Islam and democracy

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fact is, according to Islam, with this land I can do many things, but I cannot make a brothel here. People's ownership is limited; Allah's ownership is the supreme over all other sovereigns. My ownership is worldly, and if I put it over Allah's ownership, I will be offender to Allah. In the same vein, people are the owner of the country, it is a simple word. Those who say it is anti-Islamic to say people are sovereign and they are the source of all powers, I do not agree with them. Here by power, it does not mean power regarding storm-rain, or disease, it means the power of ministers, prime minister and above all state power. This power actually belongs to people. In Islam, power will be attained by the consent of the people. If in a society the chiefs of tribes consent and the mass people agree to it, it is ok, this is democracy. People's participation and share is mandatory in Islam which is democracy. Therefore, people are the owner of the state, and people are the source of power is not contradictory to Islam. However, if anyone thinks this ownership means that anyone can do anything; can make a haram (prohibited) a halal (legitimate), and a halal a haram, then obviously it is anti-Islamic.

6950: 3309:'s conception of Pancasila's ideology is not 'secular' in the Western sense, although he agreed with Mahmud Esad Bay and Mustafa Kemal Ataturks' view that Islam should be free of government control. In his speech titled "Islam Sontoloyo" or "Foolish Islam", he was critical of Islamic leaders' misuse of authority to justify wrong actions. According to Yudi Latief, Indonesia's founding leaders, while thoroughly educated and motivated as secularists of the time, were unable to comprehend an Indonesian society without religion. Indonesian nationalist leaders characterized the country as a "religiously neutral state", in which Islam would be separated from the state and that Islamic affairs should be managed by Muslims without the help of the state. A preliminary meeting based on Hatta's initiative agreed that Islamic laws could be used for family laws that are passed by the 2224:

Dawat-Tabligh, politics, etc., we provide evidence from Quran and Hadith to people of every group and opinion. Providing such evidence is a very natural act and demand of faith. But usually we run this explanation in the name of . For example, governed the state, but did not do 'party politics' in the traditional sense, i.e. did not do anything like change of power through voting. Currently many scholars are doing democratic 'politics'. It is accepted as a new method of enjoining justice, forbidding injustice or Iqamat Deen. But if we say that, 'Rasulullah (ﷺ) did politics', then the listener or reader will understand the conventional meaning of 'politics', i.e. the seizure of power through voting. And he did not do this politics. As a result, lies will be told in his name. That is why we should tell separately what he did and said and what we are interpreting

2006:– Quran 42:38) may include electing leaders to represent and govern on the community's behalf. Government by the people is not therefore necessarily incompatible with the rule of Islam, whilst it has also been argued that rule by a religious authority is not the same as rule by a representative of God. This viewpoint, however, is disputed by more traditional Muslims. Moussalli argues that despotic Islamic governments have abused the Quranic concepts for their own ends: "For instance, shura, a doctrine that demands the participation of society in running the affairs of its government, became in reality a doctrine that was manipulated by political and religious elites to secure their economic, social and political interests at the expense of other segments of society," (In 2159:, the Saudi authorities used their Salafi proxies in Egypt to counter the Muslim brotherhood, proclaim that democracy is shirk, and promoted terrorist attacks in the Sinai against the Egyptian military. The violence and destabilization caused by radical Salafi jihadist groups in the Sinai led to the ousting of Morsi and overthrow of democracy in Egypt. Thus, there are different opinions among Salafi scholars regarding democracy depending on the political climate in Saudi Arabia and freedom of expression. Over the decades, different Salafi groups around the world have changed and evolved, from initial quietism to fully embracing political engagement to promote their ideology. 3644:

mentioned as the rules of Islam to which other rules should conform. Khomeini fervently believed that principles of democracy can't provide the targeted justice of Islam in the Sharia and Islamic thoughts.(Mohaghegh. Behnam 2014) This contrast of view between the two Iranian head leaders of this Islamic country, as above mentioned about Khatami's and Khomeini's views have provisionally been being a case of disaffiliation of nearly half a country in most probable political coincidence, so the people cognizant of this heterogeneous political belief shall not be affiliated by newly formed views of democratic principles.(Mohaghegh, Behnam 2014)

9697: 5716: 5962: 3985: 2710:, a well known Orientalist scholar, said for example: "to hold simultaneously ideas which are not easily reconcilable argues, then, a deep confusion in the Arab public mind, at least about the meaning of democracy. The confusion is, however, understandable since the idea of democracy is quite alien to the mind-set of Islam." A view similar to this that understands Islam and democracy to be incompatible because of seemingly irreconcilable differences between Sharia and democratic ideals is also held by some Islamists. 4515: 6445: 4350: 5673: 5358: 5279: 4063: 4141: 3735: 1858: 966: 5936: 5759: 5556: 5436: 4941: 4705: 4593: 3946: 3868: 3355:. Islamic veils were also banned. Nurcholis Majid, one of the prominent young Islamic thinkers at the time, in his speech "The Need for Reform in Islamic Thinking and the Problem of Ummah Integration", considered Indonesian Muslims to be stuck in ideological dogmatism, and as a result had lost dynamism. He therefore coined the famous slogan: "Islam Yes, Islamic Party No". Most of his colleagues considered this to be an endorsement of secularism. However, 4272: 6414: 5201: 6083: 4389: 6277: 4825: 6369: 6318: 5153: 4868: 4190: 2737: 5916: 5595: 5062: 3907: 6516: 6349: 5397: 5319: 4984: 4744: 3825: 3786: 6563: 6221: 6201: 5634: 4666: 4554: 4024: 6476: 4632: 4311: 6496: 5468: 6604: 6536: 6241: 5982: 5826: 5517: 5240: 5023: 4786: 4229: 5114: 6156: 6119: 4902: 4476: 4428: 4102: 955: 6037: 2543:

self-expression. On the other hand, Islam makes it incumbent upon Muslims to subordinate their decisions to the guidance of the Divine Law revealed in the Qur'ãn and exemplified by the Prophet: an obligation which imposes definite limits on the community's right to legislate and denies to the 'will of the people' that attribute of sovereignty which forms so integral a part of the Western concept of democracy.

3534:—"expedient interests" or "public welfare"), and the "divine government" as interpreted by the ruling jurists, who could overrule Sharia if necessary to serve those interests. The Islamic "government, which is a branch of the absolute governance of the Prophet of God, is among the primary ordinances of Islam, and has precedence over all 'secondary' ordinances." 2258:. Therefore, the first three of the four elected "Rightly Guided" Caliphs recognized by Sunnis (Ali being the fourth), are considered usurpers, notwithstanding their having been "elected" through some sort of conciliar deliberation (which the Shia do not accept as a representative of the Muslim society of that time). The largest Shia grouping—the 3651:... the financial system has barely been Islamized; Christians, for example, are not subject to a poll tax and pay according to the common scheme. Insurance is maintained (even though chance, the very basis for insurance should theoretically be excluded from all contracts). The contracts signed with foreigners all accept the matter of interest. 3554:) to the Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny) would have been in practice entirely without meaning and content. ... I must point out, the government which is a branch of the absolute governance of the Prophet of God is among the primary ordinances of Islam, and has precedence over all secondary ordinances such as 2866:'s leading Shia cleric, is reported as saying "We have emergency laws, we have control by the security agencies, we have stagnation of opposition parties, we have the appropriation of political rights – all this in the name of the Arab-Israeli conflict". The West, especially the US, is also seen as a supporter of 9699:

Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. (2021).

3623:, where he denied the need for any legislative body saying, "no one has the right to legislate ... except ... the Divine Legislator", and during the Islamic Revolution, when he told Iranians, "Do not use this term, 'democratic.' That is the Western style." Although it is in contrast with his commandment to 2512:" in the Muslim world as a "return to the original purity of Islam." He argued that Islam had the "gems of an economic and democratic organization of society", but that this growth was stunted by the monarchist rule of Umayyad Caliphate, which established the Caliphate as a great Islamic empire but led to 1924:(justice) justify representative government institutions which are similar to Western democracy, but reflect Islamic rather than Western liberal values. Still others have advanced liberal democratic models of Islamic politics based on pluralism and freedom of thought. Some Muslim thinkers have advocated 3359:, the fourth president of Indonesia, explained Indonesia's case as "mild secularism". Neither man considered themselves to be secularist and preferred to use 'secularisation', acknowledging the concern that secularism as an ideology could become a new closed world view functioning like a new religion. 3329:

The state we want is a nation state consisting of all Indonesia. If we establish a state based on Islam, many areas whose population is not Islamic, such as the Moluccas, Bali, Flores, Timor, the Kai Islands, and Sulawesi, will secede. And West Irian, which has not yet become part of the territory of

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interprets the Quranic verses as ''The collective affairs of Muslims are run on the basis of mutual consultations'' (42:37). He is of the view that all the matters of a Muslim state must be sought out through consultations.The parliamentary bodies would provide that platform to practice and implement

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ideological state in which legislators do not legislate, citizens only vote to reaffirm the permanent applicability of God's laws, women rarely venture outside their homes lest social discipline be disrupted, and non-Muslims are tolerated as foreign elements required to express their loyalty by means

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In the Western press, when the AK Party administration, the ruling party of the Turkish Republic, is being named, unfortunately most of the time 'Islamic,' 'Islamist,' 'mildly Islamist,' 'Islamic-oriented,' 'Islamic-leaning,' 'Islamic-based' or 'with an Islamic agenda,' and similar language is being

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and the wealth it generates is that the states' rulers have the wealth to remain in power, as they can pay off or repress most potential opponents. Brian Whitaker argues that as there is no need for taxation there is less pressure for representation. Furthermore, Western governments require a stable

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Viewed from this historical perspective, 'democracy' as conceived in the modern West is infinitely nearer to the Islamic than to the ancient Greek concept of liberty; for Islam maintains that all human beings are socially equal and must, therefore, be given the same opportunities for development and

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Polls conducted by Gallup and PEW in Muslim-majority countries indicate that most Muslims see no contradiction between democratic values and religious principles, desiring neither a theocracy, nor a secular democracy, but rather a political model where democratic institutions and values can coexist

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Sovereignty means ownership. This is simple that sovereign means owner. For example, I am the owner of this land which is true. I can erect building here, I can demolish it, I can make partition, and I can sell it. I have this ownership. Again, this land belongs to Allah. This is also true. And the

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violate the principles of democratic governance. However, it should be understood that when a democracy is accepted to be Islamic by people, the law of Islam becomes the democratically ratified law of that country. Iranians have ratified the constitution in which the principle rules are explicitly

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In the Ministry of Religion Affairs, there are separate religious leader administrators for each of the six major religions. Sometimes the president or government members in a formal speech will greet audiences using in all six religious greetings. An example of this was in President Joko Widodo's

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policy combining elements of conservatism, Islamism, nationalism and anti-communism. The party believes that Islam is an integral part of the socio-cultural life of Bangladesh, and favors Islamic principles and cultural views. Since 2000, it has been allied with the Islamic parties Jamaat-e-Islami

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There are several ideas on the relationship between Islam in the Middle East and democracy. Waltz writes that transformations to democracy seemed on the whole to pass by the Islamic Middle East at a time when such transformations were a central theme in other parts of the world, although she does

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Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F.

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The last point was made in December 1987, when Khomieni issued a fatwa in support of the Islamic government's attempt to pass a labor protection bill not in accordance with sharia. He ruled that in the Islamic state, governmental ordinances were primary ordinances, and that the Islamic state has

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and very loosely affiliated to the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. It has also been called the "dominant group" or "dominant force" in the Arab Spring uprising in Syria. The group's stated political positions are moderate and in its most recent April 2012 manifesto it "pledges to respect individual

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and negotiations facilitated by the Swedish government (Hasan di Tiro had a Swedish passport and lived there in exile) as well as the Finnish government, the Helsinki MoU was signed ending the conflict. Indonesia would allow Aceh to adopt its own version of law called Qanun, and Aceh would stop

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Some Indonesian Muslims have long had problems with the implementation of sharia law, seeing it as not necessary and infringing on the non-Muslim population, while others see the implementation of some sharia-based laws as a solution to a failed and corrupt democratic process. In the 1960s, the

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party. Indonesia has a party associated with the Muslim Brotherhood, the PKS, but even it has to commit to the state ideology, which means it is pluralist. Islamic groups that stray from and tried to change Pancasila such as HTI (Indonesian branch of Hizb ut-Tahrir) are banned even though they

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The imperial legacy includes the borders of the modern states themselves and the existence of significant minorities within the states. Acknowledgment of these differences is frequently suppressed usually in the cause of "national unity" and sometimes to obscure the fact that minority elite is

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In the modern history of the Muslim world, the notion of secularism has acquired strong negative connotations due to its association with foreign colonial domination and the removal of religious values from the public sphere. Traditional Islamic theory distinguishes between matters of religion

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Salafism as an ideology and movement has close ties to Saudi Arabia. The Saudi monarchy from its beginning in the 18th century has partnered with Wahhabism as military tool and ideological support to their monarchical rule. The ruling monarchy uses their scholars (termed salafis, wahhabis, and

2223:

A variation of lying in the name of hadith is to add or omit something from the translation without doing a literal translation or making the interpretation of what said a part of the hadith. Almost all of us in our society are involved in this crime. For self-purification, Pir-Muridi,

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will lead to a more just society. These groups tend to be very intolerant of alternative views however, including the ideas of democracy. Many Muslims who argue that Islam and democracy are compatible live in the West, and are therefore seen as "contaminated" by non-Islamic ideas.

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Caliphs, later Caliphates during the Islamic Golden Age had a much lesser degree of collective participation, but since "no one was superior to anyone else except on the basis of piety and virtue" in Islam, and following the example of Muhammad, later Islamic rulers often held

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translates as "The One and Almighty God", implying that there is a supreme God that unites the nation. It does not specify any religion, though this is also sometimes mistranslated as an endorsement for monotheism. As a result, Indonesians have a religion column in their

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controlling the country. Brian Whitaker argues that this leads to the formation of political parties on ethnic, religious or regional divisions, rather than over policy differences. Voting therefore becomes an assertion of one's identity rather than a real choice.

2556:, conceived of an "Islamic state" that would eventually "rule the earth". The antithesis of secular Western democracy, it would follow an all-embracing Sharia law. Maududi called the system he outlined a "theo-democracy", which he argued would be different from a 2370:(consultation between ruler and ruled). This perspective, which stresses comprehensive implementation of sharia, was widespread in the 1970s and 1980s among various movements seeking to establish an Islamic state, but its popularity has diminished in recent years. 7536:

Maududi proposed forming a Muslim theodemocracy in which Islamic law would guide public policy in all areas of life. (Maududi specifically rejected the term 'theocracy' to describe his ideal state, arguing that the truly Islamic state would be ruled not by the

9291: 3482:" rebellion tried to forcefully form an "Islamic State of Indonesia" although they were eventually defeated. Its regional offshoot based in Aceh advocated for independence, and continued an insurgency for a separate Islamic Aceh country. As a result of the 2337:. However, he also maintained that it was from democracy that imperfect states emerged, noting how the republican order of the early Islamic Caliphate of the Rashidun caliphs was later replaced by a form of government resembling a monarchy under the 3287:

Officially, Indonesia does not have a state religion, and is in many respects a secular democracy. The constitution of Indonesia gives its people the freedom of worship, according to their religion or belief. This is based on the state ideology of

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law, but does hold that Sharia should be "the main inspiration for legislation". Party leader Jibril has said the NFA is a moderate Islamic movement that recognises the importance of Islam in political life and favours Sharia as the basis of the

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as its form of sharia bylaws, stating that "Indonesia is a nation state with the ideology of Pancasila, not a theocratic country with a certain religious orientation" and "Muslim's habit of reading the Quran" is also a form of obedience towards

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has argued for a "religious democracy" based on religious thought that is democratic, tolerant, and just. Islamic liberals argue for the necessity of constant reexamination of religious understanding, which can only be done in a democratic

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That participating in democracy outside of Saudi Arabia and the Arab world (e.g. in the West and India) is good (with a variety of opinions on the details) if the participant is voting for the lesser of two evils or for an Islam-promoting

2488:) reject secularist views that would limit Islam to a matter of personal belief and insist on implementation of Islamic principles in the legal and political spheres. Moreover, the concept of 'Separation of Powers' was propounded by 10138: 2353:

Muslih and Browers identify three major perspectives on democracy among prominent Muslims thinkers who have sought to develop modern, distinctly Islamic theories of socio-political organization conforming to Islamic values and law:

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in the Middle East. They argue that the compatibility is simply not there between secular democracy and Arab-Islamic culture in the Middle East which has a strong history of undemocratic beliefs and authoritarian power structures.

3394:(PKS), while NU and Muhammadiyah chose not to be involved in practical politics of winning elections and instead formed independent political parties aligned to, but independent of, their Islamic organizations, in the form of the 9026: 2232:

That democracy is haram and perhaps even shirk if it is used to overrule fundamental tenants of the Shari'a, like making forbidden things permissible (i.e. making the haram legal), or if it is a threat to the rule of the Saudi

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The idea and concept of Islamic democracy has been accepted by many Iranian clerics, scholars and intellectuals. The most notable of those who have accepted the theory of Islamic democracy is probably Iran's Leader, Ayatollah

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if the people vote for it), but they legitimize the opportunity to use democracy to come to power and to vote to establish Islamic rule and encourage voting to choose the better between evils, among these scholars are Shaykh

3206:, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the 3370:, the proponent of which is Hilmi Aminuddin, which advocates for a gradual change to become more ideal Muslim. This coalesced in the formation of the Indonesian Muslim Students Action Union (KAMMI) in 1998, which alongside 2479:

has argued for a secular state built on constitutionalism, human rights and full citizenship, seeking to demonstrate that his vision is more consistent with Islamic history than visions of an Islamic state. Proponents of

10512: 8549: 9283: 3210:, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%) of the 217 assembly seats, far more than any other party. 2626:

Support for democratic procedures such as elections, combined with religious or moral objections toward some aspects of Western democracy seen as incompatible with sharia, as exemplified by Islamic scholars like

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used. These characterizations do not reflect the truth, and they sadden us," Çelik said. "Yes, the AK Party is a conservative democratic party. The AK Party's conservatism is limited to moral and social issues.

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Advocacy of democratic ideas, often accompanied by a belief that they are compatible with Islam, which can play a public role within a democratic system, as exemplified by many protestors who took part in the

10409:"The Islamic Resistance Movement (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islam- iyya), known by its acronym Hamas, is an Islamic fundamentalist organization which defines itself as the military wing of the Muslim Brethren." 3313:, but only if they relate to Muslims, while the 'secular' national criminal code could not to be changed because it applies to all regardless of religion. Sukarno also banned the most popular Islamic party, 2719:(meaning consultation) in the Quran. Views such as this have been expressed by various thinkers and political activists in the Middle East. They continue to be the subject of controversy, e.g. at the second 2329:, as he was in direct communion with God whose law was revealed to him. In the absence of the prophet, Al-Farabi considered democracy as the closest to the ideal state, regarding the republican order of the 10342:* "This is particularly the case in view of the scholarly debate on the compatibility of Islam and democracy but even more so in view of Hamas's self-definition as an Islamic national liberation movement." 2560:

as the term is understood in the Christian West, because it would be run by the entire Muslim community (pious Muslims who followed sharia), rather than ruled by a clerical class in the name of God.

8450: 3227:) was adopted, stating the objectives on which the future constitution of the country was to be based. It contained the basic principles of both Islam and Western Democracy, in accordance with the 3515:

that in the absence of the Hidden Imam and other divinely-appointed figures (in whom ultimate political authority rests), Muslims have not only the right, but also the obligation to establish an "

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In a practical sense, in central government levels, Indonesia has six recognized religions, as these are the recognized majority religions of most Indonesians and received state support.

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This resolution was included in the 1956 constitution as preamble and in 1985 it was inserted in the constitution itself as Article 2 and Schedule item 53 (but with the word "freely" in

9937: 9018: 8079: 3301:; however, it is not mandatory (an empty column will indicate not having a religion) and is only used for censuses (which are a Dutch colonial legacy). The 5th point of practice of the 10034: 9546: 7179: 3279:

However, Islamisation has proceeded slowly in Pakistan, and Islamists and Islamic parties and activists have expressed frustration that sharia law has not yet been fully implemented.

3099:'s Islamist political party and largest democratic political force in country. The IAF's survival in Jordan is primarily due to its flexibility and less radical approach to politics. 7858: 2581:, Khan provides a critique of liberal democracy and secularism. He presents the concept of "fusion state" in which religion and state are fused. There are no contradictions in 10509: 8539: 6821: 10351:

Investment in peace: politics of economic cooperation between Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority, by Shaul Mishal, Ranan D. Kuperman, David Boas, 2001, p. 85

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A number of different attitudes regarding democracy are also represented among the general Muslim public, with polls indicating that majorities in the Muslim world desire a

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Once in power and recognizing the need for more flexibility, Khomeini modified some earlier positions, insisted the ruling jurist need not be one of the most learned, that

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who have written: "If not referring to the people votes would result in accusations of tyranny then it is allowed to accept people vote as a secondary commandment." Also

8722: 7934: 5883:, or in some other way fulfil the definitions of political Islam, activist Islam, or Islamism laid out in this article; or have been widely described as such by others. 10683: 3550:

Were the powers of government to lie only within the framework of secondary divine decrees, the designation of the divine government and absolute deputed guardianship (

10700: 10372:'Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty', by Meir Litvak, in Challenges to the cohesion of the Arabic State, by Asher Susser, 2008, p. 153. 9284:"Peresmian Pembukaan Musyawarah Nasional V Asosiasi Pemerintah Kabupaten Seluruh Indonesia (APKASI) Tahun 2021, 26 Maret 2021, di Istana Negara, Provinsi DKI Jakarta" 8858: 2824:

source of oil and are therefore more prone to maintain the status quo, rather than push for reforms which may lead to periods of instability. This can be linked into

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in his book ("Hadiser Namey Jaliyati") (Forgery in the Name of Hadith) says about the interpretation of Hadith of democratic Islamist parties about Islamic politics,

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Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings of Islam as set out in the Quran and Sunnah.

2840:. As civil society is seen to be an integral part of democracy it raises doubts over the feasibility of democracy developing in the Middle East in such situations. 2087:. Since the law came from the legal scholars, this prevented the Caliph from dictating legal results. Sharia rulings were established as authoritative based on the 9367: 9200: 10538: 8576: 7634: 8661: 10168: 10011: 9843: 8371: 8271: 7300: 3325:, a region with a strong Islamic community. There was a banner reading "Indonesia a Nation State or an Islamic State?" Commenting on the banner, Sukarno said: 8981: 3347:. According to Sukarno, religion is a private matter between individuals and god, that could only be regulated through personal or family matters. During the 2713:

However, within Islam there are ideas held by some that believe Islam and democracy in some form are indeed compatible due to the existence of the concept of

10356:"Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine ..." 7880: 3318: 2397:

provides the basis for representative government institutions that are similar to Western democracy, but reflect Islamic rather than Western liberal values.

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In this way the PA has been able to control the economic activities of its political adversaries, including the Hamas and other Islamic opposition groups.

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However, in 1970, another political movement centered in students small groups of university students called "liqo" started. It was directly inspired by

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is the dominant party of Malaysia since that country's independence in 1957. UMNO sees and defines itself as a moderate Islamist, Islamic democratic and

2210: 1249: 417: 125: 10452: 10097: 2949:, held on to power after winning a majority of seats and the Islamist parties of the Green Algeria Alliance lost seats in legislative election of 2012. 2416:'s emphasis on the role of reason in understanding religion. It stresses democratic principles based on pluralism and freedom of thought. Authors like 10399: 10374: 8827: 3582:

There are also other Iranian scholars who oppose or at least criticise the concept of Islamic democracy. Among the most popular of them are Ayatollah

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alone but He has delegated it to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him as a sacred trust.

1959: 9742: 7903: 11831: 11649: 10430: 10044: 9722: 8691: 539: 506: 9911: 8249: 7964: 6779: 12591: 11847: 9223: 8745: 8304: 7022: 2534: 551: 10313:"Imran Khan said on Wednesday that Pakistan's creation had been pointless if the country fails to become an Islamic welfare state" 27 June 2012. 10303: 7685: 2424:

have constructed Islamic justifications for full citizenship of non-Muslims in an Islamic state by drawing on early Islamic texts. Others, like

12108: 10326: 10281: 8516: 2022:, most notably the Rashidun Caliphate, were not democratic in the modern sense rather, decision-making power lay with a council of notable and 841: 9934: 9869: 8071: 12916: 12007: 11593: 10707: 2155:) to oppose democracy at home and in other Arab states, and claim that democracy is haram and even shirk. For example, after the election of 1844: 491: 9603: 9542: 9424: 7169: 11637: 3619: 3610:

held the same view as well and that's why he strongly chose "Jomhoorie Eslami" (Islamic Republic) over "Hokoomate Eslami" (Islamic State).

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comments "modernity, despite its much scientific advancement, reached Muslims packaged in the ugliness of disempowerment and alienation."

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note that, of late, the increasing number of elections being held in the region indicates some form of adoption of democratic traditions.

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where democratic institutions and values can coexist with the values and principles of Islam, seeing no contradiction between the two.

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on the nation, though they did not advocate secularism in the sense of a morally neutral exercise of state power. The Islamic scholar

2109:("license to teach and issue legal opinions") in order to issue legal rulings. In many ways, classical Islamic law functioned like a 1161: 831: 219: 9520: 8208: 7327:হাদীসের নামে জালিয়াতি: প্রচলিত মিথ্যা হাদীস ও ভিত্তিহীন কথা (Forgery in the name of Hadith: common false hadith and baseless words) 7293:হাদীসের নামে জালিয়াতি: প্রচলিত মিথ্যা হাদীস ও ভিত্তিহীন কথা (Forgery in the name of Hadith: common false hadith and baseless words) 3575:, who mentions Islamic democracy as "Mardomsalarie Dini" in his speeches. Nevertheless, Khamenei openly expresses his opposition to 11620: 9764: 9676: 8040: 6813: 3483: 496: 13163: 11049: 10608: 10419: 9893: 8017: 6359: 3180: 3157: 1242: 836: 10712: 9990: 8101: 11054: 7596: 6586: 6070: 3267:

Provision shall be made for the religious minorities to freely profess and practice their religions and develop their cultures.

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Conclusively, Salafi opinions on democracy can be categorized in the following ways, depending on the scholar and the context:

11381: 10693: 9261: 8714: 8626: 7926: 7046:"'Quietist' Salafis after the 'Arab revolts' in Algeria and Libya (2011–2019): Between insecurity and political subordination" 3274:

Provision shall be made for the religious minorities to freely profess and practice their religions and develop their cultures

3261:

The principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam, shall be fully observed.

13281: 11509: 10370:"One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time ..." 9408: 8338: 7580: 7529: 7334: 6960: 6675: 3422: 7098: 12800: 6132: 2147:

Najdis) to defend their authoritarian rule and subjugate the masses. Because the Saudi monarchs perceive democracy and the

9638: 7474: 7268: 7145: 3546:) to enact state commandments, taking precedence over "all secondary ordinances such as prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage". 2836:

in the Middle East. A consequence of the lack of taxation that Whitaker talks of in such rentier economies is an inactive

12955: 12584: 9108: 7242: 6670: 6628: 6432: 6331: 6295: 3134: 2934: 2910: 2885:

Arab rulers has led to the growth of radical Islamic movement groups, as they believe that the institution of an Islamic

2760: 2508:, viewed the early Islamic Caliphate as being compatible with democracy. He "welcomed the formation of popularly elected 2463:), but insists that political authority and public life must be guided by religious values. Some Islamic reformists like 12436: 9192: 3305:

states "Religion and belief in God Almighty are private matters that concern the human relationship with God Almighty."

12101: 10823: 10739: 10557: 10357: 3310: 1235: 13625: 11435: 7626: 13250: 12075: 11925: 11839: 11673: 10999: 10991: 10482: 9974: 8650: 8164: 7450: 7407: 6864: 6486: 6300: 5995: 3688: 3407: 3043: 2953: 2899: 2779: 2389:(consultation). Islamic leaders are considered to uphold justice if they promote public interest, as defined through 1110: 688: 476: 17: 10358:

Peace and war: the Arab-Israeli military balance enters the 21st century, by Anthony H. Cordesman, 2002, p. 243

10160: 9839: 8775: 8362: 7291: 13295: 12665: 12628: 11879: 11787: 10067: 8973: 6884: 6137: 2366:, condemns imitation of foreign ideas, drawing a distinction between Western democracy and the Islamic doctrine of 1796: 1696: 10207: 8393: 7888: 12780: 11981: 11683: 11059: 9085: 8191: 6463: 6305: 6060: 5879:

This is a list of parties which aim for the implementation of Sharia or an Islamic State, or subscribe to Muslim

3418: 2471:

have advocated a secular state in the sense of political order that does not impose any single interpretation of

1879: 3413:

This was because the two largest Muslim organizations of Indonesia, NU and Muhammadiyah, very much accepted the

13865: 13723: 12843: 12577: 12022: 11044: 10947: 10797: 9019:"Bung Hatta dalam Merevisi Sila 'Ketuhanan dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariat Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya'" 6254: 3339: 3276:, removed.). The resolution was inserted again in the constitution in 2010, with the word "freely" reinstated. 3114: 2800:, the paper's Middle East editor, argued that there were four major obstacles to democracy in the region: 'the 1100: 987: 7201: 1030: 12094: 10535: 10460: 10344:

The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence, by Shaul Mishal & Avraham Sela, 2006, p. xxviii

8880: 8572: 6142: 2930: 2914: 2682: 2614:

Esposito and DeLong-Bas distinguish four attitudes toward Islam and democracy prominent among Muslims today:

2585:

universe, says Khan. Contradictions represent the limited knowledge that human beings have. According to the

1967: 1651: 698: 9568: 9363: 7819: 2645:

Belief that democracy requires restricting religion to private life, held by a minority in the Muslim world.

738: 13784: 13152: 12975: 12961: 12518: 12117: 12070: 11458: 6914:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989). "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West".

6633: 3417:'secularism' basis of the country. NU and the party closest to it, PKB (Abdurrahman's party), is member of 2992: 2922: 2918: 2664: 1711: 1059: 888: 9314:

Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement

8804: 7073: 3351:, Islamic parties were even more tightly controlled by the government, through the state formation of the 3125:, largest political group in country, doesn't believe the country should be run entirely by Sharia law or 13813: 13703: 13435: 13323: 13087: 13066: 12493: 11659: 11232: 10979: 10974: 10434: 10003: 9672: 8280: 7907: 6665: 6546: 6526: 6290: 6007: 3632: 3168: 3146: 2476: 2216: 2117: 1741: 1506: 1115: 1085: 163: 10333:"Iqbal's work has influenced Imran Khan in his deliberations on an "Islamic social state" 27 March 2012. 8683: 3640: 2855:, and also serves as an excuse for repression by Middle Eastern governments. For example, in March 2004 2695:

as "increasingly interdependent" with democracy, such that "neither can now survive without the other".

13855: 13479: 13219: 13176: 12767: 12660: 12043: 12012: 11443: 11029: 9908: 8235: 7956: 6639: 6050: 5972: 4768: 3669: 3587: 3012: 2988: 2859: 2513: 1944: 1872: 1178: 808: 471: 285: 87: 10323: 13630: 12890: 11524: 10870: 6506: 6387: 5949: 5926: 3699:

for electoral democracy. These indices are frequently used in Western media, but have attracted some

3661: 3402:(PAN). The democratic reforms led to calls for the adoption of Islamic sharia law in the form of the 2976: 2965: 2805: 2634:

Rejection of democracy as a Western import and advocacy of traditional Islamic institutions, such as

1040: 1010: 980: 935: 250: 13560: 10694:

Preview of the Seoul Conference on The Community of Democracies: Challenges and Threats to Democracy

10397:

Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel and Iran, by Jerome R. Corsi, 2009, p. 39.

9446: 7521:

Vying for Allah's Vote: Understanding Islamic Parties, Political Violence, and Extremism in Pakistan

7384: 6983: 3258:

The State shall exercise its powers and authority through the elected representatives of the people.

3164:

since November 29, 2011. The Justice and Development Party advocates Islamism and Islamic democracy.

2432:, have justified pluralism and freedom through non-literalist approaches to textual interpretation. 13808: 13790: 13779: 13042: 12950: 12922: 11900: 11514: 11074: 11034: 9476: 6397: 6382: 6264: 6101: 6096: 5619: 5541: 5420: 5343: 5225: 5047: 4969: 4926: 4374: 4256: 4214: 4087: 3395: 3391: 3352: 3298: 3122: 3085: 3081: 2980: 2875: 2284: 1776: 1621: 1481: 1217: 1183: 1080: 12731: 9701:""V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project" 7693: 7170:"Ruling on democracy and elections and participating in that system - Islam Question & Answer" 2103:) became widespread beginning with the 11th and 12th century CE, a student often had to obtain an 13774: 12996: 12381: 11157: 11069: 11064: 11024: 10954: 9611: 9432: 7793: 6392: 6181: 5744: 5264: 5008: 4849: 4690: 4578: 3931: 3696: 3665: 3479: 3386:

as student leaders formed the groups of student protests against Suharto's government. After the

3199: 3103: 2678: 2135: 1781: 1716: 1626: 1601: 1456: 1045: 878: 11182: 2030:

and representatives of different tribes (most of them selected or elected within their tribes).

1970:), argue that concepts in the Quran point towards some form of democracy, or at least away from 620: 13451: 13416: 13181: 12736: 12538: 12240: 11598: 11312: 11237: 11094: 11004: 10942: 10760: 10732: 10411:

Anti-semitic motifs in the ideology of Hizballah and Hamas, by Esther Webman, 1994, p. 17.

10276: 10248: 8776:"Decree of 23 Nov. 2011 about the Final Results of the National Constituent Assembly Elections" 8511: 8483: 6726: 6259: 6169: 6106: 6055: 5967: 5850: 5185: 4810: 4771: 4729: 4500: 4009: 3990: 3970: 3762: 3399: 3194:, also known as Renaissance Party or simply Ennahda, is a moderate Islamist political party in 3016: 2906: 2184: 2054: 2038: 1606: 1596: 1563: 1491: 1446: 1426: 1407: 1347: 1337: 1332: 1312: 1035: 753: 169: 10188: 9966: 9400: 9394: 9390: 8429: 8156: 7570: 2642:(consensus), as exemplified by supporters of absolute monarchy and radical Islamist movements; 2174:

in Islam and allege that it overrules the Shari'a (e.g. by potentially permitting alcohol and

13818: 13334: 13288: 13047: 12989: 12785: 12756: 12429: 12175: 12038: 11915: 11701: 11167: 10964: 9543:"Islam naturally stands against liberal democracy's plot to dominate the world - Khamenei.ir" 9506: 8894: 8240: 7742: 7519: 6591: 3636: 3583: 3348: 3224: 3150: 2755: 2577:

Legal scholar L. Ali Khan argues that Islam is fully compatible with democracy. In his book,

2468: 2188: 1661: 1641: 1616: 1611: 1591: 1553: 1528: 1156: 1131: 826: 655: 461: 9807: 8934: 2870:, and so it and its institutions, including democracy, are seen by many Muslims as suspect. 2520:" and the early Muslims losing sight of the "most important potentialities of their faith." 13525: 13395: 12982: 12716: 12675: 12600: 12386: 12192: 12165: 11940: 11910: 11716: 11711: 11473: 11227: 11099: 10704:

Carnegie Endowment for Ethics and International Peace, Policy Brief 20, (October 20, 2002).

9048: 7350: 6708: 6211: 5721: 5039: 4918: 4853: 4802: 4721: 4682: 4570: 4245: 3852: 3810: 3700: 3677: 3289: 3092: 2938: 2553: 2509: 2447: 2363: 2301: 1925: 1834: 1636: 1538: 1471: 1402: 1397: 1377: 1283: 1193: 743: 660: 532: 92: 11212: 9736: 3020: 8: 13741: 13683: 13422: 13230: 13125: 13081: 12945: 12935: 12911: 12906: 12795: 12741: 12726: 12701: 12498: 12235: 12180: 11986: 11871: 11421: 11307: 9528: 9313: 8212: 7329:(in Bengali) (5th ed.). Jhenaidah, Bangladesh: As-Sunnah Publications. p. 184. 5783: 5697: 5658: 5580: 5496: 5382: 5090: 4617: 4539: 4458: 4413: 4335: 4296: 4165: 4126: 3892: 3504:, the largest Shia country, Twelver Shia political thought has been dominated by that of 3236: 3203: 3138: 2871: 2723:, which debated the question "Can Arab and Islamic values be reconciled with democracy?" 2602: 2429: 2402: 2202: 2180: 2067: 1932: 1829: 1819: 1656: 1631: 1568: 1548: 1518: 1496: 1486: 1461: 1416: 1392: 1367: 1342: 1327: 1188: 1166: 1146: 1050: 1019: 923: 873: 72: 10688: 9668: 9658:, by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, pp. 139–140. 7986:

Riaz, Ali (2003). ""God Willing": The Politics and Ideology of Islamism in Bangladesh".

7299:(in Bengali) (4th ed.). Jhenaidah, Bangladesh: As-Sunnah Publications. p. 84. 13803: 13731: 13698: 13655: 13650: 13357: 13197: 13171: 13071: 13052: 13018: 13004: 12810: 12761: 12746: 12721: 12553: 12185: 12160: 12150: 12145: 12133: 11930: 11905: 11863: 11762: 11736: 11394: 11162: 10969: 10818: 10389: 10039: 9167: 8687: 7372: 6931: 6419: 5903: 5206: 3501: 3367: 3063: 3039: 2501: 2433: 2330: 2151:

as a threat to their rule, they have occasionally used extremist Salafi scholars (e.g.

2148: 2110: 1801: 1731: 1721: 1666: 1441: 1436: 1357: 1322: 1317: 1305: 1198: 848: 693: 678: 466: 441: 351: 199: 13058: 12940: 10416: 9890: 8346: 8013: 13688: 13635: 13580: 13518: 13489: 13430: 13376: 13313: 13303: 13260: 13245: 13130: 13110: 13100: 12969: 12930: 12711: 12693: 12680: 12265: 12155: 12128: 12017: 11855: 11772: 11767: 11746: 11741: 11468: 11287: 11247: 11222: 11197: 11187: 11130: 10904: 10838: 10725: 9970: 9959: 9787: 9768: 9716: 9404: 9171: 9159: 8874: 8831: 8186: 8160: 8149: 7911: 7576: 7525: 7446: 7403: 7330: 6956: 6860: 5880: 5304: 5138: 4048: 3607: 3576: 3508: 3371: 3356: 3232: 3228: 3005: 2926: 2825: 2628: 2489: 2406: 2342: 2338: 2310: 2267: 2027: 1963: 1824: 1751: 1476: 1466: 1412: 1293: 1266: 1171: 1151: 1136: 1105: 1090: 928: 858: 793: 758: 733: 713: 625: 586: 562: 311: 263: 224: 209: 185: 142: 137: 82: 44: 9865: 7604: 13825: 13746: 13736: 13620: 13615: 13494: 13411: 13308: 13270: 13034: 12901: 12836: 12805: 12775: 12652: 12622: 12461: 12451: 12424: 12393: 12287: 12250: 11971: 11678: 11399: 11292: 11104: 10853: 10848: 10833: 9704: 9253: 9151: 8618: 7995: 7734: 7053: 6923: 6614: 6581: 5842: 5775: 5732: 5689: 5572: 5533: 5484: 5295: 5256: 5217: 5177: 5130: 5103: 4965: 4841: 4609: 4492: 4461: 4444: 4405: 4366: 4327: 4206: 4169: 4157: 4118: 4079: 4040: 3923: 3884: 3841: 3802: 3751: 3673: 3647:

A number of deviations from traditional sharia regulations have been noted in Iran

3614: 3599: 3539: 3322: 3240: 3191: 3142: 2829: 2698: 2334: 2314: 2270:, the Hidden Imam) is still alive and the Shia are waiting for his "reappearance". 2263: 2250:

understanding, Muhammad named as his successor (as leader, with Muhammad being the

1903:

among Islamic political theorists, the general Muslim public, and Western authors.

1761: 1756: 1706: 1533: 1421: 1382: 1372: 1352: 798: 748: 341: 239: 234: 214: 30: 13255: 10564:

ikhwanweb.com (The Muslim Brotherhood's Official English web site) (7 April 2012).

7058: 7045: 3410:) in 2002. However, it was rejected, with even the PKB and PAN voting against it. 2045:, was ideally elected by the people or their representatives, as was the case for 13860: 13459: 13265: 13095: 13076: 13010: 12790: 12558: 12456: 12215: 12048: 11991: 11721: 11706: 11630: 11574: 11463: 11331: 11192: 11177: 11039: 10959: 10790: 10785: 10638:

Reason, Freedom, and Democracy in Islam: Essential Writings of Abdolkarim Soroush

10561: 10542: 10521: 10516: 10423: 10410: 10403: 10396: 10385: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10350: 10343: 10330: 10310: 10194: 9941: 9915: 9897: 8901: 8656: 8622: 8544: 6655: 6645: 6336: 5701: 3692: 3681: 3403: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3069: 2996: 2832:

regimes and lack of democracy in the Middle East, particularly the prevalence of

2702: 2485: 2464: 2425: 2421: 2398: 2093:(consensus) of legal scholars, who theoretically acted as representatives of the 1862: 1686: 1646: 1431: 970: 903: 708: 615: 446: 356: 280: 120: 115: 77: 9639:"Iranian President Khatami Clashes with Reformist Students at Tehran University" 8912:(Revival of Constitution of 1973 Order, 1985 (President's Order No. 14 of 1985)) 7999: 3613:

Others maintain that not only is the Islamic Republic of Iran undemocratic (see

13645: 13544: 13406: 13368: 13191: 13028: 12861: 12851: 12830: 12641: 12344: 12324: 12319: 12307: 11935: 11792: 11726: 11603: 11483: 11366: 11262: 11207: 11152: 11089: 10937: 9642: 9391:"Shi'ite Jurisprudence and Constitution Making in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 8799: 8749: 7466: 7124: 6650: 6576: 6401: 6024: 5816: 5796: 5749: 5458: 5425: 5269: 5230: 5013: 4892: 4858: 4815: 4695: 4583: 4505: 4262: 4219: 3975: 3936: 3858: 3664:

in the world, according to their own various definitions of the term, and rank

3628: 3624: 3051: 3019:. The Party of Democratic Action was founded in May 1990 by reformist Islamist 2797: 2687: 2505: 2413: 1791: 1681: 1451: 916: 863: 773: 723: 683: 650: 610: 544: 456: 436: 407: 382: 336: 13798: 10555:"Syria Muslim Brotherhood Issues Post-Assad State-for-All Commitment Charter," 9525:

Institute for Preserving and Publishing Works by Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenie

8963:(Eighteenth Amendment) Act, 2010, Section 99 (with effect from April 19, 2010) 7785: 7264: 3437:

speech on March 26, 2021. In which he used all religious greetings including:

3088:

are major Indonesian Islamist parties, active in country's democratic process.

13849: 13600: 13593: 13555: 13318: 13186: 13147: 13135: 13023: 12856: 12815: 12751: 12636: 12528: 12488: 12376: 12280: 12202: 11945: 11613: 11488: 11409: 11404: 11272: 11257: 11202: 11172: 11084: 10899: 10882: 10843: 10239:"Morocco votes in first election since protests; Islamist party eyes victory" 9919: 9326: 9163: 9139: 8603: 8474:"Morocco votes in first election since protests; Islamist party eyes victory" 7738: 7720:"The Cultural-Economic Syndrome: Impediments to Democracy in the Middle East" 6780:"Most Muslims Want Democracy, Personal Freedoms, and Islam in Political Life" 6458: 6019: 5855: 5788: 5706: 5663: 5650: 5624: 5611: 5585: 5546: 5506: 5501: 5387: 5374: 5348: 5335: 5309: 5190: 5169: 5143: 5099: 5095: 5078: 5052: 5000: 4974: 4957: 4931: 4776: 4760: 4734: 4656: 4622: 4544: 4531: 4466: 4452: 4418: 4379: 4355: 4340: 4301: 4288: 4253: 4179: 4174: 4131: 4092: 4053: 4014: 4001: 3962: 3897: 3849: 3815: 3776: 3768: 3759: 3516: 3055: 3047: 2946: 2837: 2833: 2720: 2707: 2529: 2417: 2326: 2156: 2058: 1691: 1558: 1511: 1387: 1203: 1141: 1064: 868: 783: 768: 718: 703: 645: 630: 556: 451: 292: 229: 13565: 10554: 10130:"Libyan cleric announces new party on lines of 'moderate' Islamic democracy" 10068:"Political Islam poised to dominate the new world bequeathed by Arab spring" 7012: 3027:

and other Slavic Muslim population in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the former

1288: 13830: 13709: 13693: 13484: 13474: 13342: 13115: 12275: 12260: 12255: 11976: 11416: 11356: 11302: 11282: 11217: 10877: 10865: 10304:"Pakistan's creation pointless if it fails to become Islamic welfare state" 9276: 9155: 8447:"PAN Malaysian party, democratic Islamist or Illiberal ethno-nationalists?" 7174: 7017: 5678: 5363: 5284: 4068: 3660:

There are several non-governmental organizations that publish and maintain

3617:) but that Khomeini himself opposed the principle of democracy in his book 3572: 3470: 3383: 3187:'s Islamist party and main opposition and democratic force in that country. 3153:

party and is relatively more conservative and traditionalist than the UMNO.

3073: 3000: 2793: 2582: 2455: 2251: 2206: 2192: 1222: 959: 940: 898: 893: 803: 788: 728: 605: 402: 387: 346: 275: 246: 10486: 9396:

Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance

3523:) who are qualified to interpret the Quran and the writings of the imams. 1906:

Many Muslim scholars have argued that traditional Islamic notions such as

13716: 13575: 13469: 13352: 13142: 13120: 13105: 12670: 12646: 12483: 12446: 12441: 12371: 12292: 12270: 12220: 12197: 11955: 11950: 11731: 11519: 11493: 11267: 11252: 11242: 11120: 10243: 10215: 9109:"Nurcholish Madjid & Sekularisasi: Dua Sisi yang Kerap Disalahpahami" 8779: 8478: 6450: 4520: 3740: 3247: 2852: 2844: 2801: 2674: 2620: 2359: 2196: 2084: 2042: 1671: 1362: 883: 778: 763: 640: 569: 9983: 9569:"پایگاه اطلاع رسانی دفتر مرجع عالیقدر حضرت آیت الله العظمی مکارم شیرازی" 8598: 8540:"Syria's Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt" 7843:

Beblawi, H., 1990, The Rentier State in the Arab World, in Luciani, G.,

1857: 965: 13607: 13508: 13464: 12825: 12820: 12569: 12543: 12503: 12473: 12359: 12339: 12230: 12086: 11782: 11654: 11642: 11478: 11361: 11277: 10860: 10778: 9521:"Participation in Majlis Elections, Religious and Logical Duty: Leader" 8401: 5941: 5764: 5740: 5561: 5492: 5441: 5416: 5181: 5086: 4946: 4710: 4598: 4455: 4277: 3951: 3873: 3765: 3448: 3379: 3184: 3126: 3038:, the political parties identified as "Islamist" and "democratic" (the 3028: 2984: 2882: 2701:

scholars offer another viewpoint on the relationship between Islam and

2318: 2152: 2141: 1746: 1676: 1543: 853: 635: 397: 154: 13640: 10510:

Syria's Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt

9708: 7672:

Human Rights & Reform: Changing the Face of North African Politics

6935: 3668:, partly free, or unfree using various measures of freedom, including 2987:, but established itself there as an independent political party, the 2593:, Muslims are fully capable of preserving spirituality and self-rule. 2171: 13570: 12866: 12533: 12478: 12468: 12403: 12398: 12354: 12245: 12225: 11448: 11389: 11371: 11297: 11019: 8135:

The history of political parties & general elections in Indonesia

7884: 7500:(1993 ed.). Lahore, Pakistan: Islamic Publications. p. 35. 6088: 4394: 3505: 3464: 3452: 3107: 3077: 2961: 2886: 2820: 2557: 2306: 2288: 2019: 2003: 1971: 1771: 1726: 1586: 1273: 412: 204: 10678: 9700: 2563:

Maududi's vision has been criticized (by Youssef M. Choueiri) as an

13586: 13444: 13347: 13328: 12871: 12706: 12686: 12523: 12513: 12508: 12364: 12334: 12329: 12314: 12170: 12140: 11668: 11551: 11547: 11079: 10932: 10768: 10748: 10679:

Liberal Democracy and Political Islam: The Search for Common Ground

9224:"Politikus PKS Jawab PDIP: Ideologi Bernegara Kita Sama, Pancasila" 7748:

on March 6, 2009 – via European Public Choice Society (EPCS).

6927: 6660: 6374: 6323: 6282: 5158: 4873: 4830: 4195: 3579:, having said, "Islam naturally stands against liberal democracy." 3220: 3024: 2848: 2692: 2532:, viewed democracy as perfectly compatible with Islam. In his book 2517: 2481: 2062: 2046: 1999: 1766: 1736: 1701: 1523: 392: 268: 110: 52: 10426:, Crisis Group Middle East/North Africa Report N°37, 2 March 2005; 2317:

envisaged by Plato. Al-Farabi argued that the ideal state was the

13513: 13500: 13362: 13240: 12548: 12408: 12349: 12297: 11625: 11569: 11453: 11125: 11009: 10813: 10773: 10384:"Hamas is an Islamic fundamentalist movement founded in 1987..." 9572: 8746:"Islamists' Victory in Tunisia a Win for Democracy: Noah Feldman" 6521: 6354: 5921: 5600: 5402: 5324: 5067: 4989: 4749: 4146: 3912: 3830: 3791: 3771: 3531: 3442: 3314: 3306: 3195: 3161: 2969: 2863: 2375: 2259: 2099: 2023: 1914: 1095: 377: 149: 9447:"" Official Website of Sayyid Mohammad Khatami " www.khatami.ir" 9005:

Negara Paripurna: Historitas, Rasionalitas, Aktualitas Pancasila

8974:"Isi Butir-Butir Pancasila Sila 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 dan Penjelasannya" 3691:

and shows the scores given by two frequently used indices: 2022

13275: 12302: 10887: 9604:"Envoy: Religious democracy materialized by Islamic Revolution" 6568: 6481: 6226: 6206: 5874: 5639: 4671: 4637: 4559: 4316: 4029: 3458: 3426: 3344: 3096: 2957: 2909:

is an Islamist coalition of political parties, created for the

2867: 2856: 2590: 2472: 2322: 2199: 2163: 2105: 2074: 2034: 1786: 298: 191: 10713:

Recent Elections and the Future of Religious Democracy in Iran

7044:

Trauthig, Inga Kristina; Eyre, Guy Robert (October 29, 2023).

3487:

fighting for independence and adopt the special autonomy law.

2851:

conflict serves as a unifying factor for the countries of the

2120:

said in a scholarly interview about Islam and democracy that,

11777: 11608: 11014: 10909: 10893: 10386:

Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

10272:"Moroccans Vote in Election Marking Shift of Power From King" 8507:"Moroccans Vote in Election Marking Shift of Power From King" 7988:

Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East

7013:"Concept of democracy in Islam - Islam Question & Answer" 6609: 6541: 6501: 6427: 6246: 6231: 6065: 6042: 5987: 5831: 5522: 5473: 5245: 5028: 4791: 4234: 3627:. It is a subject of lively debate among pro-Islamic Iranian 3555: 3321:. On 27 January 1953, Sukarno delivered a speech in Amuntai, 3251: 3172: 3118: 3059: 2715: 2635: 2586: 2296: 2167: 2094: 2079: 1976: 1948: 1908: 317: 305: 257: 67: 9472: 8935:"Annex 731 The Objectives Resolution [Article 2(A)]" 2309:

view in that he regarded the ideal state to be ruled by the

1899:

There exist a number of perspectives on the relationship of

10717: 10096:

Nordland, Rod; Kirkpatrick, David D. (September 15, 2011).

7786:"Can Arab and Islamic values be reconciled with democracy?" 7627:"Is Democracy Compatible with Islam? | Javed Ahmad Ghamidi" 7575:(3rd ed.). London: Bloomsbury Continuum. p. 144. 7441:

Bontekoe, Ronald; Stepaniants, Mariėtta Tigranovna (1997).

7398:

Bontekoe, Ronald; Stepaniants, Mariėtta Tigranovna (1997).

7235:"Scholars Urge Western Muslims to Vote: Saudi Arabia | MWJ" 6161: 6124: 5119: 4907: 4481: 4433: 4107: 3655: 3603: 3563: 3559: 3520: 3335: 3058:, an Islamist democrat was the first Islamist president of 2639: 2247: 2205:, Shaykh Abdul Muhsin Al-Abbad, Shaykh Wasiullah Abbas and 2175: 2089: 2050: 1982: 10575:"AKP explains charter changes, slams foreign descriptions" 9254:"HTI dinyatakan ormas terlarang, pengadilan tolak gugatan" 7859:"Islamists Predict Victory as Algerians Head to the Polls" 3519:". To that end they must turn to scholars of Islamic law ( 2726: 2213:", all echoed similar calls to encourage Muslims to vote. 9450: 9425:"President Says Democracy Conforms With Religion in Iran" 7352:

Arabic and Islamic Natural Philosophy and Natural Science

6952:

Islam and Democracy in South Asia: The Case of Bangladesh

6732:. Association of Religion Data Archives. pp. 13–15. 2381: 2255: 2191:, Abdullah Quyud, Abdur Razzaq Afifi, Senior Scholars of 1920: 10089: 9193:"The Peculiar Case of Viktor Orban's Visit to Indonesia" 8102:"Who Was Mohamed Morsi? A Timeline of His Rise and Fall" 2295:, theorized an ideal Islamic state which he compared to 2273: 10476:"The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation." 9246: 8072:"Islamists Win 70% of Seats in the Egyptian Parliament" 7771:

Esposito, J. & Voll, J.,2001, Islam and Democracy,

7572:

Islamic Fundamentalism: The Story of Islamist Movements

7355:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018. 3121:

and the second largest political force in the country.

2348: 2033:

In the early Islamic Caliphate, the head of state, the

9435:

on March 8, 2007 – via WorldWide Religious News.

8828:"Tunisia and its Islamists: The Revolution, Phase Two" 8129: 8127: 8041:"Alija Izetbegović, Muslim Who Led Bosnia, Dies at 78" 7502:

the power to rule over the earth has been promised to

2933:. However, the incumbent coalition, consisting of the 10645:

Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender and Pluralism

9935:

Islamists Win 75% of Seats in the Egyptian Parliament

9503:

The Office of the Supreme Leader, Sayyid Ali Khamenei

6949:

Islam, Md Nazrul; Islam, Md Saidul (March 20, 2020).

6814:"Majorities See Religion and Democracy as Compatible" 3606:

as a kind of religious democracy. They maintain that

3511:, the founder and leader of the revolution. Khomeini 2609: 10708:

Expect the Unexpected: A Religious Democracy in Iran

10098:"Islamists' Growing Sway Raises Questions for Libya" 9738:

The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

9131: 8449:. Australian National University. October 20, 2017. 7813: 7811: 6859:. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. p. 135. 3631:. Also they maintain that Iran's sharia courts, the 3330:

Indonesia, will not want to be part of the Republic.

3076:

are two very influential Islamic social movement in

2077:) was always restricted by the scholarly class, the 13158:

Relations between the Catholic Church and the state

10453:"Islamist leader hints at Hamas pull-out from Gaza" 10095: 9891:

https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf

9840:"BASIC LAW - OF THE PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY" 8124: 7904:"Algerian Islamists fall to govt party in election" 7881:"Algeria's Islamists confident of election victory" 7440: 7397: 6812:Rheault, Magali; Mogahed, Dalia (October 3, 2017). 3469:"Salam Kebajikan" or "Wei De Dong Tian" (惟德動天) for 2373:The moderate Islamic view stresses the concepts of 2211:

Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta

2073:The legislative power of the Caliph (or later, the 10431:"Hamas leader condemns Islamist charity blacklist" 10128: 9958: 9950: 9185: 8649: 8361: 8279: 8148: 7655: 7443:Justice and Democracy: Cross-Cultural Perspectives 7400:Justice and Democracy: Cross-Cultural Perspectives 6857:Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering Human Rights 6760: 3441:"Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh" for 3223:(March 12, 1949), a parliamentary resolution (the 2999:and the main opposition party. The BNP promotes a 2653: 10536:"Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes," 10336: 10205:UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.5. From: 9393:. In Marty, Martin E.; Appleby, R. Scott (eds.). 8439: 7808: 7656:Esposito, John L.; DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2018). 6761:Esposito, John L.; DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2018). 6707:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from 5870:– Disputed territory (according to Freedom House) 1938: 13847: 10199: 9996: 8573:"Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes" 7425: 10395:"Hamas is an Islamic jihadist organization..." 10043:. Tripoli. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 10035:"Muslim Brother picked to lead new Libya party" 8715:"On the Campaign Trail With Islamist Democrats" 8305:"Muslim Brother picked to lead new Libya party" 7927:"Algerian Ruling Party Beats Islamists in Vote" 7290:Jahangir, Khandaker Abdullah (September 2010). 2535:The Principles of State and Government in Islam 2291:(c. 872–950), in one of his most notable works 11546: 10485:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from 8861:. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012 7713: 7711: 6811: 3637:blasphemy laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran 3110:is a Shia Islamist political party in Lebanon. 12889: 12585: 12102: 10733: 10652:Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat within Islamism 10161:"Party Profile: The National Forces Alliance" 9691: 8363:"Party Profile: The National Forces Alliance" 8203: 8201: 7265:"৬. ৩. অনুবাদে, ব্যাখ্যায় ও গবেষণায় মিথ্যা" 6878: 6876: 6699:Muslih, Muhammad; Browers, Michaelle (2009). 6698: 3117:is the Muslim Brotherhood's political arm in 2764:that contextualizes different points of view. 2750:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 2358:The rejectionist Islamic view, elaborated by 1880: 1243: 988: 10263: 10004:"Muslim Brotherhood formally launches party" 9721:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8419:"ISLAM HADHARI: Antara Pemalsuan dan Bid'ah" 8332: 8330: 8272:"Muslim Brotherhood formally launches party" 8236:"Islamism in Lebanon: A Guide to the Groups" 7674:, London, University of California Press Ltd 7660:. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–143. 7597:"Abstracts: A Theory of Universal Democracy" 7426:John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Secularism". 7043: 6705:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 5875:Islamic democratic parties and organizations 3530:rule was subordinate to interests of Islam ( 3208:Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011 3198:. On March 1, 2011, after the government of 3176:rights", to promote pluralism and democracy. 2409:have advocated different forms of this view. 540:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 10503: 10182: 9961:A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s 8151:A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s 8069: 7708: 7524:. Georgetown University Press. p. 79. 7445:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 253. 7402:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 251. 7325:Jahangir, Khandaker Abdullah (April 2017). 7099:"In Sissi's Egypt, Salafis are Saudi Pawns" 7007: 7005: 6854: 12592: 12578: 12109: 12095: 11921:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 10740: 10726: 10636:Mahmoud Sadri and Ahmad Sadri (eds.) 2002 10548: 10433:. Reuters. August 23, 2007. Archived from 9902: 9703:. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. 9340:, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 165 9100: 8619:"Tunisia legalises Islamist group Ennahda" 8198: 8070:Kirkpatrick, David D. (January 21, 2012). 6948: 6873: 6843:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 2412:The liberal Islamic view is influenced by 2037:, had a position based on the notion of a 1887: 1873: 1250: 1236: 995: 981: 13673: 13543: 9641:. MEMRI TV. June 12, 2004. Archived from 9215: 9049:"President Sukarno and the Islamic State" 8929: 8927: 8336: 8327: 7762:, London, Frank Cass & Co Ltd, page 1 7066: 7057: 2780:Learn how and when to remove this message 2650:with the values and principles of Islam. 2325:when it was governed by Muhammad, as its 2209:'s most senior fatwa panel of scholars, " 832:Liberal and reform movements within Islam 13394: 12599: 12116: 10528: 10152: 10065: 9866:"Constitution of the Republic of Turkey" 9388: 8712: 8209:"Jordan's Islamic Front rallies Muslims" 7817: 7568: 7324: 7289: 7002: 6916:Journal of the American Oriental Society 6807: 6805: 3656:Indices of democracy in Muslim countries 2983:of Pakistan opposed the independence of 2097:(Muslim community). After law colleges ( 11050:Justice and Development Party (Morocco) 10126: 10026: 9956: 9399:. University of Chicago Press. p. 8984:from the original on September 22, 2022 8895:Objectives Resolution, Republic of Rumi 8859:"No to America and No to Radical Islam" 8743: 8651:"Tunisian Islamists seek poll majority" 8146: 8112:from the original on September 29, 2020 7856: 7717: 7637:from the original on September 23, 2019 7553: 7495: 7229: 7227: 6913: 6882: 6765:. Oxford University Press. p. 145. 6756: 6754: 3181:Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan 3036:2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election 2727:Brian Whitaker's 'four major obstacles' 2083:, a group regarded as the guardians of 2041:political authority, who, according to 14: 13848: 13218: 11055:Justice and Development Party (Turkey) 10615:from the original on December 14, 2019 10127:Spencer, Richard (November 19, 2011), 10108:from the original on February 25, 2012 10032: 9792:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 9679:from the original on February 10, 2022 9479:from the original on December 17, 2014 9288:Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia 9029:from the original on September 9, 2022 8924: 8856: 8713:Kaminski, Matthew (October 26, 2011). 8664:from the original on December 10, 2022 8647: 8315:from the original on December 22, 2015 8302: 8233: 8038: 7924: 7901: 7796:from the original on December 12, 2021 7421: 7419: 7138: 7037: 6895:from the original on December 11, 2019 6720: 6718: 6694: 6692: 6690: 13763: 13672: 13542: 13393: 13217: 12888: 12611: 12573: 12090: 11813: 11545: 11510:International propagation of Salafism 11329: 10721: 10450: 10269: 10230: 10171:from the original on January 16, 2014 10158: 10141:from the original on January 12, 2022 10014:from the original on October 16, 2013 9989:Dhume, Sadanand. (December 1, 2005). 9872:from the original on December 4, 2020 9846:from the original on October 30, 2021 9593:انوار الفقاهه- كتاب البيع – ج 1 ص 516 9473:"AbdolKarim Soroush:: عبدالکريم سروش" 9137: 9107:Ahsan, Ivan Aulia (August 29, 2019). 9106: 9007:. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. 9002: 8792: 8756:from the original on January 17, 2016 8694:from the original on January 23, 2016 8579:from the original on October 15, 2015 8570: 8552:from the original on December 9, 2017 8504: 8374:from the original on January 16, 2014 8359: 8252:from the original on February 8, 2013 8182:"Indonesian Democracy's Enemy Within" 8179: 7967:from the original on February 5, 2017 7937:from the original on October 10, 2017 7517: 7271:from the original on October 23, 2022 7146:"Politicization of Salafism in Egypt" 6802: 6774: 6772: 6676:Persecution of minority Muslim groups 3590:has more or less the same viewpoint. 3219:Early in the history of the state of 2596: 2274:Theoretical perspectives on democracy 12801:Religious views on same-sex marriage 12612: 11614:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 10701:Democratic Mirage in the Middle East 10236: 10078:from the original on August 20, 2012 10066:Beaumont, Peter (December 3, 2011), 9820:from the original on August 18, 2019 9221: 8684:"Tunisian leader returns from exile" 8629:from the original on August 18, 2019 8571:Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (May 6, 2012). 8471: 8180:Dhume, Sadanand (December 1, 2005). 8082:from the original on October 4, 2022 8020:from the original on January 7, 2008 7985: 7760:Democracy and Arab Political Culture 7658:Shariah: What Everyone Needs to Know 7558:(2nd ed.). Penguin. p. 70. 7541:but by the entire Muslim community.) 7496:Maududi, Sayyid Abdul al'al (1960). 7224: 6976: 6855:Weeramantry, Christopher G. (1997). 6824:from the original on August 12, 2019 6763:Shariah: What Everyone Needs to Know 6751: 6724: 6133:Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran 3703:and may not reflect recent changes. 3447:"Salam Sejahtera" and "Shaloom" for 2730: 2547: 2528:Another Muslim scholar and thinker, 2349:Varieties of modern Islamic theories 11330: 10824:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists 10237:Chen, Cherice (November 25, 2011). 10033:Soguel, Dominique (March 3, 2012). 9991:Indonesian Democracy's Enemy Within 9808:"ENFORCEMENT OF SHARI'AH ACT. 1991" 9745:from the original on March 23, 2022 9549:from the original on March 16, 2023 9527:. December 20, 2003. Archived from 9294:from the original on April 13, 2021 9264:from the original on April 13, 2021 9234:from the original on April 13, 2021 9203:from the original on April 13, 2021 9138:Wahid, Abdurrahman (July 1, 2001). 9119:from the original on April 13, 2021 9096:from the original on June 21, 2022. 8945:from the original on March 29, 2016 8825: 8537: 8472:Chen, Cherice (November 25, 2011). 8337:Haimzadeh, Patrick (July 3, 2012). 8303:Soguel, Dominique (March 4, 2012). 8051:from the original on April 26, 2016 7683: 7416: 7359:from the original on August 2, 2019 7212:from the original on March 19, 2022 7202:"Ruling on democracy and elections" 7182:from the original on August 4, 2022 7117: 7091: 7074:"Ruling on democracy and elections" 7025:from the original on April 28, 2022 6790:from the original on April 17, 2019 6739:from the original on March 29, 2015 6715: 6687: 6671:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 6629:Institute on Religion and Democracy 6587:Justice and Development Party (AKP) 6433:Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine 6296:United Malays National Organisation 3543: 3135:United Malays National Organisation 2995:is the second largest party in the 2874:, a lecturer in Islamic law at the 2843:Whitaker's third point is that the 2828:explanations for the occurrence of 2441: 24: 10585:from the original on July 16, 2016 10480:. Graham Usher, August 21, 2005 * 9364:"Khomeini's REVERSALS of Promises" 9083: 9065:from the original on June 17, 2023 9056:Institute of Current World Affairs 8857:Totten, Michael (March 21, 2012). 8838:from the original on April 3, 2019 8744:Feldman, Noah (October 30, 2011). 8725:from the original on July 13, 2018 8039:Binder, David (October 20, 2003). 7906:. Associated Press. Archived from 7818:Whitaker, Brian (March 15, 2004). 7601:University of Wisconsin Law School 7477:from the original on July 18, 2013 7430:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7306:from the original on March 8, 2023 6769: 3620:Hokumat-e Islami: Wilayat al-Faqih 3421:, which also contains the German 3202:collapsed in the wake of the 2011 3015:is the largest political party in 2968:are dominant democratic forces in 2610:Views of the general Muslim public 2070:with the people in their affairs. 1994:(legitimate rights). For example, 552:Principles of State and Government 528:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate 25: 13877: 11926:Popular Arab and Islamic Congress 10672: 10451:Hider, James (October 12, 2007). 10270:Alami, Aida (November 25, 2011). 9431:. August 10, 2002. Archived from 9370:from the original on July 8, 2012 9290:(in Indonesian). March 26, 2021. 9086:"Bung Karno's Tears Melt in Aceh" 8826:Bay, Austin (November 30, 2011). 8778:(in Arabic). 2011. Archived from 8505:Alami, Aida (November 25, 2011). 6727:"Rethinking Islam and Secularism" 6301:Malaysian United Indigenous Party 3317:, for alleged involvement in the 2900:List of Islamic political parties 2495: 2166:scholars opine that democracy is 477:List of Islamic political parties 12666:Constitutional references to God 12629:Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry 11814: 10601: 10567: 10316: 10296: 10120: 10059: 9928: 9922:, US Embassy, Bahrain/Wikileaks/ 9884: 9858: 9832: 9800: 9757: 9729: 9661: 9649: 9631: 9618: 9596: 9587: 9561: 9535: 9513: 9491: 9465: 9439: 9417: 9382: 9356: 8921:(with effect from March 2, 1985) 8648:Khalaf, Roula (April 27, 2011). 8453:from the original on May 2, 2022 7504:the whole community of believers 7125:"Sinai's Role in Morsi's Ouster" 6883:Feldman, Noah (March 16, 2008). 6602: 6561: 6534: 6514: 6494: 6474: 6443: 6412: 6367: 6347: 6316: 6275: 6239: 6219: 6199: 6154: 6138:Islamic Iran Participation Front 6117: 6081: 6035: 5980: 5960: 5934: 5914: 5824: 5757: 5714: 5671: 5632: 5593: 5554: 5515: 5466: 5434: 5395: 5356: 5317: 5277: 5238: 5199: 5151: 5112: 5060: 5021: 4982: 4939: 4900: 4866: 4823: 4784: 4742: 4703: 4664: 4630: 4591: 4552: 4513: 4474: 4426: 4387: 4348: 4309: 4270: 4227: 4188: 4139: 4100: 4061: 4022: 3983: 3944: 3905: 3866: 3823: 3784: 3733: 3721:V-Dem electoral democracy index 3303:Butir-butir pengamalan Pancasila 3023:, representing the conservative 2925:(Islah). The alliance is led by 2735: 2523: 1856: 964: 953: 12781:Religious rejection of politics 11982:Contemporary Islamic philosophy 10659:A Theory of Universal Democracy 10630: 9343: 9330: 9320: 9306: 9222:Umam, Chaerul (July 23, 2020). 9077: 9041: 9011: 8996: 8966: 8957: 8915: 8906: 8887: 8850: 8819: 8786: 8768: 8737: 8706: 8676: 8641: 8611: 8591: 8564: 8531: 8498: 8465: 8411: 8386: 8353: 8296: 8278:. March 3, 2012. Archived from 8264: 8227: 8173: 8140: 8094: 8063: 8032: 8006: 7979: 7949: 7925:Faucon, Benoît (May 11, 2012). 7918: 7910:on January 9, 2016 – via 7895: 7873: 7857:Slimani, Salah (May 10, 2012). 7850: 7837: 7778: 7765: 7752: 7684:Roy, Olivier (April 16, 2012). 7677: 7664: 7649: 7619: 7589: 7562: 7546: 7511: 7489: 7459: 7434: 7391: 7343: 7318: 7283: 7257: 7194: 7162: 6984:"The Kingdom's Failed Marriage" 6955:. Springer Nature. p. 87. 6942: 6464:United Bangsamoro Justice Party 6306:National Trust Party (Malaysia) 3693:Democracy Index (The Economist) 3430:'participated' in a democracy. 3419:Centrist Democrat International 3311:People's Representative Council 2913:in Algeria. It consists of the 2654:Islam and democracy in practice 2579:A Theory of Universal Democracy 2552:Islamist writer and politician 1840:Latin America and the Caribbean 13724:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 12844:Separation of church and state 11916:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 11045:Justice and Construction Party 10684:Democracy and the Muslim World 10664:Khatab, Sayed & G. Bouma, 10483:"Council on Foreign Relations" 10159:Grant, George (July 1, 2012), 9656:The Failure of Political Islam 9260:(in Indonesian). May 7, 2018. 8360:Grant, George (July 1, 2012). 8155:. Allen & Unwin. pp. 8137:. Jakarta:Arise Consultancies. 7428:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 6907: 6848: 6836: 6255:Justice and Construction Party 3552:wilayat-i mutlaqa-yi mufawwada 3406:in national legislative body ( 3115:Justice and Construction Party 3054:) won 75% of the total seats. 2572: 2305:. Al-Farabi departed from the 2262:branch—recognizes a series of 2254:), his son-in-law, and cousin 2129: 2013: 1939:Traditional political concepts 13: 1: 11987:Islamic response to modernity 10689:Islamic Democracies (article) 10661:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 9965:. Allen & Unwin. p. 9316:(Article 1). August 15, 2005. 9140:"Indonesia's Mild Secularism" 9084:Jo, Hendi (October 9, 2015). 8793:Lynch, Marc (June 29, 2011). 8426:Parti Islam Se Malaysia (PAS) 8014:"Obituary: Alija Izetbegovic" 7957:"Guide to Bahrain's politics" 7902:Schemm, Paul (May 11, 2012). 7887:. May 7, 2012. Archived from 7569:Choueiri, Youssef M. (2010). 7241:. May 4, 2015. Archived from 7059:10.1080/13629395.2023.2272474 6703:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 6681: 6360:Justice and Development Party 3593: 3171:is a Sunni Islamist force in 3160:has been the ruling party in 3158:Justice and Development Party 2915:Movement of Society for Peace 2683:European University Institute 2241: 1968:American University of Beirut 1652:Democracy and economic growth 699:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 12976:German Christians (movement) 12962:Evangelical environmentalism 10747: 10581:. Istanbul. March 28, 2010. 9389:Arjomand, Said Amir (1993). 6634:Dialogue Among Civilizations 5265:Semi-constitutional monarchy 3334:Sukarno also disagreed with 3282: 2993:Bangladesh Nationalist Party 2923:Movement for National Reform 2919:Islamic Renaissance Movement 2665:Democracy in the Middle East 2658: 2278: 2116:Bangladeshi Islamic scholar 1958:Muslim democrats, including 1845:Middle East and North Africa 1712:Peaceful transition of power 1101:Pre-Islamic Arabian religion 7: 13814:Religious aspects of Nazism 13067:Christian reconstructionism 11590:Militant Islamism based in 11233:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi 9909:Guide to Bahrain's politics 9673:Economist Intelligence Unit 9626:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 8000:10.1215/1089201X-23-1-2-301 7552:Choueiri, p.111, quoted in 6845:(2004), vol. 1, p. 116–123. 6666:Islam Yes, Islamic Party No 6622: 6547:Muslim Brotherhood of Syria 6527:Peace and Development Party 6291:Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 6008:Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt 3633:Islamic Revolutionary Court 3214: 3169:Muslim Brotherhood of Syria 3147:Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 2893: 2568:of paying a financial levy. 2333:as an example within early 2217:Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir 2118:Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir 2106:ijaza-t al-tadris wa-l-ifta 1742:Proportional representation 488:Militant Islamism based in 10: 13882: 13480:Jewish political movements 12956:Christian environmentalism 12768:Religion and peacebuilding 12044:Political aspects of Islam 11444:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 11030:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami 10402:December 26, 2022, at the 10377:December 26, 2022, at the 10363:December 26, 2022, at the 10324:"Pakistan's dream catcher" 8400:(in Malay). Archived from 8339:"Libya's Unquiet Election" 7820:"Beware instant democracy" 6640:The Clash of Civilizations 6143:People's Mojahedin of Iran 6051:Indian Union Muslim League 5973:Party of Democratic Action 3588:Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi 3484:Boxing Day tsunami in 2004 3013:Party of Democratic Action 2989:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami 2911:legislative election, 2012 2897: 2860:Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah 2662: 2445: 2139: 2133: 1945:Political aspects of Islam 1942: 809:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 472:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 131:Salafism by country/region 28: 13770: 13764: 13759: 13679: 13668: 13551: 13538: 13402: 13389: 13226: 13213: 12897: 12891:Christianity and politics 12884: 12618: 12607: 12417: 12211: 12124: 12065: 12031: 12000: 11964: 11901:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization 11891: 11824: 11820: 11809: 11755: 11694: 11583: 11562: 11558: 11541: 11502: 11459:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i 11434: 11380: 11349: 11342: 11338: 11325: 11143: 11113: 11000:Freedom and Justice Party 10990: 10925: 10918: 10806: 10759: 10755: 10654:, Oxford University Press 10640:, Oxford University Press 10560:January 17, 2013, at the 10541:October 15, 2015, at the 10515:December 9, 2017, at the 10309:November 5, 2019, at the 9914:February 5, 2017, at the 9896:February 9, 2020, at the 9003:Latif, Yudi (June 2011). 8900:November 7, 2014, at the 8879:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8538:Sly, Liz (May 12, 2012). 8234:Hamzeh, A. Nizar (1997). 8016:. BBC. October 19, 2003. 7518:Ullah, Haroon K. (2013). 7498:Political Theory of Islam 7467:"HonestThinking - Quotes" 6507:National Umma Party Sudan 6388:Majlis Wahdat-e-Muslimeen 5996:Freedom and Justice Party 5950:Islami Andolan Bangladesh 3718:Democracy Index Category 3689:Muslim-majority countries 3598:Some Iranians, including 3495: 3425:as well as the Hungarian 3044:Freedom and Justice Party 2977:Bangladesh Liberation War 2966:Al-Menbar Islamic Society 2285:early Islamic philosopher 1974:. These concepts include 1926:secularist views of Islam 936:Islam and other religions 889:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi 418:International propagation 126:International propagation 13780:Disestablishmentarianism 13043:Christian libertarianism 12951:Christian egalitarianism 12912:Christian anti-communism 11875:(Izetbegović, 1969-1970) 11674:in the Arabian Peninsula 11515:Islamic religious police 11075:Prosperous Justice Party 11035:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan 10698:Marina Ottoway, et al., 10459:. London. Archived from 10417:"Understanding Islamism" 9940:October 4, 2022, at the 9351:The Constitution of Iran 9338:A History of Modern Iran 8795:"Tunisia's New al-Nahda" 8311:. Agence France-Presse. 7739:10.1163/1569133043019780 7718:Weiffen, Britta (2004). 7554:Ruthven, Malise (2000). 6487:Islamic Democratic Party 6398:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf 6332:Islamic Democratic Party 6265:National Forces Alliance 6102:National Awakening Party 6097:Prosperous Justice Party 5620:Semi-presidential system 5542:Semi-presidential system 5421:Semi-presidential system 5344:Semi-presidential system 5226:Semi-presidential system 5048:Semi-presidential system 4970:Semi-presidential system 4927:Semi-presidential system 4375:Semi-presidential system 4215:Semi-presidential system 4088:Semi-presidential system 3641:Islamic religious police 3604:Islamic Republic of Iran 3396:National Awakening Party 3392:Prosperous Justice Party 3353:United Development Party 3294:Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa, 3123:National Forces Alliance 3106:is a Sunni Islamist and 3086:Prosperous Justice Party 3082:United Development Party 2997:Parliament of Bangladesh 2876:University of California 2477:Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im 2047:the election of Abu Bakr 1953: 1797:Wars between democracies 1777:Territorial peace theory 1622:Democratic confederalism 580:Governance of the Jurist 13775:American civil religion 13684:Buddhist anti-communism 12997:Protestant Reich Church 11158:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 11070:Malaysian Islamic Party 11065:National Iraqi Alliance 11025:Islamic Salvation Front 10955:Islamic Defenders Front 10193:March 11, 2012, at the 9880:– via Wikisource. 9753:– via Wikisource. 8719:The Wall Street Journal 8133:Evans, Kevin R (2003). 7931:The Wall Street Journal 6393:Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal 6182:National Iraqi Alliance 5799:(controlled by Morocco) 5745:Constitutional monarchy 5009:Constitutional monarchy 4854:parliamentary democracy 4850:Constitutional monarchy 4691:Constitutional monarchy 4579:Constitutional monarchy 4259:constitutional republic 3932:Constitutional monarchy 3855:constitutional republic 3697:V-Dem Democracy indices 3666:countries as being free 3490: 3231:of the founders of the 3200:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 2136:History of Saudi Arabia 2039:successor to Muhammad's 1918:(public interest), and 1782:Tyranny of the majority 1717:Political demonstration 1627:Democratic peace theory 1602:Deliberative referendum 689:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 13626:Hindu environmentalism 13452:Revisionist Maximalism 12931:Christian anti-Zionism 12917:Christian anti-Masonry 12737:Religious anti-Zionism 12732:Religious anti-Masonry 11599:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 11313:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab 11238:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 11095:State of Law Coalition 11005:Green Algeria Alliance 10422:March 7, 2013, at the 10277:Bloomberg Businessweek 9957:Schwarz, Adam (1994). 9669:"Democracy Index 2022" 9614:on September 29, 2007. 9531:on September 27, 2007. 9156:10.1353/sais.2001.0051 8512:Bloomberg Businessweek 8404:on February 29, 2012. 8147:Schwarz, Adam (1994). 7863:Bloomberg Businessweek 7471:www.honestthinking.org 7050:Mediterranean Politics 6170:State of Law Coalition 6107:National Mandate Party 6056:Indian National League 5968:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5851:Provisional government 5186:parliamentary republic 4811:Provisional government 4772:Parliamentary republic 4730:Parliamentary republic 4501:Parliamentary republic 4010:Parliamentary republic 3991:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3971:Parliamentary republic 3712:Democracy Index Score 3653: 3568: 3400:National Mandate Party 3332: 3270: 3017:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2907:Green Algeria Alliance 2804:', 'oil wealth', 'the 2570: 2545: 2510:legislative assemblies 2226: 2185:Muhammad ibn Uthaymeen 2127: 1992:al-huqquq al-shar'iyya 1607:Democratic backsliding 1597:Criticism of democracy 754:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 170:Islamic fundamentalism 13866:Religion and politics 13819:Creativity (religion) 13674:Buddhism and politics 13545:Hinduism and politics 13236:Human Rights in Islam 13153:Political Catholicism 13059:Christian peacemaking 13048:Christian nationalism 12990:Positive Christianity 12941:Christian corporatism 12786:Religious segregation 12757:Religious nationalism 11702:Hibatullah Akhundzada 11525:Sufi–Salafi relations 11168:Hibatullah Akhundzada 10650:Azzam S. Tamimi 2001 10643:Omid Safi (ed.) 2003 10545:Reuters (6 May 2012). 10329:May 10, 2012, at the 9023:University of Udayana 8782:on November 18, 2011. 8241:Middle East Quarterly 8194:on December 21, 2015. 7963:. February 15, 2011. 7727:Comparative Sociology 7208:. December 21, 2012. 3715:Democracy Index Rank 3649: 3584:Naser Makarem Shirazi 3548: 3340:Islamic criminal laws 3327: 3292:" whose first tenet, 3245: 3225:Objectives Resolution 3050:and liberal Islamist 2806:Arab–Israeli conflict 2758:by rewriting it in a 2606:those consultations. 2565: 2540: 2469:Mahmoud Mohammed Taha 2266:, the last of which ( 2221: 2203:Abdul Aziz Ash-Shaikh 2189:Abdullah al-Ghudayyan 2122: 2018:Deliberations of the 1662:Electoral competition 1642:Democratic transition 1617:Democratic centralism 1612:Democratic capitalism 827:Criticism of Islamism 821:Criticism of Islamism 739:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 656:Hibatullah Akhundzada 13809:Neopaganist feminism 13704:Buddhist nationalism 13526:World Agudath Israel 13396:Judaism and politics 13256:Islamic anti-Zionism 13251:Islamic anti-Masonry 12983:National Catholicism 12791:Religious separatism 12717:Organized secularism 12676:Engaged Spirituality 12601:Religion in politics 12118:Political ideologies 11941:September 11 attacks 11911:Grand Mosque seizure 11717:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 11712:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam 11474:Muhammad Al-Munajjid 11183:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 11100:Islamic Action Front 10534:Khaled Yacoub Oweis 10392:, 2009, p. 153; 10284:on November 27, 2011 10251:on November 27, 2011 10218:on February 29, 2012 9774:on December 26, 2018 9645:on February 9, 2005. 9336:Abrahamian, Ervand, 9199:. January 15, 2020. 9058:. January 29, 1953. 8690:. January 20, 2011. 8607:. November 11, 2006. 8486:on November 27, 2011 7891:on October 25, 2014. 7775:, Volume 22, Issue 6 7758:Kedourie, E., 1994, 7239:Muslim World Journal 7021:. January 22, 2015. 6212:Islamic Action Front 5843:Authoritarian regime 5776:Authoritarian regime 5733:Authoritarian regime 5722:United Arab Emirates 5690:Authoritarian regime 5573:Authoritarian regime 5534:Authoritarian regime 5485:Authoritarian regime 5296:Authoritarian regime 5257:Authoritarian regime 5218:Authoritarian regime 5131:Authoritarian regime 5040:Authoritarian regime 4919:Authoritarian regime 4803:Authoritarian regime 4722:Authoritarian regime 4683:Authoritarian regime 4610:Authoritarian regime 4571:Authoritarian regime 4493:Authoritarian regime 4445:Authoritarian regime 4367:Authoritarian regime 4328:Authoritarian regime 4246:Authoritarian regime 4207:Authoritarian regime 4158:Authoritarian regime 4119:Authoritarian regime 4080:Authoritarian regime 4041:Authoritarian regime 3924:Authoritarian regime 3885:Authoritarian regime 3842:Authoritarian regime 3811:Parliamentary system 3752:Authoritarian regime 3687:The following lists 3678:freedom of the press 3662:indices of democracy 3463:"Namo Buddhaya" for 3457:"Om Swastyastu" for 3093:Islamic Action Front 3062:, stemming from the 2939:Abdelaziz Bouteflika 2448:Islam and secularism 2068:public consultations 1637:Democratic socialism 1189:Religious conversion 661:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi 621:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 578:Islamic Government: 29:For other uses, see 13742:Humanistic Buddhism 13417:Jewish anti-Zionism 13231:Hui pan-nationalism 13126:Liberation theology 13082:Christian socialism 12946:Christian democracy 12936:Christian communism 12907:Christian anarchism 12796:Religious socialism 12742:Religious communism 12727:Religious anarchism 12702:Freedom of religion 12236:Christian democracy 11873:Islamic Declaration 11422:Young Kashgar Party 10609:"Arşivlenmiş kopya" 10579:Hürriyet Daily News 10437:on February 5, 2016 9575:on October 31, 2020 9453:on October 16, 2007 8807:on December 3, 2013 8284:on October 16, 2013 7847:, London, Routledge 7686:"The New Islamists" 7670:Waltz, S.E., 1995, 7245:on October 10, 2022 6784:Pew Research Center 6061:Hurriyat Conference 5784:Presidential system 5698:Presidential system 5659:Presidential system 5581:Presidential system 5497:presidential system 5383:Presidential system 5091:presidential system 4618:Presidential system 4540:Presidential system 4414:Presidential system 4336:Presidential system 4297:Presidential system 4166:Presidential system 4127:Presidential system 3893:Presidential system 3727:Religion and State 3724:Type of government 3390:, KAMMI became the 3237:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 3204:Tunisian revolution 3139:social conservative 3084:and the opposition 2964:and Sunni Islamist 2881:This repression by 2872:Khaled Abou El Fadl 2812:"militant" Islam'. 2638:(consultation) and 2601:Religious scholar, 2502:Islamic philosopher 2430:Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd 2403:Rashid al-Ghannushi 2379:(public interest), 2293:Al-Madina al-Fadila 2181:Abd al-Aziz bin Baz 2051:Umar ibn Al Khattab 2008:Progressive Muslims 1933:religious democracy 1901:Islam and democracy 1863:Politics portal 1657:Democracy promotion 1632:Democratic republic 1021:Abrahamic religions 1013:and other religions 971:Politics portal 924:Islam and modernity 582:("Velayat-e faqih") 564:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 13804:Khalistan movement 13732:Buddhist socialism 13699:Buddhist modernism 13656:Uniform civil code 13358:Political quietism 13220:Islam and politics 13198:Neo-ultramontanism 13172:Sphere sovereignty 13072:Christian republic 13053:Christian pacifism 13019:Christian humanism 13005:Christian feminism 12811:Secular liberalism 12762:Religious pacifism 12747:Religious humanism 12722:Political religion 12151:Political spectrum 11931:Algerian Civil War 11906:Iranian Revolution 11865:Islamic Government 11763:Islam and violence 11737:Juhayman al-Otaybi 11650:Sub-Saharan Africa 11395:Authenticity Party 11163:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 10970:Muslim Brotherhood 10819:Islamic governance 10666:Democracy in Islam 10478:Middle East Report 10322:Marcus Michaelsen 10102:The New York Times 10040:The Times of India 9945:The New York Times 9509:on March 10, 2012. 9349:Schirazi, Asghar. 9258:BBC News Indonesia 8688:Al Jazeera English 8435:on March 11, 2012. 8406:: Goal 3.3 and 3.5 8349:on March 25, 2016. 8343:Middle East Online 8076:The New York Times 8045:The New York Times 7696:on October 9, 2014 7607:on October 6, 2011 7556:Islam in the World 6889:The New York Times 6725:Esposito, John L. 5904:Muslim Brotherhood 5207:State of Palestine 3502:revolution in Iran 3368:Muslim Brotherhood 3243:). It proclaimed: 3064:Muslim Brotherhood 3040:Muslim Brotherhood 2945:of Prime Minister 2921:(Ennahda) and the 2603:Javed Ahmed Ghamdi 2597:Javed Ahmed Ghamdi 2434:Abdolkarim Soroush 2331:Rashidun Caliphate 2149:Muslim Brotherhood 2111:constitutional law 2024:trusted companions 1802:Waves of democracy 1762:Right to candidacy 1732:Popular referendum 1722:Political equality 1592:Citizens' assembly 849:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 694:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 679:Abu Hamza al-Masri 507:Sub-Saharan Africa 467:Muslim Brotherhood 442:Iranian Revolution 352:Islamic Golden Age 220:Islamic liberalism 200:Islamic governance 13856:Islamic democracy 13843: 13842: 13839: 13838: 13793: 13755: 13754: 13726: 13719: 13712: 13689:Buddhist feminism 13664: 13663: 13636:Indigenous Aryans 13631:Integral humanism 13610: 13603: 13596: 13589: 13581:Hindu nationalism 13534: 13533: 13503: 13490:Jewish secularism 13454: 13447: 13431:Jewish Autonomism 13425: 13385: 13384: 13377:Two-nation theory 13371: 13337: 13314:Islamic socialism 13298: 13291: 13284: 13261:Islamic democracy 13246:Islamic anarchism 13209: 13208: 13200: 13166: 13131:Maronite politics 13111:Dominion Theology 13101:Christian Zionism 13090: 13061: 13037: 13013: 12999: 12992: 12985: 12978: 12970:Christian fascism 12964: 12925: 12880: 12879: 12846: 12839: 12770: 12712:Identity politics 12696: 12694:Womanist theology 12689: 12681:Feminist theology 12655: 12631: 12567: 12566: 12266:Constitutionalism 12129:The Establishment 12084: 12083: 12061: 12060: 12057: 12056: 11805: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11773:Islamic terrorism 11768:Islamic extremism 11747:Ayman al-Zawahiri 11742:Omar Abdel-Rahman 11548:Militant Islamism 11537: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11469:Rabee al-Madkhali 11430: 11429: 11321: 11320: 11288:Haji Shariatullah 11248:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 11228:Abul A'la Maududi 11223:Ruhollah Khomeini 11213:Alija Izetbegović 11198:Rached Ghannouchi 11188:Necmettin Erbakan 11145:Political leaders 11139: 11138: 11131:Islamic modernism 11060:National Congress 10992:Political parties 10905:Two-nation theory 10839:Islamic socialism 10829:Islamic democracy 10657:Khan L. Ali 2003 10463:on August 5, 2011 10302:Sidrah Moiz Khan 10010:. March 3, 2012. 9709:10.23696/vdemds21 9410:978-0-226-50884-9 9230:(in Indonesian). 9115:(in Indonesian). 8980:(in Indonesian). 8832:RealClearPolitics 8625:. March 1, 2011. 8599:"Mountain Rigger" 8215:on March 16, 2003 8187:YaleGlobal Online 8108:. June 18, 2019. 7912:HighBeam Research 7631:www.al-mawrid.org 7582:978-0-8264-9801-4 7531:978-1-62616-015-6 7336:978-984-90053-3-9 6962:978-3-030-42909-6 6786:. July 10, 2012. 6711:on June 11, 2017. 6620: 6619: 5881:identity politics 5861: 5860: 5305:absolute monarchy 5139:Absolute monarchy 5104:northern Nigerian 4257:semi-presidential 4049:Absolute monarchy 3608:Ruhollah Khomeini 3602:, categorize the 3577:liberal democracy 3564:pilgrimage (hajj) 3509:Ruhollah Khomeini 3372:Abdurrahman Wahid 3357:Abdurrahman Wahid 3235:(Muhammad Iqbal, 3233:Pakistan Movement 3021:Alija Izetbegović 3006:Islami Oikya Jote 2927:Bouguerra Soltani 2826:political economy 2819:The problem with 2790: 2789: 2782: 2744:This section may 2685:in an article in 2629:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 2554:Abul A'la Maududi 2548:Abul A'la Maududi 2514:political Islamic 2490:Ruhollah Khomeini 2407:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 2364:Abul A'la Maududi 2313:, instead of the 2268:Muhammad al-Mahdi 2246:According to the 1964:political science 1897: 1896: 1752:Right to petition 1260: 1259: 1005: 1004: 859:Abdelwahab Meddeb 794:Haji Shariatullah 759:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 744:Abul A'la Maududi 734:Ruhollah Khomeini 714:Rached Ghannouchi 626:Ruhollah Khomeini 533:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 423:by country/region 312:Two-nation theory 264:Islamic terrorism 225:Islamic socialism 210:Islamic democracy 186:Apostasy in Islam 143:Deobandi jihadism 138:Deobandi movement 18:Islamic democracy 16:(Redirected from 13873: 13826:Personality cult 13789: 13761: 13760: 13747:Secular Buddhism 13737:Engaged Buddhism 13722: 13715: 13708: 13670: 13669: 13621:Hindu revivalism 13616:Hindu revolution 13606: 13599: 13592: 13585: 13540: 13539: 13499: 13495:Jewish socialism 13450: 13443: 13436:Jewish democracy 13421: 13412:Jewish anarchism 13391: 13390: 13367: 13333: 13309:Islamic republic 13304:Islamic pacifism 13294: 13287: 13280: 13271:Islamic feminism 13215: 13214: 13196: 13162: 13086: 13057: 13035:Evangelical left 13033: 13009: 12995: 12988: 12981: 12974: 12960: 12921: 12902:Blaine Amendment 12886: 12885: 12842: 12837:Secular religion 12835: 12806:Secular humanism 12776:Religious police 12766: 12692: 12685: 12653:Clerical fascism 12651: 12627: 12623:Anti-clericalism 12613:General concepts 12609: 12608: 12594: 12587: 12580: 12571: 12570: 12494:Internationalism 12425:Authoritarianism 12394:Social democracy 12288:Environmentalism 12251:Communitarianism 12111: 12104: 12097: 12088: 12087: 11972:Anti-imperialism 11867:(Khomeini, 1970) 11843:(Khomeini, 1940) 11822: 11821: 11811: 11810: 11560: 11559: 11543: 11542: 11347: 11346: 11340: 11339: 11327: 11326: 11293:Hassan Al-Turabi 11105:United Arab List 10923: 10922: 10854:Islamic republic 10849:Islamic monarchy 10834:Islamic feminism 10757: 10756: 10742: 10735: 10728: 10719: 10718: 10668:, Routledge 2007 10625: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10592: 10590: 10571: 10565: 10552: 10546: 10532: 10526: 10507: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10457:The Times Online 10446: 10444: 10442: 10340: 10334: 10320: 10314: 10300: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10280:. Archived from 10267: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10247:. Archived from 10234: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10214:. Archived from 10203: 10197: 10186: 10180: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10156: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10132: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10063: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10030: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10000: 9994: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9964: 9954: 9948: 9932: 9926: 9920:Ambassador Ereli 9906: 9900: 9888: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9819: 9812: 9804: 9798: 9797: 9791: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9773: 9767:. Archived from 9761: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9750: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9720: 9712: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9646: 9635: 9629: 9624:Bakhash, Shaul, 9622: 9616: 9615: 9610:. Archived from 9600: 9594: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9571:. Archived from 9565: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9517: 9511: 9510: 9505:. 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Archived from 8177: 8171: 8170: 8154: 8144: 8138: 8131: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8106:Egyptian Streets 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8010: 8004: 8003: 7994:(1–2): 301–320. 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7869:on May 18, 2012. 7865:. Archived from 7854: 7848: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7815: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7782: 7776: 7769: 7763: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7741:. Archived from 7733:(3–4): 353–375. 7724: 7715: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7692:. Archived from 7681: 7675: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7603:. Archived from 7593: 7587: 7586: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7423: 7414: 7413: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7382: 7378: 7376: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7305: 7298: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7231: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7150: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7009: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6990:. April 13, 2020 6980: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6809: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6776: 6767: 6766: 6758: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6738: 6731: 6722: 6713: 6712: 6696: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6582:Free Cause Party 6567: 6565: 6564: 6555: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6190: 6178: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6016: 6004: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5889:Country or scope 5886: 5885: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5178:Islamic Republic 5156: 5155: 5154: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5026: 5025: 5024: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4966:Islamic republic 4944: 4943: 4942: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4842:Flawed democracy 4828: 4827: 4826: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4462:Islamic Republic 4431: 4430: 4429: 4406:Flawed democracy 4392: 4391: 4390: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4170:Federal republic 4144: 4143: 4142: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4027: 4026: 4025: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3803:Flawed democracy 3789: 3788: 3787: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3706: 3705: 3670:political rights 3615:Politics of Iran 3600:Mohammad Khatami 3545: 3538:absolute right ( 3323:South Kalimantan 3241:Liaquat Ali Khan 3192:Ennahda Movement 3141:party of Muslim 2991:after 1975. The 2811: 2785: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2761:balanced fashion 2739: 2738: 2731: 2442:Secularist views 2393:. In this view, 2315:philosopher king 1980:(consultation), 1912:(consultation), 1889: 1882: 1875: 1861: 1860: 1757:Right to protest 1707:Nomination rules 1262: 1261: 1252: 1245: 1238: 1022: 1007: 1006: 997: 990: 983: 969: 968: 960:Islam portal 958: 957: 956: 842:in North America 799:Hassan Al-Turabi 749:Abul Hasan Nadwi 342:Anti-imperialism 240:Islamic republic 235:Islamic monarchy 215:Islamic feminism 55: 49: 48: 38: 37: 31:Islamic republic 21: 13881: 13880: 13876: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13871: 13870: 13846: 13845: 13844: 13835: 13766: 13751: 13675: 13660: 13576:Hindu modernism 13547: 13530: 13475:Jewish pacifism 13460:Jewish feminism 13440:Jewish fascism 13398: 13381: 13324:Islamic Zionism 13266:Islamic fascism 13222: 13205: 13096:Christian state 13077:Christian right 13011:Mormon feminism 12893: 12876: 12661:Confessionalism 12614: 12603: 12598: 12568: 12563: 12559:Totalitarianism 12413: 12216:Accelerationism 12207: 12120: 12115: 12085: 12080: 12053: 12049:Political Islam 12027: 11996: 11992:Islamic revival 11960: 11893: 11887: 11883:(Gaddafi, 1975) 11816: 11797: 11751: 11722:Osama bin Laden 11707:Anwar al-Awlaki 11690: 11684:in North Africa 11631:Lashkar-e-Taiba 11579: 11575:Salafi jihadism 11554: 11529: 11498: 11464:Safar al-Hawali 11426: 11376: 11334: 11332:Salafi movement 11317: 11193:Muammar Gaddafi 11178:Hassan al-Banna 11146: 11135: 11109: 11040:Jamiat-e Islami 10986: 10960:Jamaat-e-Islami 10948:in Central Asia 10926:Socio-political 10914: 10802: 10791:Salafi jihadism 10751: 10746: 10675: 10633: 10628: 10618: 10616: 10607: 10606: 10602: 10588: 10586: 10573: 10572: 10568: 10562:Wayback Machine 10553: 10549: 10543:Wayback Machine 10533: 10529: 10522:Washington Post 10517:Wayback Machine 10508: 10504: 10492: 10490: 10489:on June 2, 2010 10481: 10466: 10464: 10440: 10438: 10429: 10424:Wayback Machine 10404:Wayback Machine 10379:Wayback Machine 10365:Wayback Machine 10341: 10337: 10331:Wayback Machine 10321: 10317: 10311:Wayback Machine 10301: 10297: 10287: 10285: 10268: 10264: 10254: 10252: 10235: 10231: 10221: 10219: 10206: 10204: 10200: 10195:Wayback Machine 10187: 10183: 10174: 10172: 10157: 10153: 10144: 10142: 10125: 10121: 10111: 10109: 10094: 10090: 10081: 10079: 10064: 10060: 10050: 10048: 10047:on July 1, 2012 10031: 10027: 10017: 10015: 10002: 10001: 9997: 9988: 9984: 9977: 9955: 9951: 9942:Wayback Machine 9933: 9929: 9916:Wayback Machine 9907: 9903: 9898:Wayback Machine 9889: 9885: 9875: 9873: 9864: 9863: 9859: 9849: 9847: 9838: 9837: 9833: 9823: 9821: 9817: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9801: 9785: 9784: 9777: 9775: 9771: 9765:"Archived copy" 9763: 9762: 9758: 9748: 9746: 9735: 9734: 9730: 9714: 9713: 9696: 9692: 9682: 9680: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9654: 9650: 9637: 9636: 9632: 9623: 9619: 9602: 9601: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9567: 9566: 9562: 9552: 9550: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9519: 9518: 9514: 9497: 9496: 9492: 9482: 9480: 9471: 9470: 9466: 9456: 9454: 9445: 9444: 9440: 9423: 9422: 9418: 9411: 9387: 9383: 9373: 9371: 9362: 9361: 9357: 9348: 9344: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9321: 9312: 9311: 9307: 9297: 9295: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9267: 9265: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9237: 9235: 9220: 9216: 9206: 9204: 9191: 9190: 9186: 9176: 9174: 9136: 9132: 9122: 9120: 9105: 9101: 9082: 9078: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9032: 9030: 9017: 9016: 9012: 9001: 8997: 8987: 8985: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8962: 8958: 8948: 8946: 8933: 8932: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8911: 8907: 8902:Wayback Machine 8892: 8888: 8872: 8871: 8864: 8862: 8855: 8851: 8841: 8839: 8824: 8820: 8810: 8808: 8791: 8787: 8774: 8773: 8769: 8759: 8757: 8742: 8738: 8728: 8726: 8711: 8707: 8697: 8695: 8682: 8681: 8677: 8667: 8665: 8657:Financial Times 8646: 8642: 8632: 8630: 8623:BBC News Online 8617: 8616: 8612: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8582: 8580: 8569: 8565: 8555: 8553: 8545:Washington Post 8536: 8532: 8522: 8520: 8519:on June 4, 2013 8503: 8499: 8489: 8487: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8412: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8377: 8375: 8358: 8354: 8335: 8328: 8318: 8316: 8301: 8297: 8287: 8285: 8270: 8269: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8232: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8207: 8206: 8199: 8178: 8174: 8167: 8145: 8141: 8132: 8125: 8115: 8113: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8068: 8064: 8054: 8052: 8037: 8033: 8023: 8021: 8012: 8011: 8007: 7984: 7980: 7970: 7968: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7940: 7938: 7923: 7919: 7900: 7896: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7855: 7851: 7842: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7816: 7809: 7799: 7797: 7784: 7783: 7779: 7770: 7766: 7757: 7753: 7745: 7722: 7716: 7709: 7699: 7697: 7682: 7678: 7669: 7665: 7654: 7650: 7640: 7638: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7567: 7563: 7551: 7547: 7532: 7516: 7512: 7494: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7453: 7439: 7435: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7396: 7392: 7380: 7379: 7370: 7369: 7362: 7360: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7337: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7274: 7272: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7233: 7232: 7225: 7215: 7213: 7206:en.islamway.net 7200: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7078:en.islamway.net 7072: 7071: 7067: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7011: 7010: 7003: 6993: 6991: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6947: 6943: 6922:(2): 175–182 . 6912: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6810: 6803: 6793: 6791: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6759: 6752: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6723: 6716: 6697: 6688: 6684: 6656:Islamic revival 6646:Freedom deficit 6625: 6603: 6601: 6596: 6562: 6560: 6549: 6535: 6533: 6515: 6513: 6495: 6493: 6475: 6473: 6468: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6413: 6411: 6406: 6383:Jamaat-e-Islami 6368: 6366: 6348: 6346: 6341: 6337:Adhaalath Party 6317: 6315: 6310: 6276: 6274: 6269: 6240: 6238: 6220: 6218: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6184: 6172: 6155: 6153: 6148: 6118: 6116: 6111: 6082: 6080: 6075: 6036: 6034: 6029: 6010: 5998: 5981: 5979: 5961: 5959: 5954: 5935: 5933: 5915: 5913: 5908: 5877: 5825: 5823: 5758: 5756: 5715: 5713: 5702:one-party state 5672: 5670: 5633: 5631: 5594: 5592: 5555: 5553: 5516: 5514: 5505: 5467: 5465: 5435: 5433: 5396: 5394: 5357: 5355: 5318: 5316: 5278: 5276: 5239: 5237: 5200: 5198: 5152: 5150: 5113: 5111: 5061: 5059: 5022: 5020: 4983: 4981: 4940: 4938: 4901: 4899: 4867: 4865: 4824: 4822: 4785: 4783: 4769:Confessionalist 4743: 4741: 4704: 4702: 4665: 4663: 4631: 4629: 4592: 4590: 4553: 4551: 4514: 4512: 4475: 4473: 4427: 4425: 4388: 4386: 4349: 4347: 4310: 4308: 4271: 4269: 4228: 4226: 4189: 4187: 4178: 4140: 4138: 4101: 4099: 4062: 4060: 4023: 4021: 3984: 3982: 3945: 3943: 3906: 3904: 3867: 3865: 3824: 3822: 3785: 3783: 3734: 3732: 3682:civil liberties 3674:economic rights 3658: 3596: 3498: 3493: 3404:Jakarta Charter 3388:fall of Suharto 3376:Nahdlatul Ulama 3364:Hassan al-Banna 3285: 3217: 3070:Nahdlatul Ulama 3004:Bangladesh and 2981:Jamaat-e-Islami 2902: 2896: 2809: 2802:imperial legacy 2786: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2756:help improve it 2753: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2703:democratisation 2693:political Islam 2667: 2661: 2656: 2612: 2599: 2575: 2550: 2526: 2498: 2486:political Islam 2465:Ali Abdel Raziq 2450: 2444: 2426:Mohammed Arkoun 2422:Tariq al-Bishri 2399:Hasan al-Turabi 2385:(justice), and 2351: 2281: 2276: 2244: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2016: 2002:– Quran 3:159, 1960:Ahmad Moussalli 1956: 1951: 1943:Main articles: 1941: 1893: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1815: 1807: 1806: 1687:Majoritarianism 1647:Democratization 1582: 1574: 1573: 1308: 1298: 1267:Politics series 1256: 1227: 1096:Pagan Sabianism 1073:Other religions 1020: 1012: 1001: 963: 954: 952: 946: 945: 919: 909: 908: 904:Magnus Ranstorp 822: 814: 813: 709:Hassan al-Banna 674: 666: 665: 616:Muammar Gaddafi 601: 593: 592: 579: 522: 514: 513: 447:Jamaat-e-Islami 370: 362: 361: 357:Islamic revival 332: 324: 323: 281:Political Islam 181: 173: 172: 166: 121:Salafi jihadism 116:Salafi movement 106: 98: 97: 63: 51: 50: 42: 41: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13879: 13869: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13841: 13840: 13837: 13836: 13834: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13822: 13821: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13795: 13794: 13782: 13777: 13771: 13768: 13767: 13757: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13750: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13728: 13727: 13720: 13713: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13680: 13677: 13676: 13666: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13646:Saffronisation 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13612: 13611: 13604: 13597: 13590: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13561:Hindu feminism 13558: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13536: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13528: 13523: 13522: 13521: 13511: 13506: 13505: 13504: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13456: 13455: 13448: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13427: 13426: 13414: 13409: 13407:Halachic state 13403: 13400: 13399: 13387: 13386: 13383: 13382: 13380: 13379: 13374: 13373: 13372: 13369:Talibanization 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13339: 13338: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13300: 13299: 13292: 13285: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13227: 13224: 13223: 13211: 13210: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13203: 13202: 13201: 13192:Ultramontanism 13189: 13184: 13182:Temporal power 13179: 13174: 13169: 13168: 13167: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13139: 13138: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13092: 13091: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13063: 13062: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13039: 13038: 13029:Christian left 13026: 13021: 13016: 13015: 13014: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12993: 12986: 12979: 12967: 12966: 12965: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12927: 12926: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12898: 12895: 12894: 12882: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12862:State religion 12859: 12854: 12852:Spiritual left 12849: 12848: 12847: 12840: 12831:Secularization 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12698: 12697: 12690: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12657: 12656: 12644: 12642:Civil religion 12639: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12605: 12604: 12597: 12596: 12589: 12582: 12574: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12433: 12432: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12384: 12374: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12345:Libertarianism 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12320:Fundamentalism 12317: 12312: 12311: 12310: 12308:Third Position 12305: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12284: 12283: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12212: 12209: 12208: 12206: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12189: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12137: 12136: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12114: 12113: 12106: 12099: 12091: 12082: 12081: 12079: 12078: 12073: 12066: 12063: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12055: 12054: 12052: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12035: 12033: 12032:Related topics 12029: 12028: 12026: 12025: 12023:United Kingdom 12020: 12015: 12010: 12004: 12002: 11998: 11997: 11995: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11968: 11966: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11936:Faith campaign 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11897: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11885: 11881:The Green Book 11877: 11869: 11861: 11853: 11845: 11837: 11835:(Iqbal, 1930s) 11833:Reconstruction 11828: 11826: 11818: 11817: 11807: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11795: 11793:Talibanization 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11759: 11757: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11727:Akhtar Mansour 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11698: 11696: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11688: 11687: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11666: 11665: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11647: 11646: 11645: 11638:Southeast Asia 11635: 11634: 11633: 11628: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11604:Fatah al-Islam 11601: 11587: 11585: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11577: 11572: 11566: 11564: 11556: 11555: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11506: 11504: 11500: 11499: 11497: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11484:Salman al-Ouda 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11440: 11438: 11432: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11386: 11384: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11369: 11367:Sahwa movement 11364: 11359: 11353: 11351: 11344: 11336: 11335: 11323: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11263:Ata Abu Rashta 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11208:Muhammad Iqbal 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11153:Muhammad Abduh 11149: 11147: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11117: 11115: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11090:Fatah Alliance 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10996: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10977: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10945: 10938:Hizb ut-Tahrir 10935: 10929: 10927: 10920: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10874: 10873: 10863: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10810: 10808: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10800: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10783: 10782: 10781: 10771: 10765: 10763: 10753: 10752: 10745: 10744: 10737: 10730: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10674: 10673:External links 10671: 10670: 10669: 10662: 10655: 10648: 10641: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10626: 10600: 10566: 10547: 10527: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10474: 10448: 10427: 10414: 10407: 10393: 10382: 10368: 10354: 10335: 10315: 10295: 10262: 10229: 10208:"Perlembagaan" 10198: 10181: 10151: 10119: 10088: 10058: 10025: 9995: 9993:. Yale Global. 9982: 9975: 9949: 9927: 9918:– 4 Sep 2008. 9901: 9883: 9857: 9831: 9799: 9756: 9728: 9690: 9660: 9648: 9630: 9617: 9595: 9586: 9560: 9534: 9512: 9490: 9464: 9438: 9416: 9409: 9381: 9355: 9342: 9329: 9319: 9305: 9275: 9245: 9228:Tribunnews.com 9214: 9184: 9130: 9099: 9076: 9040: 9010: 8995: 8965: 8956: 8923: 8914: 8905: 8886: 8849: 8818: 8800:Foreign Policy 8785: 8767: 8750:Bloomberg News 8736: 8705: 8675: 8640: 8610: 8590: 8563: 8530: 8497: 8464: 8438: 8410: 8394:"Perlembagaan" 8385: 8352: 8326: 8309:Times of Malta 8295: 8263: 8226: 8197: 8172: 8165: 8139: 8123: 8093: 8062: 8031: 8005: 7978: 7948: 7917: 7894: 7872: 7849: 7845:The Arab State 7836: 7807: 7777: 7764: 7751: 7707: 7690:Foreign Policy 7676: 7663: 7648: 7618: 7588: 7581: 7561: 7545: 7530: 7510: 7488: 7458: 7451: 7433: 7415: 7408: 7390: 7381:|website= 7342: 7335: 7317: 7282: 7256: 7223: 7193: 7161: 7137: 7116: 7105:. May 31, 2014 7090: 7065: 7036: 7001: 6975: 6961: 6941: 6928:10.2307/604423 6906: 6885:"Why Shariah?" 6872: 6865: 6847: 6835: 6801: 6768: 6750: 6714: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6651:Islamic ethics 6648: 6643: 6636: 6631: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6577:Felicity Party 6573: 6571: 6557: 6556: 6544: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6455: 6453: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6402:Awaam Pakistan 6395: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6260:Homeland Party 6257: 6251: 6249: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6179: 6166: 6164: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6045: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6025:Al-Wasat Party 6022: 6017: 6005: 5992: 5990: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5845: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5820: 5819: 5817:State religion 5814: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797:Western Sahara 5792: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5778: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5753: 5752: 5750:State religion 5747: 5738: 5735: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5695: 5692: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5653: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5575: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5536: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5511: 5510: 5499: 5490: 5487: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5462: 5461: 5459:State religion 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5429: 5428: 5426:State religion 5423: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5377: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5338: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5273: 5272: 5270:State religion 5267: 5262: 5259: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5234: 5233: 5231:State religion 5228: 5223: 5220: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5175: 5172: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5133: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5108: 5107: 5093: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5017: 5016: 5014:State religion 5011: 5006: 5003: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4963: 4960: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4896: 4895: 4893:State religion 4890: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4862: 4861: 4859:State religion 4856: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4819: 4818: 4816:State religion 4813: 4808: 4805: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4766: 4763: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4724: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4699: 4698: 4696:State religion 4693: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4612: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4587: 4586: 4584:State religion 4581: 4576: 4573: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4534: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4509: 4508: 4506:State religion 4503: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4330: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4291: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4266: 4265: 4263:State religion 4260: 4251: 4248: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4223: 4222: 4220:State religion 4217: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4184: 4183: 4172: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3979: 3978: 3976:State religion 3973: 3968: 3965: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3940: 3939: 3937:State religion 3934: 3929: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3887: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3862: 3861: 3859:State religion 3856: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3657: 3654: 3629:intelligentsia 3625:Mehdi Bazargan 3595: 3592: 3560:fasting (sawm) 3556:prayer (salat) 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3445: 3319:PRRI rebellion 3284: 3281: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3188: 3177: 3165: 3154: 3131: 3111: 3100: 3089: 3067: 3052:Al-Wasat Party 3032: 3009: 2973: 2952:Shia Islamist 2950: 2895: 2892: 2834:rentier states 2798:Brian Whitaker 2788: 2787: 2743: 2741: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2691:has described 2688:Foreign Policy 2673:Following the 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2632: 2624: 2611: 2608: 2598: 2595: 2574: 2571: 2549: 2546: 2525: 2522: 2516:ideals being " 2506:Muhammad Iqbal 2497: 2496:Muhammad Iqbal 2494: 2446:Main article: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2414:Muhammad Abduh 2410: 2371: 2350: 2347: 2335:Muslim history 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2131: 2128: 2015: 2012: 1962:(professor of 1955: 1952: 1940: 1937: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1792:War referendum 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1682:Libertarianism 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1581:Related topics 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1482:Representative 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1247: 1240: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1116:Zoroastrianism 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1043: 1033: 1025: 1024: 1016: 1015: 1003: 1002: 1000: 999: 992: 985: 977: 974: 973: 948: 947: 944: 943: 938: 933: 932: 931: 920: 917:Related topics 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 864:Maryam Namazie 861: 856: 851: 846: 845: 844: 839: 829: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 774:Ata Abu Rashta 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 724:Muhammad Iqbal 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 684:Muhammad Abduh 681: 675: 673:Key ideologues 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 658: 653: 651:House of Thani 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 611:Omar al-Bashir 608: 602: 600:Heads of state 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 590: 573: 566:("Milestones") 560: 548: 536: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 510: 509: 504: 502:Southeast Asia 499: 494: 480: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 457:Salafist Front 454: 449: 444: 439: 437:Hizb ut-Tahrir 428: 427: 426: 425: 420: 410: 408:Sahwa movement 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 383:Dawat-e-Islami 380: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 337:Anti-communism 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 314: 309: 302: 295: 290: 289: 288: 278: 273: 272: 271: 266: 254: 244: 243: 242: 237: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 196: 195: 182: 179: 178: 175: 174: 168: 167: 160: 159: 158: 157: 147: 146: 145: 135: 134: 133: 128: 123: 113: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 96: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 64: 61: 60: 57: 56: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13878: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13820: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13792: 13788: 13787: 13786: 13785:Imperial cult 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13772: 13769: 13762: 13758: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13725: 13721: 13718: 13714: 13711: 13707: 13706: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13681: 13678: 13671: 13667: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13609: 13605: 13602: 13601:Panun Kashmir 13598: 13595: 13594:Hindu Rashtra 13591: 13588: 13584: 13583: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13556:Akhand Bharat 13554: 13553: 13550: 13546: 13541: 13537: 13527: 13524: 13520: 13517: 13516: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13502: 13498: 13497: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13453: 13449: 13446: 13442: 13441: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13424: 13420: 13419: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13404: 13401: 13397: 13392: 13388: 13378: 13375: 13370: 13366: 13365: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13336: 13332: 13331: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13319:Islamic state 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13297: 13296:In South Asia 13293: 13290: 13286: 13283: 13279: 13278: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13225: 13221: 13216: 13212: 13199: 13195: 13194: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13187:Theodemocracy 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13165: 13161: 13160: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13148:Pillarisation 13146: 13144: 13141: 13137: 13136:Phoenicianism 13134: 13133: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13089: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13060: 13056: 13055: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13036: 13032: 13031: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13024:Christian law 13022: 13020: 13017: 13012: 13008: 13007: 13006: 13003: 12998: 12994: 12991: 12987: 12984: 12980: 12977: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12968: 12963: 12959: 12958: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12924: 12920: 12919: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12896: 12892: 12887: 12883: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12857:State atheism 12855: 12853: 12850: 12845: 12841: 12838: 12834: 12833: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12816:Secular state 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12769: 12765: 12764: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12752:Religious law 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12695: 12691: 12688: 12684: 12683: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12654: 12650: 12649: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12637:Caesaropapism 12635: 12630: 12626: 12625: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12617: 12610: 12606: 12602: 12595: 12590: 12588: 12583: 12581: 12576: 12575: 12572: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12529:Progressivism 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12489:Individualism 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12416: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12377:Republicanism 12375: 12373: 12370: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12282: 12281:Social credit 12279: 12278: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12210: 12204: 12203:Revolutionary 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12153: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12135: 12132: 12131: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12123: 12119: 12112: 12107: 12105: 12100: 12098: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12068: 12067: 12064: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12005: 12003: 11999: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11963: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11946:War on terror 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11890: 11884: 11882: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11868: 11866: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11846: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11812: 11808: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11754: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11695:Major figures 11693: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11670: 11667: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11652: 11651: 11648: 11644: 11641: 11640: 11639: 11636: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11623: 11622: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11592: 11591: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11582: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11544: 11540: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11501: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11489:Ali al-Tamimi 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11437: 11436:Major figures 11433: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11411: 11410:Islamist Bloc 11408: 11407: 11406: 11405:Al-Nour Party 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11379: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11328: 11324: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11273:Navvab Safavi 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11258:Tariq Ramadan 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11203:Safwat Hegazi 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11173:Muhammad Asad 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11142: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11112: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11085:Welfare Party 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10900:Turkish model 10898: 10896: 10895: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10883:Post-Islamism 10881: 10879: 10876: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10845: 10844:Islamic state 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10798:Shia Islamism 10796: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10787: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10743: 10738: 10736: 10731: 10729: 10724: 10723: 10720: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10667: 10663: 10660: 10656: 10653: 10649: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10635: 10634: 10614: 10610: 10604: 10597: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10570: 10563: 10559: 10556: 10551: 10544: 10540: 10537: 10531: 10525:, 12 May 2012 10524: 10523: 10518: 10514: 10511: 10506: 10488: 10484: 10479: 10475: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10449: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10415: 10412: 10408: 10405: 10401: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10380: 10376: 10373: 10369: 10366: 10362: 10359: 10355: 10352: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10339: 10332: 10328: 10325: 10319: 10312: 10308: 10305: 10299: 10283: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10266: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10233: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10202: 10196: 10192: 10189: 10185: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10155: 10140: 10136: 10135:The Telegraph 10131: 10123: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10092: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10062: 10046: 10042: 10041: 10036: 10029: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9992: 9986: 9978: 9976:0-521-77326-1 9972: 9968: 9963: 9962: 9953: 9946: 9943: 9939: 9936: 9931: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9910: 9905: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9887: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9845: 9841: 9835: 9816: 9809: 9803: 9795: 9789: 9770: 9766: 9760: 9744: 9740: 9739: 9732: 9724: 9718: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9694: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9657: 9652: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9627: 9621: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9590: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9516: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9494: 9478: 9474: 9468: 9452: 9448: 9442: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9412: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9392: 9385: 9369: 9365: 9359: 9352: 9346: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9323: 9315: 9309: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9279: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9249: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9218: 9202: 9198: 9197:Jakarta Globe 9194: 9188: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9134: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9103: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9080: 9061: 9057: 9050: 9044: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9006: 8999: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8960: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8928: 8918: 8909: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8890: 8882: 8876: 8860: 8853: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8822: 8806: 8802: 8801: 8796: 8789: 8781: 8777: 8771: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8740: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8709: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8679: 8663: 8659: 8658: 8652: 8644: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8614: 8606: 8605: 8604:The Economist 8600: 8594: 8578: 8574: 8567: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8541: 8534: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8508: 8501: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8468: 8452: 8448: 8442: 8431: 8427: 8420: 8414: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8373: 8369: 8364: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8331: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8299: 8282: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8242: 8237: 8230: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8202: 8193: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8176: 8168: 8166:0-521-77326-1 8162: 8158: 8153: 8152: 8143: 8136: 8130: 8128: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8035: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7952: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7921: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7840: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7812: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7781: 7774: 7768: 7761: 7755: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7712: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7667: 7659: 7652: 7641:September 24, 7636: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7565: 7557: 7549: 7542: 7540: 7533: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7514: 7507: 7505: 7499: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7454: 7452:0-8248-1926-8 7448: 7444: 7437: 7429: 7422: 7420: 7411: 7409:0-8248-1926-8 7405: 7401: 7394: 7386: 7374: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7332: 7328: 7321: 7302: 7295: 7294: 7286: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7147: 7141: 7126: 7120: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7024: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7008: 7006: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6964: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6877: 6868: 6866:90-411-0241-8 6862: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6839: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6806: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6773: 6764: 6757: 6755: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6719: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6686: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6600: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6472: 6471: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6441: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6410: 6409: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6345: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6314: 6313: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6237: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6197: 6196: 6188: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6152: 6151: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6115: 6114: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6079: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6033: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6020:Al-Nour Party 6018: 6014: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5958: 5957: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5912: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897:International 5896: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5856:Islamic state 5854: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5789:Secular state 5787: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5707:Secular state 5705: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5664:Secular state 5662: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5651:Hybrid regime 5649: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5625:Secular state 5623: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:Hybrid regime 5610: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5586:Secular state 5584: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5547:Secular state 5545: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5507:Islamic state 5503: 5502:Secular state 5500: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5388:Secular state 5386: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5375:Hybrid regime 5373: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5349:Secular state 5347: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5336:Hybrid regime 5334: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5310:Islamic state 5308: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5191:Islamic state 5189: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5170:Hybrid regime 5168: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5144:Islamic state 5142: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5102:(only in the 5101: 5100:Islamic state 5097: 5096:Secular state 5094: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5079:Hybrid regime 5077: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5053:Secular state 5051: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5002: 5001:Hybrid regime 4999: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4975:Islamic state 4973: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958:Hybrid regime 4956: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932:Secular state 4930: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4777:Secular state 4775: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4761:Hybrid regime 4759: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4735:Secular state 4733: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4657:Secular state 4655: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4623:Secular state 4621: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4545:Secular state 4543: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4532:Hybrid regime 4530: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4467:Islamic state 4465: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4419:Secular state 4417: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4380:Secular state 4378: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4356:Guinea-Bissau 4346: 4345: 4342: 4341:Secular state 4339: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4302:Secular state 4300: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4289:Hybrid regime 4287: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4180:Secular state 4176: 4175:Islamic state 4173: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4132:Secular state 4130: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4093:Secular state 4091: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4054:Islamic state 4052: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4015:Secular state 4013: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4002:Hybrid regime 4000: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3963:Hybrid regime 3961: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3898:Secular state 3896: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3853:parliamentary 3851: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3816:Secular state 3814: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3777:Islamic state 3775: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3517:Islamic state 3514: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299:identity card 3295: 3291: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3156:The Moroccan 3155: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3104:Islamic Group 3101: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3056:Mohamed Morsi 3053: 3049: 3048:Al-Nour Party 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2947:Ahmed Ouyahia 2944: 2940: 2937:of President 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2838:civil society 2835: 2831: 2830:authoritarian 2827: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2784: 2781: 2773: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2724: 2722: 2721:Dubai Debates 2718: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2651: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2569: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2530:Muhammad Asad 2524:Muhammad Asad 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2459:) and state ( 2458: 2457: 2449: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418:Fahmi Huwaidi 2415: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327:head of state 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252:final prophet 2249: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2157:Mohamed Morsi 2154: 2150: 2143: 2137: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2059:Ali as Caliph 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1986:(consensus), 1985: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1767:Right to vote 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1692:Majority rule 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1559:Supermajority 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1457:Participatory 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1388:Hybrid regime 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1142:No Compulsion 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046:Protestantism 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1008: 998: 993: 991: 986: 984: 979: 978: 976: 975: 972: 967: 962: 961: 950: 949: 942: 939: 937: 934: 930: 927: 926: 925: 922: 921: 918: 913: 912: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 869:Maajid Nawaaz 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 843: 840: 838: 835: 834: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 818: 817: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 784:Navvab Safavi 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 769:Tariq Ramadan 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 719:Safwat Hegazi 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 704:Muhammad Asad 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 676: 670: 669: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 646:House of Saud 644: 642: 641:Mohammed Omar 639: 637: 634: 632: 631:Mohamed Morsi 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 603: 597: 596: 588: 587:Khomeini 1970 584: 583: 581: 574: 571: 567: 565: 561: 558: 554: 553: 549: 546: 542: 541: 537: 534: 530: 529: 525: 524: 518: 517: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 487: 486: 485: 484: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 452:Salafist Call 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 433: 432: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 374: 366: 365: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 328: 327: 320: 319: 315: 313: 310: 308: 307: 303: 301: 300: 296: 294: 293:Post-Islamism 291: 287: 284: 283: 282: 279: 277: 274: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 260: 259: 255: 252: 248: 245: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 231: 230:Islamic state 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 194: 193: 189: 188: 187: 184: 183: 177: 176: 171: 165: 164:Shia Islamism 162: 161: 156: 153: 152: 151: 148: 144: 141: 140: 139: 136: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 118: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 102: 101: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 65: 59: 58: 54: 46: 40: 39: 36: 32: 27: 19: 13831:State Shinto 13791:Ancient Rome 13710:969 Movement 13694:Buddhist law 13485:Jewish right 13343:Islamization 13177:Subsidiarity 13164:In Argentina 13116:Febronianism 12437:Collectivism 12276:Distributism 12261:Conservatism 12256:Confucianism 12176:Centre-right 12076:North Africa 11977:Anti-Zionism 11880: 11872: 11864: 11859:(Qutb, 1964) 11856: 11851:(Asad, 1961) 11848: 11841:Forty Hadith 11840: 11832: 11815:Other topics 11417:People Party 11357:Ahl-i Hadith 11303:Ahmed Yassin 11283:Ali Shariati 11218:Ali Khamenei 10892: 10878:Pan-Islamism 10871:of knowledge 10866:Islamization 10828: 10699: 10665: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10637: 10631:Bibliography 10619:December 13, 10617:. 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Retrieved 6709:the original 6704: 6638: 6592:Future Party 6551: 6186: 6174: 6012: 6000: 5878: 5867: 5864: 5679:Turkmenistan 5364:Sierra Leone 5285:Saudi Arabia 4459:presidential 4069:Burkina Faso 3686: 3659: 3650: 3646: 3618: 3612: 3597: 3581: 3573:Ali Khamenei 3569: 3551: 3549: 3536: 3527: 3525: 3499: 3476: 3473:(Confucians) 3435: 3432: 3414: 3412: 3384:Muhammadiyah 3361: 3333: 3328: 3302: 3293: 3286: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3246: 3218: 3074:Muhammadiyah 3001:center-right 2883:secularistic 2880: 2842: 2818: 2814: 2794:The Guardian 2791: 2776: 2767: 2759: 2748:undue weight 2745: 2714: 2712: 2697: 2686: 2677:, professor 2672: 2668: 2648: 2613: 2600: 2578: 2576: 2566: 2562: 2551: 2541: 2538:, he notes: 2533: 2527: 2499: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2367: 2352: 2302:The Republic 2300: 2292: 2282: 2264:Twelve Imams 2245: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2207:Saudi Arabia 2193:Saudi Arabia 2161: 2145: 2123: 2115: 2104: 2098: 2088: 2078: 2072: 2061:. After the 2032: 2017: 2007: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1957: 1930: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1564:Totalitarian 1501: 1447:Non-partisan 1427:Majoritarian 1408:Jeffersonian 1348:Deliberative 1338:Cosmopolitan 1333:Conservative 1313:Anticipatory 1265:Part of the 1132:Antisemitism 1124:Islam and... 1036:Christianity 1031:Baháʼí Faith 951: 941:Islamophobia 899:Shiraz Maher 894:Gilles Kepel 804:Ahmed Yassin 789:Ali Shariati 729:Ali Khamenei 606:Ali Khamenei 577: 575: 563: 550: 538: 526: 482: 481: 430: 429: 388:Ahl-i Hadith 372: 347:Anti-Zionism 316: 304: 297: 276:Pan-Islamism 256: 251:of knowledge 247:Islamization 190: 62:Fundamentals 35: 26: 13799:Gottgläubig 13717:Nichirenism 13470:Jewish left 13353:Petro-Islam 13289:In Pakistan 13143:Papal state 13121:Gallicanism 13106:Cisalpinism 12671:Divine rule 12647:Clericalism 12539:Regionalism 12484:Imperialism 12447:Culturalism 12442:Colonialism 12372:Nationalism 12293:Familialism 12271:Corporatism 12241:Communalism 12221:Agrarianism 12198:Reactionary 12166:Centre-left 11956:Arab Winter 11951:Arab Spring 11732:Mullah Omar 11594:MENA region 11520:Petro-Islam 11494:Al-Uthaymin 11268:Rashid Rida 11253:Sayyid Qutb 11243:Mullah Omar 11121:Ansar Allah 10965:Millî Görüş 10467:January 28, 10441:January 28, 10244:Taiwan News 10212:umno-online 10175:January 18, 10145:January 31, 10082:January 31, 9850:January 23, 9483:November 3, 9144:SAIS Review 9090:Historia.id 8949:January 16, 8811:January 18, 8760:October 31, 8729:October 26, 8575:. Reuters. 8479:Taiwan News 8398:UMNO Online 8378:January 18, 8256:January 18, 8219:November 3, 8116:October 19, 7829:November 3, 7800:November 3, 7611:November 3, 7103:Daily Sabah 6701:"Democracy" 6451:Philippines 5892:Movement/s 5509:(de facto) 4521:Ivory Coast 4182:(de facto) 3763:provisional 3741:Afghanistan 3544:ولايت مطلقه 3480:Darul Islam 3349:Suharto era 3250:belongs to 3248:Sovereignty 3149:is a major 3046:, Salafist 2975:During the 2853:Arab League 2792:Writing on 2770:August 2024 2699:Orientalist 2679:Olivier Roy 2675:Arab Spring 2621:Arab Spring 2573:L. Ali Khan 2518:repaganized 2500:The modern 2360:Sayyid Qutb 2345:dynasties. 2197:Grand Mufti 2130:Salafi view 2085:Islamic law 2014:Sunni Islam 1990:(freedom), 1988:al-hurriyya 1672:Kleroterion 1554:Substantive 1529:Semi-direct 1041:Catholicism 884:Bassam Tibi 879:Olivier Roy 779:Rashid Rida 764:Sayyid Qutb 545:Iqbal 1930s 492:MENA region 462:Millî Görüş 13850:Categories 13641:Rama Rajya 13608:Bangabhumi 13509:Poale Zion 13465:Jewish law 13282:by country 13276:Sharia law 12826:Secularity 12821:Secularism 12554:Syncretism 12544:Separatism 12504:Militarism 12474:Federalism 12360:Monarchism 12340:Liberalism 12231:Capitalism 12181:Right-wing 12071:South Asia 12013:Gaza Strip 11965:Influences 11892:Historical 11857:Milestones 11849:Principles 11783:Mujahideen 11660:al-Shabaab 11655:Boko Haram 11643:Abu Sayyaf 11621:South Asia 11479:Zakir Naik 11362:Madkhalism 11350:Scholastic 11308:Zia-ul-Haq 11278:Omar Bongo 10943:in Britain 10861:Islamistan 10779:Khomeinism 10647:, Oneworld 10390:Gus Martin 10222:January 5, 8988:August 24, 8024:January 1, 7773:Humanities 6968:August 25, 6899:October 5, 6682:References 5942:Bangladesh 5765:Uzbekistan 5741:Federalism 5562:Tajikistan 5493:Federalism 5442:Somaliland 5417:Federalism 5182:Federalism 5087:Federalism 4947:Mauritania 4711:Kyrgyzstan 4599:Kazakhstan 4456:theocratic 3952:Bangladesh 3874:Azerbaijan 3766:theocratic 3639:, and the 3500:Since the 3471:Kong Hu Cu 3449:Christians 3398:(PKB) and 3380:Amien Rais 3185:Tajikistan 3151:opposition 3029:Yugoslavia 2985:Bangladesh 2898:See also: 2663:See also: 2623:uprisings; 2319:city-state 2242:Shia Islam 2237:candidate. 2142:Madkhalism 2140:See also: 2134:See also: 2020:Caliphates 1835:Historical 1747:Referendum 1702:Ochlocracy 1677:Liberalism 1667:Initiative 1544:Sociocracy 1472:Procedural 1442:Multiparty 1403:Jacksonian 1398:Industrial 1378:Grassroots 1363:Electronic 1194:Secularism 1184:Shia–Sunni 1162:Liberalism 874:Sam Harris 854:Farag Foda 636:Zia ul-Haq 497:South Asia 398:Madkhalism 373:Scholastic 331:Influences 155:Khomeinism 105:Ideologies 93:Secularism 13571:Hindu law 13519:Religious 13335:Criticism 12923:Papal ban 12867:Theocracy 12534:Reformism 12519:Pluralism 12479:Globalism 12469:Extremism 12404:Third Way 12399:Socialism 12382:Classical 12355:Masculism 12246:Communism 12226:Anarchism 12186:Far-right 12161:Left-wing 12069:Islam in 12039:Criticism 12001:by region 11584:Movements 11449:Al-Albani 11390:Al Asalah 11382:Political 11372:Wahhabism 11343:Movements 11298:Malcolm X 11020:Hezbollah 10919:Movements 9298:April 13, 9268:April 13, 9238:April 13, 9207:April 13, 9177:April 13, 9172:154646071 9164:1945-4724 9123:April 13, 8865:March 22, 8842:March 22, 8248:: 47–53. 7941:August 8, 7383:ignored ( 7373:cite book 7249:August 4, 7216:August 4, 7186:August 4, 7154:April 26, 7130:April 26, 7109:April 26, 7083:April 26, 7029:August 4, 6994:April 26, 6828:April 20, 6794:April 20, 6743:April 20, 6459:Lakas–CMD 6420:Palestine 6089:Indonesia 5927:Al Menbar 5504:(de jure) 5444:(Somalia) 4395:Indonesia 4177:(de jure) 3709:Location 3701:criticism 3695:and 2023 3506:Ayatollah 3465:Buddhists 3453:Catholics 3415:Pancasila 3378:(NU) and 3338:adopting 3290:Pancasila 3283:Indonesia 3108:Hezbollah 3078:Indonesia 2962:Al Asalah 2960:Islamist 2887:theocracy 2796:website, 2659:Obstacles 2558:theocracy 2289:Al-Farabi 2279:Al-Farabi 2233:monarchy. 2183:, Shaykh 2153:madkhalis 2004:Ash-Shura 1972:despotism 1772:Sortition 1727:Polyarchy 1587:Anarchism 1569:Workplace 1549:Sovereign 1539:Socialist 1519:Sectarian 1497:Christian 1487:Religious 1462:Pluralist 1417:Illiberal 1393:Inclusive 1368:Empowered 1343:Defensive 1328:Consensus 1274:Democracy 1172:Modernism 1167:Modernity 1152:Democracy 1147:Blasphemy 1065:Mandaeism 1051:Mormonism 929:Modernism 837:in Europe 570:Qutb 1965 557:Asad 1961 521:Key texts 431:Political 413:Wahhabism 369:Movements 205:Caliphate 83:Economics 13587:Hindutva 13566:Gandhism 13445:Kahanism 13348:Khilafat 13329:Islamism 12872:Theonomy 12707:Humanism 12687:Thealogy 12524:Populism 12514:Pacifism 12509:Nihilism 12499:Localism 12418:See also 12365:Royalism 12335:Islamism 12330:Hindutva 12315:Feminism 12171:Centrism 12156:Far-left 12146:Moderate 12141:Hardline 11669:al-Qaeda 11563:Ideology 11552:Jihadism 11400:Al-Islah 11080:Al Wefaq 10980:in Syria 10975:in Egypt 10933:Deobandi 10807:Concepts 10786:Salafism 10769:Islamism 10749:Islamism 10613:Archived 10589:July 21, 10583:Archived 10558:Archived 10539:Archived 10513:Archived 10420:Archived 10400:Archived 10375:Archived 10361:Archived 10327:Archived 10307:Archived 10191:Archived 10169:archived 10139:archived 10112:June 10, 10106:Archived 10076:archived 10051:March 8, 10018:March 8, 10012:Archived 9938:Archived 9912:Archived 9894:Archived 9870:Archived 9844:Archived 9824:April 5, 9815:Archived 9788:cite web 9778:April 5, 9749:April 5, 9743:Archived 9717:cite web 9683:March 3, 9677:Archived 9553:March 3, 9547:Archived 9477:Archived 9368:Archived 9353:, p. 212 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