647:
1778:
958:
1098:
375:
1870:" (βασιλεύς), 'emperor', rather than "basilissa" (βασίλισσα), 'empress', in fact there are only three instances where it is known that she used the title "basileus": two legal documents in which she signed herself as "Emperor of the Romans" and a gold coin of hers found in Sicily bearing the title of "basileus". In relation to the coin, the lettering is of poor quality and the attribution to Irene may, therefore, be problematic. In reality, she used the title "basilissa" in all other documents, coins and seals.
76:
5845:
1205:
1738:. Realizing the division in his realm he pursued a path of conciliation towards the iconodules, previously declared heretical under imperial policy. Leo allowed monks, persecuted and deported under his father, to return to their monasteries, and he was anointed by some among the orthodox as “Friend to the Mother of God” for allowing monks to retain images of the
1450:
After the rival emperors had bided their time in military preparations, Artabasdos marched against
Constantine, but was defeated in May 743. Three months later Constantine defeated Artabasdos' son Niketas and headed for Constantinople. In early November Constantine was admitted into the capital and
1115:
on the imperial capital: the
Caliphate's army and navy, led by Maslamah, numbered some 120,000 men and 1,800 ships according to the sources. Whatever the real number, it was a huge force, far larger than the Imperial army. Thankfully for Leo and the Empire, Anastasios II had repaired and strengthened
900:
began. With the decline of most cities to a small, fortified urban cores that functioned merely as administrative centres, society became largely agrarian, while education and intellectual life almost vanished. The loss of the Empire's richest provinces, coupled with successive invasions, reduced the
1853:
In 797 Constantine was captured and blinded by the supporters of his mother, who had organized a conspiracy. According to most contemporary accounts, he died from his wounds a few days later, leaving Irene to be crowned as first
Empress regnant of Constantinople. Pretenders to the throne claiming to
1516:
bishops. The council approved of
Constantine's religious policy and secured the election of a new Iconoclast patriarch, but refused to follow in all of Constantine's views. The council confirmed the status of Mary as Theotokos, or Mother of God, reinforced the use of the terms "saint" and "holy" as
1347:
Leo died peacefully in his bed on 18 June 741, the first emperor to do so since
Constantine IV. During his reign, he had succeeded in warding off the Arab attacks and consolidating the Empire's eastern frontier. On the other hand, his introduction of a new and unnecessary theological dispute, albeit
831:
region and the northeastern passage into Asia Minor. These three areas would be the main fields of
Byzantine-Arab contention during the next half-century. The Arabs continued to make headway, most notably constructing a navy that successfully challenged Byzantine supremacy in the Mediterranean. The
1294:
The adoption of iconoclasm seemed indeed to be vindicated in the
Emperor's eyes, for success returned to the Imperial arms, and the Muslims suffered a series of defeats between 727 and 732. The next years were more difficult, especially as the Arabs defeated the Khazars and forced their leader to
1008:
and filling the granaries of the capital to bursting point, in order that the newly reported Arab invasion be dealt with. Every citizen was told to gather enough food for three years for if the Arabs were to reach the straits it would undoubtedly be a lengthy siege. However, Anastasios proved too
1177:
as co-emperor in 720. Profiting from the weakened state of the
Caliphate after the enormous losses they had suffered before Constantinople, Leo was able to launch a counter-offensive which achieved some success. The Arabs soon recovered however, and from 720 launched annual raids that devastated
1139:
against them; the Arab fleet kept well off the city walls, leaving
Constantinople's supply routes open. Forced to extend the siege into winter, the besieging army suffered horrendous casualties from the cold and the lack of provisions. In spring, new reinforcements were sent by the new caliph,
1616:
These successes made it possible to pursue an aggressive policy in the
Balkans. With the resettlement of Christian populations from the East into Thrace, Constantine V aimed to enhance the prosperity and defence of this area which caused concern to the Empire's northern neighbour,
1246:
Leo's espousal of iconoclasm caused reactions among both the populace and the Church. The soldiers that took down the image of Christ from the Chalke were lynched, and a thematic rebellion that broke out in Greece in 727, was at least in part motivated by iconophile fervour. The
1812:
Upon turning sixteen, Constantine was eligible to rule independently. Irene remained an active participant in the government; after a conspiracy against her was suppressed in the spring of 790, she sought official recognition as empress. With military support from the
1218:
Leo's frustration at his military failures led him to believe, in the fashion of the time, that the Empire had lost divine favour. Already in 722 he had tried to force the conversion of the Empire's Jews, but soon he began to turn his attention to the veneration of
981:, the Crimean rebel who seized the throne proved to be totally incompetent for rule. Rather than face the looming threat of the Bulgars or the Arabs, he intended to reignite the religious controversies by imposing the much hated Heraclian
1144:(r. 717–720), by sea from Africa and Egypt and over land through Asia Minor. The crews of the new fleets were composed mostly of Christians, who began defecting in large numbers, while the land forces were ambushed and defeated in
880:
next year. Cilicia was conquered by the Arabs and turned into a base for raiding expeditions that penetrated deep into Asia Minor, sacking its forts and cities, while the Caucasus brought under firm Muslim control. Finally, the
1451:
immediately turned on his opponents, having them blinded or executed. Perhaps because Artabasdos' usurpation was interconnected with the restoration of veneration of images, Constantine now became perhaps an even more fervent
1613:. These campaigns failed to secure any concrete gains (apart from additional population employed to strengthen another frontier), but it is important to note that under Constantine V the Empire had gone on the offensive.
1773:
The only child of Emperor Leo IV and Irene, Constantine VI was crowned co-emperor by his father in 776. Leo's premature death in 780 left Constantine as sole emperor at the age of nine, with Irene serving as his regent.
1089:, campaigned in Asia Minor. Leo averted an attack by Maslamah by clever negotiations, in which he promised to recognize the Caliph's suzerainty, but on 25 March 717, he entered Constantinople and deposed Theodosios.
1578:. This organization was intended to minimize the threat of conspiracies and to enhance the defensive capabilities of the Empire. With this reorganized army he embarked on campaigns on the three major frontiers.
1278:. At the same time, Leo failed to provide aid to the embattled Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. In 727, the local Byzantine forces overthrew their commander, and in c. 738, the city was taken for a time by the
1148:. As famine and an epidemic continued to plague the Arab camp, the siege was abandoned on 15 August 718. On its return, the Arab fleet suffered further casualties to storms and an eruption of the volcano of
876:
that lasted almost a quarter-century and brought a succession of disasters that nearly brought about the downfall of the Byzantine state. Carthage finally fell in 697 and a Byzantine recovery attempt
1670:
the identities of his agents in Bulgaria. These were promptly eliminated; thus, Constantine began preparations for a new campaign against the Bulgarians – during which he died on September 14, 775.
909:
experienced a revival as well. Administrative practice also changed: alongside the continued existence of the late Roman provincial system, the surviving field armies were reorganised into the
1629:, but was defeated in battle by Constantine V, who inaugurated a long series of nine successful campaigns against the Bulgarians in the next year, scoring a victory over Kormisosh's successor
1710:
On 24 April 776 Leo, following the precedent set by his father and grandfather, appointed his son, Constantine VI, co-emperor. This led to an uprising of Leo's five half-brothers, including
4014:
1163:
was declared emperor. In 719, he also weathered an attempt by the deposed Anastasios II to recover his throne with Bulgar help. Leo further strengthened his position by crowning his wife
422:
1504:....He cannot be depicted. For what is depicted in one person, and he who circumscribes that person has plainly circumscribed the divine nature which is incapable of being circumscribed.
1831:. Constantine had his uncle's eyes put out and the tongues of his father's four other half-brothers cut off. His former Armenian supporters revolted after he had blinded their general
1817:, Constantine rebuffed his mother and entered upon a period of sole rule. In 792 he reversed his position, granting Irene the title of Empress and making her his official colleague.
1644:
but the Bulgarians did not exploit their success. In 763, he sailed to Anchialus with 800 ships carrying 9,600 cavalry and some infantry. Constantine's victories, including that at
675:
1532:
and expropriating monastic property for the benefit of the state or the army. The repressions against the monks (culminating in 766) were largely led by the emperor's general
4724:
738:
By the end of the Isaurian dynasty in 802, the Byzantines were continuing to fight the Arabs and the Bulgars for their very existence, with matters made more complicated when
892:
At the same time, the disasters of the 7th century saw major changes in the society and nature of what remained of the Empire: the urbanized, cosmopolitan civilization of
336:
322:
308:
283:
1486:. Using the obscene name they spread the rumour that, as an infant, he had defecated in his baptismal font, or the imperial purple cloth with which he was swaddled.
75:
4957:
668:
919:, made them prone to rebel. At the same time, the central bureaucracy in Constantinople also rose in importance. In the religious field, the loss of the
812:
3937:
1746:, to the position of patriarch of Constantinople upon the death of the predecessor. At the end of his reign, Leo reversed his stance of toleration.
1562:
Ultimately, iconophiles considered his death a divine punishment. In the 9th century, he was disinterred and his remains were thrown into the sea.
661:
1757:, who invaded Byzantine lands on successive occasions from 777 to 780 before ultimately being repulsed by Leo's armies, led by generals such as
913:
as a means to preserve the remaining imperial territory, although the extensive power concentrated in the hands of the thematic commanders, the
811:, the Empire's chief source of grain and tax revenue, had fallen to the Arabs. The Byzantines also faced Arab attacks through Libya against the
5833:
4187:
4088:
2208:
573:
477:
374:
301:
5521:
4098:
4031:
1009:
good for the Empire; in an effort to avert the Arab siege of the Capital, Anastasios planned a preemptive strike against the invaders, using
487:
436:
5887:
5882:
4046:
4041:
767:
451:
446:
3562:
The Chronicle of Theophanes Anni Mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813): Tr. Harry Turtledove (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), p 135-136.
5122:
4108:
497:
3649:
Liz James, "Men, Women, Eunuchs: Gender, Sex, and Power" in "A Social History of Byzantium" (J. Haldon, ed.) pp. 45,46; published 2009;
1820:
The weakness of Constantine caused dissatisfaction among his supporters. He showed unheroic behaviour after the defeats at the hands of
5473:
5456:
4113:
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502:
482:
5172:
5018:
4990:
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994:
492:
441:
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The Chronicle of Theophanes Anni Mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813): Tr. Harry Turtledove (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), 137.
5368:
4729:
357:
5217:
1765:
but died of fever while on campaign. Leo's death on 8 September 780 resulted in the ascension of his wife, Irene, to the throne.
315:
1404:
on the eastern frontier in June 741 or 742. But during this course Constantine was attacked by the forces of his brother-in-law
5697:
5222:
1252:
1248:
5621:
4381:
4374:
3930:
3906:
3854:
3831:
3792:
3698:
3678:
3654:
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Constantine's campaigns were costly; during his reign the Byzantine Empire's annual revenues were reduced to about 1,800,000
1589:, his father's birthplace). He organised the resettlement of part of the local Christian population to imperial territory in
1112:
849:
777:
619:
5373:
5232:
4520:
1847:
1270:
The rift with the Papacy had other reasons as well: Leo transferred the dioceses of the eastern Illyricum (roughly the old
4364:
1743:
1123:
From July 717 to August 718, the city was besieged by land and sea by the Muslims, who built an extensive double line of
1850:
ignored it. By his actions Constantine had lost all support, both of the ruling orthodox and the iconoclast opposition.
5702:
5115:
1719:, who had hoped to gain the throne themselves. The uprising was put down quickly, with the conspirators being beaten,
1648:
in 763 caused considerable instability in Bulgaria, where six monarchs lost their crowns on account of their failures.
1024:, an unwilling tax-collector, to rule the Empire. The choice was hardly based upon his skills; when Leo the Isaurian,
5803:
4369:
3882:
3810:
3767:
3745:
3721:
3191:
1543:, was brutally lynched by a mob at the behest of the authorities. As a result, many monks fled to southern Italy and
1520:
It was followed by a campaign to remove images from the walls of churches and to purge the court and bureaucracy of
4866:
3923:
1227:. Following the renewed eruption of Thera in 726, he published an edict condemning their use, and had the image of
1155:
Even during the siege, Leo had been able to stifle attempts at secession: his troops swiftly overthrew a revolt in
1131:
on the landward side, isolating the capital. Their attempt to complete the blockade by sea however failed when the
17:
5838:
5660:
4192:
3960:
1283:
928:
585:
366:
993:
to combat the Bulgars. Unfortunately for the Emperor, the troops had no loyalty whatsoever to him and after the
5872:
5808:
5798:
5670:
5591:
5409:
5277:
4849:
4793:
4714:
4581:
3736:
2753:
2144:
1798:
1528:
sentiment, Constantine specifically targeted the monks, pairing them off and forcing them to marry nuns in the
1274:) from Rome to the jurisdiction of Constantinople, and further deprived the Pope of the revenues of Sicily and
1236:
936:
5665:
5655:
5570:
5325:
5110:
2742:
2422:
2166:
1707:, an Athenian from a noble family, in December 769. In 775 Constantine V died, leaving Leo as sole emperor.
1326:
proved popular as a concise legal handbook, remaining the standard legal text until the introduction of the
1322:, but the collection conversely expanded the use of mutilation, perceived as more humane, as punishment. The
789:
4545:
5739:
5707:
5611:
5320:
5292:
5100:
4639:
1529:
1267:. Generally however, the dispute remained limited, as Leo refrained from actively persecuting iconophiles.
5892:
5463:
5105:
4952:
4709:
4460:
1517:
meet, and condemned the desecration, burning, or looting of churches in the quest to quench Iconophiles.
989:(who was an ally of Justinian II) invaded Thrace, Bardanes had no choice but to summon the troops of the
5783:
5729:
5468:
5340:
5330:
5030:
4910:
4788:
4719:
4607:
4576:
4419:
4359:
2961:
2764:
1571:
1413:
1214:, likening the iconoclasts, shown painting over an image of Christ, with the soldiers who crucified him
962:
139:
5877:
5643:
5167:
5023:
4808:
4699:
4586:
3874:
2174:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1086:
886:
599:
1581:
In 746, profiting by the unstable conditions in the Umayyad Caliphate which was falling apart under
4942:
4694:
4181:
4060:
2985:
2942:
1832:
1802:
1801:. Irene herself broke off the engagement in 788. In 787 Constantine had signed the decrees of the
1417:
1060:
952:
877:
873:
808:
804:
731:, an attempt to restore divine favour by purifying the Christian faith from excessive adoration of
566:
456:
288:
5848:
5272:
4998:
4818:
4704:
1401:
1299:. In 740 however the emperor and his son scored a decisive victory over an invading Arab army at
1005:
651:
398:
901:
imperial economy to a relatively impoverished state, compared to the resources available to the
852:(674–678), and in its aftermath move into the counteroffensive, securing Asia Minor, recovering
5773:
5363:
5205:
4649:
4455:
4429:
4424:
4197:
4173:
4169:
4136:
1777:
1762:
1365:
1164:
1077:
of the Anatolics by Anastasios II. Following the latter's fall, in 716 Leo allied himself with
1036:
and the Patriarch for his support in becoming emperor, it took little persuading to obtain it.
709:
705:
590:
578:
556:
532:
329:
45:
1387:
973:'s second overthrow, the Byzantine Empire spiralled into another era of chaos matched only by
5491:
5345:
4535:
4445:
4409:
4294:
4024:
4019:
1758:
1699:(known as Irene upon her conversion), the daughter of a Khagan of the Khazars (thought to be
1533:
1116:
the capital's sea walls. In addition, the Emperor concluded an alliance with the Bulgar khan
430:
426:
1348:
for the moment relatively mild, compromised his efforts to restore stability to the Empire.
5734:
5717:
5538:
5297:
5262:
5145:
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5077:
4612:
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2225:
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1806:
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1660:
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1199:
1141:
1097:
1044:
1013:
as a base. However the Opsician Theme once more revolted and Anastasios found himself in a
978:
856:
and forcing the Caliphate to pay tribute. At the same time however, he was defeated by the
728:
713:
233:
158:
116:
957:
827:, the Empire's chief source of manpower and a vital buffer between the now Arab-dominated
8:
4644:
4560:
4550:
4414:
4177:
4165:
4052:
2490:
2453:
2438:
1828:
1742:. In addition to the concessionary actions Leo also appointed an iconodule sympathizer,
1716:
1667:
1540:
1384:, "peace") in 732. Constantine V succeeded his father as sole emperor on April 19, 741.
1333:
1169:
561:
552:
537:
5722:
5712:
5586:
5257:
5140:
5057:
4920:
4272:
4252:
4232:
4222:
3988:
3776:
2973:
2691:
2113:
1843:
1821:
1319:
1300:
1047:, who would become the founder of the so-called Isaurian dynasty, was actually born in
986:
751:
747:
697:
85:
1482:"), was applied to him by his avowed enemies over this extremely emotional issue, the
5844:
5778:
5683:
5616:
5596:
5564:
5496:
5483:
5404:
5399:
5150:
4915:
4765:
4284:
4237:
4227:
4217:
3902:
3878:
3850:
3827:
3806:
3788:
3781:
3763:
3741:
3731:
3717:
3694:
3674:
3650:
3640:
A History of Byzantium (second edition): Timothy E. Gregory (Blackwell, 2010), p 213.
2517:
2464:
1598:
1509:
1397:
1341:
1314:
1160:
932:
824:
773:
624:
182:
1574:, the military districts of the empire, and created new field army divisions called
1243:, and in a court council in 730 he formally banned depictions of religious figures.
5648:
5441:
5389:
5335:
5302:
5252:
5045:
5035:
4813:
4501:
4393:
4316:
4299:
4277:
4262:
4247:
4161:
3946:
3864:
3840:
2733:
2726:
1575:
1436:
1264:
1260:
1085:, and was proclaimed emperor while two Arab armies, one under the Caliph's brother
1033:
864:, and was forced to accept his people's settlement in Byzantine lands south of the
689:
547:
197:(with his mother Irene serving as regent from 780–790 and as co-ruler from 792–797)
1586:
5793:
5626:
5606:
5601:
5556:
5546:
5506:
5501:
5451:
5446:
5227:
4833:
4750:
4745:
4485:
4475:
4311:
4305:
4289:
4267:
4257:
4242:
3896:
3868:
3844:
3819:
3711:
3688:
3603:
3581:
3151:
2478:
1724:
1704:
1626:
1368:. In August 720 he was associated on the throne by his father, who had him marry
1256:
1210:
1187:
1128:
1124:
781:
246:
207:
1431:
and was accepted as emperor. While Constantine now received the support of the
1306:
In March 741 (older sources prefer to date it to 726), Leo also promulgated the
889:(r. 715–717) began preparing another huge expedition to conquer Constantinople.
5631:
5511:
5244:
5003:
4897:
4883:
4682:
4386:
4141:
3616:
3593:
The Byzantine Revival: Warren Treadgold (Stanford University Press, 1988), p 5.
2720:
2707:
1839:
1825:
1750:
1712:
1700:
1432:
1428:
1377:
1357:
1132:
1103:
1029:
1021:
990:
906:
893:
845:
708:, but were less successful in Europe, where they suffered setbacks against the
634:
629:
518:
194:
107:
97:
59:
5866:
5551:
5428:
5394:
5132:
5067:
5040:
4925:
4540:
4480:
2152:
1688:
1547:. By the end of Constantine's reign, Iconoclasm had gone as far as to brand
1318:. Christian influence is evident in the marked decrease of crimes subject to
1174:
1004:. Anastasios gave the Empire a brief taste of good leadership, improving the
1001:
997:
he was replaced in June 713 by the chief secretary of the Emperor, Artemios.
982:
924:
923:
eastern provinces ended the need for the unsuccessful compromise doctrine of
828:
788:(r. 610–641) and his exhausted realm were faced with the sudden onset of the
614:
170:
5312:
5287:
5267:
5072:
5050:
4905:
4153:
4148:
3982:
3892:
3538:
2200:
1842:, who had failed to provide him with a male heir, and married his mistress
1570:
Constantine was also an able general and administrator. He reorganised the
1388:
Civil war against Artabasdos and first battles against veneration of images
1014:
970:
910:
897:
869:
755:
739:
527:
522:
392:
3915:
5813:
5788:
5282:
5092:
4859:
4465:
4450:
3803:
Kaiser Konstantin V. (741–775). Materialien zu seinem Leben und Nachleben
3707:
1794:
1232:
1048:
940:
920:
837:
833:
743:
81:
3901:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
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1525:
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1513:
1483:
1452:
1405:
1393:
1240:
1136:
1111:
Within months, the new Emperor faced his first great challenge, with a
1078:
1065:
820:
700:
were successful in defending and consolidating the empire against the
5636:
5516:
5008:
4876:
4823:
4755:
1866:
Although it is often claimed that, as monarch, Irene called herself "
1814:
1739:
1735:
1675:
1622:
1602:
1582:
1409:
1328:
1082:
915:
902:
785:
701:
417:
1190:
were sacked, and Byzantine troops were again driven out of Armenia.
823:, now the Empire's last major contiguous territory, and against the
5162:
5062:
5013:
4871:
4803:
4591:
2510:
1867:
1768:
1754:
1696:
1666:
In 775, Constantine was persuaded to reveal to the Bulgarian ruler
1652:
1618:
1444:
1279:
1275:
1224:
1145:
861:
132:
5528:
5414:
5355:
4854:
4828:
4506:
3690:
Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture
2161:
1786:
1720:
1692:
1656:
1610:
1606:
1424:
1373:
1369:
1183:
1179:
1178:
large parts of Asia Minor, despite a Byzantine alliance with the
1092:
1070:
1056:
882:
857:
853:
841:
816:
776:(610–695 and 705–711) faced heavy challenges. After successfully
1824:
in 791 and 792. A movement developed in favor of his uncle, the
1204:
5157:
4932:
4798:
3391:
3389:
1790:
1630:
1594:
1590:
1556:
1544:
1440:
1337:
1308:
1228:
1156:
1117:
1063:, which however may be a later addition. After being raised to
1010:
974:
865:
797:
793:
721:
717:
1703:). Crowned co-emperor by his father in 751 Leo then married
1585:, Constantine invaded Syria and captured Germanikeia (modern
1552:
1548:
1471:
1467:
1296:
1220:
1149:
1052:
868:. With the first deposition of Constantine IV's son and heir
111:
37:
3386:
1312:, a revised selection of laws, drawn chiefly from the older
5436:
3713:
Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204
1781:
Gold solidus showing Irene alongside her son Constantine VI
1565:
1479:
935:
in 692 saw the promotion of the interests and views of the
761:
732:
1861:
1536:, who threatened resistant monks with blinding and exile.
1239:. The Emperor showed himself increasingly critical of the
1182:, who launched attacks on the Caliphate's northern flank.
378:
Territorial development of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453)
1873:
80:
Map of the Eastern Roman Empire after the coronation of
3673:(in French), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France,
3671:
Le Monde Byzantin: Tome II, L'Empire byzantin 641–1204
1846:, an unpopular and possibly illegal act, although the
1835:. He crushed this revolt with extreme cruelty in 793.
1854:
be Constantine VI later appeared during the reign of
1609:), and again resettled some of the population in the
1605:. Constantine captured Theodosioupolis and Melitene (
1255:. The emperor's edict drew the condemnation of popes
3849:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
3602:Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries (A.D. 610–1071):
3580:Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries (A.D. 610–1071):
1500:Constantine's position about iconoclasm was clear:
735:, which resulted in considerable internal turmoil.
3780:
1597:. In 752 Constantine led an invasion into the new
1107:of Leo III showing his son and heir, Constantine V
696:(or Syrian dynasty) from 717 to 802. The Isaurian
1761:. Leo himself set out with his army against the
1439:themes, Artabasdos secured that of the themes of
1332:in the late 9th century, and was translated into
1303:, which halted the momentum of the Arab attacks.
5864:
3760:Byzanz unter Eirene und Konstantin VI. (780–802)
3740:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1769:Constantine VI and the regency of Irene, 780–797
1679:due to his various wars and the Arab conquests.
1593:. In 747 his fleet destroyed the Arab fleet off
1524:. Since monasteries tended to be strongholds of
1039:
946:
727:The Isaurian dynasty is chiefly associated with
1663:, ending over two centuries of Byzantine rule.
836:in 656 bought the Byzantines time, and emperor
4306:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
3539:"Roman Emperors – DIR Irene (wife of Leo III)"
1734:under his father but was married to Irene, an
1093:Arab siege of Constantinople and its aftermath
302:Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty
3931:
1749:Leo's reign coincided with that of the third
750:, which was seen as an attempt at making the
669:
3870:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
3805:(in German), Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang,
3762:(in German), Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang,
3466:
3464:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
1447:, in addition to his own Armeniac soldiers.
1251:resigned, to be replaced by the more pliant
840:(r. 641–668) reinforced his position in the
819:, which controlled the southern passes into
768:Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty
3945:
3775:
3316:
3314:
1223:, which some bishops had come to regard as
1120:, who agreed to harass the invaders' rear.
51:
27:Period of Byzantine history from 717 to 802
3938:
3924:
3528:I, PG 100, 301C; trans. Bryer & Herrin
1193:
905:. The monetary economy persisted, but the
676:
662:
74:
3863:
3839:
3461:
3359:
1489:
1351:
3818:
3606:(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966), p 91.
3584:(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966), p 92.
3398:
3311:
1776:
1640:Three year later he was defeated in the
1566:Campaigns against the Arabs and Bulgaria
1203:
1096:
1069:by Justinian II, he fought the Arabs in
956:
762:Background: Byzantium in the 7th century
716:, and lost influence over Italy and the
5194:
3891:
3730:
3668:
1862:Irene's sole rule and downfall, 797–802
1508:In February 754 Constantine convened a
1423:Defeated, Constantine sought refuge in
1380:. His new bride was baptized as Irene (
977:' mishandling of the last Persian War.
848:(r. 668–685), was able to beat off the
316:Principality of Serbia (early medieval)
14:
5865:
3800:
3706:
3686:
1874:Family tree of Isaurian/Syrian dynasty
1208:Folio from the 9th century iconophile
5762:
5193:
4978:
4670:
4337:
3958:
3919:
3754:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2989:
2983:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2718:
2705:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2525:
2516:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2487:
2476:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2173:
2171:
2150:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2112:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1621:, and the two states clashed in 755.
961:Map of the Byzantine Empire with its
4979:
5888:9th century in the Byzantine Empire
5883:8th century in the Byzantine Empire
4681:
3449:Kazhdan (1991), pp. 1208–1209, 1774
1360:, the son and successor of Emperor
24:
3737:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
3669:Cheynet, Jean-Claude, ed. (2006),
1682:
1420:, an older sister of Constantine.
850:First Arab Siege of Constantinople
373:
25:
5904:
5804:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
3898:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025
3497:Kazhdan (1991), pp. 672–673, 1208
3192:Family tree of Byzantine emperors
1625:of Bulgaria raided as far as the
1512:, which was attended entirely by
1458:Constantine's derogatory epithet
1416:. Artabasdos was the husband of
1235:, the ceremonial entrance to the
5843:
1055:c. 685; his alleged origin from
645:
334:
320:
306:
281:
4193:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
4015:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
3643:
3634:
3609:
3596:
3587:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3531:
3518:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3452:
3443:
3434:
3425:
3416:
3407:
3377:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3302:
3293:
3284:
1427:, while the victor advanced on
929:Third Council of Constantinople
586:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
423:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
367:History of the Byzantine Empire
5278:Great Palace of Constantinople
5019:Patriarchate of Constantinople
4338:
3846:The Byzantine Revival, 780–842
3783:History of the Byzantine State
3693:, Cambridge University Press,
3617:"Roman Emperors – DIR Leo III"
3458:Treadgold (1997), pp. 352, 355
3395:Treadgold (1997), pp. 347, 349
3308:Kazhdan (1991), pp. 1014, 1208
3275:
3266:
3257:
3248:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3203:
1289:
1237:Great Palace of Constantinople
937:Patriarchate of Constantinople
13:
1:
3440:Treadgold (1997), pp. 352–354
3422:Treadgold (1997), pp. 350–353
3413:Treadgold (1997), pp. 349–350
3383:Treadgold (1997), pp. 347–349
3347:Treadgold (1997), pp. 346–347
3272:Kazhdan (1991), pp. 351, 2035
3197:
1805:, but he appears to have had
1040:Leo III the Isaurian, 717–741
947:The Empire in crisis, 705–717
927:, which was abandoned at the
120:
5740:University of Constantinople
5321:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
4671:
4471:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
4160:Byzantine successor states (
3787:, Rutgers University Press,
1059:derives from a reference in
720:to the growing power of the
7:
5410:Saint Catherine's Monastery
4466:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
4461:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
3959:
3431:Whittow (1996), pp. 139–142
3281:Whittow (1996), pp. 119–121
3254:Kazhdan (1991), pp. 350–351
3185:
1785:In 782 he was betrothed to
1687:Leo was the son of Emperor
704:after the onslaught of the
652:Byzantine Empire portal
544:Byzantine successor states
10:
5909:
5799:Neo-Byzantine architecture
5763:
4420:Comes sacrarum largitionum
3662:
1838:He then divorced his wife
1493:
1197:
950:
844:and Italy. His successor,
765:
38:
5826:
5769:
5758:
5679:
5579:
5537:
5482:
5427:
5382:
5369:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
5354:
5311:
5243:
5213:
5204:
5200:
5189:
5131:
4989:
4985:
4974:
4896:
4842:
4781:
4738:
4690:
4677:
4666:
4625:
4600:
4569:
4528:
4519:
4494:
4438:
4402:
4355:
4348:
4344:
4333:
4206:
4122:
4069:
4000:
3971:
3967:
3954:
3875:Stanford University Press
3263:Whittow (1996), pp. 89–95
3236:Cheynet (2006), pp. 10–12
3209:Whittow (1996), pp. 73–82
3055:
3053:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2981:
2970:
2957:
2946:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2832:
2830:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2716:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2585:
2583:
2567:
2565:
2549:
2547:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2496:
2474:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2148:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1642:battle of the Rishki Pass
1392:Constantine was crossing
1087:Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik
887:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
260:
256:
243:
230:
226:
218:
214:
201:
188:
176:
164:
152:
148:
138:
128:
103:
93:
73:
68:
32:
4943:Droungarios of the Fleet
3873:. Stanford, California:
3826:, Taylor & Francis,
3687:Haldon, John F. (1990),
3515:Treadgold (1997), p. 356
3506:Treadgold (1997), p. 350
3488:Treadgold (1997), p. 355
3356:Treadgold (1997), p. 347
3329:Treadgold (1997), p. 345
3299:Haldon (1990), pp. 73–74
1803:Second Council of Nicaea
1730:Leo IV was raised as an
1396:to campaign against the
1356:Constantine was born in
1061:Theophanes the Confessor
1000:Artemios was crowned as
896:came to an end, and the
805:Muslim conquest of Syria
465:Middle period (717–1204)
5457:Early Byzantine mosaics
4819:Domestic of the Schools
3404:Kazhdan (1991), p. 1209
3320:Kazhdan (1991), p. 1208
3227:Cheynet (2006), pp. 6–9
3218:Cheynet (2006), pp. 3–6
1402:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
1194:Beginning of Iconoclasm
1073:, and was appointed as
807:, the rich province of
511:Late period (1204–1453)
5774:Byzantine commonwealth
4536:Praetorian prefectures
4456:Logothetes tou genikou
4430:Quaestor sacri palatii
4425:Comes rerum privatarum
4198:Fall of Constantinople
4137:Sack of Constantinople
3824:Byzantine civilisation
3621:www.roman-emperors.org
3543:www.roman-emperors.org
3479:Whittow (1996), p. 143
3245:Whittow (1996), p. 138
2423:Theodotus I Cassiteras
1782:
1506:
1490:Campaign against icons
1352:Constantine V, 741–775
1215:
1108:
966:
706:early Muslim conquests
591:Fall of Constantinople
579:Despotate of the Morea
533:Principality of Achaea
410:Early period (330–717)
379:
330:First Bulgarian Empire
52:
5873:802 disestablishments
5474:Komnenian renaissance
5469:Macedonian period art
5374:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
5346:Walls of Thessaloniki
4446:Logothetes tou dromou
4061:Twenty Years' Anarchy
4025:Valentinianic dynasty
4020:Constantinian dynasty
3801:Rochow, Ilse (1994),
3756:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
3716:. London: UCL Press.
3470:Cheynet (2006), p. 14
3374:Cheynet (2006), p. 13
3338:Cheynet (2006), p. 12
1780:
1759:Michael Lachanodrakon
1534:Michael Lachanodrakon
1502:
1494:Further information:
1207:
1113:massive Muslim attack
1100:
1081:, the general of the
960:
953:Twenty Years' Anarchy
951:Further information:
754:the successor to the
748:emperor of the Romans
712:, had to give up the
457:Twenty Years' Anarchy
431:Valentinianic dynasty
427:Constantinian dynasty
377:
289:Twenty Years' Anarchy
245:• Deposition of
104:Common languages
5671:Units of measurement
5405:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
5298:Pammakaristos Church
5146:Corpus Juris Civilis
5097:Missionary activity
4556:Exarchate of Ravenna
4382:Imperial bureaucracy
3290:Cheynet (2006), p. 9
2674:Theodore the Studite
2226:Theophylact Rangabes
1789:, a daughter of the
1539:An iconodule abbot,
1496:Byzantine Iconoclasm
1462:("Dung-named": from
1272:Diocese of Macedonia
1249:Patriarch Germanos I
1200:Byzantine Iconoclasm
1142:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
1020:The Opsicians chose
1006:walls of the capital
979:Philippikos Bardanes
729:Byzantine iconoclasm
714:Exarchate of Ravenna
234:Leo III the Isaurian
232:• Accession of
159:Leo III the Isaurian
117:Exarchate of Ravenna
5195:Culture and society
5058:Ecumenical councils
4561:Exarchate of Africa
4551:Quaestura exercitus
4415:Magister officiorum
4410:Praetorian prefects
4053:Byzantine Dark Ages
3777:Ostrogorsky, George
2708:Constantine VI
2491:Theophano of Athens
2439:Plato of Sakkoudion
1691:by his first wife,
1551:and prayers to the
1173:in 718 and his son
813:Exarchate of Africa
86:Imperator Romanorum
5893:717 establishments
5612:Flags and insignia
5258:Baths of Zeuxippus
5141:Codex Theodosianus
5031:Oriental Orthodoxy
3989:Later Roman Empire
3732:Kazhdan, Alexander
2518:Michael I Rangabes
2153:Constantine V
2114:Michael Melissenos
1822:Kardam of Bulgaria
1797:by his third wife
1783:
1372:, daughter of the
1320:capital punishment
1216:
1159:, where a certain
1109:
1017:monastery by 715.
987:Tervel of Bulgaria
967:
931:in 680, while the
874:period of troubles
380:
5860:
5859:
5822:
5821:
5779:Byzantine studies
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5565:Alexander Romance
5423:
5422:
5400:Nea Moni of Chios
5263:Blachernae Palace
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5151:Code of Justinian
4999:Eastern Orthodoxy
4970:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4892:
4891:
4766:Scholae Palatinae
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4627:Foreign relations
4621:
4620:
4515:
4514:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4128:(1204–1453)
3908:978-0-520-20496-6
3865:Treadgold, Warren
3856:978-0-8047-1462-4
3841:Treadgold, Warren
3833:978-0-416-70380-1
3794:978-0-8135-1198-6
3700:978-0-521-31917-1
3680:978-2-13-052007-8
3655:978-1-4051-3241-1
3183:
3182:
3181:
2169:
1599:Abbasid Caliphate
1455:than his father.
1398:Umayyad Caliphate
1315:Codex Justinianus
1231:removed from the
1161:Basil Onomagoulos
933:Quinisext Council
825:Armenian Highland
782:Sassanid Persians
774:Heraclian dynasty
752:Carolingian state
692:was ruled by the
686:
685:
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
294:
293:
124:
16:(Redirected from
5900:
5878:Isaurian dynasty
5847:
5760:
5759:
5703:Imperial Library
5649:Byzantine Greeks
5390:Daphni Monastery
5341:Panagia Chalkeon
5336:Hagios Demetrios
5303:Prison of Anemas
5253:Basilica Cistern
5211:
5210:
5202:
5201:
5191:
5190:
5046:West Syriac Rite
5036:Alexandrian Rite
4987:
4986:
4980:Religion and law
4976:
4975:
4911:Maritime themata
4867:Palaiologan army
4720:Military manuals
4688:
4687:
4679:
4678:
4668:
4667:
4526:
4525:
4502:Megas logothetes
4353:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4208:By modern region
4129:
4076:
4075:(717–1204)
4007:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3955:
3947:Byzantine Empire
3940:
3933:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3888:
3860:
3836:
3820:Runciman, Steven
3815:
3797:
3786:
3772:
3751:
3727:
3703:
3683:
3657:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3613:
3607:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3535:
3529:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3210:
3207:
2159:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1723:, and exiled to
1412:of the Armeniac
1265:John of Damascus
834:Muslim civil war
832:outbreak of the
790:Muslim expansion
694:Isaurian dynasty
690:Byzantine Empire
678:
671:
664:
650:
649:
648:
352:
351:
338:
337:
324:
323:
310:
309:
298:
297:
285:
284:
278:
277:
262:
261:
122:
114:
78:
63:
55:
53:Imperium Romanum
49:
41:
40:
39:Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων
34:Byzantine Empire
30:
29:
21:
18:Isaurian dynasty
5908:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5853:
5818:
5794:Cyrillic script
5765:
5746:
5691:
5675:
5575:
5557:Digenes Akritas
5533:
5478:
5419:
5383:Other locations
5378:
5350:
5307:
5239:
5228:Cross-in-square
5196:
5177:
5127:
4981:
4962:
4888:
4838:
4834:Varangian Guard
4777:
4751:East Roman army
4746:Late Roman army
4734:
4673:
4654:
4617:
4596:
4565:
4511:
4490:
4486:Epi ton deeseon
4476:Epi tou eidikou
4434:
4398:
4340:
4321:
4308:
4211:
4209:
4202:
4188:Palaiologan era
4130:
4127:
4118:
4089:Nikephorian era
4077:
4074:
4065:
4008:
4006:(330–717)
4005:
3996:
3976:
3963:
3950:
3944:
3909:
3885:
3857:
3834:
3813:
3795:
3770:
3748:
3724:
3701:
3681:
3665:
3660:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3604:Romilly Jenkins
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3582:Romilly Jenkins
3579:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3526:Antiherreticus
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3188:
3156:
2978:
2976:
2954:
2952:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2743:Stuarakios (II)
2736:
2725:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2676:
2522:
2520:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2471:
2469:
2456:
2441:
2425:
2228:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2186:
2184:
2177:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2116:
1929:
1927:
1876:
1864:
1771:
1685:
1683:Leo IV, 775–780
1627:Anastasian Wall
1568:
1510:synod at Hieria
1498:
1492:
1390:
1354:
1292:
1211:Chludov Psalter
1202:
1196:
1129:contravallation
1125:circumvallation
1095:
1042:
995:ritual blinding
955:
949:
872:in 695 began a
770:
764:
682:
646:
644:
639:
574:Palaiologan era
478:Nikephorian era
361:
335:
321:
307:
282:
249:
247:Irene of Athens
236:
210:(as sole ruler)
208:Irene of Athens
204:
203:• 797–802
191:
190:• 780–797
179:
178:• 775–780
167:
166:• 741–775
155:
154:• 717–741
110:
89:
64:
57:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5906:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5732:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5360:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5326:Byzantine Bath
5323:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5245:Constantinople
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5198:
5197:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5004:Byzantine Rite
4995:
4993:
4983:
4982:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4884:Grand domestic
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4850:Komnenian army
4846:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4725:Military units
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4695:Battle tactics
4691:
4685:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4387:Medieval Greek
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4356:
4350:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4142:Fourth Crusade
4133:
4131:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:Macedonian era
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4032:Theodosian era
4029:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4011:
4009:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3979:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3964:
3952:
3951:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3889:
3883:
3861:
3855:
3837:
3832:
3816:
3811:
3798:
3793:
3773:
3768:
3752:
3746:
3734:, ed. (1991).
3728:
3722:
3704:
3699:
3684:
3679:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3642:
3633:
3608:
3595:
3586:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3530:
3517:
3508:
3499:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3385:
3376:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2762:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2727:St. Philaretos
2717:
2715:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2475:
2473:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2172:
2170:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1863:
1860:
1840:Maria of Amnia
1833:Alexios Mosele
1770:
1767:
1751:Abbasid Caliph
1744:Paul of Cyprus
1684:
1681:
1567:
1564:
1491:
1488:
1429:Constantinople
1389:
1386:
1358:Constantinople
1353:
1350:
1291:
1288:
1198:Main article:
1195:
1192:
1133:Byzantine navy
1094:
1091:
1041:
1038:
1030:Anatolic theme
991:Opsician Theme
948:
945:
907:barter economy
894:Late Antiquity
846:Constantine IV
803:Following the
784:, the Emperor
766:Main article:
763:
760:
684:
683:
681:
680:
673:
666:
658:
655:
654:
641:
640:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
611:
608:
607:
603:
602:
596:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
582:
581:
571:
570:
569:
564:
559:
550:
542:
541:
540:
535:
530:
519:Fourth Crusade
513:
512:
508:
507:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
488:Macedonian era
485:
480:
475:
467:
466:
462:
461:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
437:Theodosian era
434:
420:
412:
411:
407:
406:
405:
404:
403:
402:
387:
386:
382:
381:
370:
369:
363:
362:
355:
348:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
332:
326:
325:
318:
312:
311:
304:
295:
292:
291:
286:
274:
273:
268:
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
244:
241:
240:
237:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
212:
211:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:Constantine VI
192:
189:
186:
185:
180:
177:
174:
173:
168:
165:
162:
161:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
105:
101:
100:
98:Constantinople
95:
91:
90:
79:
71:
70:
66:
65:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5905:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5761:
5757:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5698:Encyclopedias
5696:
5695:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5622:Hellenization
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:Everyday life
5578:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5552:Acritic songs
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:Hosios Loukas
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5188:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5068:Monophysitism
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:Armenian Rite
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4973:
4959:
4958:Naval battles
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4665:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4481:Protasekretis
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4332:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Komnenian era
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4047:Heraclian era
4045:
4043:
4042:Justinian era
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4004:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3893:Whittow, Mark
3890:
3886:
3884:0-8047-2630-2
3880:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:3-631-47138-6
3808:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3769:3-631-30582-6
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3747:0-19-504652-8
3743:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3723:1-85728-495-X
3719:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3637:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3605:
3599:
3590:
3583:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3401:
3392:
3390:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3155:
3154:
3100:
3098:
3002:
2992:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2951:
2944:
2899:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2858:
2850:
2787:
2773:
2766:
2755:
2744:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2693:
2675:
2662:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2627:
2613:
2611:
2536:
2528:
2519:
2512:
2501:
2492:
2481:
2480:
2467:
2466:
2455:
2440:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2339:
2331:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2299:
2291:
2289:
2279:
2263:
2261:
2248:
2234:
2227:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2185:rival emperor
2183:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2034:
2026:
2014:
1998:
1996:
1977:
1975:
1926:
1925:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1727:under guard.
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:Constantine V
1680:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:" or "animal
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1263:, as well as
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1002:Anastasios II
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:Monothelitism
980:
976:
972:
964:
959:
954:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:Monotheletism
922:
918:
917:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
829:Syrian Desert
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
769:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
679:
674:
672:
667:
665:
660:
659:
657:
656:
653:
643:
642:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
610:
609:
605:
604:
601:
598:
597:
592:
589:
587:
584:
580:
577:
576:
575:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
524:
520:
517:
516:
515:
514:
510:
509:
504:
501:
499:
498:Komnenian era
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
468:
464:
463:
458:
455:
453:
452:Heraclian era
450:
448:
447:Justinian era
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
432:
428:
424:
421:
419:
418:Tetrarchy era
416:
415:
414:
413:
409:
408:
401:
400:
396:
395:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
384:
383:
376:
372:
371:
368:
365:
364:
359:
354:
353:
333:
331:
328:
327:
319:
317:
314:
313:
305:
303:
300:
299:
296:
290:
287:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
242:
238:
235:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
200:
196:
193:
187:
184:
181:
175:
172:
171:Constantine V
169:
163:
160:
157:
151:
147:
143:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
118:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
67:
61:
54:
47:
46:Ancient Greek
31:
19:
5563:
5331:Hagia Sophia
5313:Thessalonica
5288:Hagia Sophia
5268:Chora Church
5206:Architecture
5083:Great Schism
5073:Paulicianism
5051:Miaphysitism
4906:Karabisianoi
4210:or territory
4170:Thessalonica
4154:Latin Empire
4149:Frankokratia
4124:
4084:Isaurian era
4083:
4071:
4002:
3987:
3983:Roman Empire
3973:
3897:
3869:
3845:
3823:
3802:
3782:
3759:
3735:
3712:
3708:Haldon, John
3689:
3670:
3645:
3636:
3624:. Retrieved
3620:
3611:
3598:
3589:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3546:. Retrieved
3542:
3533:
3525:
3524:Nikephoros,
3520:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3475:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3379:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3325:
3304:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3152:
2765:St. Ignatios
2706:
2477:
2468:
2463:
2210:NIKEPHORIANS
2209:
2201:Nikephoros I
2179:
2151:
1922:
1865:
1852:
1837:
1819:
1811:
1809:sympathies.
1784:
1772:
1748:
1729:
1711:
1709:
1686:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1650:
1639:
1615:
1580:
1569:
1561:
1541:Stephen Neos
1538:
1519:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1449:
1422:
1391:
1381:
1355:
1346:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1293:
1269:
1245:
1217:
1209:
1168:
1154:
1122:
1110:
1102:
1074:
1064:
1051:in northern
1043:
1032:, asked the
1025:
1019:
1015:Thessalonika
999:
985:. When King
971:Justinian II
968:
965:ca. 717
939:against the
914:
911:theme system
898:Medieval era
891:
870:Justinian II
802:
771:
756:Roman Empire
740:Pope Leo III
737:
726:
693:
687:
557:Thessalonica
528:Latin Empire
473:Isaurian era
472:
397:
393:Roman Empire
271:Succeeded by
270:
265:
5814:Megali Idea
5789:Byzantinism
5492:Agriculture
5283:Hagia Irene
5116:Kievan Rus'
5093:Mount Athos
4916:Cibyrrhaeot
4860:Vestiaritai
4715:Mercenaries
4592:Catepanates
4451:Sakellarios
4370:Family tree
4295:Mesopotamia
4114:Angelid era
4094:Amorian era
2754:Theophylact
2724:relative of
1795:Charlemagne
1295:convert to
1290:Final years
1261:Gregory III
1241:iconophiles
1233:Chalke Gate
1175:Constantine
1049:Germanikeia
941:See of Rome
921:Monophysite
838:Constans II
744:Charlemagne
503:Angelid era
483:Amorian era
266:Preceded by
82:Charlemagne
5867:Categories
5809:Third Rome
5735:University
5718:Philosophy
5708:Inventions
5571:Historians
5539:Literature
5522:Varangians
5364:San Vitale
5293:Hippodrome
5273:City Walls
5173:Mutilation
5168:Hexabiblos
5088:Bogomilism
5078:Iconoclasm
4948:Megas doux
4938:Greek fire
4921:Aegean Sea
4794:Kleisourai
4771:Excubitors
4761:Bucellarii
4613:Despotates
4582:Kleisourai
4521:Provincial
4365:Coronation
4339:Governance
4104:Doukid era
4037:Leonid era
3198:References
2950:Michael II
2943:Euphrosyne
2757:co-emperor
2746:co-emperor
2500:Staurakios
2494:(relative)
2454:Nikephoros
2432:Theoktiste
2181:Artabasdos
1856:Michael II
1829:Nikephoros
1807:iconoclast
1732:iconoclast
1717:Nikephoros
1530:Hippodrome
1526:Iconophile
1522:Iconodules
1514:Iconoclast
1484:iconodules
1460:Kopronymos
1453:iconoclast
1437:Thracesian
1406:Artabasdos
1394:Asia Minor
1257:Gregory II
1253:Anastasios
1225:idolatrous
1137:Greek fire
1079:Artabasdos
1066:spatharios
1022:Theodosios
821:Asia Minor
815:, against
778:overcoming
702:caliphates
620:Government
523:Latin rule
493:Doukid era
442:Leonid era
129:Government
5637:Octoechos
5517:Silk Road
5009:Hesychasm
4877:Paramonai
4824:Hetaireia
4756:Foederati
4645:Diplomacy
4640:Diplomats
4546:Provinces
4375:Empresses
4178:Trebizond
3974:Preceding
2986:Theodosia
2768:Patriarch
2452:(3)
2426:Patriarch
2187:741/2-743
1848:Patriarch
1815:Armeniacs
1799:Hildegard
1740:Theotokos
1736:iconodule
1676:nomismata
1659:captured
1646:Anchialus
1635:Marcellae
1623:Kormisosh
1603:As-Saffah
1583:Marwan II
1557:heretical
1410:stratēgos
1329:Epanagoge
1284:Liutprand
1135:employed
1083:Armeniacs
1075:strategos
1026:strategos
916:strategoi
903:Caliphate
796:into the
786:Heraclius
562:Trebizond
385:Preceding
5730:Scholars
5723:Rhetoric
5713:Medicine
5688:Learning
5587:Calendar
5464:Painters
5163:Basilika
5101:Bulgaria
5063:Arianism
5014:Hayhurum
4991:Religion
4953:Admirals
4872:Allagion
4804:Droungos
4710:Generals
4672:Military
4635:Treaties
4541:Dioceses
4360:Emperors
4273:Sardinia
4253:Dalmatia
4233:Bulgaria
4223:Anatolia
4182:Theodoro
4176: /
4172: /
4164: /
3895:(1996).
3867:(1997).
3843:(1988).
3822:(1975),
3779:(1997),
3758:(1996),
3710:(1999).
3626:18 April
3548:18 April
3186:See also
3153:AMORIANS
2734:Bardanes
2692:Theodote
2511:Prokopia
2130:(sister)
1868:basileus
1844:Theodote
1791:Frankish
1755:Al-Mahdi
1721:tonsured
1697:Khazaria
1651:In 751,
1619:Bulgaria
1445:Opsikion
1433:Anatolic
1342:Armenian
1334:Slavonic
1301:Akroinon
1276:Calabria
1188:Caesarea
1146:Bithynia
878:defeated
862:Asparukh
742:crowned
698:emperors
606:By topic
600:Timeline
567:Theodoro
399:Dominate
358:a series
356:Part of
133:Monarchy
115:(in the
5839:Outline
5784:Museums
5684:Science
5661:Slavery
5617:Gardens
5597:Cuisine
5529:Dynatoi
5497:Coinage
5484:Economy
5452:Mosaics
5415:Mystras
5356:Ravenna
5218:Secular
5106:Moravia
4855:Pronoia
4829:Akritai
4814:Tagmata
4789:Themata
4730:Revolts
4700:Battles
4608:Kephale
4577:Themata
4507:Mesazon
4349:Central
4285:Maghreb
4238:Corsica
4228:Armenia
4218:Albania
3961:History
3663:Sources
2979:813-820
2977:emperor
2968:1.Barka
2955:820-829
2953:emperor
2759:811-813
2748:811-813
2714:780-797
2712:emperor
2523:811-813
2521:emperor
2505:803-811
2503:emperor
2485:797-802
2483:empress
2472:775-780
2470:emperor
2229:admiral
2206:802-811
2204:emperor
2162:Tzitzak
2157:741-775
2145:Eudokia
2117:general
1930:717-741
1928:emperor
1924:Leo III
1787:Rotrude
1763:Bulgars
1725:Cherson
1693:Tzitzak
1668:Telerig
1661:Ravenna
1657:Aistulf
1653:Lombard
1611:Balkans
1607:Malatya
1576:tagmata
1474:"; and
1425:Amorion
1376:khagan
1370:Tzitzak
1362:Leo III
1280:Lombard
1184:Iconium
1180:Khazars
1170:Augusta
1104:solidus
1071:Abasgia
1057:Isauria
1045:Leo III
1028:of the
885:caliph
883:Umayyad
854:Cilicia
842:Balkans
817:Cilicia
710:Bulgars
625:Economy
219:History
140:Emperor
94:Capital
69:717–802
5849:Portal
5764:Impact
5644:People
5592:Cities
5442:Enamel
5223:Sacred
5158:Ecloga
5024:Saints
4933:Dromon
4809:Bandon
4799:Tourma
4782:Middle
4705:Beacon
4587:Bandon
4570:Middle
4439:Middle
4394:Senate
4317:Thrace
4300:Serbia
4278:Sicily
4263:Greece
4248:Cyprus
4166:Epirus
4162:Nicaea
4072:Middle
3949:topics
3905:
3881:
3853:
3830:
3809:
3791:
3766:
3744:
3720:
3697:
3677:
3653:
2962:Thekla
2465:Leo IV
2457:caesar
1826:Caesar
1713:Caesar
1631:Vinekh
1601:under
1595:Cyprus
1591:Thrace
1572:themes
1553:saints
1549:relics
1545:Sicily
1464:kopros
1441:Thrace
1408:, the
1400:under
1382:Eirēnē
1374:Khazar
1338:Arabic
1324:Ecloga
1309:Ecloga
1229:Christ
1157:Sicily
1118:Tervel
1034:Senate
1011:Rhodes
975:Phocas
969:After
963:themes
866:Danube
858:Bulgar
798:Levant
794:Arabia
722:Franks
718:papacy
553:Epirus
548:Nicaea
538:others
360:on the
222:
183:Leo IV
144:
119:until
56:
42:
5834:Index
5666:Death
5656:Women
5627:Music
5607:Dress
5602:Dance
5547:Novel
5507:Trade
5502:Mints
5447:Glass
5437:Icons
5233:Domes
5111:Serbs
4926:Samos
4739:Early
4529:Early
4403:Early
4312:Syria
4290:Malta
4268:Italy
4258:Egypt
4243:Crete
4174:Morea
4003:Early
2974:Leo V
2737:rebel
2721:Maria
2677:abbot
2479:Irene
2442:abbot
2167:Maria
1793:King
1705:Irene
1701:Bihar
1655:king
1587:Maraş
1476:onoma
1468:feces
1414:theme
1378:Bihar
1366:Maria
1297:Islam
1282:king
1221:icons
1165:Maria
1150:Thera
1101:Gold
1053:Syria
860:khan
809:Egypt
792:from
733:icons
112:Latin
108:Greek
88:, 800
60:Latin
5632:Lyra
5512:silk
5123:Jews
4898:Navy
4843:Late
4683:Army
4650:Wars
4601:Late
4495:Late
4125:Late
3903:ISBN
3879:ISBN
3851:ISBN
3828:ISBN
3807:ISBN
3789:ISBN
3764:ISBN
3742:ISBN
3718:ISBN
3695:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3651:ISBN
3628:2018
3550:2018
2672:St.
2462:(1)
2447:Anna
2175:Anna
2165:∞ 2.
2160:∞ 1.
1480:name
1472:dung
1443:and
1435:and
1418:Anna
1364:and
1340:and
1259:and
1186:and
1127:and
780:the
772:The
688:The
635:Navy
630:Army
521:and
123:751)
5429:Art
5133:Law
1695:of
1633:at
1555:as
1478:, "
1466:, "
1167:as
746:as
615:Art
252:802
239:717
84:as
5869::
3877:.
3619:.
3541:.
3463:^
3388:^
3361:^
3313:^
2984:2.
2960:1.
2941:2.
2719:1.
2690:2.
2178:∞
2143:3.
1858:.
1753:,
1637:.
1559:.
1344:.
1336:,
1286:.
1152:.
943:.
800:.
758:.
724:.
429:–
121:c.
4184:)
4180:–
4168:–
4055:"
4051:"
3939:e
3932:t
3925:v
3911:.
3887:.
3859:.
3750:.
3726:.
3630:.
3552:.
677:e
670:t
663:v
555:/
433:)
425:(
62:)
58:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
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