:
5650:
5649:
5632:Frankfurt School
5610:Communitarianism
5573:
5527:
5513:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5311:
5310:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5223:
5222:
5194:Preceded by
5161:Preceded by
5154:W. H. Walsh
5136:H. D. Lewis
5133:Preceded by
5121:Sir Henry Fisher
5074:Preceded by
5066:
5065:
5046:
5045:, BBC Radio Four
5025:
5016:Zalta, Edward N.
4963:
4962:
4951:
4950:
4844:, 14 August 1998
4689:Dubnov, Arie M.
4592:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4525:St Paul's School
4517:
4511:
4510:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4475:www.fondsdots.lv
4467:
4461:
4460:
4440:
4434:
4424:
4418:
4411:
4405:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4143:Warburton, Nigel
4139:
4133:
4127:
4116:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4050:
4041:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3951:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3918:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3883:, 1 January 1946
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3860:. Archived from
3843:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3763:
3757:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3719:, pp. 33â37
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3610:
3602:
3593:
3587:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3498:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3423:
2994:Russian Thinkers
2884:St Paul's School
2842:Russian Thinkers
2822:positive liberty
2816:Positive liberty
2672:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2621:
2613:
2590:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2538:
2537:
2526:
2525:
2444:Economic freedom
2437:Radical centrism
1275:Secular humanism
1201:Natural monopoly
1152:Internationalism
969:Internationalist
924:
901:
900:
873:
776:. Meetings with
717:Richard Wollheim
713:Stuart Hampshire
660:St Paul's School
620:English Heritage
543:Saint Petersburg
402:
362:Positive liberty
310:history of ideas
144:
142:
105:
79:
77:
62:
52:
28:
27:
8796:
8795:
8791:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8786:
8785:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8569:
8556:
8545:Totalitarianism
8406:
8401:
8391:
8381:
8371:
8361:
8351:
8341:
8331:
8321:
8311:
8301:
8291:
8281:
8271:
8261:
8251:
8241:
8231:
8221:
8218:Treatise on Law
8211:
8201:
8191:
8171:
7829:
7823:
7562:
7556:
7442:
7436:
7355:
7258:
7244:State of nature
7239:Social contract
7219:Ordered liberty
7207:Noblesse oblige
7124:
6958:
6887:
6716:
6711:
6681:
6676:
6663:
6589:Critical theory
6567:
6562:
6552:
6542:
6532:
6522:
6512:
6502:
6492:
6482:
6472:
6462:
6452:
6442:
6432:
6422:
6412:
6392:
6070:
6064:
5862:
5856:
5805:
5734:
5641:
5593:Budapest School
5581:
5370:Cosmopolitanism
5343:
5338:
5308:
5303:
5255:
5250:
5216:
5207:
5204:Jerusalem Prize
5199:
5184:
5175:
5172:British Academy
5166:
5156:
5147:
5138:
5123:
5114:
5098:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5035:Bragg, Melvyn,
5012:"Isaiah Berlin"
5000:Wayback Machine
4960:
4954:External videos
4949:
4780:
4752:Lyons, Johnny.
4740:Wayback Machine
4616:Benhabib, Seyla
4605:
4600:
4598:Further reading
4581:
4562:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4441:
4437:
4425:
4421:
4412:
4408:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4366:
4362:
4347:
4333:
4329:
4314:
4300:
4296:
4281:
4267:
4263:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4207:
4203:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4167:
4140:
4136:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4094:
4082:Berger, Marilyn
4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4060:The Independent
4051:
4044:
4036:Isaiah Berlin,
4035:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3893:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3764:
3760:
3751:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3630:Musya Volshonok
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3567:Wayback Machine
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3468:
3464:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3428:"Isaiah Berlin"
3424:
3417:
3413:
3401:
3334:978-0-701174200
3320:
2892:
2890:Published works
2871:British Academy
2866:
2834:
2818:
2795:
2789:
2763:
2761:Value pluralism
2757:
2755:Value pluralism
2708:
2702:
2696:
2683:
2673:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2638:
2622:
2611:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2572:
2532:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2189:North Macedonia
1933:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1911:Liberal parties
1849:
1841:
1840:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1327:
1317:
1316:
1312:State of nature
1300:Social services
1290:Social contract
1253:To own property
1056:
1048:
1047:
932:
899:
848:The Independent
836:Isaac Deutscher
824:Wolfson College
809:Wolfson College
786:
768:from Kansas as
741:Nicolas Nabokov
729:Stephen Spender
694:A. J. Ayer
656:
559:Chabad Hasidism
519:
503:value pluralism
484:Jerusalem Prize
480:British Academy
390:
377:
373:value pluralism
351:
344:
330:Russian history
293:
286:
272:Marshall Berman
260:
246:Larry Siedentop
219:
193:
146:
143: 1956)
138:
134:
118:Alma mater
113:
107:
103:
102:5 November 1997
94:
81:
75:
73:
65:
53:
40:
38:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8794:
8784:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8567:
8561:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8535:Social justice
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8511:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8443:Egalitarianism
8440:
8435:
8433:Contractualism
8430:
8425:
8420:
8414:
8412:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8394:
8384:
8374:
8364:
8354:
8344:
8334:
8324:
8314:
8304:
8294:
8284:
8274:
8264:
8254:
8244:
8234:
8224:
8214:
8204:
8194:
8183:
8181:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7833:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7689:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7566:
7564:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7446:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7275:
7273:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7229:Overton window
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7138:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7060:Libertarianism
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6966:
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6889:
6888:
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6885:
6880:
6875:
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6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
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6825:
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6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
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6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
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6735:
6730:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6717:
6710:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6687:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6649:Social science
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6555:
6545:
6539:Gender Trouble
6535:
6525:
6515:
6505:
6495:
6485:
6475:
6469:The Second Sex
6465:
6455:
6445:
6435:
6425:
6415:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
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6380:
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5992:
5987:
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5773:
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5742:
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5712:
5707:
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5677:
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5667:
5662:
5656:
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5533:
5528:
5519:
5514:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5461:Invisible hand
5458:
5453:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5404:
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5397:
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5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
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5351:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5314:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5289:Gareth Roberts
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5260:
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5256:
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5241:
5234:
5226:
5218:
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5212:
5209:
5200:
5195:
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5186:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5167:
5164:Sir Denys Page
5162:
5158:
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5152:
5149:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5125:
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5119:
5116:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5096:John Plamenatz
5094:
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5002:
4987:
4979:
4978:
4956:
4955:
4948:
4947:External links
4945:
4944:
4943:
4931:
4925:
4922:Oxonian Review
4909:
4906:Oxonian Review
4897:
4891:
4890:(Spring 2006).
4875:
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4655:
4650:Caute, David,
4648:
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4623:
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4604:
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4595:
4594:
4579:
4561:
4558:
4556:
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4530:
4512:
4494:
4480:
4462:
4456:978-0691157702
4455:
4435:
4419:
4406:
4398:Liberty Reader
4389:
4382:
4360:
4345:
4327:
4312:
4294:
4279:
4261:
4242:(3): 607â629.
4226:
4219:
4201:
4176:
4165:
4134:
4130:Ignatieff 1998
4117:
4104:
4073:
4042:
4029:
4003:
3999:Ignatieff 1998
3991:
3966:
3938:
3906:
3887:
3880:London Gazette
3870:
3852:(2): 141â153.
3829:
3815:
3803:
3785:
3781:Ignatieff 1998
3773:
3758:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3717:Ignatieff 1998
3709:
3705:Ignatieff 1998
3697:
3682:
3678:Ignatieff 1998
3670:
3666:Ignatieff 1998
3658:
3654:Ignatieff 1998
3646:
3642:Ignatieff 1998
3634:
3621:
3594:
3579:
3570:
3551:
3540:on 19 May 2016
3519:
3490:
3480:
3462:
3444:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:978-1784740085
3381:
3378:978-0701185763
3367:
3364:978-1844138340
3356:978-0701178895
3345:
3342:978-0712635653
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:978-1591023760
3299:
3296:978-0691126951
3288:978-1844139262
3268:
3265:978-0815728870
3257:978-0815721550
3246:
3243:978-0199249893
3232:
3229:978-0691114996
3221:978-0712668422
3209:
3206:978-0691157603
3198:978-0712665544
3186:
3183:978-0691157658
3175:978-1845952136
3161:
3158:978-0691156200
3150:978-0712665445
3138:
3135:978-0099582762
3124:
3121:978-0691182872
3113:978-0712673679
3101:
3091:
3088:978-0691155937
3080:978-1845952082
3068:
3065:978-0691157702
3057:978-0712666015
3045:
3042:978-0712666909
3028:
3025:978-0691157498
3017:978-0712665520
3005:
3002:978-0141442204
2991:
2981:
2971:
2968:978-1400846634
2960:978-1780228433
2946:
2938:
2935:978-0691156507
2891:
2888:
2865:
2862:
2858:Chaim Weizmann
2833:
2830:
2817:
2814:
2791:Main article:
2788:
2785:
2777:social justice
2759:Main article:
2756:
2753:
2698:Main article:
2695:
2692:
2679:Main article:
2675:
2674:
2625:
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2556:
2548:
2545:
2544:
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2542:
2530:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:Utilitarianism
2505:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2481:Libertarianism
2478:
2476:Land value tax
2473:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Egalitarianism
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Anti-communism
2402:
2396:
2394:Related topics
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2361:
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2348:Arizona School
2340:
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2316:United Kingdom
2313:
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2017:
2012:
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1995:
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1443:Wollstonecraft
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1295:Social justice
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1196:Market economy
1193:
1188:
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1164:
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1157:Invisible hand
1154:
1149:
1147:Harm principle
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1132:
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909:
898:
895:
785:
782:
778:Anna Akhmatova
762:Foreign Office
725:Roy Beddington
655:
652:
518:
515:
499:liberal theory
476:Order of Merit
428:Russian Empire
383:
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378:
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370:
365:
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325:modern history
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292:Main interests
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256:Charles Taylor
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106:(aged 88)
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92:Russian Empire
82:
71:
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64:Berlin in 1983
63:
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39:
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8586:Isaiah Berlin
8584:
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8469:
8468:Jurisprudence
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8329:
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8309:
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8300:
8299:
8298:Rights of Man
8295:
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8279:
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8270:
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8208:De re publica
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7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7828:20th and 21st
7826:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7561:18th and 19th
7559:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7417:Nizam al-Mulk
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7100:Republicanism
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6696:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6685:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6654:Social theory
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6308:Radhakrishnan
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6069:20th and 21st
6067:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5861:18th and 19th
5859:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5264:Isaiah Berlin
5262:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5215:
5214:Graham Greene
5206:
5205:
5198:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5165:
5159:
5155:
5146:
5145:
5137:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5113:
5112:
5109:President of
5105:
5101:
5097:
5088:
5087:
5078:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4990:Full text of
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4952:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4540:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4490:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4439:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4410:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4220:9781786838957
4216:
4212:
4205:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4132:, p. 113
4131:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4114:
4108:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4049:
4047:
4039:
4033:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4001:, p. 268
4000:
3995:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3926:
3922:
3921:The Telegraph
3917:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3819:
3812:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3674:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3650:
3643:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3555:
3536:
3529:
3523:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3484:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2864:Commemoration
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2682:
2671:
2668:
2660:
2657:November 2020
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2626:This section
2624:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2591:
2588:
2587:Maurice Bowra
2581:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2464:Individualism
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
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2343:United States
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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1981:
1979:
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1943:Latin America
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1932:
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1848:Organizations
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1305:Welfare state
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1189:
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1169:
1168:Laissez-faire
1165:
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915:
912:
911:
907:
903:
902:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:
869:
865:
864:Efraim Halevy
860:
857:
856:
850:
849:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
805:
801:
799:
795:
791:
784:Personal life
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:Arthur Capper
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:Maurice Bowra
718:
714:
709:
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703:
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691:
688:
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624:
621:
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604:
602:
598:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
567:Daugava river
564:
560:
557:, founder of
556:
555:Shneur Zalman
552:
544:
540:
535:
528:
523:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Ivan Turgenev
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
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416:
414:
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406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
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371:
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366:
363:
359:
356:
355:
353:
350:Notable ideas
347:
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336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
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308:
306:
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120:
116:
111:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
72:
68:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
37:Isaiah Berlin
34:
29:
26:
22:
8686:British Jews
8611:Latvian Jews
8549:
8448:Elite theory
8396:
8386:
8376:
8366:
8356:
8346:
8336:
8326:
8316:
8306:
8296:
8286:
8276:
8266:
8256:
8246:
8236:
8226:
8216:
8206:
8196:
8186:
7871:
7485:Guicciardini
7441:Early modern
7264:Philosophers
7214:Open society
7150:Body politic
7020:Distributism
7010:Conservatism
7005:Confucianism
6924:Gerontocracy
6914:Dictatorship
6868:Sovereigntyâ
6858:Ruling class
6748:Emancipation
6733:Citizenshipâ
6557:
6547:
6537:
6527:
6517:
6507:
6497:
6487:
6477:
6467:
6457:
6447:
6437:
6427:
6417:
6407:
6117:
5827:Guicciardini
5810:Early modern
5646:Philosophers
5620:Conservatism
5615:Confucianism
5603:Distributism
5536:Social norms
5524:Sittlichkeit
5510:Ressentiment
5456:Institutions
5434:Human nature
5299:Tim Hitchens
5294:Hermione Lee
5269:Henry Fisher
5263:
5202:
5169:
5141:
5108:
5103:
5082:
5041:
5029:Bibliography
5019:
4991:
4969:
4965:
4937:
4920:
4916:
4915:, review of
4904:
4885:
4878:Assaf Inbari
4841:
4830:
4770:
4763:
4753:
4746:
4731:
4715:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4668:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4626:
4619:
4609:
4570:
4546:. Retrieved
4533:
4524:
4515:
4507:in.bgu.ac.il
4506:
4497:
4483:
4474:
4465:
4445:
4438:
4427:
4422:
4414:
4409:
4397:
4392:
4369:
4363:
4336:
4330:
4303:
4297:
4270:
4264:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4210:
4204:
4192:. Retrieved
4188:
4179:
4170:
4151:
4137:
4107:
4095:. Retrieved
4089:
4076:
4064:. Retrieved
4058:
4037:
4032:
4020:. Retrieved
4016:the original
4006:
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3978:
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3941:
3929:. Retrieved
3920:
3909:
3900:
3897:"Love Story"
3890:
3879:
3873:
3862:the original
3849:
3845:
3832:
3818:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3783:, p. 57
3776:
3767:
3761:
3753:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3712:
3707:, p. 31
3700:
3685:
3680:, p. 24
3673:
3668:, p. 26
3661:
3656:, p. 21
3649:
3644:, p. 30
3637:
3629:
3624:
3612:. Retrieved
3589:
3573:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3535:the original
3522:
3510:. Retrieved
3483:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3431:
3383:
3369:
3347:
3323:
3302:
3271:
3248:
3234:
3212:
3189:
3164:
3141:
3126:
3104:
3097:
3093:
3071:
3048:
3031:
3008:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2949:
2940:
2926:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2867:
2841:
2835:
2819:
2803:
2796:
2772:supervenient
2768:Wittgenstein
2764:
2739:
2709:
2684:
2663:
2654:
2639:Please help
2627:
2598:
2583:
2579:
2498:Pirate Party
2358:Jeffersonian
2266:South Africa
1756:Lloyd George
1587:
1351:Philosophers
1258:To bear arms
1206:Open society
1166:
942:Conservative
883:Ariel Sharon
879:intelligence
861:
853:
846:
840:
813:
789:
787:
769:
710:
689:
684:
674:
669:
657:
648:
628:
609:
605:
562:
548:
492:
417:
387:
386:
198:Institutions
104:(1997-11-05)
25:
8596:1997 deaths
8591:1909 births
8322:(1835â1840)
8202:(c. 350 BC)
8192:(c. 375 BC)
7809:Tocqueville
7774:Saint-Simon
7739:Montesquieu
7590:Bolingbroke
7522:Machiavelli
7402:Ibn Khaldun
7367:Alpharabius
7360:Middle Ages
7185:Natural law
7160:Common good
7085:Nationalism
7045:Imperialism
7015:Corporatism
6990:Colonialism
6970:Agrarianism
6949:Technocracy
6929:Meritocracy
6909:Bureaucracy
6899:Aristocracy
6614:Historicism
6443:(1835â1840)
6409:De Officiis
6133:de Beauvoir
6103:Baudrillard
6055:Vivekananda
6045:Tocqueville
5960:Kierkegaard
5776:Ibn Khaldun
5746:Alpharabius
5637:Personalism
5546:Stewardship
5503:Reification
5498:Natural law
5419:Familialism
5385:Culturalism
5284:David Smith
5197:Octavio Paz
5042:In Our Time
4372:. Seattle:
4194:31 December
4022:22 November
3544:6 September
3358:. Pimlico,
3336:. Pimlico,
3282:. Pimlico,
2894:Apart from
2846:Henry Hardy
2799:Archilochus
2326:Gladstonian
2286:Switzerland
2271:South Korea
2214:Philippines
2174:New Zealand
2169:Netherlands
1826:Verhofstadt
1821:Balcerowicz
1630:Politicians
1558:Collingwood
1498:Tocqueville
1373:Montesquieu
1265:Rule of law
1066:Due process
794:Hans Halban
623:blue plaque
413:Henry Hardy
405:philosopher
364:distinction
340:Romanticism
277:G. A. Cohen
80:6 June 1909
8580:Categories
8530:Separatism
8338:On Liberty
8238:The Prince
7967:Huntington
7470:Campanella
7397:al-Ghazali
7346:Thucydides
7304:Lactantius
7249:Statolatry
7075:Monarchism
7055:Liberalism
6980:Capitalism
6963:Ideologies
6944:Plutocracy
6892:Government
6848:Revolution
6833:Propaganda
6783:Legitimacy
6758:Government
6619:Humanities
6579:Agnotology
6238:KoĆakowski
5801:Ibn Tufayl
5781:Maimonides
5725:Thucydides
5720:Tertullian
5675:Lactantius
5570:Volksgeist
5551:Traditions
5365:Convention
5176:1974â1978
5148:1963â1964
5115:1965â1975
5104:New office
5090:1957â1967
5061:Broadcasts
4842:Commonweal
4724:069104824X
4712:Gray, John
4706:0198278683
4677:0745624766
4635:0198296886
4580:0805063005
4346:1870015487
4313:0140225285
4280:0701165278
4113:Noel Annan
4111:Letter to
3411:References
3280:0701179090
2879:Beer Sheva
2832:Other work
2781:Alan Brown
2454:Empiricism
2425:Democratic
2420:Capitalism
2331:Manchester
2164:Montenegro
2149:Luxembourg
2085:Venizelism
2015:Costa Rica
1270:Secularism
1103:Federalism
1055:Principles
914:Liberalism
872:ŚŚ€ŚšŚŚ ŚŚŚŚ
733:Inez Pearn
640:Kensington
517:Early life
251:Yuli Tamir
189:liberalism
76:1909-06-06
8248:Leviathan
8228:Monarchia
8222:(c. 1274)
8057:Oakeshott
8002:Mansfield
7997:Luxemburg
7982:Kropotkin
7877:Bernstein
7830:centuries
7744:Nietzsche
7687:Jefferson
7615:Condorcet
7563:centuries
7542:Pufendorf
7407:Marsilius
7294:Confucius
7279:Aristotle
7272:Antiquity
7200:Noble lie
7120:Third Way
7115:Socialism
7040:Feudalism
6995:Communism
6975:Anarchism
6954:Theocracy
6939:Oligarchy
6919:Democracy
6904:Autocracy
6818:Pluralism
6803:Obedience
6768:Hierarchy
6728:Authority
6659:Sociology
6609:Historism
6318:Santayana
6288:Oakeshott
6258:MacIntyre
6243:Kropotkin
6218:Heidegger
6071:centuries
5985:Nietzsche
5950:Jefferson
5935:Helvétius
5900:Condorcet
5863:centuries
5847:Montaigne
5670:Confucius
5660:Augustine
5577:Worldview
5471:Modernity
5444:Formation
4966:Booknotes
4903:, in the
4548:29 August
4289:443072603
4256:144957435
2927:Karl Marx
2913:Karl Marx
2909:Karl Marx
2900:Karl Marx
2810:Aristotle
2744:Cartesian
2628:does not
2469:Anarchist
2377:Venezuela
2353:Classical
2321:Cobdenism
2224:Cracovian
2179:Nicaragua
2144:Lithuania
2003:Hong Kong
1958:Australia
1796:Roosevelt
1766:StÄhlberg
1761:Venizelos
1716:Sarmiento
1706:Gladstone
1666:Lamartine
1636:Jefferson
1488:Martineau
1438:De Gouges
1423:Condorcet
1408:Priestley
1071:Democracy
1043:Third Way
1004:Christian
999:Religious
937:Classical
654:Education
644:Hampstead
631:Bolshevik
584:Petrograd
576:Andreapol
511:communism
470:in 1946,
432:Petrograd
8503:Centrism
8198:Politics
8188:Republic
8157:Voegelin
8137:Spengler
8122:Shariati
8097:Rothbard
8052:Nussbaum
7952:Habermas
7927:Fukuyama
7917:Foucault
7842:Ambedkar
7819:Voltaire
7789:de Staël
7764:Rousseau
7645:Franklin
7620:Constant
7580:Beccaria
7412:Muhammad
7392:Gelasius
7377:Averroes
7351:Xenophon
7331:Polybius
7284:Chanakya
7129:Concepts
7095:Populism
7065:Localism
7050:Islamism
7035:Feminism
6934:Monarchy
6838:Property
6828:Progress
6793:Monopoly
6763:Hegemony
6672:Category
6584:Axiology
6572:See also
6363:Voegelin
6353:Spengler
6328:Shariati
6283:Nussbaum
6268:Maritain
6228:Irigaray
6208:Habermas
6173:Foucault
6158:Durkheim
6060:Voltaire
6025:de Staël
6000:Rousseau
5925:Franklin
5786:Muhammad
5771:Gelasius
5756:Avempace
5739:Medieval
5715:Polybius
5710:Plutarch
5476:Morality
5451:Ideology
5439:Identity
5348:Concepts
4996:Archived
4856:Anecdote
4736:Archived
4589:42666274
4569:(1998).
4355:26358922
4322:14371928
4145:(2001).
3984:1 August
3931:24 March
3925:Archived
3614:24 March
3563:Archived
3506:BBC News
3399:See also
2736:ontology
2459:Humanism
2432:Centrism
2382:Zimbabwe
2336:Whiggism
2296:Thailand
2261:Slovenia
2256:Slovakia
2231:Portugal
2204:Paraguay
2127:Liberism
2092:Honduras
2010:Colombia
1983:Bulgaria
1776:Rathenau
1751:Milyukov
1671:Macaulay
1641:KoĆĆÄ
taj
1613:Kymlicka
1593:Friedman
1538:Cassirer
1528:Hobhouse
1463:Constant
1458:Humboldt
1418:Beccaria
1383:Rousseau
1378:Voltaire
1221:Property
1184:Positive
1179:Negative
1135:Religion
1113:Economic
1086:Equality
1009:Catholic
979:National
974:Muscular
952:Feminist
947:Cultural
906:a series
904:Part of
760:for the
636:Surbiton
593:February
472:knighted
418:Born in
358:Negative
184:Analytic
8540:Statism
8453:Elitism
8411:Related
8212:(51 BC)
8142:Strauss
8117:Scruton
8112:Schmitt
8102:Russell
8022:Michels
8017:Maurras
8012:Marcuse
7972:Kautsky
7942:Gramsci
7937:Gentile
7907:Dworkin
7897:Du Bois
7892:Dmowski
7887:Chomsky
7882:Burnham
7867:Benoist
7837:Agamben
7804:Thoreau
7794:Stirner
7784:Spencer
7729:Mazzini
7719:Maistre
7714:Madison
7709:Le Play
7640:Fourier
7605:Carlyle
7585:Bentham
7575:Bastiat
7570:Bakunin
7547:Spinoza
7537:MĂŒntzer
7507:Leibniz
7480:Grotius
7460:Bossuet
7427:Plethon
7372:Aquinas
7341:Sun Tzu
7309:Mencius
7299:Han Fei
7070:Marxism
7030:Fascism
6863:Society
6788:Liberty
6773:Justice
6753:Freedom
6413:(44 BC)
6343:Sombart
6338:Skinner
6323:Scruton
6303:Polanyi
6278:Niebuhr
6263:Marcuse
6198:Gramsci
6193:Gentile
6153:Du Bois
6143:Deleuze
6113:Benoist
6083:Agamben
6040:Thoreau
6030:Stirner
6020:Spencer
5970:Le Play
5920:Fourier
5905:Emerson
5890:Carlyle
5875:Bentham
5852:MĂŒntzer
5822:Erasmus
5796:Plethon
5791:Photios
5751:Aquinas
5685:Mencius
5653:Ancient
5586:Schools
5466:Loyalty
5424:History
5412:Counter
5407:Culture
5375:Customs
5189:Awards
5018:(ed.).
4919:in the
4758:excerpt
4663:excerpt
4560:Sources
4097:7 March
4066:7 March
3959:16 June
3858:4634869
3798:Haaretz
3512:7 March
3437:7 March
3318:Letters
3235:Liberty
2978:Liberty
2649:removed
2634:sources
2602:Grundig
2372:Uruguay
2311:Ukraine
2301:Tunisia
2246:Senegal
2236:Romania
2184:Nigeria
2159:Moldova
2102:Iceland
2097:Hungary
2075:Germany
2070:Georgia
2060:Finland
2055:Estonia
2045:Ecuador
2040:Denmark
2035:Czechia
2020:Croatia
1973:Bolivia
1968:Belgium
1963:Austria
1953:Armenia
1948:Albania
1816:Jenkins
1811:Kennedy
1801:Pearson
1786:Einaudi
1771:Gokhale
1731:Itagaki
1726:Naoroji
1721:Mommsen
1701:Lincoln
1691:Mazzini
1676:Kossuth
1661:Broglie
1656:BolĂvar
1651:Artigas
1646:Madison
1508:Spencer
1493:Emerson
1483:Bastiat
1468:Ricardo
1428:Bentham
1368:Spinoza
1325:History
1226:Private
1174:Liberty
1108:Freedom
1028:Secular
1016:Islamic
994:Radical
931:Schools
897:Thought
876:Israeli
754:Estoril
572:Latvian
507:Marxism
501:and on
320:Marxism
282:Bob Rae
145:
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8402:(1992)
8392:(1971)
8382:(1951)
8372:(1945)
8362:(1944)
8352:(1929)
8342:(1859)
8332:(1848)
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8302:(1791)
8292:(1790)
8282:(1762)
8272:(1748)
8262:(1689)
8252:(1651)
8242:(1532)
8232:(1313)
8162:Walzer
8152:Taylor
8107:Sartre
8072:Popper
8067:Pareto
8062:Ortega
8047:Nozick
8037:Mouffe
7987:Laclau
7947:Guénon
7932:Gandhi
7872:Berlin
7862:Bauman
7857:Badiou
7847:Arendt
7814:Tucker
7704:Le Bon
7665:Herder
7655:Haller
7650:Godwin
7635:Fichte
7630:Engels
7625:Cortés
7595:Bonald
7552:SuĂĄrez
7527:Milton
7517:Luther
7490:Hobbes
7475:Filmer
7465:Calvin
7450:Boétie
7443:period
7422:Ockham
7289:Cicero
7090:Nazism
6878:Utopia
6853:Rights
6843:Regime
6813:People
6798:Nation
6604:Ethics
6563:(2010)
6553:(1991)
6543:(1990)
6533:(1987)
6523:(1987)
6513:(1979)
6503:(1976)
6493:(1967)
6483:(1964)
6473:(1949)
6463:(1935)
6453:(1930)
6433:(1756)
6423:(1486)
6368:Walzer
6358:Taylor
6348:Sowell
6333:Simmel
6298:Pareto
6293:Ortega
6203:Guénon
6188:Gehlen
6183:Gandhi
6138:Debord
6123:Butler
6118:Berlin
6108:Bauman
6098:Badiou
6088:Arendt
6078:Adorno
6010:Ruskin
5965:Le Bon
5940:Herder
5915:Fichte
5910:Engels
5880:Bonald
5870:Arnold
5842:Milton
5837:Luther
5817:Calvin
5695:Origen
5665:Cicero
5625:Social
5561:Family
5556:Values
5517:Rights
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2199:Panama
2194:Norway
2154:Mexico
2139:Latvia
2117:Israel
2080:Greece
2065:France
2030:Cyprus
1988:Canada
1978:Brazil
1938:Europe
1836:Macron
1781:Madero
1746:Deakin
1736:Levski
1711:Cavour
1696:JuĂĄrez
1686:Cobden
1618:Badawi
1608:Nozick
1588:Berlin
1578:Popper
1553:Keynes
1548:Ortega
1513:Arnold
1473:Guizot
1433:Korais
1398:Turgot
1358:Milton
1238:Rights
1231:Public
1140:Speech
1118:Market
1091:Gender
1038:Techno
1033:Social
1021:Jewish
957:Equity
887:Mossad
868:Hebrew
690:degree
551:Jewish
438:, and
424:Latvia
407:, and
315:ethics
176:School
165:Region
128:Spouse
110:Oxford
8551:Index
8180:Works
8167:Weber
8132:Spann
8127:Sorel
8092:Röpke
8087:Rawls
8042:Negri
8032:Mosca
8027:Mises
7992:Lenin
7962:Hoppe
7957:Hayek
7922:Fromm
7912:Evola
7902:Dugin
7799:Taine
7779:Smith
7759:Renan
7754:Paine
7675:Iqbal
7660:Hegel
7610:Comte
7600:Burke
7512:Locke
7502:James
7455:Bodin
7387:Dante
7382:Bruni
7336:Shang
7319:Plato
6873:State
6823:Power
6808:Peace
6743:Elite
6721:Terms
6401:Works
6388:ĆœiĆŸek
6373:Weber
6313:Röpke
6273:Negri
6253:Lasch
6223:Hoppe
6178:Fromm
6168:Evola
6148:Dewey
6128:Camus
6035:Taine
6015:Smith
6005:Royce
5995:Renan
5930:Hegel
5895:Comte
5885:Burke
5832:Locke
5766:Dante
5761:Bruni
5730:Xunzi
5705:Plato
5700:Philo
5680:Laozi
5488:Mores
5400:Multi
5390:Inter
5208:1979
5014:. In
4936:from
4887:Azure
4858:from
4603:Books
4542:(PDF)
4252:S2CID
3950:(PDF)
3865:(PDF)
3854:JSTOR
3842:(PDF)
3609:(PDF)
3538:(PDF)
3531:(PDF)
2806:Plato
2738:. In
2491:Right
2276:Spain
2134:Japan
2122:Italy
2107:India
2050:Egypt
1998:China
1993:Chile
1831:Obama
1806:Ohlin
1741:Kemal
1598:Rawls
1573:Hayek
1563:Äapek
1543:Mises
1533:Croce
1523:Weber
1518:Acton
1448:Staël
1413:Paine
1403:Burke
1388:Smith
1363:Locke
1130:Press
1123:Trade
1096:Legal
964:Green
874:) ,
580:Pskov
398:
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8082:Rand
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7734:Mill
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7692:Kant
7670:Hume
7532:More
7432:Wang
7314:Mozi
6738:Duty
6383:Zinn
6378:Weil
6248:Land
6233:Kirk
6093:Aron
6050:Vico
5990:Owen
5980:Mill
5975:Marx
5955:Kant
5945:Hume
5690:Mozi
5395:Mono
4720:ISBN
4702:ISBN
4673:ISBN
4631:ISBN
4585:OCLC
4575:ISBN
4550:2017
4451:ISBN
4378:ISBN
4351:OCLC
4341:ISBN
4318:OCLC
4308:ISBN
4285:OCLC
4275:ISBN
4215:ISBN
4196:2023
4161:ISBN
4099:2012
4068:2012
4024:2012
3986:2022
3961:2011
3933:2021
3616:2018
3546:2016
3514:2012
3439:2012
3388:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3360:ISBN
3352:ISBN
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3330:ISBN
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2931:ISBN
2726:and
2632:any
2630:cite
2486:Left
2209:Peru
2112:Iran
2025:Cuba
1791:King
1681:DeĂĄk
1583:Aron
1503:Mill
1478:List
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989:Ordo
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537:The
509:and
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8147:Sun
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6883:War
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4244:doi
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