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755:, Isaias said that "constitutionality, political pluralism and free and fair elections are naturally the best institutional tools" for achieving economic prosperity given the political and cultural realities of a specific country. However, a parliamentary election scheduled in 2001 was later postponed indefinitely. Although police are responsible for upholding internal security and the armed forces' external security, eyewitness reports exist of the armed forces engaging with demobilizing soldiers or civilian militias to complete the hybrid tasks of both. Civil authorities sometimes involve themselves with security forces in an
6339:
1380:, the building housing the information-ministry correspondent for state television Eri-TV, on 21 January 2013 and surrounded the staff. They forced station director Asmelash Abraha to read a demand to release all prisoners of conscience and political prisoners and to implement the 1997 constitution. After he read two sentences, the station went off the air. Isaias' bodyguards were urged to protect him, his palace, and his airport. Eri-TV returned to the air at 10 a.m. to report a snowstorm in Paris. The mutiny subsided after the government negotiated the release of the ministry's employees.
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mid 1980s, Isaias made a bid to marginalize the political core of the EPLF's founding leadership and pack the political bodies with men unwaveringly loyal to him. This coincided with the second congress of the EPLF in 1987, when he was elevated to the status of secretary-general of the organization. According to Dan
Connell, this was approximately when Isaias took unquestioned control of the EPLF. As the leader of the Eritrean struggle against Ethiopian rule, Isaias became the icon of the resistance. In April 1991, the EPLF took
55:
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1256:. Eritrea was also accused of redrawing the map of the area. Eritrea denied both claims. The conflict worsened until May 1996, when Eritrean forces retreated from the area and Djibouti retracted the allegations. The EritreanâEthiopian War was a threat to and an opportunity for Djibouti. Ethiopia diverted trade through Djibouti via Eritrean ports, strengthening economic ties in accordance with the 1996 protocol. In 1999, Djibouti and Ethiopia signed a military cooperation agreement.
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extrajudicial executions. Witnesses could easily identify the
Eritrean forces. They drove vehicles with Eritrean license plates, wore distinctive camouflage and footwear used by the Eritrean army and spoke Arabic or a dialect of Tigrinya not spoken in Ethiopia. Some bore the ritual facial scars of the Ben Amir, an ethnic group absent from Ethiopia. Finally, some of the soldiers made no secret of their identity; they openly told residents they were Eritrean.
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628:(âWe and Our Goalsâ), in which they explained the rationale for their decision to create a separate political organization instead of working within the ELF. The document accused the ELF of discriminating against Christian highlanders and killing reformist Christian ELF members. The document instead stressed the unity of the Eritrean nation and called for a "revolutionary organization with a revolutionary line". In August 1971, Selfi Natsinet joined the
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573:(ELF). Isaias and his comrades had assumed the ELF was an inclusive revolutionary organization, but they soon realized that the movement was sectarian and generally hostile to Christians. Isaias, Haile and Mussie decided to organized subvertly, forming a secret clandestine cell. To seal their pact the three men signed an oath with their own blood, carving an 'E' on their right arms, symbolizing their determination to die for Eritrea. In 1967, the
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903:(HRW) report documented the use of unlawful force (torture and battery) by security authorities against prisoners, national service evaders, army deserters, asylum seekers without travel documents, and religious groups. In June 2018, a thirty-year-old man reportedly died as a result of torture and delayed medical treatment. He was arrested while attending the burial that March of Hajji Musa Mohammed Nur, director of an Islamic school.
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716:(PFDJ) as part of its transition to a political party and Isaias was elected secretary-general by an overwhelming majority of votes. Isaias undertook a series of economic reforms. He implemented a national service program in May 1994 in which individuals would serve for 18 months. Military training was the focus for the first six months, followed by awareness of the country and expansion of its agricultural sector.
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that would last until 1974. During this time, a significant number of Asmara high school and
University of Addis Ababa students were recruited which resulted in the Selfi Natsinet becoming the most powerful group within the PLF. A major crisis occurred when the Obel faction led by the former Sudanese
596:
region. He and other ELF members began to criticize the sectarian tendencies of the ELF. In 1969, further power struggles among the ELF leadership and the assassination of several
Christian members led to the deflection of the ELF's Zone 5 which included Isaias. This group of around seventy fighters,
1287:
Guelleh visited the disputed area on 22 April 2008, and the
Djiboutian Foreign Ministry said that the Eritrean position lay several kilometers inside Djiboutian territory. Eritrea denied an accusation that its soldiers had dug trenches, and military officials met two days later to compare the border
1259:
In 1998, Eritrea accused
Djibouti of using its port to supply military equipment to Ethiopia. In June of that year, Djibouti deployed military force in the north to avoid an incursion during the war; French troops were involved with their Djiboutian counterparts. In 1999, France sent two frigates to
652:
faction, led by his old friend Mussie
Tesfamichael, called for more radical policies and began to accuse the movement of being too authoritarian. Isaias denounced his rivals in a publication and mobilized his supporters arrest Mussie and other colleagues. After a brief trial, all eleven EPLF leaders
1126:
in late
November 2020. After several weeks of Ethiopian government denial of the presence of Eritrean troops in Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Prime Minister admitted to the presence of Eritrean troops in Ethiopia and agreed to withdraw them. Under international pressure, on 26 March 2021, after a meeting
993:
to end the war; however, the countries remained in a "no-war-no-peace" stalemate. Eritrea has security concerns about
Ethiopia, particularly its support of weak, splintered Eritrean opposition groups. Isaias uses the disputed border to maintain a war footing and justify indefinite mass mobilization
656:
Although Isaias had to initially share power with others who led the EPLF, by the early 1980s he was able to transform it into the movement he envisioned. The EPLF became a tough nationalist organization controlled by a highly centralized inner party which made all the important decisions. From the
1013:
In late 2008, the relationship between the countries was deemed strained; the
Ethiopian Border Commission (EEBC) did not outline the border in November 2007. The United Nations Missions in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) ended in 2008, and Eritrean troops briefly occupied the Temporary Security Zone.
762:
In 2018, Isaias' former comrade, Andebrhan Welde Giorgis, said that Isaias went on to personalise power, and "having personalised power, he abused it to the maximum". Notwithstanding, during the African Unity summit in Cairo in 1993, Isaias had criticized other leaders for staying in power for too
793:
In 2009, Isaias advocated for the development of indigenous political and economic institutions, and a strategy that suited Eritrea's internal conditions and available resources. The key elements were to include ambitious infrastructure development campaigns both in terms of power, transport, and
1275:
The December 1997 treaty was deemed too weak. Eritrea accused Djibouti of siding with Ethiopia in 1999, and Djibouti accused Eritrea of supporting Djiboutian rebel groups in the Ras Doumeira area; Eritrea denied this. Rapprochement between the countries returned in March 2000, after mediation by
3210:
On 19 November 2020, Ethiopian and Eritrean military forces took control of Axum in a large-scale offensive, killing and displacing civilians with indiscriminate shelling and shooting. In the nine days that followed, the Eritrean military engaged in widespread looting of civilian property and
766:
In 2000, 15 ministers (including his vice president) wrote an open letter asking him to step down. On September 18, 2001, he closed the national press and prominent opposition leaders were arrested. In 2010, when asked when elections would be held, he responded "Let's wait 3 or 4 decades".
661:
from Ethiopian forces; the following month, they drove out Derg troops in the area. After the Derg was overthrown by the EPRDF on 28 May, Isaias quickly obtained U.S. support for Eritrean independence; in June 1991, his organization announced their desire to hold a United Nations-sponsored
547:, Ethiopia, but due to lower scores in his first-year first semester he was supposed to retake the first semester which he didn't. However, he maintained his interest in Eritrean politics and informed his friends that he was planning to join the Eritrean rebels in the field.
1014:
Ethiopia remained in control of the EEBC's border inside Eritrea and reached Badme, triggering mass mobilization and high troop concentrations in the area. Eritrea's unchanged stance reinforced the EEBC'S decision, which was backed by international law; Ethiopia remained in
962:(TPLF) was initially inspired by the Eritreans and received assistance for their independence. By the 1980s and 1990s, the TPLF emerged as a powerful rebel group that increased its military skills in the revolutionary struggle. The groups disagreed and broke up in 1985.
871:
said that concentration camps for individuals from opposition groups and labor camps with makeshift facilities (often made from shipping containers) exist. The government has banned independent newspapers and arrested journalists critical of Isaias since 2001, including
1195:
announced during Isaias' visit to the Al Jeili oil refinery that Sudan had agreed to supply Eritrea with fuel and boost its economic partnership. It was also reported that the Sudanese Electricity Company planned to supply a 45-kilometre (28 mi) power line from
539:. He attended Prince Makonnen High School (PMSS)(now called Asmara Secondary School) where he engaged in discussions about nationalist Eritrean politics. In 1965, he began his studies at the College of Engineering at Haile Selassie I University (now called
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map. Djibouti sent troops to the area. Guelleh said on 9 May that the "two armies are facing each other"; the situation was explosive, with hostile forces ready to dismantle Djiboutian sovereignty. With reported
1811:
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visited Eritrea. This visit created a joint cooperative commission which would conduct an annual review. Guelleh sought a friendly relationship with Eritrea, despite their military imbalance.
876:: a group of People's Front for Democracy and Justice officials who appealed for an open election. Eritrea is closed to human-rights organizations, who are forced to obtain information from
3359:
1268:(OAU) summit was rejected by Eritrea for perceived partiality. Djibouti expelled its Eritrean ambassadors and Tekest Ghebrai, an Eritrean national and the former executive secretary of the
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1180:. Isaias later described relations with Sudan as resting on solid ground and having "bright prospects." Eritrea played a prominent role in brokering a peace agreement between the
849:
reported that the government of Isaias imprisoned at least 10,000 political prisoners. Amnesty also claimed that tortureâfor punishment, interrogation and coercionâis widespread.
751:
referring to him as a "renaissance African leader". However, in 1997, a new constitution was drawn up, but never enacted, and elections were cancelled. In an April 2000 speech at
1843:
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The Eritrean government officially recognizes only four religions: the Eritrean Orthodox Church, Sunni Islam, the Roman Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church of Eritrea.
1068:
tweeted that the agreement "will contribute to strengthening security and stability in the region at large". This was widely acknowledged by numerous world leaders, with the
801:, Eritrea's recent growth has been associated with the agricultural (one-third of the economy and 20 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and mining sectors (20 percent).
3968:
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1992:
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In the summer of 1981, Isaias met his wife, former EPLF fighter Saba Haile, in a village called Nakfa. As of 2010 they had three children: Abraham, Elsa, and Berhane.
1801:
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interview that the country's development over two decades of independence was "a success story". As a result of regional insecurity in 1998, Eritrea has a strong
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army NCO Abu Tayyara, left the group in April 1973. Isaias then called for a more unified administration and military force, which led to the emergence of the
4035:
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1938:
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3020:
2620:"500,000 Refugees, 'Slavery-like' Compulsory Service, No National Elections, Border Conflicts & Secret Prisons: 5 Human Rights Crises in Eritrea"
1905:
1406:
His nickname "Isu" was frequently used in conversation, and to refer to Isaias in his political capacity, and has appeared in news articles as well.
1153:, which carried out attacks against the Eritrean government. Eritrea broke relations with Sudan at the end of 1994, became a strong supporter of the
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began a three-day visit with Isaias in Asmara during which Somalia expressed solidarity with Eritrea in diplomacy and international politics.
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including Mussie were executed on 11 August 1974. In 1977, EPLF held its first congress, at which Isaias was elected vice-secretary general.
2495:
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1091:, some of whom were temporarily detained for three weeks, acquitted by Ethiopian courts, and only released two weeks after their acquittal.
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existed from 2016 to 2018 due to a currency change, and continued in 2018 after economic and trade ties with Ethiopia were reestablished.
713:
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In 2018, Isaias oversaw an unexpected transformation of Eritrea's relations with Ethiopia. The 20-year stalemate ended after Ethiopian
311:
1839:
473:(EPLF). Having consolidated power within this group, he led pro-independence forces to victory on 24 May 1991, ending the 30-year-old
4028:
3511:
2528:
624:, Tewolde Eyob, Solomon Woldemariam and Asmerom Gerezgiher. They then issued a highly polemical document written by Isaias called,
2433:
2033:
1976:
1231:
1204:. On 4 May 2021, Isaias visited Khartoum to discuss the ongoing border dispute between Ethiopia and Sudan. In conversation with
6476:
6436:
1110:
joined hands with the ENDF and allegedly with the help of UAE armed drones counter-attacked the TPLF forces. There was alleged
949:
945:
1824:
has imposed a reign of fear through systematic and extreme abuses of the population that may amount to crimes against humanity
1581:
613:, together they became known as the Ala group. Following Tewolde's death in late 1970, Isaias became the leader of the group.
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1986:
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on 6 May 1998, and resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths within two years. On 12 December 2000, Eritrea signed the
3741:"Isu-virus Demands the Eritrean Pro-Justice Movement to Forge Alliance With The Regional (YES-SEDS) Diaspora Communities"
2550:
2400:
2359:
1240:
Shaded relief map of Djibouti. The original map is from 1991, with the border between Ethiopia and Eritrea added in 2006.
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caused by a sharp drop in capital spending and reductions in revenue. Fiscal pressures, however, are likely to increase.
3078:
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737:
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between Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and Isaias, it was announced that Eritrean troops would withdraw from the
1080:
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were initially hostile; shortly after independence in 1993, Eritrea charged Sudan with supporting the activities of
891:; arbitrary and unlawful violations of privacy, judicial independence, freedom of speech, association, movement and
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632:(PLF), forming a loose alliance with two other splinter groups, these three groups were jointly represented by
616:
In August 1971, this group of Christian deflectors held a meeting at Tekli (northern Red Sea) and founded the
577:
took in five ELF recruits for political commissar training. Among those recruits were Isaias where he studied
4277:
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Michela Wrong (2005), I Didn't Do it for You: How the World Betrayed a Small African Nation. Fourth Estate,
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1021:
802:
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3194:"Ethiopia: Eritrean troops' massacre of hundreds of Axum civilians may amount to crime against humanity"
1010:. The UN Monitoring Group on Somalia recommended an embargo against Eritrea, Ethiopia and other states.
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from Ethiopia, before being elected president of the newly-founded country of Eritrea two years later.
1873:
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in 1966 and quickly rose through the ranks to become its leader in 1970, before defecting to form the
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Upon his return in 1968, Isaias was appointed as a political commissioner of the ELF's Zone 5 in the
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date back to 1991. The countries waged war in April 1996 when Djibouti accused Eritrea of shelling
1006:, Eritrea has trained, armed, and financed militias opposed to the Ethiopian government during its
990:
747:
In his first few years Isaias was hailed as a new type of African president with then-US President
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remaining unenforced, electoral institutions effectively being nonexistent as well as a policy of
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Along with Belarus, Syria, and North Korea, Eritrea was one of only four countries not including
1322:
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Relations were later reestablished in December 2005. A year later, Isaias and Sudanese president
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1358:. During the meeting with Putin, Isaias openly denied the existence of a war between Russia and
1040:
came to power in 2018. Abiy signed a "joint declaration of peace and friendship" at a bilateral
581:
as well as the strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare. On his return trip he was arrested by
6426:
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888:
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540:
450:; born 2 February 1946) is an Eritrean politician and partisan who has been the first and only
4249:
3961:"President Isaias Afewerki's speech on the occasion of the 23rd Independence day celebrations"
3819:
3451:"For the first time in history, Somalia and Eritrea build a bilateral diplomatic relationship"
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on 9 July, restoring diplomatic and trade ties with Eritrea. The agreement includes reopening
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3616:
Hillary Rodham Clinton (2003), Oxford Dictionary of African Biography. Simon & Schuster,
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Western scholars and historians have long considered Isaias to be a dictator, with Eritrea's
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729:
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5475:
5355:
5341:
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4263:
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3850:"Decrees on decorations signed by the President of the Republic of Serbia Aleksandar Vucic"
3565:
International Crisis Group (2013). The Beginning of the End for President Isaias Afwerki?.
1502:
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8:
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5299:
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4706:
3246:
2743:"The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: A History of Tensions and Pragmatism"
1900:
1547:
1456:
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1102:, the former ruling party in Ethiopia, attacked the Northern Command center camps of the
955:
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671:
505:
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524:, was a minor functionary in the state tobacco monopoly, his mother was descended from
410:
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since 1993. In addition to being president, Isaias has been the chairman of Eritrea's
6041:
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4391:
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4108:
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3250:
3043:"UAE President awards Order of Zayed to Eritrean President, Ethiopian Prime Minister"
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1982:
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4122:
2291:"Eritrea's Isaias Afwerki: a tactical authoritarian who might be president for life"
1399:, where he recovered after successful treatment. As of 2019, he was a member of the
887:; torture; arbitrary detention, censorship; libel; human trafficking; criminalizing
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4634:
4606:
4462:
4433:
4362:
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2250:
2157:
Modern African Conflicts: An Encyclopedia of Civil Wars, Revolutions, and Terrorism
1573:
1508:
908:
824:
816:
6220:
3482:"The U.N. approves a resolution demanding that Russia end the invasion of Ukraine"
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led by Abraham Tewolde, withdrew to an isolated locality, Ala in northeast of the
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telecommunications, as well as with basic healthcare and educational facilities.
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independence. Isaias was elected as the president of the State of Eritrea by the
504:
ranked Eritrea, under the government of Isaias, last out of 180 countries in its
455:
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54:
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4533:
3708:"Eritrea: A country with several restrictions to freedom of religion or belief"
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1512:
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tried to kill him and that the United States will attempt to assassinate him."
1355:
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guard against any approaches toward Ethiopia and Eritrea. Djiboutian President
1173:
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Eritrea has engaged in border conflicts since its independence, most notably a
873:
781:
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688:
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489:
3542:"Eritrean, Burkina Faso leaders align with Russia, deny Putin's terrorist war"
2892:
2877:"The Ethiopia-Eritrea Conflict and the Search for Peace in the Horn of Africa"
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Breaking the Real Axis of Evil: How to Oust the World's Last Dictators by 2025
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4372:
4094:
3574:
2910:
2766:
2264:
1740:
1414:
1395:
and was flown to Israel for treatment. Arriving in a coma, he was treated at
1128:
1123:
1115:
1053:
828:
706:
20:
1802:"Torture and Other Rights Abuses Are Widespread in Eritrea, U.N. Panel Says"
6357:
6192:
6122:
5984:
5914:
5854:
5829:
5821:
5806:
5689:
5574:
5327:
5285:
5195:
5171:
4984:
4928:
4900:
4687:
4643:
4591:
4519:
4405:
4334:
4117:
1482:
1450:
1430:
1249:
985:. The war began after Eritrea invaded Ethiopia over the disputed border of
748:
621:
620:(âParty of Independenceâ). They elected a leadership consisting of Isaias,
610:
582:
1292:
mediation, both sides agreed to resolve the confrontation by negotiation.
1264:'s November 1998 attempt to mediate the EritreanâEthiopian War during the
812:
712:
On 16 February 1994, the EPLF held its third congress, renamed itself the
516:
Isaias Afwerki was born on 2 February 1946 in the Aba Shi'Aul district of
6329:
5979:
5816:
5674:
5377:
5228:
5123:
5095:
5056:
5051:
4886:
4701:
4576:
4562:
4386:
3042:
2836:
Service for Life: State Repression and Indefinite Conscription in Eritrea
2393:"MERON ESTEFANOS, A CONVERSATION ON ERITREA WITH THOR HALVORSSEN, 18 min"
1253:
1088:
877:
709:, a position he has held ever since the end of the war for independence.
598:
544:
2918:
2876:
1974:
520:, Eritrea. His father, whose native village was Tselot, just outside of
6206:
5923:
5740:
5640:
5631:
5433:
5419:
5322:
5209:
5181:
4951:
4937:
4853:
4844:
4825:
4763:
4657:
4629:
4514:
4486:
4443:
4329:
4160:
2272:
1410:
1095:
1049:
1037:
1026:
970:
907:
rated Eritrea "not free" in 2022; the country scored one out of 40 for
798:
28:
24:
3876:"Photos: Ethiopia-Eritrea leaders meet in UAE, awarded for peace deal"
2774:
2742:
1970:
1968:
1637:"OHCHR Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea"
6271:
6136:
6117:
6097:
6050:
5993:
5845:
5598:
5137:
5109:
4881:
4500:
4151:
3546:
2138:
From guerrillas to government: the Eritrean People's Liberation Front
2088:
From guerrillas to government: the Eritrean People's Liberation Front
2073:
From guerrillas to government: the Eritrean People's Liberation Front
994:
and repression. Eritrea supported Ethiopian rebel groups such as the
806:
602:
525:
164:
121:
78:
805:
grew by 12 percent in 2018, but fell 2.7 percent from 2015 to 2018.
6310:
6243:
6215:
6173:
6022:
5951:
5909:
5786:
5772:
5698:
5372:
5264:
5065:
5008:
4994:
4800:
4730:
4300:
4244:
4146:
4103:
2218:
1965:
1933:
1698:"Can Ethiopia's Abiy Ahmed make peace with 'Africa's North Korea'?"
1245:
1177:
1060:. On 16 September, Abiy signed another peace treaty with Isaias in
695:
on independence was held, and the following month Eritrea achieved
593:
6394:
6257:
6187:
6131:
5884:
5712:
5626:
5526:
5512:
5484:
5442:
5428:
5386:
5336:
5308:
5294:
5280:
5223:
5022:
4979:
4758:
4673:
4615:
4557:
4528:
4414:
4286:
4202:
4132:
4061:
3948:
Isaias Isaias's Biography With Rare Photos of His early Childhood
3688:
3326:"Turabi terms USA "world's ignoramuses", fears Sudan's partition"
1392:
1359:
1304:
established diplomatic relations. On 28 July, Somalian president
1301:
1201:
1197:
1111:
1076:(First Class) in recognition of his efforts to end the conflict.
1003:
852:
In June 2015, a United Nations panel accused Isaias of leading a
697:
649:
639:
In February 1972, the ELF declared war on the PLF resulting in a
606:
586:
316:
2214:"Eritrea President Isaias Afwerki 'both charismatic and brutal'"
1429:
described Isaias as "paranoid" and believing that "Ethiopian PM
1391:
Shortly before Eritrea declared independence, Isaias contracted
6201:
6145:
6064:
6036:
5870:
5758:
5726:
5684:
5584:
5568:
5498:
5456:
5400:
5165:
4923:
4786:
4772:
4571:
4457:
4357:
4075:
2801:"Ethiopia-Eritrea border: Landmark summit aims to end conflict"
1476:
1339:
1331:
1212:, he raised regional issues and the long-time dispute over the
1166:
1087:
started a close cooperation. This worried Eritrean refugees in
1061:
658:
578:
536:
521:
517:
307:
3382:"Eritrea's president visits Sudan amid tensions over Ethiopia"
1975:
Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong; Steven J. Niven (2 February 2012).
648:(EPLF) in August 1973. Internal agitation soon arose when the
6380:
6366:
6352:
6159:
6007:
5612:
5554:
5238:
5151:
5037:
4867:
4839:
4715:
4542:
4428:
4400:
4343:
4314:
4258:
4089:
3512:"Eritrea: Isaias' hostility to the West is about survivalism"
3073:
1834:
1832:
1377:
1289:
1277:
1146:
986:
3300:"Sudan demands Eritrean mediation with eastern Sudan rebels"
3013:"Ethiopian, Eritrean leaders sign peace agreement in Jeddah"
2583:
Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State
2360:"Eritrea-Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2020"
2195:
Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State
2016:
Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State
6296:
6229:
5937:
4965:
4909:
4895:
4744:
4471:
4188:
1865:
1119:
3942:
Official website of the Ministry of Information of Eritrea
3820:"Leaders of Ethiopia, Eritrea sign accord in Saudi Arabia"
3564:
3061:
1829:
1165:
to locate its headquarters in the former Sudan embassy in
3352:"Relations between Eritrea and Sudan continue to improve"
1929:"Who is Is Isaias Afwerki, Eritrea's Enigmatic Dictator?"
1840:"Eritrea: Rampant repression 20 years after independence"
1795:
1793:
3967:. Eritrea â Ministry of Information. Archived from
4043:
3767:"The war in Tigray: Abiy, Isaias, and the Amhara elite"
3684:"Israel, help us overthrow this autocratic regime]"
1048:
to access the landlocked Ethiopian Port of Eritrea and
3941:
1790:
1425:
In a 2008 leaked assessment, United States ambassador
763:
long, and he had also rejected a cult of personality.
605:
where they were joined by another small contingent of
3134:"Tigray crisis: Eritrea's role in Ethiopian conflict"
2953:"Tigray crisis: Eritrea's role in Ethiopian conflict"
1002:(ONLF) to undermine regional Ethiopian influence. In
6447:
People's Front for Democracy and Justice politicians
3278:"Sudan, Eritrea resume severed diplomatic relations"
2832:
1896:"Eritrea's President, His Excellency Isaias Afwerki"
819:'s Peter Clottey interviews Isaias in New York, 2011
589:
on a dhow, he was released nearly six months later.
3653:"Eritrea's 'ice bucket' bid to oust Isaias Afwerki"
2712:"Eritrea: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report"
1354:in Saint Petersburg and met with Russian President
2551:"Eritrean President Discusses Path to Development"
2485:
1729:"The brutal dictatorship the world keeps ignoring"
1665:
1548:"áášáá°áá” áąáłáá«á” áŁááááᥠáŁá„ ááá„áœáČ áá”ᜠááá” á„ááłá áŁáááȘá±?"
1409:His training in China made him a great admirer of
1280:. Isaias visited Djibouti in 2001, and President
1106:(ENDF) in Tigray and pushed them to Eritrea. The
6413:
3842:
3328:. Sudan Tribune. 4 November 2005. Archived from
2983:"Ethiopia-Eritrea border reopens after 20 years"
1605:"Eritreans, Fresh From Victory, Must Now Govern"
1018:compliance and had strong relations with the UN.
3164:"Ethiopian PM: Eritrean troops to leave Tigray"
2487:"TimesInterview with Eritrea's Isaias Afewerki"
1888:
895:; and forced labor (including national service
550:
3904:
3302:. Sudan Tribune. 18 April 2006. Archived from
2456:"FACTBOX - Key quotes from Eritrean president"
1959:
1534:
1118:, including systematic, wide-scale looting in
4029:
3069:"Eritreans in Ethiopia Fear for Their Safety"
2420:
2418:
1799:
1403:, one of the four legal churches in Eritrea.
665:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3196:. Amnesty International. 26 February 2021.
2833:Watch (Organization), Human Rights (2009).
2104:Eritrea and Ethiopia The Federal Experience
1350:in 2022. In July 2023, Isaias attended the
511:
254:12 January 1987 â 16 February 1994
27:, and the person should be referred by the
6452:Eritrean People's Liberation Front members
4036:
4022:
3161:
2415:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2031:
1344:United Nations General Assembly resolution
1270:Intergovernmental Authority on Development
676:
585:authorities while attempting to cross the
53:
2900:
2254:
2153:
2027:
2025:
3817:
3216:
2236:
1321:
1252:, a small village bounded by Ethiopia's
1235:
1020:
964:
811:
780:
728:
714:People's Front for Democracy and Justice
460:People's Front for Democracy and Justice
328:People's Front for Democracy and Justice
156:People's Front for Democracy and Justice
6386:Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II
3479:
2448:
2201:
1765:
6414:
3830:from the original on 28 September 2022
3769:. The Africa Report. 29 January 2021.
3681:
3174:from the original on 28 September 2022
3045:. Emirates News Agency. 24 July 2018.
2630:from the original on 24 September 2023
2586:. Oxford University Press. p. 3.
2387:
2385:
2319:
2284:
2282:
2154:Stapleton, Timothy J. (30 June 2022).
2149:
2147:
2052:from the original on 18 September 2023
2022:
1995:from the original on 18 September 2023
1759:
1726:
1666:Human Rights Watch (12 January 2017),
1602:
1326:Isaias Afwerki with Russian President
950:Eritrean involvement in the Tigray war
4017:
3696:from the original on 18 January 2021.
3663:from the original on 11 December 2020
3650:
3598:from the original on 16 November 2010
3586:
3584:
3431:from the original on 11 February 2018
3419:"The Eritrea-Djibouti border dispute"
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3362:from the original on 5 September 2023
3229:
3144:from the original on 28 December 2020
3114:from the original on 26 February 2021
3081:from the original on 24 February 2021
3049:from the original on 29 December 2021
3023:from the original on 5 September 2023
2963:from the original on 28 December 2020
2874:
2870:
2868:
2828:
2826:
2747:The Journal of Modern African Studies
2740:
2579:
2515:
2513:
2498:from the original on 10 December 2022
2288:
2226:from the original on 18 January 2021.
1926:
1842:. Amnesty International. 9 May 2013.
1778:from the original on 4 September 2022
1695:
1617:from the original on 26 November 2016
1176:met for the first time since 2001 in
1161:(SPLA), and permitted the opposition
683:1993 Eritrean independence referendum
561:In September 1966, Isaias along with
437:
3773:from the original on 19 October 2021
3747:from the original on 19 October 2021
3461:from the original on 17 October 2023
2993:from the original on 17 October 2023
2933:from the original on 10 October 2023
2811:from the original on 17 October 2023
2781:from the original on 17 October 2023
2660:from the original on 17 October 2023
2561:from the original on 25 October 2021
2466:from the original on 9 December 2018
2436:from the original on 9 December 2018
2370:from the original on 17 October 2023
2340:from the original on 17 October 2023
2301:from the original on 17 October 2023
2174:from the original on 17 October 2023
1708:from the original on 11 October 2018
1689:
1647:from the original on 13 October 2022
1584:from the original on 10 October 2018
918:
565:and Mussie Tesfamichael traveled to
211:27 April 1991 â 24 May 1993
4045:Current heads of state of republics
3905:Connell, Dan; Killion, Tom (2011).
3818:Gambrell, Jon (16 September 2018).
3799:from the original on 3 October 2023
3651:Bekit, Teklemariam (12 June 2019).
3492:from the original on 23 August 2023
2881:Review of African Political Economy
2722:from the original on 2 October 2023
2650:"Human Rights Situation in Eritrea"
2382:
2279:
2243:Review of African Political Economy
2144:
2032:Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku (2012).
1941:from the original on 2 January 2024
1908:from the original on 16 August 2000
1858:
1800:Cumming-Bruce, Nick (8 June 2015).
1678:from the original on 23 August 2018
1629:
1232:DjiboutianâEritrean border conflict
1098:began on 3 November 2020 after the
883:The government has been accused of
465:Isaias joined the pro-independence
13:
3882:from the original on 21 March 2022
3682:Melman, Yossi (20 November 2020).
3581:
3569:(Report). pp. Page 3âPage 9.
3554:from the original on 29 July 2023.
3404:
3284:. 10 December 2005. Archived from
3241:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.:
2865:
2823:
2680:"Eritrea 2019 Human Rights Report"
2600:from the original on 19 March 2024
2510:
2100:
1846:from the original on 9 August 2020
1768:"The Despotism of Isaias Afewerki"
1766:de Waal, Alex (2 September 2022).
1659:
1436:
1155:Sudan People's Liberation Movement
946:EritreanâEthiopian border conflict
897:past the 18-month legal obligation
719:
646:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
535:Isaias spent most of his youth in
471:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
242:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
14:
6493:
6462:People of the Ethiopian Civil War
6013:Transitional Presidential Council
3935:
3200:from the original on 5 April 2021
2531:from the original on 28 June 2020
2289:Plaut, Martin (25 October 2020).
2192:
2117:from the original on 3 March 2024
2013:
1927:Plaut, Martin (1 November 2016).
1747:from the original on 30 July 2021
1365:
823:On 18 May 2012, Isaias said in a
312:British Administration in Eritrea
199:Provisional Government of Eritrea
6393:
6379:
6365:
6351:
6337:
6323:
6309:
6295:
6270:
6256:
6242:
6228:
6214:
6200:
6186:
6172:
6158:
6144:
6130:
6116:
6091:
6077:
6063:
6049:
6035:
6021:
6006:
5992:
5978:
5964:
5950:
5936:
5922:
5908:
5883:
5869:
5853:
5815:
5799:
5785:
5771:
5757:
5739:
5725:
5711:
5697:
5683:
5667:
5653:
5639:
5625:
5611:
5597:
5583:
5567:
5553:
5539:
5525:
5511:
5497:
5483:
5469:
5455:
5441:
5427:
5413:
5399:
5385:
5371:
5349:
5335:
5321:
5307:
5293:
5279:
5263:
5237:
5222:
5208:
5194:
5180:
5164:
5150:
5136:
5122:
5108:
5094:
5078:
5064:
5050:
5036:
5021:
5007:
4993:
4978:
4964:
4950:
4936:
4922:
4908:
4894:
4880:
4866:
4852:
4838:
4824:
4799:
4785:
4771:
4757:
4743:
4729:
4721:Transitional Sovereignty Council
4714:
4700:
4686:
4672:
4656:
4642:
4628:
4614:
4600:
4584:
4570:
4556:
4541:
4527:
4513:
4499:
4485:
4470:
4456:
4442:
4427:
4413:
4399:
4385:
4371:
4356:
4342:
4328:
4313:
4299:
4285:
4271:
4257:
4243:
4229:
4215:
4201:
4187:
4173:
4159:
4145:
4131:
4116:
4102:
4088:
4074:
4060:
3908:Historical Dictionary of Eritrea
3878:. africanews.com. 24 July 2018.
3856:from the original on 25 May 2019
3718:from the original on 5 June 2022
3522:from the original on 20 May 2024
3392:from the original on 20 May 2024
2853:from the original on 20 May 2024
2692:from the original on 20 May 2024
2403:from the original on 18 May 2023
2135:
2085:
2070:
2038:. Oxford University Press, USA.
1866:"2024 World Press Freedom Index"
1814:from the original on 9 July 2020
1507:
1495:
1481:
1469:
1455:
1443:
1383:
1210:Transitional Sovereignty Council
1191:On 10 May 2014, the state-owned
1104:Ethiopian National Defense Force
1100:Tigray People's Liberation Front
1000:Ogaden National Liberation Front
960:Tigray People's Liberation Front
365:
3898:
3868:
3811:
3785:
3759:
3733:
3700:
3675:
3644:
3627:
3610:
3558:
3534:
3504:
3480:Granitz, Peter (2 March 2022).
3473:
3443:
3374:
3344:
3318:
3292:
3270:
3186:
3155:
3126:
3093:
3035:
3005:
2975:
2945:
2793:
2734:
2704:
2672:
2642:
2612:
2573:
2543:
2478:
2352:
2313:
2230:
2186:
2129:
2094:
2079:
2064:
2035:Dictionary of African Biography
2007:
1978:Dictionary of African Biography
1953:
1920:
1876:from the original on 7 May 2022
1487:Order of the Republic of Serbia
1214:Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
834:
16:President of Eritrea since 1993
1720:
1596:
1566:
1540:
1528:
1420:
1376:About 100 soldiers broke into
1244:Relations between Eritrea and
1159:Sudan People's Liberation Army
1145:Relations between Eritrea and
1085:Eritrean intelligence agencies
1:
6477:Politicians of the Tigray War
6437:Addis Ababa University alumni
4278:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
3795:. Aftenposten. 23 June 2011.
3592:"Biography of Isaias Afwerki"
1981:. OUP, US. pp. 160â161.
1727:Taylor, Adam (12 June 2015).
1696:Keane, Fergal (9 July 2018).
1603:Perlez, Jane (16 June 1991).
1521:
1266:Organization of African Unity
6457:Eritrean Orthodox Christians
3162:AP and AFP (26 March 2021).
2326:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2239:"Eritrea's National Charter"
1515:, First Class (24 July 2018)
1163:National Democratic Alliance
925:Foreign relations of Eritrea
770:
724:
557:Eritrean War of Independence
551:Eritrean War of Independence
407:Eritrean War of Independence
7:
5660:Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova
3237:. In Berry, LaVerle (ed.).
1574:"President: Isaias Afwerki"
1219:
929:
856:responsible for systematic
10:
6498:
3956:New Internationalist, 2004
1960:Connell & Killion 2011
1535:Connell & Killion 2011
1413:, but he reportedly hates
1369:
1315:
1300:In July 2018, Eritrea and
1295:
1229:
1226:DjiboutiâEritrea relations
1223:
1138:
939:
936:EritreaâEthiopia relations
933:
922:
838:
774:
680:
669:
554:
456:sole legal political party
18:
6286:
6151:Luiz InĂĄcio Lula da Silva
6107:
5899:
5842:Ălisabeth Baume-Schneider
5254:
4815:
4180:Faustin-Archange Touadéra
4051:
4005:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3243:Federal Research Division
2902:10.1080/03056240903068053
2893:10.1080/03056240903068053
2759:10.1017/S0022278X00055221
2256:10.1080/03056249508704109
1870:Reporters Without Borders
1668:"Eritrea: Events of 2016"
1372:2013 Eritrean Army mutiny
1311:
1306:Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed
1064:. Saudi Foreign Minister
1052:for trade, and access to
1029:with Isaias in March 2019
1025:Ethiopian prime minister
983:war between 1998 and 2000
666:Presidency (1993âpresent)
630:Popular Liberation Forces
571:Eritrean Liberation Front
569:, via Asmara to join the
502:Reporters Without Borders
467:Eritrean Liberation Front
430:
416:
402:
394:
378:
373:
361:
341:
333:
323:
291:
286:
282:
270:
258:
247:
239:
227:
215:
204:
197:Secretary-General of the
196:
184:
172:
161:
153:
141:
129:
118:
110:
98:
86:
75:
68:
64:
52:
45:
38:
5504:Katerina Sakellaropoulou
5314:Alexander Van der Bellen
5143:Anura Kumara Dissanayake
3954:feature on Isaias Isaias
3930:
3232:""Ethiopia and Eritrea""
3230:Shinn, David H. (2015).
2875:Lyons, Terrence (2009).
1401:Eritrean Orthodox Church
1318:EritreaâRussia relations
1200:to the Eritrean town of
1134:
512:Early life and education
439:[isajasafwÉrkÊŒi]
23:, the name Afwerki is a
5704:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
5490:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
2430:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2364:U.S. Embassy in Eritrea
2237:Markakis, John (1995).
1580:. The BBC. 1 May 2014.
1461:Order of King Abdulaziz
1272:(IGAD), was dismissed.
1141:EritreaâSudan relations
1108:Eritrean Defence Forces
1008:transitional government
885:enforced disappearances
865:crimes against humanity
858:human rights violations
854:totalitarian government
841:Human rights in Eritrea
705:and declared the first
677:Independence of Eritrea
498:human rights violations
5115:Tharman Shanmugaratnam
4492:Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
3239:Sudan: a country study
3101:"The massacre in Axum"
2839:. Human Rights Watch.
2580:Plaut, Martin (2016).
1335:
1241:
1206:Abdel-Fattah al-Burhan
1151:Eritrean Islamic Jihad
1030:
996:Oromo Liberation Front
978:
975:EritreanâEthiopian War
942:EritreanâEthiopian War
911:and two out of 60 for
820:
790:
744:
541:Addis Ababa University
6432:Presidents of Eritrea
5929:Rodrigo Chaves Robles
5618:Myriam Spiteri Debono
5406:Nikos Christodoulides
5201:Serdar Berdimuhamedow
5014:Ukhnaagiin KhĂŒrelsĂŒkh
4943:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
4679:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
4621:Bassirou Diomaye Faye
4548:Abdourahamane Tchiani
4506:Prithvirajsing Roopun
4138:Ăvariste Ndayishimiye
3516:The Africa Report.com
3266:on 20 September 2015.
3105:Amnesty International
3019:. 16 September 2018.
2989:. 11 September 2018.
2320:Palmer, Mark (2005).
1489:, Second Class (2016)
1325:
1262:Hassan Gouled Aptidon
1239:
1186:Sudan's Eastern Front
1079:After July 2018, the
1024:
968:
867:. Norwegian academic
847:Amnesty International
815:
784:
732:
670:Further information:
494:Amnesty International
395:Years of service
5876:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄan
5476:Salome Zourabichvili
5342:Alexander Lukashenko
4831:Mohammed Shahabuddin
4378:Umaro Sissoco EmbalĂł
4264:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
4236:Denis Sassou Nguesso
4067:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
3999:President of Eritrea
3249:. pp. 280â282.
3140:, 28 December 2020,
3107:. 26 February 2021.
3077:. 19 February 2021.
2959:. 28 December 2020.
2741:Young, John (1996).
1503:United Arab Emirates
1397:Sheba Medical Center
1352:RussiaâAfrica Summit
1346:condemning Russia's
1072:awarding Isaias the
905:Freedom in the World
753:Princeton University
738:Secretary of Defense
528:immigrants from the
475:war for independence
452:president of Eritrea
265:Romodan Mohammed Nur
222:Position established
191:Position established
148:Position established
105:Position established
70:President of Eritrea
6400:Nikenike Vurobaravu
6372:Surangel Whipps Jr.
5890:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
5826:Karin Keller-Sutter
5300:Vahagn Khachaturyan
4971:Thongloun Sisoulith
4736:Samia Suluhu Hassan
4707:Salva Kiir Mayardit
4250:IsmaĂŻl Omar Guelleh
3455:THE TIMES OF AFRICA
3288:on 16 January 2007.
3247:Library of Congress
2462:. 21 October 2009.
2366:. 9 December 2021.
1901:The Washington Post
1733:The Washington Post
1463:(16 September 2018)
1348:invasion of Ukraine
1282:IsmaĂŻl Omar Guelleh
1182:Sudanese government
956:Ethiopian Civil War
863:that may amount to
672:Politics of Eritrea
506:Press Freedom Index
496:have cited him for
411:Eritrean Civil Wars
6442:People from Asmara
6302:Wiliame Katonivere
6084:Christine Kangaloo
5861:Vadim Krasnoselsky
5546:Michael D. Higgins
5215:Shavkat Mirziyoyev
5043:Ram Chandra Poudel
4915:Abdul Latif Rashid
4806:Emmerson Mnangagwa
4792:Hakainde Hichilema
3987:Political offices
2654:Human Rights Watch
1807:The New York Times
1610:The New York Times
1342:to vote against a
1336:
1330:at the Kremlin in
1242:
1208:, head of Sudan's
1058:Ethiopian Airlines
1031:
979:
901:Human Rights Watch
899:). An August 2015
821:
791:
777:Economy of Eritrea
745:
575:Chinese government
277:Position abolished
234:Position abolished
6409:
6408:
6042:Claudia Sheinbaum
5943:Miguel DĂaz-Canel
5792:NataĆĄa Pirc Musar
5560:Sergio Mattarella
5532:Halla TĂłmasdĂłttir
5360:Ćœeljka CvijanoviÄ
4392:Alassane Ouattara
4109:Mokgweetsi Masisi
4012:
4011:
3922:978-0-810-87505-0
3852:. predsednik.rs.
3518:. 11 April 2022.
3256:978-0-8444-0750-0
2846:978-1-56432-472-6
2656:. 27 April 2018.
2593:978-0-19-066959-1
2399:. 11 April 2018.
2333:978-0-7425-3255-7
2167:978-1-4408-6970-9
2101:Negash, Tekeste.
1988:978-0-19-538207-5
1552:BBC World Service
1193:Sudan News Agency
991:Algiers Agreement
973:, a relic of the
919:Foreign relations
889:same-sex activity
797:According to the
736:Isaias with U.S.
703:National Assembly
687:In April 1993, a
634:Osman Saleh Sabbe
486:mass conscription
420:
419:
113:National Assembly
111:President of the
6489:
6482:Anti-Americanism
6402:
6398:
6397:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6332:
6328:
6327:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6265:
6263:Luis Lacalle Pou
6261:
6260:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6223:
6219:
6218:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6153:
6149:
6148:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6072:
6070:JosĂ© RaĂșl Mulino
6068:
6067:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6030:
6026:
6025:
6016:
6011:
6010:
6001:
5999:Bernardo Arévalo
5997:
5996:
5987:
5983:
5982:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5848:
5820:
5819:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5780:
5778:Peter Pellegrini
5776:
5775:
5766:
5764:Aleksandar VuÄiÄ
5762:
5761:
5752:
5750:Milena Gasperoni
5746:Alessandro Rossi
5744:
5743:
5734:
5730:
5729:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5592:
5590:Edgars RinkÄviÄs
5588:
5587:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5366:
5354:
5353:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5247:
5242:
5241:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5073:
5071:Asif Ali Zardari
5069:
5068:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4988:
4983:
4982:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4861:
4859:José Ramos-Horta
4857:
4856:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4752:
4750:Faure Gnassingbé
4748:
4747:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4651:
4649:Julius Maada Bio
4647:
4646:
4637:
4635:Wavel Ramkalawan
4633:
4632:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4609:
4607:Carlos Vila Nova
4605:
4604:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4465:
4463:Lazarus Chakwera
4461:
4460:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4437:
4434:Mohamed al-Menfi
4432:
4431:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4366:
4363:Mamady Doumbouya
4361:
4360:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4308:
4306:Sahle-Work Zewde
4304:
4303:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4224:
4222:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
4220:
4219:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4168:
4166:José Maria Neves
4164:
4163:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4015:
4014:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3971:on 2 August 2020
3926:
3911:(2nd ed.).
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3793:"ISAIAS ZEDONG?"
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3714:. 27 June 2019.
3704:
3698:
3697:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3648:
3642:
3631:
3625:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3594:. Madote. 2010.
3588:
3579:
3578:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3550:. 29 July 2023.
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3457:. 31 July 2018.
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3259:. Archived from
3236:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2904:
2887:(120): 167â180.
2872:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2426:"Isaias Afwerki"
2422:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2295:The Conversation
2286:
2277:
2276:
2258:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2222:. 13 July 2018.
2210:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1904:. 7 April 2000.
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1554:. 1 January 2023
1544:
1538:
1532:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1393:cerebral malaria
909:political rights
817:Voice of America
449:
448:
447:
441:
436:
432:
374:Military service
369:
305:
301:
299:
287:Personal details
273:
261:
252:
230:
218:
209:
187:
180:16 February 1994
177:
154:Chairman of the
144:
134:
101:
91:
57:
48:
36:
35:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6472:Former Marxists
6467:Totalitarianism
6412:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6392:
6391:
6378:
6377:
6364:
6363:
6350:
6349:
6336:
6335:
6322:
6321:
6308:
6307:
6294:
6293:
6282:
6269:
6268:
6255:
6254:
6241:
6240:
6227:
6226:
6213:
6212:
6199:
6198:
6185:
6184:
6171:
6170:
6157:
6156:
6143:
6142:
6129:
6128:
6115:
6114:
6103:
6090:
6089:
6076:
6075:
6062:
6061:
6048:
6047:
6034:
6033:
6020:
6019:
6005:
6004:
5991:
5990:
5977:
5976:
5963:
5962:
5957:Sylvanie Burton
5949:
5948:
5935:
5934:
5921:
5920:
5907:
5906:
5895:
5882:
5881:
5868:
5867:
5852:
5851:
5814:
5813:
5798:
5797:
5784:
5783:
5770:
5769:
5756:
5755:
5738:
5737:
5724:
5723:
5710:
5709:
5696:
5695:
5682:
5681:
5666:
5665:
5652:
5651:
5646:Jakov MilatoviÄ
5638:
5637:
5624:
5623:
5610:
5609:
5604:Gitanas NausÄda
5596:
5595:
5582:
5581:
5566:
5565:
5552:
5551:
5538:
5537:
5524:
5523:
5510:
5509:
5496:
5495:
5482:
5481:
5468:
5467:
5462:Emmanuel Macron
5454:
5453:
5448:Alexander Stubb
5440:
5439:
5426:
5425:
5412:
5411:
5398:
5397:
5392:Zoran MilanoviÄ
5384:
5383:
5370:
5369:
5356:Denis BeÄiroviÄ
5348:
5347:
5334:
5333:
5320:
5319:
5306:
5305:
5292:
5291:
5278:
5277:
5262:
5261:
5250:
5244:Rashad al-Alimi
5236:
5235:
5221:
5220:
5207:
5206:
5193:
5192:
5179:
5178:
5163:
5162:
5157:Bashar al-Assad
5149:
5148:
5135:
5134:
5121:
5120:
5107:
5106:
5101:Bongbong Marcos
5093:
5092:
5077:
5076:
5063:
5062:
5049:
5048:
5035:
5034:
5028:Min Aung Hlaing
5020:
5019:
5006:
5005:
4992:
4991:
4977:
4976:
4963:
4962:
4949:
4948:
4935:
4934:
4921:
4920:
4907:
4906:
4893:
4892:
4879:
4878:
4865:
4864:
4851:
4850:
4837:
4836:
4823:
4822:
4811:
4798:
4797:
4784:
4783:
4778:Yoweri Museveni
4770:
4769:
4756:
4755:
4742:
4741:
4728:
4727:
4713:
4712:
4699:
4698:
4693:Cyril Ramaphosa
4685:
4684:
4671:
4670:
4655:
4654:
4641:
4640:
4627:
4626:
4613:
4612:
4599:
4598:
4583:
4582:
4569:
4568:
4555:
4554:
4540:
4539:
4526:
4525:
4512:
4511:
4498:
4497:
4484:
4483:
4469:
4468:
4455:
4454:
4449:Andry Rajoelina
4441:
4440:
4426:
4425:
4412:
4411:
4398:
4397:
4384:
4383:
4370:
4369:
4355:
4354:
4349:Nana Akufo-Addo
4341:
4340:
4327:
4326:
4312:
4311:
4298:
4297:
4284:
4283:
4270:
4269:
4256:
4255:
4242:
4241:
4228:
4227:
4214:
4213:
4208:Azali Assoumani
4200:
4199:
4186:
4185:
4172:
4171:
4158:
4157:
4144:
4143:
4130:
4129:
4115:
4114:
4101:
4100:
4087:
4086:
4073:
4072:
4059:
4058:
4047:
4042:
4002:
3974:
3972:
3959:
3938:
3933:
3923:
3913:Scarecrow Press
3901:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3721:
3719:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3649:
3645:
3632:
3628:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3563:
3559:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:. 29 May 2022.
3421:
3417:
3416:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3356:country.eiu.com
3350:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3332:on 18 July 2006
3324:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3257:
3234:
3228:
3217:
3203:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2873:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2831:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2807:. 8 July 2018.
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:. 28 May 2022.
2682:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2594:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2557:. 18 May 2012.
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2492:Financial Times
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2334:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2280:
2249:(63): 126â129.
2235:
2231:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2193:Plaut, Martin.
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2152:
2145:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:. p. 153.
2107:
2099:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2030:
2023:
2014:Plaut, Martin.
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1817:
1815:
1798:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1550:(in Tigrinya).
1546:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1496:
1494:
1470:
1468:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:Foreign honours
1427:Ronald McMullen
1423:
1386:
1374:
1368:
1320:
1314:
1298:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1143:
1137:
952:
938:
932:
927:
921:
913:civil liberties
869:Kjetil Tronvoll
843:
837:
787:Bank of Eritrea
779:
773:
743:, December 2002
741:Donald Rumsfeld
727:
722:
720:Domestic policy
685:
679:
674:
668:
626:Nihnan Elamanan
609:fighters under
559:
553:
514:
443:
442:
434:
409:
386:
357:
324:Political party
314:
306:
303:
302:2 February 1946
297:
295:
271:
259:
253:
248:
228:
216:
210:
205:
185:
179:
173:
168:
142:
136:
130:
125:
99:
93:
87:
82:
60:
46:
41:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6495:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6389:
6375:
6361:
6347:
6333:
6319:
6305:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6277:NicolĂĄs Maduro
6266:
6252:
6238:
6224:
6210:
6196:
6182:
6168:
6154:
6140:
6126:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6087:
6073:
6059:
6045:
6031:
6028:Xiomara Castro
6017:
6002:
5988:
5974:
5960:
5946:
5932:
5918:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5879:
5865:
5849:
5834:Ignazio Cassis
5811:
5795:
5781:
5767:
5753:
5735:
5732:Vladimir Putin
5721:
5718:Klaus Iohannis
5707:
5693:
5679:
5663:
5649:
5635:
5621:
5607:
5593:
5579:
5563:
5549:
5535:
5521:
5507:
5493:
5479:
5465:
5451:
5437:
5423:
5409:
5395:
5381:
5367:
5345:
5331:
5317:
5303:
5289:
5275:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5233:
5218:
5204:
5190:
5187:Emomali Rahmon
5176:
5160:
5146:
5132:
5118:
5104:
5090:
5074:
5060:
5046:
5032:
5017:
5003:
5000:Mohamed Muizzu
4989:
4974:
4960:
4946:
4932:
4918:
4904:
4890:
4876:
4873:Droupadi Murmu
4862:
4848:
4834:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4795:
4781:
4767:
4753:
4739:
4725:
4710:
4696:
4682:
4668:
4664:Muse Bihi Abdi
4652:
4638:
4624:
4610:
4596:
4580:
4566:
4552:
4537:
4534:Nangolo Mbumba
4523:
4509:
4495:
4481:
4466:
4452:
4438:
4423:
4409:
4395:
4381:
4367:
4352:
4338:
4324:
4309:
4295:
4292:Isaias Afwerki
4281:
4267:
4253:
4239:
4225:
4211:
4197:
4183:
4169:
4155:
4141:
4127:
4123:Ibrahim Traoré
4112:
4098:
4084:
4070:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3937:
3936:External links
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3867:
3841:
3810:
3784:
3758:
3732:
3699:
3674:
3643:
3626:
3609:
3580:
3557:
3533:
3503:
3472:
3442:
3403:
3388:. 4 May 2021.
3373:
3343:
3317:
3306:on 19 May 2006
3291:
3282:ArabicNews.com
3269:
3255:
3215:
3185:
3168:Deutsche Welle
3154:
3125:
3092:
3060:
3034:
3004:
2974:
2944:
2864:
2845:
2822:
2792:
2753:(1): 105â120.
2733:
2703:
2671:
2641:
2611:
2592:
2572:
2542:
2509:
2477:
2447:
2414:
2381:
2351:
2332:
2312:
2278:
2229:
2200:
2197:. p. 110.
2185:
2166:
2143:
2128:
2093:
2078:
2063:
2044:
2021:
2018:. p. 109.
2006:
1987:
1964:
1952:
1919:
1887:
1857:
1828:
1789:
1758:
1719:
1688:
1658:
1628:
1595:
1565:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:Order of Zayed
1492:
1491:
1490:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1438:
1435:
1422:
1419:
1385:
1382:
1370:Main article:
1367:
1366:Forto incident
1364:
1356:Vladimir Putin
1334:on 31 May 2023
1328:Vladimir Putin
1316:Main article:
1313:
1310:
1297:
1294:
1224:Main article:
1221:
1218:
1174:Omar al-Bashir
1139:Main article:
1136:
1133:
1122:following the
1074:Order of Zayed
1070:UAE Government
1066:Adel al-Jubeir
1035:Prime Minister
998:(OLF) and the
934:Main article:
931:
928:
923:Main article:
920:
917:
839:Main article:
836:
833:
775:Main article:
772:
769:
757:abuse of power
726:
723:
721:
718:
689:United Nations
681:Main article:
678:
675:
667:
664:
618:Selfi Natsinet
567:Kassala, Sudan
563:Haile Woldense
555:Main article:
552:
549:
513:
510:
490:United Nations
423:Isaias Afwerki
418:
417:
414:
413:
404:
400:
399:
396:
392:
391:
380:
376:
375:
371:
370:
363:
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293:
289:
288:
284:
283:
280:
279:
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268:
267:
262:
256:
255:
245:
244:
240:Leader of the
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
219:
213:
212:
202:
201:
194:
193:
188:
182:
181:
175:Assumed office
170:
169:
162:
159:
158:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
132:Assumed office
127:
126:
119:
116:
115:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
89:Assumed office
84:
83:
76:
73:
72:
66:
65:
62:
61:
59:Isaias in 2024
58:
50:
49:
43:
42:
40:Isaias Afwerki
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6494:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6427:Living people
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6401:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6345:
6344:Wesley Simina
6340:
6334:
6331:
6326:
6320:
6317:
6316:Taneti Maamau
6312:
6306:
6303:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6278:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6259:
6253:
6250:
6249:Chan Santokhi
6245:
6239:
6236:
6235:Dina Boluarte
6231:
6225:
6222:
6221:Santiago Peña
6217:
6211:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6179:Gustavo Petro
6175:
6169:
6166:
6165:Gabriel Boric
6161:
6155:
6152:
6147:
6141:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6108:South America
6106:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6080:
6074:
6071:
6066:
6060:
6057:
6056:Daniel Ortega
6052:
6046:
6043:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5971:Luis Abinader
5967:
5961:
5958:
5953:
5947:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:North America
5898:
5891:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5547:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5364:Ćœeljko KomĆĄiÄ
5361:
5357:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5271:Aslan Bzhania
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5129:Yoon Suk Yeol
5125:
5119:
5116:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:Mahmoud Abbas
5081:
5075:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4957:Sadyr Japarov
4953:
4947:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4863:
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4855:
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4846:
4841:
4835:
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4827:
4821:
4820:
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4796:
4793:
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4782:
4779:
4774:
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4737:
4732:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4420:Joseph Boakai
4416:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4095:Patrice Talon
4091:
4085:
4082:
4081:João Lourenço
4077:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4008:
4003:1993âpresent
4001:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3944:, shabait.com
3943:
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3910:
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3658:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3639:9780007150960
3636:
3630:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3575:resrep31952.6
3572:
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2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2721:
2717:
2716:Freedom House
2713:
2707:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
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2240:
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2209:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2189:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2140:. p. 84.
2139:
2136:Pool, David.
2132:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2090:. p. 68.
2089:
2086:Pool, David.
2082:
2075:. p. 67.
2074:
2071:Pool, David.
2067:
2051:
2047:
2045:9780195382075
2041:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2010:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1962:, p. 313
1961:
1956:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1875:
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1441:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1415:Deng Xiaoping
1412:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:Personal life
1381:
1379:
1373:
1363:
1361:
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1148:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1129:Tigray Region
1125:
1124:Axum massacre
1121:
1117:
1116:Tigray Region
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:Ethio telecom
1051:
1047:
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1028:
1023:
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1005:
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886:
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875:
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866:
862:
859:
855:
850:
848:
842:
832:
830:
829:fiscal policy
826:
818:
814:
810:
808:
804:
800:
795:
788:
783:
778:
768:
764:
760:
758:
754:
750:
742:
739:
735:
731:
717:
715:
710:
708:
707:head of state
704:
700:
699:
694:
690:
684:
673:
663:
660:
654:
651:
647:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
590:
588:
584:
583:Saudi Arabian
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
558:
548:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
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368:
364:
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353:
350:
347:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
326:
322:
318:
315:(present-day
313:
309:
304:(age 78)
294:
290:
285:
281:
278:
275:
269:
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263:
257:
251:
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85:
81:
80:
74:
71:
67:
63:
56:
51:
44:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:Eritrean name
6358:David Adeang
6193:Daniel Noboa
6123:Javier Milei
5985:Nayib Bukele
5915:Sandra Mason
5859:
5838:Albert Rösti
5830:Guy Parmelin
5822:Viola Amherd
5807:Alan Gagloev
5805:
5690:Andrzej Duda
5673:
5575:Vjosa Osmani
5573:
5518:TamĂĄs Sulyok
5328:Ilham Aliyev
5286:Bajram Begaj
5269:
5172:Lai Ching-te
5170:
5084:
4985:Najib Mikati
4929:Isaac Herzog
4901:Ali Khamenei
4662:
4592:Brahim Ghali
4590:
4520:Filipe Nyusi
4477:Assimi GoĂŻta
4406:William Ruto
4335:Adama Barrow
4320:Brice Oligui
4291:
4194:Mahamat DĂ©by
4006:
3997:
3992:
3975:26 September
3973:. Retrieved
3969:the original
3964:
3950:, madote.com
3907:
3899:Bibliography
3884:. Retrieved
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3844:
3832:. Retrieved
3823:
3813:
3803:30 September
3801:. Retrieved
3787:
3775:. Retrieved
3761:
3749:. Retrieved
3735:
3727:
3720:. Retrieved
3711:
3702:
3687:
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3656:
3646:
3629:
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3566:
3560:
3545:
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3515:
3506:
3494:. Retrieved
3485:
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3454:
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3394:. Retrieved
3385:
3376:
3364:. Retrieved
3355:
3346:
3334:. Retrieved
3330:the original
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:the original
3294:
3286:the original
3281:
3272:
3261:the original
3238:
3209:
3202:. Retrieved
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3157:
3146:, retrieved
3137:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3072:
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3016:
3007:
2995:. Retrieved
2986:
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2956:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2884:
2880:
2855:. Retrieved
2835:
2813:. Retrieved
2804:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2750:
2746:
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2715:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2653:
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2623:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2582:
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2554:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2524:
2500:. Retrieved
2491:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2459:
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2429:
2405:. Retrieved
2396:
2372:. Retrieved
2363:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2322:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2294:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2217:
2194:
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2160:. ABC-CLIO.
2156:
2137:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2103:
2096:
2087:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2034:
2015:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1977:
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1932:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1899:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1823:
1816:. Retrieved
1805:
1780:. Retrieved
1771:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1732:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1701:
1691:
1680:, retrieved
1671:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1640:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1608:
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1542:
1537:, p. xl
1530:
1451:Saudi Arabia
1431:Meles Zenawi
1424:
1408:
1405:
1390:
1387:
1375:
1337:
1299:
1286:
1274:
1258:
1250:Ras Doumeira
1243:
1190:
1171:
1144:
1093:
1078:
1032:
1015:
1012:
980:
953:
882:
851:
845:As of 2013,
844:
835:Human rights
822:
796:
792:
765:
761:
749:Bill Clinton
746:
711:
696:
691:-supervised
686:
662:referendum.
655:
638:
625:
622:Mesfin Hagos
617:
615:
611:Mesfin Hagos
591:
560:
534:
515:
482:constitution
479:
464:
422:
421:
403:Battles/wars
276:
272:Succeeded by
249:
233:
229:Succeeded by
221:
206:
190:
174:
163:
147:
131:
120:
104:
88:
77:
33:
6422:1946 births
6330:Hilda Heine
5675:Ersin Tatar
5378:Rumen Radev
5057:Kim Jong Un
4887:Joko Widodo
4577:Paul Kagame
4563:Bola Tinubu
3965:shabait.com
3667:30 November
3496:3 September
3148:28 December
3118:27 February
3085:24 February
2397:OFFinJOBURG
1772:The Baffler
1751:20 November
1712:20 November
1682:20 November
1651:20 November
1588:18 December
1421:Temperament
1254:Afar Region
1089:Addis Ababa
977:(1998â2000)
954:During the
599:Akele Guzay
545:Addis Ababa
500:. In 2024,
431:áąáłáá«á” áŁáááá
390:(1970â1994)
385:(1966â1969)
260:Preceded by
217:Preceded by
186:Preceded by
143:Preceded by
137:24 May 1993
100:Preceded by
94:24 May 1993
47:áąáłáá«á” áŁáááá
6416:Categories
6207:Irfaan Ali
5632:Maia Sandu
5434:Alar Karis
5420:Petr Pavel
4845:Xi Jinping
4764:Kais Saied
3993:New office
3743:. Assena.
3622:0743222253
3602:9 December
3053:8 December
2525:World Bank
2521:"Overview"
2502:7 December
2470:8 December
2440:7 December
1522:References
1411:Mao Zedong
1230:See also:
1096:Tigray war
1050:Zalambessa
1038:Abiy Ahmed
1027:Abiy Ahmed
971:BM-21 Grad
969:Destroyed
940:See also:
861:in Eritrea
799:World Bank
693:referendum
435:pronounced
379:Allegiance
337:Saba Haile
298:1946-02-02
29:given name
25:patronymic
6137:Luis Arce
6098:Joe Biden
5846:Beat Jans
4152:Paul Biya
4007:Incumbent
3886:10 August
3860:10 August
3777:5 October
3751:5 October
3547:TVP World
3435:9 October
2937:9 October
2927:154642333
2911:0305-6244
2857:9 October
2785:9 October
2767:0022-278X
2696:9 October
2624:FRONTLINE
2604:9 October
2344:9 October
2265:0305-6244
2178:9 October
2056:2 October
1999:2 October
1945:1 January
1912:1 January
1741:0190-8286
1081:Ethiopian
807:Deflation
771:Economics
734:President
725:Elections
641:civil war
603:Dekemhare
398:1966â1991
362:Signature
250:In office
207:In office
165:Incumbent
122:Incumbent
79:Incumbent
31:, Isaias.
3880:Archived
3854:Archived
3828:Archived
3797:Archived
3771:Archived
3745:Archived
3716:Archived
3694:Archived
3661:Archived
3657:BBC News
3596:Archived
3552:Archived
3520:Archived
3490:Archived
3459:Archived
3426:Archived
3390:Archived
3360:Archived
3198:Archived
3178:26 March
3172:Archived
3142:archived
3138:BBC News
3109:Archived
3079:Archived
3047:Archived
3021:Archived
2991:Archived
2987:BBC News
2961:Archived
2957:BBC News
2931:Archived
2919:27756259
2851:Archived
2809:Archived
2805:BBC News
2779:Archived
2720:Archived
2687:Archived
2658:Archived
2628:Archived
2598:Archived
2559:Archived
2529:Archived
2496:Archived
2464:Archived
2434:Archived
2401:Archived
2368:Archived
2338:Archived
2299:Archived
2224:Archived
2219:BBC News
2172:Archived
2112:Archived
2050:Archived
1993:Archived
1939:Archived
1934:Newsweek
1906:Archived
1874:Archived
1872:. 2024.
1850:27 March
1844:Archived
1818:30 March
1812:Archived
1776:Archived
1745:Archived
1706:Archived
1702:BBC News
1676:archived
1645:Archived
1621:26 March
1615:Archived
1582:Archived
1578:BBC News
1246:Djibouti
1220:Djibouti
1178:Khartoum
1016:de facto
930:Ethiopia
893:religion
803:Real GDP
594:Hamasien
526:Tigrayan
462:(PFDJ).
427:Tigrinya
342:Children
19:In this
6287:Oceania
3834:30 July
3824:AP News
3722:10 June
3712:IPPFORB
3689:Haaretz
3567:Eritrea
3386:AP NEWS
3204:5 April
3017:Reuters
2460:Reuters
2273:4006283
2121:8 March
1672:English
1360:Ukraine
1302:Somalia
1296:Somalia
1202:Teseney
1198:Kassala
1112:looting
1004:Somalia
878:émigrés
789:in 2005
698:de jure
650:Marxist
607:Kebessa
587:Red Sea
530:Enderta
354:Berhane
348:Abraham
317:Eritrea
5844:, and
5362:, and
5255:Europe
5229:TĂŽ LĂąm
4052:Africa
3919:
3637:
3620:
3573:
3526:28 May
3465:30 May
3396:29 May
3366:29 May
3336:7 June
3310:7 June
3253:
3027:30 May
2997:30 May
2967:30 May
2925:
2917:
2909:
2843:
2815:30 May
2775:161740
2773:
2765:
2726:30 May
2664:28 May
2634:28 May
2590:
2565:30 May
2535:30 May
2407:18 May
2374:28 May
2330:
2305:28 May
2271:
2263:
2164:
2042:
1985:
1880:12 May
1782:18 May
1739:
1558:21 May
1500:
1477:Serbia
1474:
1448:
1340:Russia
1332:Moscow
1312:Russia
1290:Qatari
1167:Asmara
1062:Jeddah
1042:summit
958:, the
948:, and
659:Asmara
579:Maoism
537:Asmara
532:area.
522:Asmara
518:Asmara
488:. The
458:, the
334:Spouse
308:Asmara
3931:Notes
3571:JSTOR
3429:(PDF)
3422:(PDF)
3264:(PDF)
3235:(PDF)
3112:(PDF)
3074:Awate
2923:S2CID
2915:JSTOR
2771:JSTOR
2690:(PDF)
2683:(PDF)
2269:JSTOR
2115:(PDF)
2108:(PDF)
1641:OHCHR
1378:Forto
1278:Libya
1147:Sudan
1135:Sudan
1046:Burre
987:Badme
601:near
543:) in
178:
135:
92:
5748:and
4816:Asia
3977:2014
3917:ISBN
3888:2021
3862:2021
3836:2023
3805:2023
3779:2021
3753:2021
3724:2022
3669:2020
3635:ISBN
3618:ISBN
3604:2010
3528:2022
3498:2023
3467:2022
3437:2023
3398:2022
3368:2022
3338:2006
3312:2006
3251:ISBN
3206:2021
3180:2021
3150:2020
3120:2021
3087:2021
3055:2018
3029:2022
2999:2022
2969:2022
2939:2023
2907:ISSN
2859:2023
2841:ISBN
2817:2022
2787:2023
2763:ISSN
2728:2022
2698:2023
2666:2022
2636:2022
2606:2023
2588:ISBN
2567:2022
2537:2022
2504:2018
2472:2018
2442:2018
2409:2023
2376:2022
2346:2023
2328:ISBN
2307:2022
2261:ISSN
2180:2023
2162:ISBN
2123:2024
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