Islamic geometric patterns

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20th century. Most designs are based on a partially hidden geometric grid which provides a regular array of points; this is made into a pattern using 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-fold rotational symmetries which can fill the plane. The visible pattern superimposed on the grid is also geometric, with 6-, 8-, 10- and 12-pointed stars and a variety of convex polygons, joined by straps which typically seem to weave over and under each other. The visible pattern does not coincide with the underlying construction lines of the tiling. The visible patterns and the underlying tiling represent a bridge linking the invisible to the visible, analogous to the "epistemological quest" in Islamic culture, the search for the nature of knowledge.

3667: 3810: 3443:. The geometric designs combine polygons such as octagons and pentagons with other shapes such as 5- and 8-pointed stars. The patterns emphasized symmetries and suggested infinity by repetition. Jali functioned as windows or room dividers, providing privacy but allowing in air and light. Jali forms a prominent element of the architecture of India. The use of perforated walls has declined with modern building standards and the need for security. Modern, simplified jali walls, for example made with pre-moulded clay or cement blocks, have been popularised by the architect Laurie Baker. Pierced windows in girih style are sometimes found elsewhere in the Islamic world, such as in windows of the 3128: 3883: 3690: 2809: 3762: 3018:, Persia is based on a circle, divided into six by six circles drawn around it, all touching at its centre and each touching its two neighbours' centres to form a regular hexagon. On this basis is constructed a six-pointed star surrounded by six smaller irregular hexagons to form a tessellating star pattern. This forms the basic design which is outlined in white on the wall of the mosque. That design, however, is overlaid with an intersecting tracery in blue around tiles of other colours, forming an elaborate pattern that partially conceals the original and underlying design. A similar design forms the logo of the Mohammed Ali Research Center. 9332: 3144: 27: 3314: 2851: 3241: 3101: 2933: 3902: 59: 3077: 2909: 3970: 2828: 3834: 2887: 3790: 7953: 3860: 3934: 3411: 116: 2867: 3736: 3462: 3652: 3717: 10402: 3025:, defined a "geometrical arabesque" as a pattern formed "with the help of construction lines consisting of polygons in contact." He observed that many different combinations of polygons can be used as long as the residual spaces between the polygons are reasonably symmetrical. For example, a grid of octagons in contact has squares (of the same side as the octagons) as the residual spaces. Every octagon is the basis for an 8-point star, as seen at 6760: 2794:

purify the mind and the soul. David Wade states that "Much of the art of Islam, whether in architecture, ceramics, textiles or books, is the art of decoration – which is to say, of transformation." Wade argues that the aim is to transfigure, turning mosques "into lightness and pattern", while "the decorated pages of a Qur’an can become windows onto the infinite." Against this, Doris Behrens-Abouseif states in her book

7672: 7685: 4076: 3531:, the emphasis differs: geometric patterns tend to be used for borders, and if they are in the main decorative area they are most often used in combination with other motifs such as floral designs, arabesques, animal motifs, or calligraphic script. Geometric designs in Islamic metalwork can form a grid decorated with these other motifs, or they can form the background pattern. 3535:

used. Patterns such as interlaced six-pointed stars were especially popular from the 12th century. Eva Baer notes that while this design was essentially simple, it was elaborated by metalworkers into intricate patterns interlaced with arabesques, sometimes organised around further basic Islamic patterns, such as the hexagonal pattern of six overlapping circles.

3553:, often used in mosques. They are typically made of stucco (and thus do not have a structural function), but can also be of wood, brick, and stone. They are characteristic of Islamic architecture of the Middle Ages from Spain and Morocco in the west to Persia in the east. Architecturally they form multiple tiers of 3167: 4067:

run events on geometric patterns and related aspects of Islamic art. In 2013 the Istanbul Center of Design and the Ensar Foundation ran what they claimed was the first ever symposium of Islamic Arts and Geometric Patterns, in Istanbul. The panel included the experts on Islamic geometric pattern Carol

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Ceramics lend themselves to circular motifs, whether radial or tangential. Bowls or plates can be decorated inside or out with radial stripes; these may be partly figurative, representing stylised leaves or flower petals, while circular bands can run around a bowl or jug. Patterns of these types were

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Many Islamic designs are built on squares and circles, typically repeated, overlapped and interlaced to form intricate and complex patterns. A recurring motif is the 8-pointed star, often seen in Islamic tilework; it is made of two squares, one rotated 45 degrees with respect to the other. The fourth

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embellishments, or may retreat into the background around other motifs. The complexity and variety of patterns used evolved from simple stars and lozenges in the ninth century, through a variety of 6- to 13-point patterns by the 13th century, and finally to include also 14- and 16-point stars in

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period, it could be applied either as lattice frames, left plain or inset with panels such as of coloured glass; or as mosaic panels used to decorate walls and ceilings, whether sacred or secular. In architecture, girih forms decorative interlaced strapwork surfaces from the 15th century to the

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argue that Islamic patterns are created to lead the viewer to an understanding of the underlying reality, rather than being mere decoration, as writers interested only in pattern sometimes imply. In Islamic culture, the patterns are believed to be the bridge to the spiritual realm, the instrument to

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Even where metal objects such as bowls and dishes do not seem to have geometric decoration, still the designs, such as arabesques, are often set in octagonal compartments or arranged in concentric bands around the object. Both closed designs (which do not repeat) and open or repetitive patterns are

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period, 13th century. Radially symmetric flowers with, say, 6 petals lend themselves to increasingly stylised geometric designs which can combine geometric simplicity with recognisably naturalistic motifs, brightly coloured glazes, and a radial composition that ideally suits circular crockery.

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The beginning of the late stage is marked by the use of simple 16-point patterns at the Hasan Sadaqah mausoleum in Cairo in 1321, and in the Alhambra in Spain in 1338–1390. These patterns are rarely found outside these two regions. More elaborate combined 16-point geometrical patterns are found in

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Much of the art of Islam, whether in architecture, ceramics, textiles or books, is the art of decoration – which is to say, of transformation. The aim, however, is never merely to ornament, but rather to transfigure. ... The vast edifices of mosques are transformed into lightness and pattern; the

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or for spacecraft components. When a conventional material is stretched along one axis, it contracts along other axes (at right angles to the stretch). But auxetic materials expand at right angles to the pull. The internal structure that enables this unusual behaviour is inspired by two of the 70

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that a "major difference" between the philosophical thinking of Medieval Europe and the Islamic world is exactly that the concepts of the good and the beautiful are separated in Arabic culture. She argues that beauty, whether in poetry or in the visual arts, was enjoyed "for its own sake, without

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in the 21st century. Traditions of stained glass set in wooden frames (not lead as in Europe) survive in workshops in Iran as well as Azerbaijan. Glazed windows set in stucco arranged in girih-like patterns are found both in Turkey and the Arab lands; a late example, without the traditional

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threads when a colour boundary is reached. This technique leaves a gap or vertical slit, so kilims are sometimes called slit-woven textiles. Kilims are often decorated with geometric patterns with 2- or 4-fold mirror or rotational symmetries. Because weaving uses vertical and horizontal threads,

3029:(1605–1613). Hankin considered the "skill of the Arabian artists in discovering suitable combinations of polygons .. almost astounding." He further records that if a star occurs in a corner, exactly one quarter of it should be shown; if along an edge, exactly one half of it. 3346:

Several artforms in different parts of the Islamic world make use of geometric patterns. These include ceramics, girih strapwork, jali pierced stone screens, kilim rugs, leather, metalwork, muqarnas vaulting, shakaba stained glass, woodwork, and zellij tiling.

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Computer graphics and computer-aided manufacturing make it possible to design and produce Islamic geometric patterns effectively and economically. Craig S. Kaplan explains and illustrates in his Ph.D. thesis how Islamic star patterns can be generated

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decorated pages of a Qur'an can become windows onto the infinite. Perhaps most importantly, the Word, expressed in endless calligraphic variations, always conveys the impression that it is more enduring than the objects on which it is inscribed.

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in 1973. They showed that rather than the traditional ruler and compass construction, it was possible to create girih designs using a set of five "girih tiles", all equilateral polygons, secondarily decorated with lines (for the strapwork).

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in London holds at least 283 such objects, of materials including wallpaper, carved wood, inlaid wood, tin- or lead-glazed earthenware, brass, stucco, glass, woven silk, ivory, and pen or pencil drawings. The

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are often symbolic as well as decorative. For example, the wolf's mouth or wolf's foot motif (Turkish: Kurt Aǧzi, Kurt İzi) expresses the tribal weavers' desires for protection of their families' flocks from

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The next development, marking the middle stage of Islamic geometric pattern usage, was of 6- and 8-point stars, which appear in 879 at the Ibn Tulun Mosque, Cairo, and then became widespread.

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makes use of only 5 wallpaper groups, mainly p4mm and c2mm, with p6mm and p2mm occasionally and p4gm rarely; it is claimed that the "Hasba" (measure) method of construction, which starts with

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in the shape of a vertical circle (with handles and neck above) is decorated with a ring of moulded braiding around an Arabic inscription with a small 8-petalled flower at the centre.

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include 6-, 8-, and 12-point stars. These wood-framed decorative windows are distinctive features of the palace's architecture. Shabaka are still constructed the traditional way in

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Iran in the late-15th century or beginning of the 16th century, contains 114 patterns including coloured designs for girih tilings and muqarnas quarter or semidomes.

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The earliest geometrical forms in Islamic art were occasional isolated geometric shapes such as 8-pointed stars and lozenges containing squares. These date from 836 in the

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The circle symbolizes unity and diversity in nature, and many Islamic patterns are drawn starting with a circle. For example, the decoration of the 15th-century mosque in

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materials from perforated rubber sheets. These are stable in either a contracted or an expanded state, and can switch between the two, which might be useful for surgical

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Saliba, George (1999). "Artisans and Mathematicians in Medieval Islam. The Topkapi Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture by Gülru Necipoğlu (Review)".

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curves are difficult to generate, and patterns are accordingly formed mainly with straight edges. Kilim patterns are often characteristic of specific regions.

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where figurative artwork was excluded, were decorated with a combination of kufic script, medallions and geometric patterns, typically bordered by geometric

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Construction of girih pattern in Darb-e Imam spandrel (yellow line). Construction decagons blue, bowties red. The strapwork cuts across the construction

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in New York has among other relevant holdings 124 mediaeval (1000–1400 A.D.) objects bearing Islamic geometric patterns, including a pair of Egyptian

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were intentionally introduced as a show of humility by artists who believed only Allah can produce perfection, but this theory is denied.

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runs a range of courses in Islamic art including geometry, calligraphy, and arabesque (vegetal forms), tile-making, and plaster carving.

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A wider variety of patterns were used from the 11th century. Abstract 6- and 8-point shapes appear in the Tower of Kharaqan at

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Geometric Design in Timurid/Turkmen Architectural Practice: Thoughts on a Recently Discovered Scroll and Its Late Gothic Parallels

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In 1086, 7- and 10-point girih patterns (with heptagons, 5- and 6-pointed stars, triangles and irregular hexagons) appear in the

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balance of design elements, was made in Tunisia for the International Colonial Exhibition in Amsterdam in 1883. The old city of

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Potters often chose patterns suited to the shape of the vessel they were making. Thus an unglazed earthenware water flask from

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Islamic leather is often embossed with patterns similar to those already described. Leather book covers, starting with the

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Metal artefacts share the same geometric designs that are used in other forms of Islamic art. However, in the view of

3286:, also in Persia, in 1098; these, like 7-point geometrical patterns, are rarely used outside Persia and central Asia. 9204: 8797: 8645: 8525: 8505: 8494: 5998: 5847: 5787: 5236: 5127: 4487: 4029: 3957: 2017: 1331: 2948:-tiled dome contains stars with, from the top, 5, 7, 9, 12, 11, 9 and 10 points in turn. 11-point stars are rare in 9645: 9044: 8984: 8883: 8521: 7810: 6635: 6495: 6351: 6324: 5261: 3820: 3528: 3389:

and also in decorative woodwork. Girih designs are traditionally made in different media including cut brickwork,

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have been extensively studied. Some authors have claimed on dubious grounds to have found most or all of the 17

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is used in a variety of settings in Islamic architecture. It is found in the surviving summer residence of the

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In 2016, Ahmad Rafsanjani described the use of Islamic geometric patterns from tomb towers in Iran to create

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Major Western collections hold many objects of widely varying materials with Islamic geometric patterns. The

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the Sultan Hassan complex in Cairo in 1363, but rarely elsewhere. Finally, 14-point patterns appear in the

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Wooden box inlaid with ivory with zellij-like geometrical motifs. Italy (Florence or Venice) 15th century.

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It is sometimes supposed in Western society that mistakes in repetitive Islamic patterns such as those on

2637:(with which they are often combined), to form intricate and complex patterns, including a wide variety of 9084: 9034: 9017: 8974: 8969: 8873: 8825: 8635: 8547: 8479: 7793: 6613: 4796: 4583: 4009:(pulpit) doors almost 2 m. high in rosewood and mulberry inlaid with ivory and ebony; and an entire 3327: 3318: 2937: 2152: 1910: 1905: 1848: 1419: 6518: 6109: 4331:

The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India No. 15

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images, as it is forbidden to create a representation of an important Islamic figure according to many

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Islamic geometric patterns : their historical development and traditional methods of construction

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Islamic geometric patterns : their historical development and traditional methods of construction

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Necefoğlu is a professor of chemistry at Kafkas University interested in pattern and crystallography.

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Finally, marking the end of the middle stage, 8- and 12-point girih rosette patterns appear in the

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Girih are elaborate interlacing patterns formed of five standardized shapes. The style is used in

2229: 10055: 9745: 9388: 9269: 6923: 6623: 5439:"Gazing Geometries: Modes of Design Thinking in Pre-Modern Central Asia and Persian Architecture" 4664: 3275: 3026: 2819: 2576: 2469: 644: 570: 523: 77: 6447: 4733: 4348:

Islamic Geometric Patterns: Their Historical Development and Traditional Methods of Construction

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culture caused artists to explore non-figural art, and created a general aesthetic shift toward

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Jali are pierced stone screens with regularly repeating patterns. They are characteristic of

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are often built on combinations of repeated squares and circles, which may be overlapped and

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A kilim is an Islamic flatwoven carpet (without a pile), whether for household use or a

3473:'s Mouth (Kurt Aǧzi), to protect the flocks against wolves, are often woven into tribal 3313: 950: 10382: 10239: 10069: 9865: 9855: 9708: 9580: 9435: 8999: 8893: 8777: 8630: 8292: 8282: 8126: 8080: 7783: 6603: 6465: 6414: 5333: 5326: 4993: 4890: 4847: 4553: 4545: 4457: 4449: 4160:

Critchlow is a professor of architecture, and the author of a book on Islamic patterns.

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Islamic geometric patterns are derived from simpler designs used in earlier cultures:

10103: 10077: 9959: 9620: 8840: 8835: 8807: 8264: 8259: 8241: 7373: 6785: 6469: 6406: 6352:"Computer Graphics and Geometric Ornamental Design: Chapter 3. Islamic Star Patterns" 6198: 6188: 6046: 6019: 5994: 5843: 5832: 5783: 5651: 5617: 5525: 5415: 5367: 5337: 5104: 5100: 4977: 4936: 4643: 4639: 4614: 4557: 4508: 4483: 4461: 4414: 4404: 4352: 3588: 3240: 2298: 2279: 1825: 1786: 1734: 1724: 1714: 1689: 1674: 1637: 1268: 652: 396: 10091: 9634: 8694: 6418: 5470: 4292: 3091: 3033: 1523: 10253: 9944: 9894: 9840: 9795: 9724: 9524: 9304: 8942: 8865: 8541: 8537: 8377: 8249: 8216: 8136: 7927: 7530: 7338: 7216: 7060: 7050: 6973: 6780: 6455: 6398: 5450: 5390: 5158: 5075: 5031: 4972: 4882: 4537: 4441: 4036:

merchants brought goods of many types back to Italy from the 14th century onwards.

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Late stage: geometric, vegetal, and calligraphic patterns around the Mihrab at the

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Victoria and Albert Museum: Teachers' resource: Maths and Islamic art & design

5545: 5212:"Islamic Textile Art and how it is Misunderstood in the West – Our Personal Views" 3282:. Soon afterwards, sweeping 9-, 11-, and 13-point girih patterns were used in the 2309: 10387: 10115: 10004: 9919: 9899: 9850: 9440: 9346: 9321: 9259: 9176: 8792: 8736: 8568: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8254: 8090: 8057: 7974: 7505: 7323: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7035: 6795: 5804: 5611: 5211: 4475: 4432:

Bier, Carol (Sep 2008). "Art and Mithãl: Reading Geometry as Visual Commentary".

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One such place is the Mustansiriyya Madrasa in Baghdad, as illustrated by Broug.

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including reflections and rotations. Such patterns can be seen as mathematical

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Bier, Jay Bonner, Eric Broug, Hacali Necefoğlu and Reza Sarhangi. In Britain,

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doors have carved strapwork with a 16-point star. The arch is surrounded with

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The future of art in a digital age: from Hellenistic to Hebraic consciousness

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Interest in Islamic geometric patterns is increasing in the West, both among

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The logo's construction is demonstrated in an animation on the MOHA website.

2860:: wooden panels, zellij tilework, stucco calligraphy, and floral door panels 10164: 10063: 9914: 9825: 9820: 9718: 9639: 9555: 9474: 9378: 9351: 9316: 9249: 9161: 8682: 8557: 8327: 8030: 8020: 8012: 7849: 7689: 7444: 6706: 6410: 5779: 4692: 4528:

Ahuja, Mangho; Loeb, A. L. (1995). "Tessellations in Islamic Calligraphy".

4048: 4040: 3973: 3950: 3938: 3700: 3626: 3495: 3466: 3161:, 1925. 8-pointed stars emerge (lower right) where heavy black lines cross. 3134: 2984: 2744: 2707: 2638: 2531: 2454: 2344: 2249: 2132: 1925: 1313: 1286: 1204: 1134: 1114: 903: 863: 852: 637: 600: 366: 107: 6810: 6379:"Decagonal and Quasi-crystalline Tilings in Medieval Islamic Architecture" 4178:

Behrens-Abouseif is a professor of the history of art and architecture at

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is used to decorate mosques, public buildings and wealthy private houses.

3557:, diminishing in size as they rise. They are often elaborately decorated. 1583: 1575: 1454: 10213: 9986: 9924: 9835: 9830: 9430: 9393: 8855: 8744: 8399: 8208: 7997: 7991: 7979: 7730: 7291: 7025: 7005: 6460: 6443: 4908: 4715: 4112: 4104: 3981: 3118: 2949: 2941: 2766: 2719: 2650: 2626: 2541: 2496: 2394: 2234: 1598: 1219: 1174: 1109: 1017: 940: 793: 788: 595: 513: 484: 479: 334: 7917: 6355: 5061: 4453: 3193:

Architectural drawing for brick vaulting, Iran, probably Tehran, 1800–70

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Wade is the author of a series of books on pattern in various artforms.

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Baer is Emeritus Professor of Islamic Studies at Tel Aviv University.

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Leaving the flask porous allowed evaporation, keeping the water cool.

4097: 4017:, decorated with polychrome mosaic, and weighing over 2,000 kg. 3977: 3889: 3704: 3593: 3550: 3440: 3004: 2756: 2715: 2634: 2516: 2486: 2349: 2177: 2142: 2117: 1920: 1878: 1868: 1518: 1042: 803: 751: 716: 426: 229: 194: 69: 41: 6276: 4541: 3232:, Tunisia, and since then have spread all across the Islamic world. 269: 9811: 9413: 9311: 9239: 8655: 8429: 8312: 8302: 8065: 7922: 7250: 7211: 7148: 7091: 7065: 7030: 6928: 6749: 5724:. Islamic Arts & Architecture. 16 December 2011. Archived from 4886: 4044: 3985: 3946: 3839: 3544: 3114: 3087: 3083: 3048: 2988: 2980: 2972: 2873: 2748: 2684: 2676: 2622: 2551: 2464: 2444: 2429: 2224: 2197: 1553: 1513: 1459: 1047: 828: 783: 736: 726: 610: 329: 324: 319: 309: 279: 49: 8705: 7413: 6759: 2384: 2379: 2324: 1593: 9713: 9452: 9366: 9244: 9144: 8962: 8957: 8353: 8332: 7912: 7560: 7383: 7368: 7358: 7343: 7196: 7040: 6938: 6868: 6815: 4136: 4116: 4088: 4014: 3989: 3942: 3916: 3847: 3657: 3630: 3554: 3398: 3394: 3363: 3305:

in 1230, going on to become widespread across the Islamic world.

3302: 3298: 3216: 3150: 3110: 2976: 2968: 2892: 2857: 2699: 2688: 2669: 2556: 2526: 2481: 2449: 2404: 2399: 2389: 2334: 2329: 2259: 2214: 2172: 2052: 1654: 1481: 1356: 1351: 1032: 992: 960: 778: 746: 386: 33: 10310:

Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art

4688:"Muslim rule and compass: the magic of Islamic geometric design" 4236:

Broug writes books and runs courses on Islamic geometric design.

1395: 9418: 9166: 9154: 9149: 8913: 8820: 8405: 8337: 8287: 8157: 8152: 8131: 8116: 7907: 7520: 7469: 7459: 7454: 7439: 7407: 7378: 7353: 7328: 7255: 7201: 7127: 7075: 7055: 6943: 6933: 6918: 6903: 4480:

Islamic Patterns : an analytical and cosmological approach

4033: 4010: 4006: 3912: 3908: 3816: 3723: 3676: 3613: 3607: 3390: 3368: 3268: 3257: 3245: 3044: 2841: 2703: 2672: 2662: 2536: 2521: 2511: 2364: 2319: 2162: 2157: 2147: 2127: 2077: 1548: 1543: 1533: 1498: 1464: 1412: 1405: 1390: 1385: 1321: 1275: 1249: 1239: 1139: 1124: 1119: 1104: 1094: 1069: 1057: 1052: 1022: 1012: 1007: 898: 883: 823: 808: 756: 731: 620: 605: 590: 431: 401: 381: 376: 361: 339: 85: 7699: 7671: 5696:"Wood, glass, geometry – stained glass in Iran and Azerbaijan" 1254: 1074: 970: 9403: 9022: 8952: 8935: 8395: 8358: 8297: 8111: 8025: 7882: 7535: 7515: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7106: 7096: 7045: 7000: 6985: 6979: 6953: 6948: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6863: 6744: 4140: 3893: 3824: 3768: 3753: 3696: 3516: 3512: 3474: 3456: 3380: 3335: 3294: 3253: 3106: 2992: 2961: 2945: 2919: 2665: 2658: 2615: 2561: 2491: 2424: 2374: 2369: 2354: 2137: 2102: 2097: 2087: 2072: 1940: 1930: 1853: 1603: 1538: 1380: 1361: 1224: 1179: 1169: 1144: 1129: 1002: 893: 838: 833: 798: 768: 421: 416: 289: 254: 214: 189: 184: 6299:"Istanbul hosts first ever Islamic geometric arts symposium" 4686:

Bellos, Alex; Broug (Illustrator), Eric (10 February 2015).

4075: 4047:'s intricate decorative designs to study the mathematics of 9425: 9408: 8947: 8930: 8850: 8845: 8121: 7897: 7892: 7525: 7484: 7270: 7244: 7101: 7020: 6836: 5802: 4179: 4144:

Islamic patterns that Rafsanjani noted on the tomb towers.

3851: 3741: 3680: 3500: 3486: 3470: 3422: 3178: 3015: 2680: 2439: 2359: 2112: 1945: 1935: 1449: 1400: 997: 888: 304: 249: 224: 5991:

Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300-1600

5546:"CARPETS v. Flat-woven carpets: Techniques and structures" 5186:"For Educators: Geometric Design in Islamic Art: Image 15" 3660:

bowl with radial and circular motifs, Persia, 17th century

3596:

in Yemen has stained glass windows in its tall buildings.

3007:, making Islamic geometric patterns forerunners of modern 2840:, Morocco, originally c. 1350, with geometric patterns in 6327:. The Prince's School of Traditional Arts. Archived from 5020:"Symmetry groups of Moroccan geometric woodwork patterns" 4685: 2837: 48:.The arched vertical panels are decorated with different 5128:"Geometric Decoration and the Art of the Book. Ceramics" 4227:

Bonner is an architect specialising in Islamic ornament.

2922:, Turkey (1424), with girih 10-point stars and pentagons 6220: 5237:"Geometric Decoration and the Art of the Book. Leather" 5018:

Aboufadil, Y.; Thalal, A.; Raghni, M. A. E. I. (2013).

4218:

Bier is a historian of Islamic art who studies pattern.

3043:

The mathematical properties of the decorative tile and

3021:

One of the early Western students of Islamic patterns,

5993:. University of California Press. pp. Chapter 1. 4505:

Geometric Patterns from Islamic Art & Architecture

6492:"Islamic art inspires stretchy, switchable materials" 6354:. University of Waterloo (PhD thesis). Archived from 6065: 5270:. Brill Archive. pp. 990–992. GGKEY:N71HHP1UY5E. 5017: 2856:

A variety of vernacular decorative Islamic styles in

6243:"Prof.Dr. Hacali Necefoğlu (Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi)" 5890:"Search the Collections "Islamic geometric pattern"" 4734:"Geometry – The Language of Symmetry in Islamic Art" 3244:

Middle stage patterns on geometric borders around a

3067:-fold rosettes, can however generate all 17 groups. 5323: 5062:Abdullahi, Yahya; Bin Embi, Mohamed Rashid (2013). 4994:"What Symmetry Groups Are Present in the Alhambra?" 10207:The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art 6016:An Optical Artist: Exploring Patterns and Symmetry 5882: 5325: 4958:"The Four Regular Mosaics Missing in the Alhambra" 3945:tiles forming colourful geometric patterns in the 2991:. They are constructed on grids that require only 2773:images to avoid becoming objects of worship. This 2649:Geometric patterns occur in a variety of forms in 10342:Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science 5751:. Islamic Arts & Architecture. Archived from 5698:. Islamic Arts & Architecture. Archived from 4334:. Government of India Central Publication Branch. 2987:, which can extend indefinitely and thus suggest 10420: 4608: 4602: 4474: 2759:based on curving and branching plant forms, and 52:patterns, featuring 10-, 8- and 5-pointed stars. 5122: 5120: 4909:van den Hoeven, Saskia, van der Veen, Maartje. 4818: 3783:Leather prayer book cover, Persia, 16th century 8641:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe 6519:Museum with no Frontiers: Geometric Decoration 6066:O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (May 2000). 5231: 5229: 4872: 4763:"Islamic Design: Arabic / Islamic geometry 01" 16:Geometric pattern characteristic of Muslim art 10337:European Society for Mathematics and the Arts 9511:Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond 9205: 8721: 7715: 6544: 5773: 4502: 4392: 4374:"The crucial role of geometry in Islamic art" 3374: 3082:Two-dimensional designs for two quarter-dome 3003:argues that such constructions are in effect 2584: 9491:List of works designed with the golden ratio 6376: 5594: 5117: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 4941:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4756: 4754: 4054: 3726:(pulpit) with 12-point stars. 14th century. 3549:Muqarnas are elaborately carved ceilings to 3059:there. Moroccan geometric woodwork from the 2799:commitment to religious or moral criteria". 6176: 6085: 5749:"Sana'a Rising – "a Venice built on sand."" 5492:Varanashi, Satyaprakash (30 January 2011). 5385: 5383: 5286:"The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning" 5256: 5254: 5226: 5205: 5203: 5094: 4955: 4949: 4633: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4028:Islamic decoration and craftsmanship had a 9212: 9198: 8728: 8714: 8625:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World 7722: 7708: 6551: 6537: 6448:"Islamic tiles reveal sophisticated maths" 6042:Hispano-Arabic Poetry: A Student Anthology 5915:"Islamic geometric pattern A.D. 1000–1400" 5862: 5829: 5805:"Islamic Textile Art: Anomalies in Kilims" 5673:"Shaki Paradise in the Caucasus Foothills" 5366:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 58. 5180: 5178: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 4812: 3207:Early stage: simple geometric patterns on 2591: 2577: 2003:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy 10439:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world 9551:Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption 6459: 6059: 5491: 5454: 5279: 5277: 5209: 5079: 5064:"Evolution of Islamic geometric patterns" 5042: 5011: 4976: 4751: 4627: 4527: 3646:Media used for Islamic geometric patterns 3397:tilework. In woodwork, especially in the 8678:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting 6558: 6086:Strauss, S. (9 May 1996). "M C Escher". 5722:"Carved stucco and stained glass window" 5670: 5637: 5380: 5355: 5353: 5251: 5200: 4991: 4985: 4875:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4727: 4725: 4713: 4707: 4468: 4371: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4280: 4074: 4061:Mathematical Sciences Research Institute 4019: 3968: 3932: 3460: 3409: 3312: 3239: 3202: 2931: 10097:Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion 9219: 8598:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands 5613:Ayyubid Metalwork With Christian Images 5519: 5319: 5317: 5175: 5142: 4662: 4656: 4569: 4567: 4365: 4070:The Prince's School of Traditional Arts 3583:, constructed in 1797. Patterns in the 3338:in 1571–1596, but in few other places. 10421: 6349: 6182: 6038: 5746: 5436: 5430: 5408: 5274: 4911:"Muqarnas-Mathematics in Islamic Arts" 4679: 4398: 4344: 4324: 3923: 3633:, but is also found in Moorish Spain. 3362:employed on Islamic ceramics from the 2803:Styles of Islamic geometric decoration 1978:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 9193: 8709: 7703: 6532: 6377:Lu, P. J.; Steinhardt, P. J. (2007). 5588: 5359: 5350: 5262:Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen 4760: 4722: 4311: 3928: 3744:pierced stone screens at the tomb of 3629:. The tradition is characteristic of 3485:. The pattern is made by winding the 2734: 6489: 6442: 6217:"School of Islamic Geometric Design" 6013: 5988: 5693: 5643: 5609: 5314: 5260: 4785: 4564: 4496: 4431: 4030:significant influence on Western art 2927: 2710:in the twentieth century, and among 10282:Journal of Mathematics and the Arts 8735: 8605:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam 6275:. Towson University. Archived from 6102:"Geometric Patterns in Islamic Art" 5803:Thompson, Muhammad; Begum, Nasima. 5210:Thompson, Muhammad; Begum, Nasima. 5068:Frontiers of Architectural Research 4293:"Geometric Patterns in Islamic Art" 4059:Cultural organisations such as the 3622: 1983:The Incoherence of the Philosophers 1638:National literatures of Arab States 13: 10296:Making Mathematics with Needlework 7587:Influences on Western architecture 6155: 5747:Hansen, Eri c (21 December 2011). 5283: 5024:Journal of Applied Crystallography 4793:"Islamic Art and Geometric Design" 4773:from the original on 13 April 2019 4376:. Al Arte Magazine. Archived from 4372:Bouaissa, Malikka (27 July 2013). 3795:Iron gate with 10-point stars and 1988:The Incoherence of the Incoherence 14: 10450: 10122:I quattro libri dell'architettura 8506:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem 6512: 6045:. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 65. 5647:Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art 4731: 4403:. New York: Springer. p. 1. 4297:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 3958:Islamic influences on Western art 2902:pattern. Syria, 12th/13th century 2751:. They are one of three forms of 10401: 10400: 9646:Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror 9330: 8904:Reception in early modern Europe 8899:Contributions to Medieval Europe 7951: 7683: 7670: 6758: 6496:British Broadcasting Corporation 6490:Webb, Jonathan (16 March 2016). 5694:Alin, Marina (21 January 2014). 5650:. SUNY Press. pp. 122–132. 5360:Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2006). 5295:. pp. 61–74. Archived from 4609:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1999). 4573: 3900: 3881: 3858: 3832: 3821:Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan 3808: 3788: 3776: 3760: 3734: 3715: 3688: 3665: 3650: 3640: 3560: 3186: 3166: 3142: 3126: 3099: 3075: 2907: 2885: 2865: 2849: 2826: 2807: 114: 57: 25: 7729: 7556:Aga Khan Award for Architecture 6483: 6436: 6370: 6343: 6317: 6291: 6265: 6235: 6209: 6160:. Bonner Design. Archived from 6149: 6124: 6094: 6032: 6018:. Rosen Classroom. p. 20. 6007: 5982: 5957: 5932: 5907: 5856: 5823: 5796: 5767: 5740: 5714: 5687: 5664: 5603: 5599:. May Selçuk A. S. Edition=1st. 5563: 5538: 5513: 5485: 5463: 5088: 4902: 4866: 4663:Hussain, Zarah (30 June 2009). 4613:. Markus Wiener. pp. 7–8. 4521: 4261: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4221: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4172: 4163: 3984:on a wall of the Myrtle court, 3728:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum 3235: 2779:mathematically based decoration 10429:Islamic architectural elements 10357:National Museum of Mathematics 10109:Regole generali d'architettura 6132:"Selected Works of Carol Bier" 5830:Alexenberg, Melvin L. (2006). 5363:Culture and Customs of Morocco 5332:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 4992:Grünbaum, Branko (June 2006). 4425: 4338: 4154: 3223: 2999:to draw. Artist and educator 2606:are one of the major forms of 80:; to either side is a band of 1: 6325:"Introduction to Islamic Art" 5437:Hooman, Koliji (April 2016). 4665:"Introduction to Islamic art" 4274: 3683:symbols for the divine breath 3679:, 1262, in the shapes of the 3308: 3297:, Turkey in 1220, and in the 2818:, Persia, with geometric and 2729: 2610:, which tends to avoid using 9882:Garden of Cosmic Speculation 9140:Arab Agricultural Revolution 8663:Mathematics and architecture 7648:Sudano-Sahelian architecture 6249:(in Turkish). Archived from 6219:. Eric Broug. Archived from 5494:"The multi-functional jaali" 5324:King, David C. King (2006). 5188:. Metropolitan Museum of Art 4978:10.1016/0898-1221(87)90143-x 4828:. E.J. Brill. Archived from 4795:. MOHA. 2014. Archived from 4299:. Metropolitan Museum of Art 4065:Institute for Advanced Study 3522: 3387:Persian Islamic architecture 3198: 7: 5575:Through the Collector's Eye 4254:Sarhangi is the founder of 3538: 3350: 3341: 3319:Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri 2938:Shah Nematollah Vali Shrine 2695:, woodwork, and metalwork. 2153:One Thousand and One Nights 10: 10455: 9399:Islamic geometric patterns 7016:Islamic geometric patterns 6074:. University of St Andrews 6068:"Maurits Cornelius Escher" 5989:Mack, Rosamond E. (2001). 5969:Metropolitan Museum of Art 5944:Metropolitan Museum of Art 5919:Metropolitan Museum of Art 5894:Victoria and Albert Museum 5395:Victoria and Albert Museum 5267:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 5239:. Museum with no Frontiers 5130:. Museum with no Frontiers 5081:10.1016/j.foar.2013.03.002 4636:Islamic Geometric Patterns 4345:Bonner, Jay (2017-08-17). 4003:Metropolitan Museum of Art 3998:Victoria and Albert Museum 3955: 3869:stained glass in the 1797 3827:, decorated with strapwork 3675:tiles from Iran, probably 3605: 3564: 3542: 3506: 3454: 3420: 3378: 3375:Girih tilings and woodwork 3354: 3090:(top), as a fan (bottom). 2955: 2914:An archway in the Ottoman 2898:stoneware glazed jar with 2784: 2604:Islamic geometric patterns 1916:Arcs of Descent and Ascent 983:Andalusian classical music 909:Arabic musical instruments 240:Islamic geometric patterns 10396: 10365: 10319: 10273: 10220:A Mathematician's Apology 10180: 10133: 10016: 9979: 9972: 9804: 9657: 9603: 9594: 9541: 9483: 9339: 9328: 9227: 9132: 9092:Geography and cartography 9060: 8998: 8912: 8864: 8806: 8798:Influences on Western art 8743: 8646:Influences on Western art 8614: 8582: 8458: 8420: 8376: 8346: 8273: 8240: 8231: 8166: 8145: 8104: 8056: 8011: 7967: 7960: 7949: 7873: 7746: 7737: 7661: 7605: 7574: 7548: 7498: 7450:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan) 7427: 7311: 7304: 7230: 7187: 7136: 7084: 6962: 6878: 6829: 6767: 6756: 6737: 6730: 6566: 6350:Kaplan, Craig S. (2002). 5869:Islamic and Geometric Art 5776:The World of M. C. Escher 5456:10.1007/s00004-016-0288-6 5214:. Salon du Tapis d'Orient 5036:10.1107/S0021889813027726 4714:Verostko, Roman (1999) . 4642:. pp. 183–185, 193. 4446:10.1080/00210860802246176 4055:Influence on the sciences 3599: 3429:Indo-Islamic architecture 3175:Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah 1963:The Theology of Aristotle 1430:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry 1327:Love in Arabic literature 576:Arabic geometric patterns 539:Islamic hardstone carving 470:Ancient South Arabian art 10332:The Bridges Organization 7566:Museum with No Frontiers 5677:Azerbaijan International 5418:. Tebyan. 20 August 2011 5097:Islamic Geometric Design 4956:Perez-Gomez, R. (1987). 4819:Gülru Necipoğlu (1992). 4611:Beauty in Arabic Culture 4576:"The Evolution of Style" 4507:. Tarquin Publications. 4256:The Bridges Organization 4147: 3949:, Spain, which inspired 3571:Geometrically patterned 3450: 3230:Great Mosque of Kairouan 3213:Great Mosque of Kairouan 2900:overlapping circles grid 2796:Beauty in Arabic Culture 1332:Arabic erotic literature 529:Palestinian wood carving 10194:The Grammar of Ornament 10146:Nature's Harmonic Unity 10056:De prospectiva pingendi 7677:Architecture portal 6403:10.1126/science.1135491 5965:"Mihrab (Prayer Niche)" 5809:Salon du Tapis d'Orient 5671:Sharifov, Azad (1998). 5524:. Prestel. p. 27. 5163:. Encyclopaedia Iranica 4899:(subscription required) 4351:. Springer. p. 6. 3405: 3276:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan 3071:Methods of construction 2755:, the others being the 2683:pierced stone screens, 2646:the sixteenth century. 1839:Islamic Aristotelianism 1834:Early Arabic Philosophy 10347:Institute For Figuring 10259:The 'Life' of a Carpet 10084:A Treatise on Painting 8636:Indo-Saracenic Revival 7582:Indo-Saracenic Revival 6982:(multicoloured ashlar) 6247:Akademik Bilgi Sistemi 6187:. New York: Springer. 6106:National Math Festival 6039:Monroe, J. T. (2004). 5940:"Pair of Minbar Doors" 5774:Locher, J. L. (1971). 5520:Mozzati, Luca (2010). 4738:Art of Islamic Pattern 4580:Pattern in Islamic Art 4503:Field, Robert (1998). 4326:Hankin, Ernest Hanbury 4092: 4083:princes at Kharaghan, 4025: 3993: 3953: 3489:threads back over the 3478: 3418: 3322: 3261: 3220: 3061:14th to 19th centuries 3027:Akbar's tomb, Sikandra 2953: 2476:South Arabian deities 1998:Theologus Autodidactus 879:Rhythm in Arabic music 10228:George David Birkhoff 10202:Ernest Hanbury Hankin 10070:De divina proportione 10050:Piero della Francesca 10029:Leon Battista Alberti 9616:Piero della Francesca 9255:Hyperboloid structure 9075:Alchemy and chemistry 8591:Empire of the Sultans 7319:Congregational mosque 6777:(four-arch structure) 5865:"Only God is Perfect" 5838:. Intellect. p. 5597:Kilim Catalogue No. 1 5595:Erbek, Güran (1998). 5550:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5443:Nexus Network Journal 4482:. Thames and Hudson. 4078: 4023: 3972: 3956:Further information: 3936: 3911:at Place el-Hedim in 3871:Palace of Shaki Khans 3577:Palace of Shaki Khans 3464: 3431:, for example in the 3413: 3355:Further information: 3316: 3243: 3206: 3159:Ernest Hanbury Hankin 3023:Ernest Hanbury Hankin 2956:Further information: 2935: 2679:decorative vaulting, 2305:North Arabian deities 2209:Fictional Arab people 2048:Atlantis of the Sands 1973:The Book of the Apple 554:Islamic ivory carving 10153:Frederik Macody Lund 10024:Filippo Brunelleschi 9905:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh 9767:La condition humaine 8554:Arab World Institute 8364:Ottoman illumination 7643:Ottoman architecture 7633:Moorish architecture 7628:Islamic architecture 7623:Iranian architecture 7046:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf) 6900:(or müezzin mahfili) 6560:Islamic architecture 6461:10.1038/news070219-9 6446:(22 February 2007). 6183:Bonner, Jay (2017). 5473:. Cornell University 5471:"intypes. perforate" 5095:Broug, Eric (2013). 4965:Comput. Math. Applic 4923:on 27 September 2013 4634:Broug, Eric (2008). 4399:Bonner, Jay (2017). 4119:were able to create 4043:was inspired by the 4013:(prayer niche) from 3888:Traditional Window, 2775:aniconism in Islamic 1435:Modern Arabic poetry 1110:Gnawa (North Africa) 951:Classical Arab music 10378:Mathematical beauty 10303:Rhythm of Structure 10246:Gödel, Escher, Bach 10042:De re aedificatoria 9673:The Ancient of Days 9292:Projective geometry 9221:Mathematics and art 8985:Early social change 8884:Early social change 7680: • 7667: • 7653:Yemeni architecture 7638:Mughal architecture 7618:Berber architecture 7613:Arabic architecture 7277:Salsabil (fountain) 7011:Islamic calligraphy 6395:2007Sci...315.1106L 6389:(5815): 1106–1110. 6358:on 30 December 2015 6305:. 25 September 2013 6279:on 27 November 2015 6014:Roza, Greg (2005). 5571:"Turkish Kilim Rug" 4123:tilings resembling 4079:Tomb towers of two 3924:Outside Islamic art 3803:, Cairo (1869–1912) 3445:Mosque of Ibn Tulun 3415:Mosque of Ibn Tulun 3155:Mughal architecture 2967:basic shape is the 2958:Mathematics and art 2816:Jame Mosque of Yazd 2761:Islamic calligraphy 2108:Iram of the Pillars 1367:Mirrors for princes 914:Great Book of Music 647:(Arabian Peninsula) 235:Islamic calligraphy 82:Islamic calligraphy 66:Ben Youssef Madrasa 10383:Patterns in nature 10240:Douglas Hofstadter 9866:Desmond Paul Henry 9856:Bathsheba Grossman 9788:The Swallow's Tail 9709:Giorgio de Chirico 9581:Sydney Opera House 9436:Croatian interlace 8631:Aniconism in Islam 8569:Toronto (Aga Khan) 8526:Khalili Collection 8391:Geometric patterns 7799:Bahmani and Deccan 7354:Kuttab (or maktab) 6331:on 3 December 2015 6164:on 8 December 2015 6112:on 8 December 2015 6088:The Globe and Mail 5755:on 26 January 2016 5728:on 26 January 2016 5702:on 26 January 2016 5644:Baer, Eva (1983). 5610:Baer, Eva (1989). 5302:on 8 December 2015 5001:Notices of the AMS 4799:on 3 December 2015 4267:Illustrated above. 4093: 4026: 3994: 3954: 3929:In Western culture 3479: 3419: 3323: 3262: 3221: 2954: 2834:Bou Inania Madrasa 2753:Islamic decoration 2735:Islamic decoration 2230:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad 2058:Beast of the Earth 2013:Sicilian Questions 1844:Islamic Platonism 1797:Arabic mathematics 1347:Arabic short story 1342:Literary_criticism 534:Islamic embroidery 504:Arabic calligraphy 38:Bibi Khanum Mosque 10416: 10415: 10269: 10268: 10233:Aesthetic Measure 10104:Sebastiano Serlio 10078:Leonardo da Vinci 9968: 9967: 9960:Margaret Wertheim 9621:Leonardo da Vinci 9187: 9186: 9155:elementary school 8773:Geometric pattern 8703: 8702: 8372: 8371: 8227: 8226: 8199:Hardstone carving 8096:Chinese influence 7947: 7946: 7933:Stucco decoration 7697: 7696: 7544: 7543: 7300: 7299: 7287:Shading Umbrellas 7071:Stucco decoration 6971:For overview, see 6786:Four-centred arch 6194:978-1-4419-0216-0 6052:978-1-59333-115-3 6025:978-1-4042-5117-5 5657:978-0-87395-602-4 5531:978-3-7913-4455-3 5373:978-0-313-33289-0 5343:978-0-7614-2011-8 5110:978-0-500-51695-9 5101:Thames and Hudson 4761:Lockerbie, John. 4716:"Algorithmic Art" 4649:978-0-500-28721-7 4640:Thames and Hudson 4620:978-1-558-76199-5 4514:978-1-899618-22-4 4410:978-1-4419-0216-0 4358:978-1-4419-0217-7 4039:The Dutch artist 3722:Side of a wooden 3585:"shabaka" windows 2944:, 1431. The blue 2928:Pattern formation 2814:Tiles inside the 2601: 2600: 1901:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 1812:Arabic technology 1807:Arabic psychology 1792:Arabic Golden Age 559:Islamic Metalwork 315:Stucco decoration 10446: 10404: 10403: 10254:Nikos Salingaros 9977: 9976: 9945:Hiroshi Sugimoto 9895:Robert Longhurst 9841:Helaman Ferguson 9796:Crockett Johnson 9725:Circle Limit III 9694:Danseuse au café 9601: 9600: 9571:Pyramid of Khufu 9334: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9191: 9190: 9062:Medieval science 8730: 8723: 8716: 8707: 8706: 8542:Majorelle Garden 8238: 8237: 8071:Hispano-Moresque 7965: 7964: 7955: 7764:Anatolian Seljuk 7744: 7743: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7701: 7700: 7690:Islam portal 7688: 7687: 7686: 7675: 7674: 7309: 7308: 6974:Islamic ornament 6853:South Asian dome 6781:Discharging arch 6762: 6735: 6734: 6579:Anatolian Seljuk 6553: 6546: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6463: 6454:: news070219–9. 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6421:. 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Archived from 4571: 4562: 4561: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4476:Critchlow, Keith 4472: 4466: 4465: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4380:on 27 March 2019 4369: 4363: 4362: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4322: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4289: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4125:those discovered 4103:Two physicists, 3904: 3885: 3862: 3836: 3812: 3801:Al-Rifa'i Mosque 3792: 3780: 3764: 3738: 3719: 3695:Glazed tilework 3692: 3669: 3654: 3624: 3567:Shabaka (window) 3467:geometric motifs 3190: 3170: 3146: 3130: 3103: 3079: 3062: 3057:wallpaper groups 3047:patterns of the 2911: 2889: 2869: 2853: 2830: 2820:vegetal patterns 2811: 2789:Authors such as 2657:. These include 2608:Islamic ornament 2593: 2586: 2579: 2270:Princess Jasmine 2255:Layla and Majnun 2240:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 2188:She-Camel of God 2183:Shams al-Ma'arif 1993:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 1859:Sufi metaphysics 1787:Arabic geography 1782:Arabic astronomy 1777:Arabic astrology 1772:Arabic chemistry 1337:Arabic grimoires 1317: 1090:Chaabi (Morocco) 1085:Chaabi (Algeria) 869:Arab tone system 688: 680: 672: 664: 656: 648: 519:Arabic miniature 245:Islamic ornament 118: 95: 94: 61: 29: 10454: 10453: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10392: 10388:Sacred geometry 10361: 10327:Ars Mathematica 10315: 10265: 10176: 10129: 10116:Andrea Palladio 10012: 10005:De architectura 9964: 9920:Antoine Pevsner 9900:Jeanette McLeod 9851:Susan Goldstine 9800: 9659: 9653: 9590: 9576:Sagrada Família 9537: 9479: 9347:Algorithmic art 9335: 9326: 9322:Wallpaper group 9260:Minimal surface 9223: 9218: 9188: 9183: 9128: 9056: 9045:Early sociology 8994: 8958:decision-making 8908: 8889:Early conquests 8860: 8802: 8739: 8737:Islamic studies 8734: 8704: 8699: 8668:Moorish Revival 8616: 8610: 8578: 8495:Calligraphy Art 8461: 8454: 8416: 8368: 8342: 8269: 8233: 8223: 8189:Enamelled glass 8162: 8141: 8100: 8052: 8007: 7968:Regional styles 7956: 7943: 7869: 7840:Sudano-Sahelian 7747:Regional styles 7733: 7728: 7698: 7693: 7684: 7682: 7669: 7657: 7601: 7592:Moorish Revival 7570: 7540: 7506:Albarrana tower 7494: 7423: 7410:in modern Iran) 7324:Dar al-Muwaqqit 7296: 7247:(fountain type) 7232: 7226: 7189: 7183: 7174:Reflecting pool 7169:Persian gardens 7164:Paradise garden 7132: 7109:(entrance hall) 7080: 7036:Nagash painting 6958: 6880: 6874: 6825: 6796:Lambrequin arch 6763: 6754: 6726: 6697:Sudano-Sahelian 6562: 6557: 6515: 6510: 6500: 6498: 6488: 6484: 6474: 6472: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6426: 6375: 6371: 6361: 6359: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6273:"Reza Sarhangi" 6271: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6254: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6223:on 8 April 2019 6215: 6214: 6210: 6195: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6077: 6075: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5692: 5688: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5608: 5604: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5322: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5288: 5282: 5275: 5259: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5157: 5156: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5103:. p. 173. 5093: 5089: 5060: 5043: 5016: 5012: 4996: 4990: 4986: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4871: 4867: 4855: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4802: 4800: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4759: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4730: 4723: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4607: 4603: 4589: 4587: 4572: 4565: 4542:10.2307/1576154 4526: 4522: 4515: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4473: 4469: 4434:Iranian Studies 4430: 4426: 4411: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4343: 4339: 4323: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4109:Paul Steinhardt 4098:algorithmically 4085:Qazvin province 4057: 3960: 3931: 3926: 3919: 3905: 3896: 3886: 3877: 3863: 3854: 3837: 3828: 3813: 3804: 3793: 3784: 3781: 3772: 3765: 3756: 3739: 3730: 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628: 626: 509:Arabic graffiti 461: 451: 450: 449: 447: 352:Albarrana tower 295:Reflecting pool 285:Nagash painting 177: 128: 93: 92: 91: 90: 89: 62: 54: 53: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10452: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10410: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10369: 10367: 10363: 10362: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10323: 10321: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10306: 10299: 10292: 10285: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10237: 10236: 10235: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10184: 10182: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10172: 10170:The Greek Vase 10162: 10161: 10160: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10101: 10100: 10099: 10092:Albrecht Dürer 10089: 10088: 10087: 10075: 10074: 10073: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10038: 10026: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10010: 10009: 10008: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9983: 9981: 9974: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9962: 9957: 9955:Roman Verostko 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9930:Alba Rojo Cama 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9876:Charles Jencks 9873: 9868: 9863: 9861:George W. Hart 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9814: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9792: 9791: 9784: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9758: 9757: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9697: 9688:Jean Metzinger 9685: 9684: 9683: 9676: 9663: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9637: 9635:Albrecht Dürer 9632: 9631: 9630: 9618: 9613: 9607: 9605: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9547: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9493: 9487: 9485: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9461: 9460: 9450: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9354: 9352:Anamorphic art 9349: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9336: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9280:Camera obscura 9277: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9224: 9217: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9194: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9152: 9142: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9077: 9072: 9066: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9015: 9010: 9004: 9002: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8953:use of analogy 8945: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8922: 8920: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8879:Historiography 8876: 8870: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8812: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8749: 8747: 8741: 8740: 8733: 8732: 8725: 8718: 8710: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8697: 8695:Topkapı Scroll 8692: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8620: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8550: 8545: 8534: 8529: 8518:British Museum 8514: 8509: 8502:Islamic Museum 8498: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8466: 8464: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8408: 8403: 8393: 8388: 8382: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8279: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8246: 8244: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8213:Stained glass 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8184:Damascus steel 8181: 8176: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8062: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8023: 8017: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 7995: 7977: 7971: 7969: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7879: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7808: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7750: 7748: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7727: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7704: 7695: 7694: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7606:Category pages 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7480:Medina quarter 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7315: 7313: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7268: 7266:Riwaq (arcade) 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7193: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7154:Islamic garden 7151: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6977: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6895: 6890: 6884: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6801:Multifoil arch 6798: 6793: 6791:Horseshoe arch 6788: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6741: 6739: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6514: 6513:External links 6511: 6509: 6508: 6482: 6435: 6369: 6342: 6316: 6303:World Bulletin 6290: 6264: 6234: 6208: 6193: 6175: 6148: 6123: 6093: 6058: 6051: 6031: 6024: 6006: 5999: 5981: 5956: 5931: 5906: 5881: 5855: 5848: 5822: 5795: 5788: 5782:. p. 17. 5766: 5739: 5713: 5686: 5663: 5656: 5636: 5622: 5602: 5587: 5562: 5537: 5530: 5512: 5484: 5462: 5429: 5407: 5379: 5372: 5349: 5342: 5313: 5273: 5250: 5225: 5199: 5174: 5141: 5116: 5109: 5087: 5074:(2): 243–251. 5041: 5010: 4984: 4971:(2): 133–137. 4948: 4901: 4887:10.2307/604839 4881:(4): 637–645. 4865: 4811: 4784: 4750: 4721: 4706: 4678: 4655: 4648: 4626: 4619: 4601: 4586:on 19 May 2022 4563: 4520: 4513: 4495: 4488: 4467: 4440:(4): 491–509. 4424: 4409: 4391: 4364: 4357: 4337: 4310: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4260: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4171: 4162: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4121:quasi-periodic 4056: 4053: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3906: 3899: 3897: 3887: 3880: 3878: 3864: 3857: 3855: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3814: 3807: 3805: 3794: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3775: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3757: 3750:Fatehpur Sikri 3740: 3733: 3731: 3721: 3714: 3712: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3671: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3606:Main article: 3603: 3598: 3565:Main article: 3562: 3559: 3543:Main article: 3540: 3537: 3524: 3521: 3508: 3505: 3455:Main article: 3452: 3449: 3437:Fatehpur Sikri 3433:Mughal dynasty 3421:Main article: 3407: 3404: 3379:Main article: 3376: 3373: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3332:Fatehpur Sikri 3310: 3307: 3284:Barsian Mosque 3260:. 1220 onwards 3237: 3234: 3225: 3222: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3173:Decoration in 3172: 3165: 3163: 3148: 3141: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3123: 3109:tiling in the 3105: 3098: 3096: 3094:, 15th century 3092:Topkapı Scroll 3081: 3074: 3072: 3053:Granada, Spain 3034:Topkapı Scroll 3001:Roman Verostko 2929: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2871: 2864: 2862: 2855: 2848: 2846: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2786: 2783: 2769:mostly avoids 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2712:mathematicians 2599: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2245:Kara Ben Nemsi 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2220:Abdul Alhazred 2217: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2020: 2018:Fusus al-Hikam 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1891:Al-aql al-faal 1882: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1573: 1564:Arabic prosody 1560: 1559: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1316:(ryhmed prose) 1311: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1038:Qudud Halabiya 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 988:Andalusi nubah 985: 974: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 936:Arabic hip hop 933: 922: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 874:Algerian scale 871: 866: 857: 856: 851: 850: 847: 846: 842: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 819:Robe of honour 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 760: 759: 754: 752:Tarboush (fez) 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 705: 704: 699: 698: 695: 694: 691: 690: 687:(North Africa) 682: 674: 666: 658: 650: 641: 636: 635: 632: 631: 624: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 586:Damascus steel 583: 578: 573: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 544:Islamic garden 541: 536: 531: 526: 524:Arabic pottery 521: 516: 511: 506: 495: 494: 493: 492: 487: 477: 472: 463: 462: 457: 456: 453: 452: 445: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 407:Medina quarter 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 343: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 275:Multifoil arch 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 220:Horseshoe arch 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 175: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 130: 129: 124: 123: 120: 119: 111: 110: 108:Arabic culture 104: 103: 63: 56: 55: 31: 24: 23: 22: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10451: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10409: 10408: 10399: 10398: 10395: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10373:Droste effect 10371: 10370: 10368: 10364: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10352:Mathemalchemy 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10320:Organizations 10318: 10312: 10311: 10307: 10305: 10304: 10300: 10298: 10297: 10293: 10291: 10290: 10289:Lumen Naturae 10286: 10284: 10283: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10272: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10247: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10238: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10222: 10221: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10196: 10195: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10179: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10151: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10141:Samuel Colman 10139: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10124: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10117: 10114: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10105: 10102: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10085: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10067: 10066: 10065: 10062: 10058: 10057: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10044: 10043: 10039: 10037: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10007: 10006: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9950:Daina Taimiņa 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9935:Reza Sarhangi 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9884: 9883: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9846:Peter Forakis 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9789: 9785: 9783: 9782: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9775:Salvador Dalí 9773: 9769: 9768: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9761:René Magritte 9759: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9743: 9741: 9740: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9732:Print Gallery 9729: 9727: 9726: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9703: 9702: 9701:L'Oiseau bleu 9698: 9696: 9695: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9667:William Blake 9665: 9664: 9662: 9656: 9648: 9647: 9643: 9642: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9629: 9628: 9627:Vitruvian Man 9624: 9623: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9611:Paolo Uccello 9609: 9608: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9593: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9532:Pi in the Sky 9529: 9527: 9526: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9506: 9505: 9504:Mathemalchemy 9501: 9499: 9498: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9373: 9372:Vastu shastra 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9362:Geodesic dome 9360: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9338: 9333: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9287:Plastic ratio 9285: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9275:Camera lucida 9273: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9215: 9210: 9208: 9203: 9201: 9196: 9195: 9192: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9131: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9112:ophthalmology 9110: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9059: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8948:Jurisprudence 8946: 8944: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8731: 8726: 8724: 8719: 8717: 8712: 8711: 8708: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8272: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8230: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8204:Ivory carving 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7725: 7720: 7718: 7713: 7711: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7692: 7691: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7465:Hasht-Bihisht 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7339:Jama'at Khana 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7159:Mughal garden 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6877: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6439: 6425:on 2015-12-08 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6253:on 5 May 2018 6252: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6163: 6159: 6156:Bonner, Jay. 6152: 6137: 6136:SelectedWorks 6133: 6127: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6089: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6035: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6010: 6002: 6000:0-520-22131-1 5996: 5992: 5985: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5851: 5849:1-84150-136-0 5845: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5826: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5789:0-451-79961-5 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5640: 5625: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5606: 5598: 5591: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5488: 5472: 5466: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5417: 5411: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5375: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5356: 5354: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5320: 5318: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5213: 5206: 5204: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5007:(6): 670–673. 5006: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4944: 4938: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4849: 4835:on 2015-12-22 4831: 4824: 4823: 4815: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4755: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4726: 4717: 4710: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4682: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4574:Wade, David. 4570: 4568: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4491: 4489:0-500-27071-6 4485: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4341: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4279: 4264: 4257: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4181: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4130: 4129:Roger Penrose 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4099: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4022: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3974:Tessellations 3971: 3967: 3965: 3959: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3786: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3746:Salim Chishti 3743: 3737: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3641:Illustrations 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627:tessellations 3620: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3573:stained glass 3568: 3561:Stained glass 3558: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3536: 3532: 3530: 3529:Hamilton Gibb 3520: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3435:buildings at 3434: 3430: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3393:, and mosaic 3392: 3388: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3365: 3358: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3320: 3315: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3219:. 836 onwards 3218: 3214: 3211:tiles in the 3210: 3205: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3113:pattern on a 3112: 3108: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985:tessellations 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2693:stained glass 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2639:tessellations 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2285:Talia al Ghul 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2063:Book of Idols 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1896:Aql bi-l-fi'l 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1849:Islamic Logic 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1483: 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1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 980: 979: 978: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 927: 926: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 860: 854: 849: 848: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 766: 765: 764: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 708: 702: 697: 696: 689: 685:Arab Maghreb 683: 681: 675: 673: 667: 665: 663:(Mesopotamia) 659: 657: 653:Arab Mashriq 651: 649: 643: 642: 639: 634: 633: 627: 622: 619: 617: 616:Pseudo-Arabic 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 568: 567: 566: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 549:Islamic glass 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 500: 499: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 481: 478: 476: 475:Nabataean art 473: 471: 468: 467: 466: 460: 455: 454: 448: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 348: 347: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 181: 180: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 133: 127: 122: 121: 117: 113: 112: 109: 106: 105: 101: 97: 96: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64:A doorway in 60: 51: 47: 43: 39: 36:socle of the 35: 28: 19: 10405: 10308: 10301: 10294: 10287: 10280: 10274:Publications 10258: 10244: 10232: 10218: 10206: 10192: 10169: 10165:Jay Hambidge 10158:Ad Quadratum 10157: 10145: 10120: 10108: 10096: 10082: 10068: 10064:Luca Pacioli 10054: 10040: 10033: 10003: 9991: 9915:Hinke Osinga 9910:István Orosz 9880: 9871:Anthony Hill 9826:Scott Draves 9821:Erik Demaine 9805:Contemporary 9786: 9779: 9765: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9719:M. C. Escher 9699: 9692: 9678: 9671: 9644: 9640:Parmigianino 9625: 9556:Hagia Sophia 9530: 9523: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9398: 9379:Computer art 9357:Architecture 9317:Tessellation 9300:Architecture 9250:Golden ratio 9162:Sufi studies 9133:Other fields 9013:Contemporary 8936:consultation 8772: 8758:Architecture 8687: 8683:Pseudo-Kufic 8623: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8512:Kuala Lumpur 8410: 8390: 7937: 7789:Indo-Islamic 7779:Great Seljuk 7739:Architecture 7681: 7668: 7665:Islamic arts 7445:Caravanserai 7015: 6970: 6924:Loudspeakers 6849:Persian dome 6811:Pointed arch 6609:Indo-Islamic 6599:Great Seljuk 6499:. Retrieved 6485: 6473:. Retrieved 6451: 6444:Ball, Philip 6438: 6427:. Retrieved 6423:the original 6386: 6382: 6372: 6360:. Retrieved 6356:the original 6345: 6333:. Retrieved 6329:the original 6319: 6307:. Retrieved 6302: 6293: 6281:. Retrieved 6277:the original 6267: 6255:. Retrieved 6251:the original 6246: 6237: 6225:. Retrieved 6221:the original 6211: 6184: 6178: 6166:. Retrieved 6162:the original 6151: 6139:. Retrieved 6135: 6126: 6114:. Retrieved 6110:the original 6105: 6096: 6087: 6084:which cites 6076:. Retrieved 6071: 6061: 6041: 6034: 6015: 6009: 5990: 5984: 5972:. Retrieved 5959: 5947:. Retrieved 5934: 5922:. Retrieved 5909: 5897:. Retrieved 5884: 5872:. Retrieved 5868: 5858: 5833: 5825: 5813:. Retrieved 5808: 5798: 5775: 5769: 5757:. Retrieved 5753:the original 5742: 5730:. Retrieved 5726:the original 5716: 5704:. Retrieved 5700:the original 5689: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5646: 5639: 5627:. Retrieved 5612: 5605: 5596: 5590: 5578:. Retrieved 5574: 5565: 5553:. Retrieved 5540: 5521: 5515: 5503:. Retrieved 5497: 5487: 5475:. Retrieved 5465: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5420:. Retrieved 5416:"Gereh-Sazi" 5410: 5398:. Retrieved 5362: 5327: 5304:. Retrieved 5297:the original 5292: 5266: 5241:. Retrieved 5216:. Retrieved 5190:. Retrieved 5165:. Retrieved 5159: 5132:. Retrieved 5096: 5090: 5071: 5067: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5004: 5000: 4987: 4968: 4964: 4951: 4925:. Retrieved 4918:the original 4904: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4837:. Retrieved 4830:the original 4821: 4814: 4801:. Retrieved 4797:the original 4787: 4775:. Retrieved 4766: 4741:. Retrieved 4737: 4709: 4697:. Retrieved 4693:The Guardian 4691: 4681: 4669:. Retrieved 4658: 4635: 4629: 4610: 4604: 4595: 4588:. Retrieved 4584:the original 4579: 4536:(1): 41–45. 4533: 4529: 4523: 4504: 4498: 4479: 4470: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4400: 4394: 4382:. Retrieved 4378:the original 4367: 4347: 4340: 4330: 4301:. Retrieved 4296: 4263: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4134: 4102: 4094: 4058: 4049:tessellation 4041:M. C. Escher 4038: 4027: 3995: 3961: 3951:M. C. Escher 3939:tessellation 3907:Glazed tile 3701:Shah-i-Zinda 3634: 3612: 3611: 3600: 3570: 3548: 3533: 3526: 3510: 3496:Kilim motifs 3480: 3469:such as the 3426: 3384: 3360: 3345: 3324: 3288: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3236:Middle stage 3227: 3153:patterns in 3149:Analysis of 3135:tessellation 3064: 3042: 3031: 3020: 3013: 2971:, including 2965: 2916:Green Mosque 2872:Arch in the 2795: 2788: 2765: 2738: 2708:M. C. Escher 2697: 2655:architecture 2648: 2643:calligraphic 2620: 2603: 2602: 2532:Dhul Khalasa 2475: 2474: 2304: 2299:Spirituality 2275:Ra's al Ghul 2250:King Marsile 2208: 2207: 2133:Magic carpet 2022: 1951: 1950: 1884: 1883: 1720:Saudi Arabia 1636: 1635: 1562: 1561: 1487: 1486: 1440: 1439: 1411: 1410: 1372: 1371: 1302: 1301: 1274: 1149: 1075:Algerian Raï 1063: 1062: 976: 975: 924: 923: 904:Quarter tone 864:Arabic maqam 858: 762: 761: 706: 625: 601:Hedwig glass 564: 563: 497: 496: 464: 446: 367:Caravanserai 345: 344: 239: 178: 176: 131: 126:Architecture 18: 10434:Islamic art 10214:G. H. Hardy 10017:Renaissance 9987:Polykleitos 9925:Tony Robbin 9836:John Ernest 9831:Jan Dibbets 9781:Crucifixion 9604:Renaissance 9458:Mathematics 9431:Celtic knot 9394:Fractal art 9296:Proportion 9270:Perspective 9102:Mathematics 8763:Calligraphy 8615:Principles, 8583:Exhibitions 8536:Marrakech ( 8532:Los Angeles 8500:Jerusalem ( 8462:collections 8413:Calligraphy 8293:Indo-Muslim 8275:Calligraphy 8209:Mosque lamp 8167:Other media 8086:Mina'i ware 7975:Bangladeshi 7731:Islamic art 7292:Windcatcher 7273:(courtyard) 7026:Mosque lamp 7006:Girih tiles 6963:Decorations 6841:Arabic dome 6072:Biographies 5683:(2): 28–35. 5522:Islamic Art 5449:: 105–132. 4856:|work= 4767:Catnaps.org 4113:Darb-e Imam 4105:Peter J. Lu 3982:calligraphy 3844:Shah Mosque 3771:from Turkey 3767:Woven wool 3328:Jama Masjid 3224:Early stage 3119:Darb-e Imam 2950:Islamic art 2942:Mahan, Iran 2767:Islamic art 2720:Peter J. 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