Coronary artery disease

1566: 668: 458: 1636: 4826:"ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians" 809: 53: 782: 5175:"2014 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons" 1079:

anti-anginal treatments in patients with refractory and recurrent angina. When nitroglycerine enters the bloodstream, it forms free radical nitric oxide, or NO, which activates guanylate cyclase and in turn stimulates the release of cyclic GMP. This molecular signaling stimulates smooth muscle relaxation, ultimately resulting in vasodilation and consequently improved blood flow to regions of the heart affected by atherosclerotic plaque.

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Cis unsaturated fats are bent in molecular structure and trans are linear in structure. Saturated fats originate from animal sources (such as animal fats) and are also molecularly linear in structure. The linear configurations of unsaturated trans and saturated fats allow them to easily accumulate and stack at the arterial walls when consumed in high amounts (and other positive measures towards physical health are not met).

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has a number of well determined risk factors that contribute to atherosclerosis. These risk factors for CAD include "smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), abnormal (high) amounts of cholesterol and other fat in the blood (dyslipidemia), type 2 diabetes and being overweight or obese (having excess body fat)" due to lack of exercise and a poor diet. Some other risk factors include

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irregular heartbeat, dizziness, sweating, and nausea. Burning, pain, or pressure in the chest or upper abdomen that can travel to the arm or jaw can also be experienced in females, but it is less commonly reported by females than males. On average, females experience symptoms 10 years later than males. Females are less likely to recognize symptoms and seek treatment.

934: 1557:. Newer "anaortic" or no-touch off-pump coronary artery revascularization techniques have shown reduced postoperative stroke rates comparable to percutaneous coronary intervention. Hybrid coronary revascularization has also been shown to be a safe and feasible procedure that may offer some advantages over conventional CABG though it is more expensive. 1227:. Medications and exercise are roughly equally effective. High levels of physical activity reduce the risk of coronary artery disease by about 25%. Life's Essential 8 are the key measures for improving and maintaining cardiovascular health, as defined by the American Heart Association. AHA added sleep as a factor influencing heart health in 2022. 6978:"ACC/AHA guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction—2002: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina)" 6325:"Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity)" 498:. In adults who go to the emergency department with an unclear cause of pain, about 30% have pain due to coronary artery disease. Angina, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea or vomiting, and lightheadedness are signs of a heart attack, or myocardial infarction, and immediate emergency medical services are crucial. 415:, maintaining a healthy weight, and not smoking. Medications for diabetes, high cholesterol, or high blood pressure are sometimes used. There is limited evidence for screening people who are at low risk and do not have symptoms. Treatment involves the same measures as prevention. Additional medications such as 883:. Although these people have kidney dysfunction, almost fifty percent of them die due to coronary artery disease. Plaques can be thought of as large "pimples" that protrude into the channel of an artery, causing partial obstruction to blood flow. People with coronary artery disease might have just one or two 1726:

As of 2010, CAD was the leading cause of death globally resulting in over 7 million deaths. This increased from 5.2 million deaths from CAD worldwide in 1990. It may affect individuals at any age but becomes dramatically more common at progressively older ages, with approximately a tripling with each

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Fats and cholesterol are insoluble in blood and thus are amalgamated with proteins to form lipoproteins for transport. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) transport cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body and therefore raise blood cholesterol levels. The consumption of "saturated fats increases

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The consumption of different types of fats including trans unsaturated, saturated and trans in a diet "influences the level of cholesterol that is present in the bloodstream". Unsaturated fats originate from plant sources (such as oils). There are two types of unsaturated fats, cis and trans isomers.

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Coronary artery disease is characterized by heart problems that result from atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis which is the "chronic inflammation of the arteries which causes them to harden and accumulate cholesterol plaques (atheromatous plaques) on the artery walls". CAD

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With advanced disease, the narrowing of coronary arteries reduces the supply of oxygen-rich blood flowing to the heart, which becomes more pronounced during strenuous activities during which the heart beats faster and has an increased oxygen demand. For some, this causes severe symptoms, while others

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Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death for both males and females and accounts for approximately 600,000 deaths in the United States every year. According to present trends in the United States, half of healthy 40-year-old males will develop CAD in the future, and one in three healthy

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A thorough systematic review found that indeed there is a link between a CHD condition and brain dysfunction in females. Consequently, since research is showing that cardiovascular diseases, like CHD, can play a role as a precursor for dementia, like Alzheimer's disease, individuals with CHD should

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Job stress appears to play a minor role accounting for about 3% of cases. In one study, females who were free of stress from work life saw an increase in the diameter of their blood vessels, leading to decreased progression of atherosclerosis. In contrast, females who had high levels of work-related

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infection and atherosclerosis. While this intracellular organism has been demonstrated in atherosclerotic plaques, evidence is inconclusive as to whether it can be considered a causative factor. Treatment with antibiotics in patients with proven atherosclerosis has not demonstrated a decreased risk

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In those with no previous history of heart disease, aspirin decreases the risk of a myocardial infarction but does not change the overall risk of death. Aspirin therapy to prevent heart disease is thus recommended only in adults who are at increased risk for cardiovascular events, which may include

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Antibiotics may help patients with coronary disease to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes. However, the latest evidence suggests that antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease are harmful with increased mortality and occurrence of stroke. So, the use of antibiotics is

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Most guidelines recommend combining these preventive strategies. A 2015 Cochrane Review found some evidence that counseling and education to bring about behavioral change might help in high-risk groups. However, there was insufficient evidence to show an effect on mortality or actual cardiovascular

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The RNA changes are mostly related to ciliary and endocytic transcripts, which in the circulating immune system would be related to the immune synapse. The immune synapse is the contact-dependent mode of communication between T cells and B cells, on one side, and a variety of antigen-presenting and

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Symptoms in females can differ from those in males, and the most common symptom reported by females of all races is shortness of breath. Other symptoms more commonly reported by females than males are extreme fatigue, sleep disturbances, indigestion, and anxiety. However, some females do experience

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High levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream lead to atherosclerosis. With increased levels of LDL in the bloodstream, "LDL particles will form deposits and accumulate within the arterial walls, which will lead to the development of plaques, restricting blood flow". The resultant reduction in the

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is the most common form of ischemic heart disease, and is associated with reduced quality of life and increased mortality. It is caused by epicardial coronary stenosis which results in reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the myocardium. Stable angina is characterized as short-term chest pain

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In minor to moderate cases, nitroglycerine may be used to alleviate acute symptoms of stable angina or may be used immediately prior to exertion to prevent the onset of angina. Sublingual nitroglycerine is most commonly used to provide rapid relief for acute angina attacks and as a complement to

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or stress test is inferior to non-invasive imaging methods due to risk of both false negative and false positive test results. The use of non-invasive imaging is not recommended on individuals who are exhibiting no symptoms and are otherwise at low risk for developing coronary disease. Invasive

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Schematic representation of Treg-related TRACs identified by RNAseq. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by RNAseq were curated by automated and manual analysis to identify the molecular pathways involved. The resulting pattern points to changes in the 'immune synapse', which

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It is estimated that 60% of the world's cardiovascular disease burden will occur in the South Asian subcontinent despite only accounting for 20% of the world's population. This may be secondary to a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Organizations such as the

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High density lipoproteins (HDL) are considered 'good' lipoproteins as they search for excess cholesterol in the body and transport it back to the liver for disposal. Trans fats also "increase LDL levels whilst decreasing HDL levels within the body, significantly raising blood cholesterol

1189:. It is mainly based on age, gender, diabetes, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, tobacco smoking, and systolic blood pressure. When it comes to predicting risk in younger adults (18–39 years old), Framingham Risk Score remains below 10–12% for all deciles of baseline-predicted risk. 4861:"ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina—summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina)" 454:. The number of cases of CAD for a given age also decreased between 1990 and 2010. In the United States in 2010, about 20% of those over 65 had CAD, while it was present in 7% of those 45 to 64, and 1.3% of those 18 to 45; rates were higher among males than females of a given age. 760:(psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who used substances, mentally ill, suicidal, or incarcerated) showed a graded correlation with the presence of adult diseases including coronary artery (ischemic heart) disease. 4741:

Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, Prescott E, Storey RF, Deaton C, Cuisset T, Agewall S, Dickstein K, Edvardsen T, Escaned J, Gersh BJ (31 August 2019). "2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes".

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Nordestgaard, B. G. & Palmer, T. M. & Benn, M. & Zacho, J & Tybjærg-Hansen, A. & Smith, G. D. & Timpson, N. J. (2012). "The Effect of Elevated Body Mass Index on Ischemic Heart Disease Risk: Causal Estimates from a Mendelian Randomisation Approach".

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Psychological symptoms are common in people with CHD, and while many psychological treatments may be offered following cardiac events, there is no evidence that they change mortality, the risk of revascularization procedures, or the rate of non-fatal myocardial infarction.

1518:. The benefits outweigh the harms most favorably in people at high risk for a cardiovascular event, where high risk is defined as at least a 3% chance over a five-year period, but others with lower risk may still find the potential benefits worth the associated risks. 1383:

found "insufficient evidence" to recommend that doctors counsel patients on exercise but "it did not review the evidence for the effectiveness of physical activity to reduce chronic disease, morbidity, and mortality", only the effectiveness of counseling itself. The

1533:. In others at high risk but not having an acute event, the evidence is weak. Specifically, its use does not change the risk of death in this group. In those who have had a stent, more than 12 months of clopidogrel plus aspirin does not affect the risk of death. 562:. About half of cases are linked to genetics. Smoking and obesity are associated with about 36% and 20% of cases, respectively. Smoking just one cigarette per day about doubles the risk of CAD. Lack of exercise has been linked to 7–12% of cases. Exposure to the 1082:

Stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) is also often called stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). A 2015 monograph explains that "Regardless of the nomenclature, stable angina is the chief manifestation of SIHD or SCAD." There are U.S. and European

3576:"The effects of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors, methotrexate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids on cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1734:

reported that: "The world’s biggest killer is ischemic heart disease, responsible for 13% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, the largest increase in deaths has been for this disease, rising by 2.7 million to 9.1 million deaths in 2021."

1376:, like walking, jogging, or swimming, can reduce the risk of mortality from coronary artery disease. Aerobic exercise can help decrease blood pressure and the amount of blood cholesterol (LDL) over time. It also increases HDL cholesterol. 721:

pathway is reflected in concurrent changes in the BMP receptor 1B RNA (BMPR1B), because the bone morphogenic proteins are members of the TGF-beta superfamily, and likewise impact Treg differentiation. As noted, several of the transcripts

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McCaffrey TA, Toma I, Yang Z, Katz R, Reiner J, Mazhari R, Shah P, Tackett M, Jones D, Jepson T, Falk Z, Wargodsky R, Shtakalo D, Antonets D, Ertle J, Kim JH, Lai Y, Arslan Z, Aledort E, Alfaraidy M, Laurent GS (September 2021).

705:(STRC) has been studied principally in outer sensory hair cells, and mutations lead to deafness. Steriocilin is a partner to mesothelin (MSN), a related super-helical protein, whose transcript is also modulated in CAD. Likewise, 3495:

Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M, Grodzicky T, Li Y, Panaritis C, du Berger R, et al. (October 2001). "Traditional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus".

1008:– the rare coronary artery disease that is more common in females, as mentioned, is a diagnosis of exclusion. Therefore, usually, the same tests are used as in any person with the suspected of having coronary artery disease: 685:, the most down-regulated transcript (2.4-fold), is an important 'cytolinker' that connects actin and desmin to facilitate cytoskeletal function and vesicular movement. The endocytic pathway is further modulated by changes in 709:, a double-cortin protein, is a known modulator of ciliary length. In the signaling pathways of the immune synapse, there were numerous transcripts that related directly to T cell function and the control of differentiation. 616:

heart's blood supply due to atherosclerosis in coronary arteries "causes shortness of breath, angina pectoris (chest pains that are usually relieved by rest), and potentially fatal heart attacks (myocardial infarctions)".

1165:), the chest pain is attributed to a "non-ST elevation MI" (NSTEMI). If there is no evidence of damage, the term "unstable angina" is used. This process usually necessitates hospital admission and close observation on a 7060:"Coronary artery bypass grafting vs percutaneous coronary intervention and long-term mortality and morbidity in multivessel disease: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of the arterial grafting and stenting era" 6058:"Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials" 6020:

Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS (September 2012). "Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

5523:"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1173:– irregularities in the heart rate). Depending on the risk assessment, stress testing or angiography may be used to identify and treat coronary artery disease in patients who have had an NSTEMI or unstable angina. 7837:

Saikku P, Leinonen M, Tenkanen L, Linnanmäki E, Ekman MR, Manninen V, et al. (February 1992). "Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study".

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Boden WE, Franklin B, Berra K, Haskell WL, Calfas KJ, Zimmerman FH, Wenger NK (October 2014). "Exercise as a therapeutic intervention in patients with stable ischemic heart disease: an underfilled prescription".

1955:"Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Executive summary: Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference proceeding for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the American Heart Association" 8242: 8227: 8196: 1496:

It is recommended that blood pressure typically be reduced to less than 140/90 mmHg. The diastolic blood pressure however should not be lower than 60 mmHg. Beta blockers are recommended first line for this use.

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McNeal CJ, Dajani T, Wilson D, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Dickerson JB, Ory M (January 2010). "Hypercholesterolemia in youth: opportunities and obstacles to prevent premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease".

8147: 4896:"2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines" 1754:

After analysing data from 2 111 882 patients, the recent meta-analysis revealed that the incidence of coronary artery diseases in breast cancer survicors was 4.29 (95% CI 3.09–5.94) per 1000 person-years.

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Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, Braun LT, de Ferranti S, Faiella-Tommasino J, Forman DE, Goldberg R, Heidenreich PA, Hlatky MA, Jones DW, Lloyd-Jones D (25 June 2019).

7019:"Percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes in patients with stable obstructive coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia: a collaborative meta-analysis of contemporary randomized clinical trials" 2329:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 3827: 6717:"Treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Society of Hypertension" 3993:

McCaffrey TA, Toma I, Yang Z, Katz R, Reiner J, Mazhari R, Shah P, Falk Z, Wargowsky R, Goldman J, Jones D, Shtokalo D, Antonets D, Tisha Jepson T, Fetisova A, Jaatinen K, Ree N, Ri M (June 2023).

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that downplayed early findings about the role of a diet heavy in sugar in the development of CAD and emphasized the role of fat; that review influenced decades of research funding and guidance on

4322:"A new and automated risk prediction of coronary artery disease using clinical endpoints and medical imaging-derived patient-specific insights: protocol for the retrospective GeoCAD cohort study" 2275:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 772:

Patient-specific vessel ageing or remodelling determines endothelial cell behaviour and thus disease growth and progression. Such 'hemodynamic markers' are thus patient-specific risk surrogates.

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Narvaez Linares NF, Poitras M, Burkauskas J, Nagaratnam K, Burr Z, Labelle PR, Plamondon H (August 2021). "Neuropsychological Sequelae of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: A Systematic Review".

867:. Calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) deposits in the muscular layer of the blood vessels appear to play a significant role in stiffening the arteries and inducing the early phase of coronary 6227:

Swardfager W, Herrmann N, Cornish S, Mazereeuw G, Marzolini S, Sham L, Lanctôt KL (April 2012). "Exercise intervention and inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis".

2459:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1195:

is another way of risk assessment. In one study the relative risk of incident coronary events was 91% higher among participants at high genetic risk than among those at low genetic risk.

1923: 5661:"Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies" 7934:

Andraws R, Berger JS, Brown DL (June 2005). "Effects of antibiotic therapy on outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

1133:, where ECGs may be performed sequentially to identify "evolving changes" (indicating ongoing damage to the heart muscle). Diagnosis is clear-cut if ECGs show elevation of the " 972:

For stable patient but who are symptomatic there are several non-invasive tests to diagnose CAD depending on pre assessment of the risk profile. Non invasive imaging include;

2641:"2018 Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines" 7486:

Galimzhanov A, Istanbuly S, Tun HN, Ozbay B, Alasnag M, Ky B, Lyon AR, Kayikcioglu M, Tenekecioglu E, Panagioti M, Kontopantelis E, Abdel-Qadir H, Mamas MA (27 July 2023).

490:. Angina also includes chest tightness, heaviness, pressure, numbness, fullness, or squeezing. Angina that changes in intensity, character or frequency is termed unstable. 7582: 832:(commonly referred to as a heart attack). It leads to damage, death, and eventual scarring of the heart muscle without regrowth of heart muscle cells. Chronic high-grade 7639: 1181:

There are various risk assessment systems for determining the risk of coronary artery disease, with various emphasis on different variables above. A notable example is

4807: 3671:"Psychosocial stress and atherosclerosis: family and work stress accelerate progression of coronary disease in women. The Stockholm Female Coronary Angiography Study" 2603:

Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, et al. (October 2023). "2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes".

7197: 693:, which is a tubulin-severing enzyme that is a GWAS marker for cardiovascular risk. Protein recycling would be modulated by changes in the proteasomal regulator 593:, a group of personality characteristics including time urgency, competitiveness, hostility, and impatience, is linked to an increased risk of coronary disease. 4955: 7696: 7224:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 672:

involves both endocytic pathways of T cell receptor (TCR)-containing vesicles, as well as ciliary protrusions that couple to intracellular signaling pathways.

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Plant-based nutrition has been suggested as a way to reverse coronary artery disease, but strong evidence is still lacking for claims of potential benefits.

3835: 4150:"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study" 3531:

Kerola AM, Kauppi MJ, Kerola T, Nieminen TV (October 2012). "How early in the course of rheumatoid arthritis does the excess cardiovascular risk appear?".

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

6527: 5124: 681:(FMOD, increased 2.8-fold in CAD). Several other regulated transcripts encode for proteins related to the structure and function of the immune synapse. 7421:"Heart disease and stroke statistics—2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee" 6276:

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (August 2002). "Behavioral counseling in primary care to promote physical activity: recommendation and rationale".

977: 7368: 859:. With atherosclerosis, the artery's lining becomes hardened, stiffened, and accumulates deposits of calcium, fatty lipids, and abnormal inflammatory 6898:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA review finds long-term treatment with blood-thinning medicine Plavix (clopidogrel) does not change risk of death" 2213: 7460: 4247: 2248: 2182: 2327:

Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

702: 7539: 5234:"Association of high-sensitivity troponin T with outcomes in asymptomatic non-severe aortic stenosis: a post-hoc substudy of the SEAS trial" 2020: 4716: 717:

is a well-known modulator of the TGF-beta signaling pathway, which is a primary determinant of Tre differentiation. Further impact on the

5389:"Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study" 1931: 649: 439:(CABG) may be used in severe disease. In those with stable CAD it is unclear if PCI or CABG in addition to the other treatments improves 3477: 2393: 1856:

was confined to families with multiple cases of myocardial infarction. Other genome-wide studies have identified a firm risk variant on

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have a lower risk of heart disease, possibly due to their greater consumption of fruits and vegetables. Evidence also suggests that the

8660: 6768:"Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" 1768:

Other terms sometimes used for this condition are "hardening of the arteries" and "narrowing of the arteries". In Latin it is known as

698: 690: 661: 8097:"Immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies in cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A bedside-to-bench approach" 6140:

Linden W, Stossel C, Maurice J (April 1996). "Psychosocial interventions for patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis".

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Hadziselimovic E, Greve AM, Sajadieh A, Olsen MH, Kesäniemi YA, Nienaber CA, Ray SG, Rossebø AB, Wachtell K, Nielsen OW (April 2023).

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Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided. Prevention involves adequate physical

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ischaemic heart disease does not appear to have benefits over medical therapy alone. In those with disease in more than one artery,

8350: 735: 7294:"Mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, region, and age: statistics from World Health Organisation and United Nations" 3430:"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy" 3381:"Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports" 2407: 3623:

Garshick M, Underberg JA (October 2017). "The Use of Primary Prevention Statin Therapy in Those Predisposed to Atherosclerosis".

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or discomfort that occurs regularly with activity, after eating, or at other predictable times; this phenomenon is termed stable

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Sethi NJ, Safi S, Korang SK, Hróbjartsson A, Skoog M, Gluud C, Jakobsen JC, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (February 2021).

2879:"Temporal trends in ischemic heart disease mortality in 21 world regions, 1980 to 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study" 701:. On the ciliary aspect of the immune synapse, several of the modulated transcripts are related to ciliary length and function. 9077: 8394: 7579: 3509: 1039:

during physical exertion caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and metabolic oxygen demand. Various forms of

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stress experienced a decrease in the diameter of their blood vessels and significantly increased disease progression. Having a

17: 5214: 6537: 5157: 3774: 2387: 2105: 2057: 1751:

40-year-old females. It is the most common reason for death of males and females over 20 years of age in the United States.

7142:"Hybrid coronary revascularization versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting: Systematic review and meta-analysis" 3733:

McCann SJ (November 2001). "The precocity-longevity hypothesis: earlier peaks in career achievement predict shorter lives".

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In 2015, CAD affected 110 million people and resulted in 8.9 million deaths. It makes up 15.6% of all deaths, making it the

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Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC (April 2006). "Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease".

4795: 3236: 8167: 8021: 5641: 4799: 3894:"Identification of 64 Novel Genetic Loci Provides an Expanded View on the Genetic Architecture of Coronary Artery Disease" 9072: 8886: 8876: 8465: 1380: 1340:

Secondary prevention is preventing further sequelae of already established disease. Effective lifestyle changes include:

3016: 1157:("clot buster" medication), whichever is available. In the absence of ST-segment elevation, heart damage is detected by 949:

The diagnosis of CAD depends largely on the nature of the symptoms. The first investigation when CAD is suspected is an

9433: 9183: 9014: 8628: 7712:"Genome-wide mapping of susceptibility to coronary artery disease identifies a novel replicated locus on chromosome 17" 7603:

Nestle M (November 2016). "Food Industry Funding of Nutrition Research: The Relevance of History for Current Debates".

7189: 2787:"Coronary artery bypass graft surgery vs percutaneous interventions in coronary revascularization: a systematic review" 1565: 1554: 1146: 1104: 432: 209: 46:

Arteriosclerotic heart disease, atherosclerotic heart disease, atherosclerotic vascular disease, coronary heart disease

3332:"Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data" 1379:

Although exercise is beneficial, it is unclear whether doctors should spend time counseling patients to exercise. The

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Hemostatic factors: High levels of fibrinogen and coagulation factor VII are associated with an increased risk of CAD.

667: 9054: 7688: 7487: 6178:

Richards SH, Anderson L, Jenkinson CE, Whalley B, Rees K, Davies P, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (April 2017).

5025: 4424:"Chronic total occlusions—a stiff challenge requiring a major breakthrough: is there light at the end of the tunnel?" 3201: 4941: 2554:"The contribution of major depression to the global burden of ischemic heart disease: a comparative risk assessment" 9443: 9049: 7386: 921:

atherosclerosis. For reasons that are not well understood, females are more likely than males to have it; however,

4669:"Pathophysiology and management of patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms (cardiac syndrome X)" 913:(coronary angiogram) is being performed. The exact cause of microvascular angina is unknown. Explanations include 8918: 8699: 2706:

Desai CS, Blumenthal RS, Greenland P (April 2014). "Screening low-risk individuals for coronary artery disease".

1818: 1459: 973: 629: 511: 7802:

Dandona S, Stewart AF, Roberts R (March 2010). "Genomics in coronary artery disease: past, present and future".

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Several immunosuppressive drugs targeting the chronic inflammation in coronary artery disease have been tested.

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plus aspirin (dual anti-platelet therapy) reduces cardiovascular events more than aspirin alone in those with a

8994: 8989: 8913: 7101:"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting With and Without Manipulation of the Ascending Aorta: A Network Meta-Analysis" 5474:"Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: metaepidemiological study" 4937: 1108: 1072: 988:(the three latter can be summarized as functional non invasive methods and are typically better to "rule in"). 457: 436: 213: 7341: 5946:"Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction" 5570: 5117: 9340: 9216: 9145: 8977: 8713: 5753:"Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: a meta-analysis and systematic review" 1639: 757: 7887:"Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae as a cause of coronary heart disease: the hypothesis is still untested" 6551: 6262: 9335: 9128: 9111: 9044: 8964: 8343: 7017:

Stergiopoulos K, Boden WE, Hartigan P, Möbius-Winkler S, Hambrecht R, Hueb W, et al. (February 2014).

6461:"Coronary heart disease and risk for cognitive impairment or dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis" 6459:

Deckers K, Schievink SH, Rodriquez MM, Oostenbrugge RJ, Boxtel MP, Verhey FR, Köhler S (8 September 2017).

1550: 1478: 981: 574: 428: 234: 7640:"Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research: A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents" 7365: 4289:"The β fibrinogen gene G-455A polymorphism in Asian subjects with coronary heart disease: A meta analysis" 3669:

Wang HX, Leineweber C, Kirkeeide R, Svane B, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Theorell T, Orth-Gomér K (March 2007).

9178: 8623: 7971:"Myeloperoxidase: a new biomarker of inflammation in ischemic heart disease and acute coronary syndromes" 5846:

Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Evans CE, Cleghorn CL, Nykjaer C, Woodhead C, et al. (December 2013).

1242:

control improves cardiac risk although improved sugar control appears to decrease other problems such as

447: 332:

or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Occasionally it may feel like

6669:

Grove EL, Würtz M, Thomas MR, Kristensen SD (2015). "Antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes".

664:

that are likely markers of regulatory T cells (Treg), consistent with known reductions in Tregs in CAD.

9160: 8648: 8633: 5819:

Walker C, Reamy BV (April 2009). "Diets for cardiovascular disease prevention: what is the evidence?".

3995:"RNAseq profiling of blood from patients with coronary artery disease: Signature of a T cell imbalance" 2928:"The global burden of ischemic heart disease in 1990 and 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study" 1385: 1017: 769:

In the Asian population, the b fibrinogen gene G-455A polymorphism was associated with the risk of CAD.

738:) are known elements of the Wnt signaling pathway, which is major determinant of Treg differentiation. 8707: 2209: 9238: 8935: 8903: 8830: 8557: 8316: 5173:

Fihn SD, Blankenship JC, Alexander KP, Bittl JA, Byrne JG, Fletcher BJ, et al. (November 2014).

3762: 2552:

Charlson FJ, Moran AE, Freedman G, Norman RE, Stapelberg NJ, Baxter AJ, et al. (November 2013).

2244: 2178: 1731: 1635: 1426: 1043:

may be used to induce both symptoms and detect changes by way of electrocardiography (using an ECG),

914: 551: 547: 380: 6976:

Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, et al. (October 2002).

3330:

Kivimäki M, Nyberg ST, Batty GD, Fransson EI, Heikkilä K, Alfredsson L, et al. (October 2012).

3218:

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Social Security Cardiovascular Disability Criteria. (2010).

1510:

females, males above 40, and younger people with risk factors for coronary heart disease, including

450:

globally. The risk of death from CAD for a given age decreased between 1980 and 2010, especially in

9362: 9188: 9118: 8908: 8805: 8786: 8616: 8389: 8265: 4859:

Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, et al. (January 2003).

1873: 1740: 1142: 1060: 1012: 976:(CTA) (anatomical imaging, best test in patients with low risk profile-to "rule out" the disease), 845: 188: 7464: 6929:"Extended duration dual antiplatelet therapy and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6715:

Rosendorff C, Lackland DT, Allison M, Aronow WS, Black HR, Blumenthal RS, et al. (May 2015).

4894:

Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, Benjamin EJ, Budoff MJ, Fayad ZA, et al. (December 2010).

9438: 9395: 9369: 9357: 9345: 9330: 9064: 9006: 8810: 8791: 8443: 8336: 7535: 5944:

Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Meigs JB, Manson JE, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, et al. (March 2005).

5215:"ESC Guidelines on Chronic Coronary Syndromes (Previously titled Stable Coronary Artery Disease)" 2506:

Wong ND (May 2014). "Epidemiological studies of CHD and the evolution of preventive cardiology".

2432: 2024: 1542: 1442: 1141:(MI); this is termed a STEMI (ST-elevation MI) and is treated as an emergency with either urgent 1126: 1120: 1048: 985: 97: 8095:

Mikkelsen RR, Hundahl MP, Torp CK, Rodríguez-Carrio J, Kjolby M, Bruun JM, Kragstrup TW (2022).

6575:"Statin therapy in the prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events: a sex-based meta-analysis" 3944:"RNA sequencing of blood in coronary artery disease: involvement of regulatory T cell imbalance" 3108:

McSweeney JC, O'Sullivan P, Cleves MA, Lefler LL, Cody M, Moser DK, et al. (January 2010).

1134: 8984: 8950: 8893: 8871: 8693: 8675: 8611: 8478: 8431: 8359: 4148:

Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. (May 1998).

3574:

Roubille C, Richer V, Starnino T, McCourt C, McFarlane A, Fleming P, et al. (March 2015).

1789: 1785: 1744: 1362: 1303: 1259: 1186: 876: 841: 376: 310: 302: 8294: 8217: 8209: 5848:"Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis" 5145: 982:

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/nuclear stress test/myocardial scintigraphy

8748: 8743: 8638: 8553: 8448: 8221: 8213: 8205: 8054:

Freeman AM, Morris PB, Barnard N, Esselstyn CB, Ros E, Agatston A, et al. (March 2017).

2926:

Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Flaxman A, et al. (April 2014).

2377: 1953:

Faxon DP, Creager MA, Smith SC, Pasternak RC, Olin JW, Bettmann MA, et al. (June 2004).

1853: 1307: 1264:

A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death.

1138: 1100: 829: 801: 543: 495: 345: 322: 164: 6825: 6808: 6289: 5521:

Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, et al. (August 2016).

9244: 8772: 8753: 8653: 8564: 8507: 7488:"Cardiovascular outcomes in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6927:

Elmariah S, Mauri L, Doros G, Galper BZ, O'Neill KE, Steg PG, et al. (February 2015).

6809:"Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: recommendation and rationale" 6472: 5717: 5043: 4288: 2877:

Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray CJ, Naghavi M (April 2014).

1311: 1130: 1001: 994: 898: 851:

Typically, coronary artery disease occurs when part of the smooth, elastic lining inside a

570: 555: 337: 7710:

Farrall M, Green FR, Peden JF, Olsson PG, Clarke R, Hellenius ML, et al. (May 2006).

7223: 7222:

Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

7099:

Zhao DF, Edelman JJ, Seco M, Bannon PG, Wilson MK, Byrom MJ, et al. (February 2017).

4824:

Douglas PS, Garcia MJ, Haines DE, Lai WW, Manning WJ, Patel AR, et al. (March 2011).

1388:, based on a non-systematic review, recommends that doctors counsel patients on exercise. 1059:

by the heart muscle). If part of the heart seems to receive an insufficient blood supply,

677:

immunomodulating cells on the other side. One of the most differentially expressed genes,

8: 9249: 9106: 9101: 9024: 8928: 8898: 8857: 8483: 8400: 8246: 7419:

Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, et al. (February 2007).

6153: 5897:"Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses" 5338:

Khera AV, Emdin CA, Drake I, Natarajan P, Bick AG, Cook NR, et al. (December 2016).

2979: 1511: 1040: 989: 884: 864: 582: 392: 360: 344:

may also occur and sometimes no symptoms are present. In many cases, the first sign is a

341: 180: 90: 7258: 6476: 5721: 5266: 5233: 4273: 4019: 3994: 1137:", which in the context of severe typical chest pain is strongly indicative of an acute 905:

in which chest pain and chest discomfort occur without signs of blockages in the larger

808: 9352: 9150: 8972: 8923: 8548: 8495: 8405: 8126: 7997: 7970: 7911: 7886: 7863: 7738: 7711: 7664: 7318: 7293: 7271: 7166: 7141: 6994: 6977: 6953: 6928: 6874: 6849: 6743: 6716: 6694: 6526:

Jameson JN, Kasper DL, Harrison TR, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL (2005).

6503: 6460: 6441: 6393: 6368: 6341: 6324: 6301: 6204: 6179: 6122: 5926: 5872: 5847: 5685: 5660: 5617: 5596: 5547: 5522: 5498: 5473: 5454: 5364: 5339: 5315: 5290: 5094: 5069: 5002: 4977: 4698: 4685: 4668: 4644: 4619: 4595: 4570: 4546: 4521: 4497: 4472: 4448: 4423: 4399: 4372: 4348: 4321: 4228: 4179: 4130: 4076: 4051: 4032: 3970: 3943: 3918: 3893: 3857:

McPherson R, Tybjaerg-Hansen A (February 2016). "Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease".

3750: 3700: 3648: 3600: 3575: 3556: 3454: 3429: 3405: 3380: 3356: 3331: 3302: 3275: 3178: 3161: 3134: 3109: 3060: 3035: 2952: 2927: 2903: 2878: 2854: 2827: 2731: 2688: 2580: 2553: 2531: 2483: 2458: 2353: 2328: 2299: 2274: 2152: 2127: 1971: 1954: 1430: 1299: 1269: 1170: 1166: 997:(ICA) can be used when non-invasive testing is inconclusive or show a high event risk. 590: 404: 81: 8259: 7815: 7437: 7420: 7239: 6944: 5913: 5896: 5405: 5388: 4877: 4860: 4620:"Microvascular coronary dysfunction and ischemic heart disease: where are we in 2014?" 4166: 4149: 3445: 3347: 2943: 2894: 2474: 2344: 2290: 9412: 9263: 9221: 9136: 8954: 8852: 8569: 8512: 8410: 8154: 8130: 8118: 8077: 8036: 8002: 7951: 7916: 7855: 7819: 7784: 7743: 7669: 7620: 7517: 7509: 7442: 7401: 7323: 7263: 7248: 7171: 7122: 7081: 7076: 7059: 7040: 7035: 7018: 6999: 6958: 6897: 6879: 6830: 6789: 6748: 6686: 6651: 6596: 6543: 6533: 6508: 6490: 6445: 6433: 6398: 6346: 6293: 6244: 6209: 6157: 6126: 6114: 6079: 6038: 6002: 5967: 5918: 5877: 5828: 5801: 5774: 5733: 5690: 5622: 5597:"Multiple risk factor interventions for primary prevention of coronary heart disease" 5552: 5503: 5446: 5410: 5369: 5320: 5271: 5253: 5196: 5153: 5099: 5007: 4917: 4882: 4847: 4777: 4769: 4690: 4649: 4600: 4551: 4502: 4453: 4404: 4353: 4269: 4220: 4215: 4198: 4171: 4122: 4081: 4036: 4024: 3975: 3923: 3874: 3770: 3754: 3692: 3687: 3670: 3640: 3605: 3548: 3513: 3459: 3410: 3361: 3307: 3183: 3160:

McSweeney JC, Cody M, O'Sullivan P, Elberson K, Moser DK, Garvin BJ (November 2003).

3139: 3110:"Racial differences in women's prodromal and acute symptoms of myocardial infarction" 3065: 2991: 2957: 2908: 2859: 2808: 2767: 2723: 2680: 2672: 2620: 2585: 2523: 2488: 2383: 2358: 2304: 2157: 2101: 1976: 1849: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1486: 1349: 1235: 1224: 1096: 1084: 950: 906: 888: 535: 451: 416: 412: 388: 306: 176: 171: 132: 114: 65: 52: 8305: 8255: 8251: 7867: 7655: 7616: 6850:"Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular events" 6591: 6574: 6429: 6305: 5930: 5458: 4702: 4232: 4183: 4134: 4067: 3763:"Current issues in Type A behaviour, coronary proneness, and coronary heart disease" 3704: 3591: 3544: 2735: 2692: 1864:

are found in intergenic segments and need further research in understanding how the

9385: 9277: 9170: 8866: 8108: 8067: 7992: 7982: 7943: 7906: 7898: 7847: 7811: 7774: 7733: 7723: 7659: 7651: 7612: 7499: 7432: 7313: 7305: 7275: 7253: 7243: 7235: 7161: 7153: 7112: 7071: 7030: 6989: 6948: 6940: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6820: 6779: 6738: 6728: 6698: 6678: 6643: 6619: 6586: 6498: 6480: 6425: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6336: 6285: 6236: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6149: 6106: 6074: 6069: 6057: 6030: 5994: 5957: 5908: 5867: 5859: 5764: 5725: 5708:

Li D (January 2014). "Effect of the vegetarian diet on non-communicable diseases".

5680: 5672: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5542: 5534: 5493: 5485: 5438: 5400: 5359: 5351: 5310: 5302: 5291:"Framingham risk score and prediction of coronary heart disease death in young men" 5261: 5245: 5186: 5150:

Cardiovascular Diseases: From Molecular Pharmacology to Evidence-Based Therapeutics

5089: 5081: 4997: 4989: 4907: 4872: 4837: 4759: 4751: 4680: 4639: 4631: 4590: 4582: 4541: 4533: 4492: 4484: 4443: 4435: 4394: 4384: 4343: 4333: 4300: 4259: 4210: 4161: 4112: 4071: 4063: 4014: 4006: 3965: 3955: 3913: 3905: 3866: 3742: 3682: 3652: 3632: 3595: 3587: 3560: 3540: 3505: 3449: 3441: 3400: 3392: 3351: 3343: 3297: 3287: 3257: 3173: 3129: 3121: 3055: 3047: 2947: 2939: 2898: 2890: 2849: 2839: 2798: 2759: 2715: 2662: 2652: 2612: 2575: 2565: 2535: 2515: 2478: 2470: 2348: 2340: 2294: 2286: 2147: 2139: 2093: 2053: 1966: 1861: 1373: 1182: 1044: 966: 868: 353: 106: 6682: 3909: 3870: 1999: 632:

have identified over 160 genetic susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease.

9407: 8799: 8780: 8767: 8574: 8453: 8328: 8270: 8113: 8096: 7882: 7779: 7762: 7728: 7586: 7372: 7309: 6733: 6485: 6110: 5249: 5191: 5174: 5085: 4950: 4946: 4117: 4100: 4010: 3261: 2763: 1881: 1839: 1292: 1273: 1192: 1161:(blood tests that identify heart muscle damage). If there is evidence of damage ( 1088: 902: 856: 852: 797: 793: 789: 531: 491: 440: 364: 318: 148: 128: 74: 8236: 7851: 7157: 5895:

Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J, Winter N, Mete E, Te Morenga L (February 2019).

4373:"Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease leading to acute coronary syndromes" 4338: 4305: 3223: 2977: 2616: 918: 9400: 9308: 9206: 9198: 9096: 8606: 8599: 8586: 8072: 8055: 7561: 7117: 7100: 6848:

Squizzato A, Bellesini M, Takeda A, Middeldorp S, Donadini MP (December 2017).

5595:

Ebrahim S, Taylor F, Ward K, Beswick A, Burke M, Davey Smith G (January 2011).

4912: 4895: 4842: 4825: 4755: 3960: 2657: 2640: 1823: 1809: 1507: 1453: 1344: 1243: 1158: 860: 384: 298: 118: 6766:

Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Senger CA, O'Connor EA, Whitlock EP (June 2016).

6240: 6097:

Erkkilä AT, Booth SL (February 2008). "Vitamin K intake and atherosclerosis".

5442: 5306: 4993: 4635: 4586: 3746: 3636: 3036:"Emergency department and office-based evaluation of patients with chest pain" 2719: 2143: 895:(CTO) when a coronary artery is completely obstructed for more than 3 months. 9427: 9390: 9301: 8436: 7947: 7513: 7504: 6494: 5257: 5139: 5137: 4773: 2803: 2786: 2785:

Deb S, Wijeysundera HC, Ko DT, Tsubota H, Hill S, Fremes SE (November 2013).

2676: 2667: 2570: 2519: 1438: 1322: 1284: 1265: 1095:(above 14 pg/mL) was found associated with an increased 5-year event rate of 1035: 1030: 954: 872: 747: 349: 314: 102: 8148:

Risk Assessment of having a heart attack or dying of coronary artery disease

7902: 6547: 6034: 4488: 4439: 4264: 3428:

Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT (July 2012).

2844: 9322: 9296: 9140: 9088: 8761: 8737: 8684: 8543: 8122: 8081: 8040: 8006: 7955: 7920: 7823: 7788: 7747: 7673: 7624: 7521: 7446: 7405: 7327: 7267: 7175: 7126: 7085: 7044: 7003: 6962: 6883: 6834: 6793: 6752: 6690: 6655: 6600: 6512: 6437: 6402: 6350: 6297: 6248: 6213: 6118: 6083: 6042: 6006: 5971: 5962: 5945: 5922: 5881: 5832: 5805: 5778: 5737: 5694: 5626: 5556: 5507: 5450: 5414: 5373: 5324: 5275: 5200: 5103: 5011: 4921: 4886: 4851: 4781: 4694: 4653: 4604: 4555: 4506: 4457: 4408: 4357: 4224: 4126: 4085: 4028: 3979: 3927: 3878: 3696: 3644: 3609: 3552: 3517: 3463: 3414: 3365: 3311: 3187: 3143: 3069: 2995: 2961: 2912: 2863: 2812: 2771: 2727: 2684: 2624: 2589: 2527: 2492: 2362: 2308: 2161: 1980: 1857: 1845: 1434: 1216: 1212: 1154: 1056: 1052: 880: 714: 710: 678: 625: 566: 527: 424: 408: 230: 198: 144: 110: 7987: 7859: 6647: 6415: 6161: 5355: 5134: 4175: 3051: 9257: 9155: 8945: 8862: 8844: 8670: 8643: 8594: 8535: 8289: 6614: 6320: 5998: 4721: 4537: 3379:

Hackshaw A, Morris JK, Boniface S, Tang JL, Milenković D (January 2018).

2411: 1994: 1526: 1449: 1401:

not currently supported for preventing secondary coronary heart disease.

1239: 1220: 1068: 958: 139: 7461:"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics | American Heart Association (AHA)" 7016: 4764: 3292: 3125: 9285: 8835: 8311: 2828:"Conservative strategy for treatment of stable coronary artery disease" 2097: 1315: 1162: 1092: 962: 821: 785: 471: 329: 221: 86: 70: 8188: 5863: 5769: 5752: 5729: 5676: 5538: 5489: 5340:"Genetic Risk, Adherence to a Healthy Lifestyle, and Coronary Disease" 3510:

10.1002/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2331::aid-art395>3.0.co;2-i

3396: 1475:, which reduce cholesterol, reduce the risk of coronary artery disease 781: 8300: 6784: 6767: 6765: 6458: 5792:

Ginter E (2008). "Vegetarian diets, chronic diseases and longevity".

5146:"Overview of ischemic heart disease, stable angina, and drug therapy" 1885: 1865: 1418:

There are a number of treatment options for coronary artery disease:

1355: 1288: 1280: 1247: 910: 682: 578: 563: 333: 8094: 6532:(16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. 4794: 4050:

Mu F, Rich-Edwards J, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Missmer SA (May 2016).

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Ohman EM (March 2016). "CLINICAL PRACTICE. Chronic Stable Angina".

6275: 4389: 3159: 3107: 3017:"Coronary Artery Disease Symptoms: Types, Causes, Risks, Treatment" 1835: 1515: 1367: 1204: 1064: 837: 833: 817: 718: 628:

of coronary artery disease has been estimated between 40% and 60%.

607:

LDL levels within the body, thus raising blood cholesterol levels".

479: 400: 368: 294: 156: 152: 8020:

Esselstyn CB, Gendy G, Doyle J, Golubic M, Roizen MF (July 2014).

7881:

Grayston JT, Belland RJ, Byrne GI, Kuo CC, Schachter J, Stamm WE,

7385:

Kochanek KD, Xu J, Murphy SL, Miniño AM, Kung HC (December 2011).

6847: 6226: 5659:

Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, Hu FB (July 2014).

4520:

Aldiwani H, Mahdai S, Alhatemi G, Bairey Merz CN (February 2021).

3767:

Handbook of social and clinical psychology: the health perspective

1569:

Deaths due to ischaemic heart disease per million persons in 2012

387:

consumption. A number of tests may help with diagnoses including:

7058:

Sipahi I, Akay MH, Dagdelen S, Blitz A, Alhan C (February 2014).

5845: 5427: 4519: 4473:"Cardiac syndrome X: a critical overview and future perspectives" 3482:

US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration

2978:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (October 2011).

1642:

for ischaemic heart disease per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.

1490: 1208: 922: 686: 559: 539: 420: 372: 226: 160: 7836: 6369:"Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease" 6177: 5984: 5288: 5231: 4199:"The genetics of atherothrombotic disorders: a clinician's view" 3220:

Cardiovascular Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings

9291: 9271: 8426: 8231: 8200: 6714: 5289:

Berry JD, Lloyd-Jones DM, Garside DB, Greenland P (July 2007).

4248:"Hemoglobin: Emerging marker in stable coronary artery disease" 4147: 3276:"Genetics of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction" 3162:"Women's early warning symptoms of acute myocardial infarction" 2980:"Prevalence of coronary heart disease—United States, 2006–2010" 1472: 825: 820:(cell starvation secondary to a lack of oxygen) of the heart's 723: 657: 645: 483: 475: 238: 7689:"How the sugar industry paid experts to downplay health risks" 6525: 5943: 4936: 3494: 2826:

Rezende PC, Scudeler TL, da Costa LM, Hueb W (February 2015).

1396:

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease

855:(the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle) develops 8053: 7763:"9p21 and the genetic revolution for coronary artery disease" 5172: 5070:"Pharmacological treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris" 4893: 3573: 2090:

Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control

1530: 1329: 1150: 941: 844:, which may terminate into a dangerous heart rhythm known as 731: 727: 706: 653: 487: 201:, regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, not smoking 7485: 6975: 4858: 4101:"Psychological and social factors in coronary heart disease" 4049: 3668: 2602: 2021:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?" 1727:

decade of life. Males are affected more often than females.

1545:

has a mortality benefit. Percutaneous revascularization for

6572: 6366: 5751:

Huang T, Yang B, Zheng J, Li G, Wahlqvist ML, Li D (2012).

4740: 4571:"Cardiac syndrome X and microvascular coronary dysfunction" 3720:

Psychophysiology: human behavior and physiological response

3329: 2825: 2551: 1314:). There is tentative evidence that intake of menaquinone ( 933: 60:

Illustration depicting atherosclerosis in a coronary artery

8019: 6668: 5894: 5520: 3530: 3378: 2925: 2876: 2128:"Ischemic heart disease in women: a focus on risk factors" 1952: 925:

and other risk factors unique to females may play a role.

871:. This can be seen in a so-called metastatic mechanism of 7968: 7418: 6319:

Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, Balady GJ, Williams MA,

6318: 6019: 3904:(3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 433–443. 2748: 2382:(Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 23. 2210:"How Can Coronary Heart Disease Be Prevented or Delayed?" 407:, among others. Ways to reduce CAD risk include eating a 6926: 6573:

Gutierrez J, Ramirez G, Rundek T, Sacco RL (June 2012).

6180:"Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease" 5594: 5337: 3856: 2784: 2705: 1087:

for SIHD/SCAD. In patients with non-severe asymptomatic

713:(BTN1A1) is a known co-regulator for T cell activation. 7880: 7709: 7221: 7057: 4975: 1924:"Coronary heart disease – causes, symptoms, prevention" 340:, last less than a few minutes, and improve with rest. 7384: 4823: 2326: 1878:

of heart attacks or other coronary vascular diseases.

792:

with the most common form of coronary artery disease (

7801: 7291: 7098: 4942:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 4804:

Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation

4800:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 3992: 3940: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3427: 3274:

Dai X, Wiernek S, Evans JP, Runge MS (January 2016).

2637: 1784:

The Infarct Combat Project (ICP) is an international

8178: 7292:

Finegold JA, Asaria P, Francis DP (September 2013).

6807:

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (January 2002).

6139: 5386: 5118:"Nitrostat® (Nitroglycerin Sublingual Tablets, USP)" 3891: 3273: 1091:

and no overt coronary artery disease, the increased

887:, or might have dozens distributed throughout their 336:. Usually symptoms occur with exercise or emotional 7637: 4976:Agrawal S, Mehta PK, Bairey Merz CN (August 2014). 2272: 2087: 8358: 7933: 7638:Kearns CE, Schmidt LA, Glantz SA (November 2016). 4052:"Endometriosis and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease" 3783: 1295:and increase the risk of coronary artery disease. 569:may increase risk. Rheumatologic diseases such as 8056:"Trending Cardiovascular Nutrition Controversies" 7969:Loria V, Dato I, Graziani F, Biasucci LM (2008). 7593:, 12 September 2016. 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New York: Pergamon. pp. 197–220. 3318: 2542: 2499: 2245:"How Is Coronary Heart Disease Treated?" 1812:in the US, had sponsored an influential 1788:founded in 1998 which tries to decrease 1634: 1564: 1521: 1514:, a family history of heart disease, or 940: 932: 807: 780: 666: 456: 6826:10.7326/0003-4819-136-2-200201150-00015 6774:(Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis). 6290:10.7326/0003-4819-137-3-200208060-00014 5514: 4788: 4319: 4154:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3242: 3226:". NCBI, National Academies Press (US). 2450: 2197: 1335: 431:may be recommended. Procedures such as 14: 9426: 8395:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection 8165: 8150:, from the American Heart Association. 7761:Roberts R, Stewart AF (January 2012). 7602: 7572: 6418:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 6362: 6360: 6265:. Penguin Dictionary of Biology. 2004. 6173: 6171: 5791: 5639: 3732: 3722:. Mahwah, NJ: L. 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U.S. National Library of Medicine. 7699:from the original on 20 August 2017. 7453: 6908:from the original on 4 February 2016 6154:10.1001/archinte.1996.00440070065008 5757:Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 4796:American Society of Echocardiography 3202:"Women & Cardiovascular Disease" 2505: 1844:Research efforts are focused on new 1169:for possible complications (such as 27:Reduction of blood flow to the heart 7298:International Journal of Cardiology 7140:Reynolds AC, King N (August 2018). 6636:The New England Journal of Medicine 6357: 6168: 5987:The New England Journal of Medicine 5344:The New England Journal of Medicine 5130:from the original on 19 April 2014. 3765:. In Snyder CR, Forsyth DR (eds.). 2023:. 29 September 2014. Archived from 1860:(9p21.3). However, these and other 1555:percutaneous coronary interventions 1381:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 24: 9015:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm 7804:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology 6995:10.1161/01.CIR.0000037106.76139.53 6342:10.1161/01.CIR.0000075572.40158.77 5707: 5380: 5143: 4954:, American College of Cardiology, 4729: 4686:10.1161/01.CIR.0000116601.58103.62 3179:10.1161/01.CIR.0000097116.29625.7C 3150: 3002: 1972:10.1161/01.CIR.0000128517.52533.DB 1176: 1147:percutaneous coronary intervention 1105:percutaneous coronary intervention 840:which leads to the induction of a 776: 433:percutaneous coronary intervention 401:high-sensitivity cardiac troponins 210:Percutaneous coronary intervention 25: 9455: 8141: 7438:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.179918 7394:National Vital Statistics Reports 6671:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 5406:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.717033 4978:"Cardiac Syndrome X: update 2014" 4624:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 4575:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 4422:Aziz S, Ramsdale DR (June 2005). 3828:"Types of Fatty Acids | BioNinja" 3114:American Journal of Critical Care 2944:10.1161/circulationaha.113.004046 2895:10.1161/circulationaha.113.004042 2132:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 2060:from the original on 2 March 2015 1779: 8047: 8013: 7795: 7754: 7680: 7631: 7596: 7554: 7528: 7479: 7412: 7378: 7334: 7182: 7133: 7092: 7077:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12844 7036:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12855 6969: 6920: 6890: 6841: 6759: 6566: 6519: 6452: 6409: 6312: 6255: 6220: 6133: 6090: 6049: 4216:10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00276.x 3688:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01759.x 3580:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 3533:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 3237:What is Ischaemic Heart Disease? 2752:The American Journal of Medicine 1792:through education and research. 1431:cholesterol lowering medications 1358:(in partially hydrogenated oils) 1024: 957:and acute coronary syndrome. An 635: 443:or decreases heart attack risk. 8700:Subacute bacterial endocarditis 7656:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5394 7617:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5400 6592:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2145 6430:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.026 5978: 5888: 5812: 5785: 5744: 5701: 5652: 5633: 5588: 5563: 5465: 5431:Current Atherosclerosis Reports 5421: 5331: 5282: 5225: 5207: 5110: 5061: 5036: 5018: 4969: 4709: 4660: 4611: 4562: 4464: 4280: 4239: 4141: 4092: 4068:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002224 4043: 3986: 3934: 3885: 3850: 3820: 3798:"Lipid Health Risks | BioNinja" 3726: 3711: 3625:Current Atherosclerosis Reports 3592:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206624 3545:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201334 3524: 3488: 3470: 3421: 3372: 3267: 3229: 3212: 3194: 3101: 3076: 3027: 2919: 2870: 2832:World Journal of Clinical Cases 2819: 2778: 2742: 2708:Current Atherosclerosis Reports 2699: 2631: 2425: 2400: 2369: 2054:"Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)" 1928:Southern Cross Healthcare Group 1819:New England Journal of Medicine 1560: 1460:Coronary artery bypass grafting 974:Computed tomography angiography 750:in females under the age of 40. 630:Genome-wide association studies 520: 512:Cardiovascular disease in women 502:experience no symptoms at all. 309:. It is the most common of the 8029:The Journal of Family Practice 6866:10.1002/14651858.CD005158.pub4 6385:10.1002/14651858.CD003610.pub4 6263:"Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)" 6196:10.1002/14651858.CD002902.pub4 6075:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.262 5609:10.1002/14651858.cd001561.pub3 5219:European Society of Cardiology 5026:"Angina – Symptoms and causes" 4938:American College of Cardiology 4252:Chronicles of Young Scientists 4246:Padmanaban P, Toora B (2011). 3761:Rhodewalt F, Smith TW (1991). 1987: 1946: 1916: 1796:Industry influence on research 1466: 1328:), may reduce the risk of CAD 1302:supplementation in preventing 1109:coronary artery bypass surgery 945:Coronary angiogram of a female 848:, which often leads to death. 437:coronary artery bypass surgery 348:. Other complications include 214:coronary artery bypass surgery 13: 1: 9217:Pulseless electrical activity 9146:Multifocal atrial tachycardia 9020:Catecholaminergic polymorphic 7816:10.1016/s0828-282x(10)71064-3 7687:Ifill G (13 September 2016). 7387:"Deaths: final data for 2009" 7240:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 6945:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62052-3 6683:10.1517/14656566.2015.1079619 6579:Archives of Internal Medicine 6142:Archives of Internal Medicine 6099:Current Opinion in Lipidology 6062:Archives of Internal Medicine 5914:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9 4878:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02848-6 4287:Fajar JK (27 February 2017). 4167:10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8 3910:10.1161/circresaha.117.312086 3871:10.1161/circresaha.115.306566 3446:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 3348:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60994-5 2475:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 2345:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 2291:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1909: 1640:Disability-adjusted life year 1551:coronary artery bypass grafts 1405:Neuropsychological Assessment 1198: 1149:(angioplasty with or without 1129:generally takes place in the 758:adverse childhood experiences 596: 8114:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174998 7780:10.1373/clinchem.2011.172759 7729:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020072 7342:"The top 10 causes of death" 7310:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.10.046 6734:10.1161/cir.0000000000000207 6486:10.1371/journal.pone.0184244 6111:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3282f1c57f 5250:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101875 5192:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000095 5086:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-1-63 4371:Ambrose JA, Singh M (2015). 4118:10.3109/07853890.2010.515605 4011:10.1016/j.jmccpl.2023.100033 3675:Journal of Internal Medicine 3262:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001212 2764:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.05.007 1413: 1354:Avoiding the consumption of 1085:clinical practice guidelines 978:positron emission tomography 937:Coronary angiogram of a male 928: 756:The number of categories of 575:systemic lupus erythematosus 7: 8166:Norman J (7 October 2019). 7852:10.7326/0003-4819-116-4-273 7840:Annals of Internal Medicine 7158:10.1097/MD.0000000000011941 6813:Annals of Internal Medicine 6772:Annals of Internal Medicine 6323:, et al. 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Cardiology 2457:Murray CJ (January 2015). 1833: 1536: 1500: 1448:Coronary interventions as 1386:American Heart Association 1321:), but not phylloquinone ( 1257: 1118: 1028: 1018:Magnetic resonance imaging 509: 448:most common cause of death 9434:Aging-associated diseases 9378: 9321: 9239:hexaxial reference system 9230: 9197: 9184:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen 9169: 9127: 9086: 9063: 9037: 9005: 8963: 8944: 8843: 8829: 8729: 8714:Libman–Sacks endocarditis 8683: 8669: 8585: 8534: 8527: 8464: 8419: 8376: 8367: 8280: 8182: 8155:"Coronary Artery Disease" 7975:Mediators of Inflammation 7194:World Health Organization 6241:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.12.017 5821:American Family Physician 5443:10.1007/s11883-009-0072-0 5307:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.03.042 4994:10.1016/j.ccl.2014.04.006 4636:10.1016/j.tcm.2014.09.013 4587:10.1016/j.tcm.2012.07.014 3747:10.1177/01461672012711004 3637:10.1007/s11883-017-0685-7 2720:10.1007/s11883-014-0402-8 2617:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191 2144:10.1016/j.tcm.2014.10.005 1816:published in 1965 in the 1770:morbus ischaemicus cordis 1732:World Health Organization 1427:commonly prescribed drugs 915:microvascular dysfunction 252: 244: 220: 205: 194: 170: 138: 124: 96: 80: 64: 59: 50: 42: 37: 9119:Ventricular fibrillation 8390:Coronary artery aneurysm 7948:10.1001/jama.293.21.2641 7585:28 February 2017 at the 6620:Nitroglycerin Sublingual 6615:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 5950:The Journal of Nutrition 4756:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425 4099:Albus C (October 2010). 3498:Arthritis and Rheumatism 2804:10.1001/jama.2013.281718 2571:10.1186/1741-7015-11-250 2520:10.1038/nrcardio.2014.26 2433:"Ischemic Heart Disease" 1995:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 1874:Chlamydophila pneumoniae 1763: 1741:Indian Heart Association 1443:calcium channel blockers 1361:Decreasing psychosocial 1063:may be used to identify 1013:Intravascular ultrasound 909:of their hearts when an 891:. A more severe form is 846:ventricular fibrillation 741: 9444:Ischemic heart diseases 9396:Diastolic heart failure 9370:Athletic heart syndrome 9331:Ventricular hypertrophy 9065:Pre-excitation syndrome 8919:Left posterior fascicle 8444:Acute coronary syndrome 8384:Coronary artery disease 8317:Coronary artery disease 8022:"A way to reverse CAD?" 6035:10.1001/2012.jama.11374 4949:: an initiative of the 4489:10.1136/hrt.2005.067330 4440:10.1136/hrt.2004.058495 4326:British Medical Journal 4320:Adikari D (June 2022). 4265:10.4103/2229-5186.82971 3040:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2845:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i2.163 1884:has been proposed as a 1790:ischemic heart diseases 1543:acute coronary syndrome 1253: 1127:acute coronary syndrome 1121:Acute coronary syndrome 1115:Acute coronary syndrome 1097:ischemic cardiac events 986:stress echocardiography 893:chronic total occlusion 591:type A behavior pattern 478:and is associated with 311:cardiovascular diseases 263:Coronary artery disease 38:Coronary artery disease 8914:Left anterior fascicle 8694:infective endocarditis 8479:Hibernating myocardium 8360:Cardiovascular disease 7644:JAMA Internal Medicine 7605:JAMA Internal Medicine 7566:Infarct Combat Project 7505:10.1093/eurjpc/zwad243 7463:. 2007. Archived from 7064:JAMA Internal Medicine 7023:JAMA Internal Medicine 6229:American Heart Journal 5295:American Heart Journal 5044:"Coronary Angiography" 4744:European Heart Journal 4197:Grant PJ (July 2003). 3224:Ischemic Heart Disease 2000:Coronary heart disease 1786:nonprofit organization 1745:World Heart Federation 1723: 1632: 1541:Revascularization for 1304:cardiovascular disease 1260:Diet and heart disease 1187:Framingham Heart Study 946: 938: 877:chronic kidney disease 842:ventricular arrhythmia 813: 805: 673: 544:high blood cholesterol 462: 393:cardiac stress testing 377:high blood cholesterol 303:atherosclerotic plaque 279:ischemic heart disease 271:coronary heart disease 165:high blood cholesterol 107:abnormal heart rhythms 18:Ischemic heart disease 9078:Wolff–Parkinson–White 9038:Premature contraction 8936:Adams–Stokes syndrome 8639:Loeffler endocarditis 8449:Myocardial infarction 7903:10.1093/femspd/ftu015 7891:Pathogens and Disease 7538:. 29 September 2014. 7249:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 6648:10.1056/NEJMcp1502240 5356:10.1056/NEJMoa1605086 4328:(Prospective study). 3735:Pers Soc Psychol Bull 3718:Andreassi JL (2000). 3052:10.4065/mcp.2009.0560 2247:. 29 September 2014. 2181:. 29 September 2014. 1834:Further information: 1743:are working with the 1638: 1568: 1522:Anti-platelet therapy 1308:myocardial infarction 1139:myocardial infarction 1101:myocardial infarction 1089:aortic valve stenosis 1004:(previously known as 944: 936: 830:myocardial infarction 828:and this is called a 811: 784: 670: 510:Further information: 496:myocardial infarction 460: 359:Risk factors include 323:myocardial infarction 307:arteries of the heart 133:arteries of the heart 9245:Right axis deviation 9207:Sudden cardiac death 8565:Pericardial effusion 8508:Ventricular aneurysm 7810:(Suppl A): 56A–59A. 5999:10.1056/NEJMra054035 5963:10.1093/jn/135.3.562 5571:"Life's Essential 8" 4798:(20 December 2012). 4538:10.15420/ecr.2021.15 4434:(Suppl 3): iii42-8. 3898:Circulation Research 3859:Circulation Research 2339:(10053): 1459–1544. 2285:(10053): 1545–1602. 1425:Medical treatment – 1336:Secondary prevention 1312:sudden cardiac death 1143:coronary angiography 1131:emergency department 1061:coronary angiography 1041:cardiac stress tests 1002:microvascular angina 995:coronary angiography 953:(ECG/EKG), both for 899:Microvascular angina 571:rheumatoid arthritis 556:psychological stress 538:, lack of exercise, 371:, lack of exercise, 328:A common symptom is 9250:Left axis deviation 9107:Atrial fibrillation 9102:Ventricular flutter 9025:Torsades de pointes 8899:Bundle branch block 8858:Sick sinus syndrome 8644:Cardiac amyloidosis 8629:Tachycardia-induced 8484:Myocardial stunning 8432:Prinzmetal's angina 8401:Coronary thrombosis 7988:10.1155/2008/135625 7467:on 20 December 2008 7371:18 May 2015 at the 6904:. 6 November 2015. 6554:on 19 February 2014 6477:2017PLoSO..1284244D 5722:2014JSFA...94..169L 3293:10.4330/wjc.v8.i1.1 3256:vol. 9,5 e1001212. 3239:" Clinic Barcelona. 3126:10.4037/ajcc2010372 2027:on 24 February 2015 1850:stem-cell therapies 1759:Society and culture 1553:appear better than 1512:high blood pressure 1283:(commonly found in 1279:The consumption of 1213:high blood pressure 1171:cardiac arrhythmias 1153:insertion) or with 583:psoriatic arthritis 528:high blood pressure 506:Symptoms in females 452:developed countries 361:high blood pressure 342:Shortness of breath 301:due to build-up of 287:myocardial ischemia 181:cardiac stress test 145:High blood pressure 91:shortness of breath 9353:Atrial enlargement 9151:Pacemaker syndrome 9073:Lown–Ganong–Levine 8995:Junctional ectopic 8990:AV nodal reentrant 8496:Myocardial rupture 8406:Coronary vasospasm 8281:External resources 7767:Clinical Chemistry 7591:The New York Times 7578:O'Connor, Anahad, 7234:(9859): 2095–128. 6235:(4): 666–76.e1–3. 5907:(10170): 434–445. 5484:(oct01 1): f5577. 4982:Cardiology Clinics 4940:(September 2013), 4377:F1000Prime Reports 4105:Annals of Medicine 3838:on 19 October 2023 3832:ib.bioninja.com.au 3808:on 19 October 2023 3802:ib.bioninja.com.au 2376:Bhatia SK (2010). 1724: 1633: 1487:Antiplatelet drugs 1300:omega-3 fatty acid 1270:Mediterranean diet 1167:coronary care unit 1006:cardiac syndrome X 969:may be performed. 959:X-ray of the chest 947: 939: 814: 806: 802:Masson's trichrome 674: 466:Signs and symptoms 463: 405:coronary angiogram 354:abnormal heartbeat 256:8.9 million (2015) 248:110 million (2015) 189:coronary angiogram 9421: 9420: 9413:Obstructive shock 9317: 9316: 9264:Short QT syndrome 9231:Other / ungrouped 9222:Sinoatrial arrest 9137:Ectopic pacemaker 9033: 9032: 8853:Sinus bradycardia 8825: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8570:Cardiac tamponade 8523: 8522: 8513:Dressler syndrome 8411:Myocardial bridge 8326: 8325: 7885:(February 2015). 7650:(11): 1680–1685. 7611:(11): 1685–1686. 7498:(18): 2018–2031. 6539:978-0-07-140235-4 5864:10.1136/bmj.f6879 5770:10.1159/000337301 5730:10.1002/jsfa.6362 5677:10.1136/bmj.g4490 5539:10.1136/bmj.i3857 5490:10.1136/bmj.f5577 5350:(24): 2349–2358. 5238:eClinicalMedicine 5159:978-0-470-91537-0 5074:Clinical Medicine 3776:978-0-08-036128-4 3397:10.1136/bmj.j5855 2990:(40): 1377–1381. 2938:(14): 1493–1501. 2889:(14): 1483–1492. 2668:20.500.12749/1738 2651:(24): e285–e350. 2611:(38): 3720–3826. 2389:978-1-4419-6920-0 2107:978-92-4-156437-3 2056:. 12 March 2013. 1814:literature review 1806:trade association 1802:Sugar Association 1714: 3,500–4,000 1708: 3,150–3,500 1702: 2,800–3,150 1696: 2,450–2,800 1690: 2,100–2,450 1684: 1,750–2,100 1678: 1,400–1,750 1672: 1,050–1,400 1629: 2,369–7,233 1623: 1,444–2,368 1617: 1,069–1,443 1422:Lifestyle changes 1350:Smoking cessation 1287:products such as 1236:diabetes mellitus 1055:(using uptake of 1051:of the heart) or 1000:The diagnosis of 951:electrocardiogram 907:coronary arteries 889:coronary arteries 389:electrocardiogram 260: 259: 177:Electrocardiogram 172:Diagnostic method 115:cardiogenic shock 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 9451: 9386:Cardiac fibrosis 9278:T wave alternans 9171:Long QT syndrome 8965:Supraventricular 8961: 8960: 8894:Intraventricular 8841: 8840: 8681: 8680: 8532: 8531: 8377:Coronary disease 8374: 8373: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8330: 8329: 8180: 8179: 8175: 8162: 8135: 8134: 8116: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8075: 8066:(9): 1172–1187. 8051: 8045: 8044: 8026: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8000: 7990: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7914: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7782: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7741: 7731: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7667: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7600: 7594: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7507: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7440: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7391: 7382: 7376: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7321: 7289: 7280: 7279: 7261: 7251: 7219: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7169: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7120: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7079: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7038: 7014: 7008: 7007: 6997: 6988:(14): 1893–900. 6973: 6967: 6966: 6956: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6877: 6860:(12): CD005158. 6845: 6839: 6838: 6828: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6787: 6785:10.7326/M15-2113 6763: 6757: 6756: 6746: 6736: 6712: 6703: 6702: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6631: 6622: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6594: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6550:. Archived from 6523: 6517: 6516: 6506: 6488: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6396: 6364: 6355: 6354: 6344: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6207: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6077: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6017: 6011: 6010: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5965: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5916: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5875: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5772: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5688: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5620: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5550: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5501: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5408: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5318: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5194: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5141: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5122: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5005: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4915: 4890: 4880: 4855: 4845: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4767: 4738: 4727: 4726: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4688: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4647: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4598: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4549: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4500: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4451: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4402: 4392: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4351: 4341: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4267: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4218: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4169: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4120: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4022: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3973: 3963: 3948:BMC Med Genomics 3938: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3834:. Archived from 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3804:. Archived from 3794: 3781: 3780: 3758: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3690: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3603: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3457: 3440:(9838): 219–29. 3425: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3359: 3342:(9852): 1491–7. 3327: 3316: 3315: 3305: 3295: 3271: 3265: 3249: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3206:Cleveland Clinic 3198: 3192: 3191: 3181: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3063: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3021:Cleveland Clinic 3013: 3000: 2999: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2955: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2906: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2857: 2847: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2806: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2670: 2660: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2583: 2573: 2549: 2540: 2539: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2486: 2469:(9963): 117–71. 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2356: 2324: 2313: 2312: 2302: 2270: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2241: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2206: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2175: 2166: 2165: 2155: 2123: 2112: 2111: 2085: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2050: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2017: 2002: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1974: 1965:(21): 2595–604. 1950: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1930:. Archived from 1920: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1374:Aerobic exercise 1276:lower the risk. 1225:stopping smoking 1183:Framingham Score 1045:echocardiography 967:echocardiography 875:as it occurs in 869:arteriosclerosis 383:, and excessive 313:. Types include 157:lack of exercise 55: 35: 34: 21: 9459: 9458: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9424: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9408:Rheumatic fever 9374: 9313: 9226: 9193: 9165: 9123: 9082: 9059: 9029: 9001: 8948: 8940: 8834: 8817: 8725: 8674: 8665: 8581: 8575:Hemopericardium 8519: 8460: 8454:Unstable angina 8427:Angina pectoris 8420:Active ischemia 8415: 8363: 8357: 8327: 8322: 8321: 8276: 8275: 8191: 8153: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8101:Eur J Pharmacol 8093: 8089: 8052: 8048: 8035:(7): 356–364b. 8024: 8018: 8014: 7967: 7963: 7932: 7928: 7879: 7875: 7835: 7831: 7800: 7796: 7759: 7755: 7708: 7704: 7685: 7681: 7636: 7632: 7601: 7597: 7587:Wayback Machine 7577: 7573: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7484: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7417: 7413: 7389: 7383: 7379: 7373:Wayback Machine 7364: 7360: 7350: 7348: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7290: 7283: 7220: 7213: 7203: 7201: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7138: 7134: 7097: 7093: 7056: 7052: 7015: 7011: 6974: 6970: 6939:(9970): 792–8. 6925: 6921: 6911: 6909: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6846: 6842: 6805: 6801: 6764: 6760: 6727:(19): e435-70. 6713: 6706: 6677:(14): 2133–47. 6667: 6663: 6642:(12): 1167–76. 6632: 6625: 6612: 6608: 6571: 6567: 6557: 6555: 6540: 6524: 6520: 6471:(9): e0184244. 6457: 6453: 6414: 6410: 6379:(5): CD003610. 6365: 6358: 6335:(24): 3109–16. 6317: 6313: 6274: 6270: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6225: 6221: 6190:(2): CD002902. 6176: 6169: 6138: 6134: 6095: 6091: 6054: 6050: 6029:(10): 1024–33. 6018: 6014: 5993:(15): 1601–13. 5983: 5979: 5942: 5938: 5893: 5889: 5844: 5840: 5817: 5813: 5790: 5786: 5749: 5745: 5706: 5702: 5657: 5653: 5638: 5634: 5603:(1): CD001561. 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5519: 5515: 5470: 5466: 5426: 5422: 5385: 5381: 5336: 5332: 5287: 5283: 5230: 5226: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5185:(19): 1749–67. 5171: 5167: 5160: 5142: 5135: 5127: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5024: 5023: 5019: 4974: 4970: 4961: 4959: 4951:ABIM Foundation 4947:Choosing Wisely 4935: 4931: 4906:(25): e50-103. 4813: 4811: 4793: 4789: 4739: 4730: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4665: 4661: 4616: 4612: 4567: 4563: 4518: 4514: 4469: 4465: 4420: 4416: 4369: 4365: 4318: 4314: 4285: 4281: 4244: 4240: 4195: 4191: 4146: 4142: 4097: 4093: 4048: 4044: 3991: 3987: 3939: 3935: 3890: 3886: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3796: 3795: 3784: 3777: 3759: 3741:(11): 1429–39. 3731: 3727: 3716: 3712: 3667: 3660: 3621: 3617: 3572: 3568: 3539:(10): 1606–15. 3529: 3525: 3493: 3489: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3426: 3422: 3377: 3373: 3328: 3319: 3272: 3268: 3250: 3243: 3234: 3230: 3217: 3213: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3172:(21): 2619–23. 3158: 3151: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3032: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3003: 2976: 2969: 2924: 2920: 2875: 2871: 2824: 2820: 2797:(19): 2086–95. 2783: 2779: 2747: 2743: 2704: 2700: 2636: 2632: 2601: 2597: 2550: 2543: 2504: 2500: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2390: 2374: 2370: 2325: 2316: 2271: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2169: 2124: 2115: 2108: 2086: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2052: 2051: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2019: 2018: 2005: 1992: 1988: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1934:on 3 March 2014 1922: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1900: 1882:Myeloperoxidase 1842: 1840:Atherosclerosis 1832: 1798: 1782: 1766: 1761: 1722: 1721: 1720: >4,000 1717: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1666: 700–1,050 1663: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1611: 895–1,068 1608: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1563: 1539: 1524: 1503: 1469: 1416: 1407: 1338: 1326: 1319: 1293:atherosclerosis 1274:high fiber diet 1262: 1256: 1201: 1193:Polygenic score 1179: 1177:Risk assessment 1159:cardiac markers 1123: 1117: 1033: 1027: 931: 903:angina pectoris 857:atherosclerosis 853:coronary artery 794:atherosclerosis 790:coronary artery 779: 777:Pathophysiology 766:Low hemoglobin. 744: 638: 622: 599: 523: 514: 508: 492:Unstable angina 468: 441:life expectancy 319:unstable angina 269:), also called 129:Atherosclerosis 75:cardiac surgery 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9457: 9447: 9446: 9441: 9439:Heart diseases 9436: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9404: 9403: 9401:Cardiac asthma 9398: 9388: 9382: 9380: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9327: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9309:Strain pattern 9306: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9282: 9281: 9280: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9254: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9203: 9201: 9199:Cardiac arrest 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9179:Andersen–Tawil 9175: 9173: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9133: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9104: 9099: 9097:Atrial flutter 9093: 9091: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9069: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9011: 9009: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8969: 8967: 8958: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8896: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8869: 8860: 8855: 8849: 8847: 8838: 8827: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8808: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8789: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8733: 8731: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8689: 8687: 8678: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8607:Cardiomyopathy 8604: 8603: 8602: 8600:Chagas disease 8591: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8551: 8540: 8538: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8500: 8499: 8498: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8470: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8392: 8387: 8380: 8378: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8356: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8333: 8324: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8308: 8297: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8262: 8239: 8224: 8192: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183:Classification 8177: 8176: 8163: 8151: 8143: 8142:External links 8140: 8137: 8136: 8087: 8046: 8012: 7961: 7942:(21): 2641–7. 7926: 7873: 7829: 7794: 7753: 7702: 7679: 7630: 7595: 7571: 7553: 7527: 7478: 7452: 7431:(5): e69-171. 7411: 7377: 7358: 7333: 7281: 7211: 7181: 7152:(33): e11941. 7132: 7111:(8): 924–936. 7091: 7050: 7009: 6968: 6919: 6889: 6840: 6799: 6778:(12): 804–13. 6758: 6704: 6661: 6623: 6606: 6585:(12): 909–19. 6565: 6538: 6518: 6451: 6408: 6356: 6311: 6268: 6254: 6219: 6167: 6132: 6089: 6048: 6012: 5977: 5936: 5887: 5838: 5811: 5784: 5743: 5700: 5651: 5632: 5587: 5562: 5513: 5464: 5420: 5399:(9): 1216–27. 5379: 5330: 5281: 5224: 5206: 5165: 5158: 5144:Li YR (2015). 5133: 5109: 5060: 5035: 5017: 4968: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4891: 4856: 4836:(9): 1126–66. 4787: 4750:(3): 407–477. 4728: 4708: 4659: 4610: 4561: 4512: 4463: 4414: 4390:10.12703/P7-08 4363: 4332:(6): e054881. 4312: 4279: 4238: 4209:(7): 1381–90. 4189: 4140: 4091: 4042: 3985: 3933: 3884: 3849: 3819: 3782: 3775: 3725: 3710: 3658: 3615: 3566: 3523: 3504:(10): 2331–7. 3487: 3469: 3420: 3371: 3317: 3266: 3241: 3228: 3211: 3193: 3149: 3100: 3075: 3026: 3001: 2967: 2918: 2869: 2818: 2777: 2758:(10): 905–11. 2741: 2698: 2630: 2595: 2541: 2498: 2449: 2424: 2399: 2388: 2368: 2314: 2262: 2227: 2196: 2167: 2113: 2106: 2071: 2038: 2003: 1986: 1945: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1896: 1852:. A region on 1831: 1828: 1824:healthy eating 1810:sugar industry 1797: 1794: 1781: 1780:Support groups 1778: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1559: 1538: 1535: 1523: 1520: 1508:postmenopausal 1502: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1454:coronary stent 1446: 1423: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1359: 1352: 1347: 1345:Weight control 1337: 1334: 1324: 1317: 1258:Main article: 1255: 1252: 1244:kidney failure 1200: 1197: 1185:, used in the 1178: 1175: 1119:Main article: 1116: 1113: 1073:bypass surgery 1029:Main article: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1015: 930: 927: 778: 775: 774: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 754: 751: 743: 740: 637: 634: 621: 618: 613: 612: 608: 598: 595: 558:and excessive 552:family history 522: 519: 507: 504: 467: 464: 461:Clogged artery 399:, biomarkers ( 299:cardiac muscle 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 224: 218: 217: 207: 203: 202: 196: 192: 191: 174: 168: 167: 142: 136: 135: 126: 122: 121: 119:cardiac arrest 100: 94: 93: 84: 78: 77: 68: 62: 61: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9456: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9391:Heart failure 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9377: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9320: 9310: 9307: 9303: 9302:ST depression 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9168: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9085: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9004: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8983: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8929:Trifascicular 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8832: 8828: 8812: 8811:regurgitation 8809: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8792:regurgitation 8790: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8773:regurgitation 8771: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8754:regurgitation 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8608: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8584: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8437:Stable angina 8435: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8354: 8349: 8347: 8342: 8340: 8335: 8334: 8331: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8296: 8292: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8272: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8185: 8181: 8173: 8169: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8091: 8083: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8050: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8008: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7833: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7773:(1): 104–12. 7772: 7768: 7764: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7716:PLOS Genetics 7713: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7562:"Our Mission" 7557: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7482: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7362: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7304:(2): 934–45. 7303: 7299: 7295: 7288: 7286: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7216: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7070:(2): 223–30. 7069: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7029:(2): 232–40. 7028: 7024: 7020: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6819:(2): 157–60. 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6709: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6628: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6363: 6361: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6172: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6148:(7): 745–52. 6147: 6143: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6068:(9): 686–94. 6067: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5800:(10): 463–6. 5799: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5763:(4): 233–40. 5762: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5716:(2): 169–73. 5715: 5711: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5576: 5575:www.heart.org 5572: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5138: 5126: 5119: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4988:(3): 463–78. 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4871:(1): 159–68. 4870: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4679:(5): 568–72. 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4630:(2): 98–103. 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4483:(2): 159–66. 4482: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4160:(4): 245–58. 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4111:(7): 487–94. 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4062:(3): 257–64. 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3865:(4): 564–78. 3864: 3860: 3853: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3681:(3): 245–54. 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3663: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3254:PLoS Medicine 3248: 3246: 3238: 3232: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3154: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3046:(3): 284–99. 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2838:(2): 163–70. 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2514:(5): 276–89. 2513: 2509: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138:(2): 140–51. 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2109: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1869: 1868:is affected. 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1854:chromosome 17 1851: 1847: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1660: 350–700 1654: <350 1648: no data 1641: 1637: 1605: 692–894 1599: 577–691 1593: 461–576 1587: 380–460 1581: 289–379 1575: 160–288 1567: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1479:Nitroglycerin 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439:nitroglycerin 1436: 1435:beta-blockers 1432: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1411: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1320: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1219:, decreasing 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207:, decreasing 1206: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1125:Diagnosis of 1122: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1036:Stable angina 1032: 1025:Stable angina 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 993:testing with 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 955:stable angina 952: 943: 935: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 901:is a type of 900: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 873:calciphylaxis 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 810: 803: 799: 796:) and marked 795: 791: 787: 783: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 755: 752: 749: 748:Endometriosis 746: 745: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 669: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 636:Transcriptome 633: 631: 627: 617: 609: 605: 604: 603: 594: 592: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 546:, poor diet, 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 518: 513: 503: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 459: 455: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 429:nitroglycerin 426: 425:beta blockers 422: 418: 417:antiplatelets 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 379:, poor diet, 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 350:heart failure 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 315:stable angina 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 291:heart disease 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 255: 251: 247: 243: 240: 236: 235:nitroglycerin 232: 231:beta blockers 228: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 208: 204: 200: 197: 193: 190: 186: 182: 178: 175: 173: 169: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 143: 141: 137: 134: 130: 127: 123: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 103:Heart failure 101: 99: 98:Complications 95: 92: 88: 85: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: 67: 63: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 9323:Cardiomegaly 9297:ST elevation 9284: 9270: 9256: 9237: 9141:Ectopic beat 9089:fibrillation 8924:Bifascicular 8798: 8779: 8760: 8736: 8706: 8692: 8685:Endocarditis 8624:Hypertrophic 8558:Constrictive 8544:Pericarditis 8502: 8490: 8473: 8383: 8310: 8299: 8288: 8264: 8241: 8226: 8195: 8172:Endocrineweb 8171: 8158: 8104: 8100: 8090: 8063: 8059: 8049: 8032: 8028: 8015: 7978: 7974: 7964: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7894: 7890: 7876: 7846:(4): 273–8. 7843: 7839: 7832: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7770: 7766: 7756: 7719: 7715: 7705: 7693:PBS NewsHour 7692: 7682: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7590: 7574: 7565: 7556: 7544:. 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