Islamic history of Yemen

2111:

expedition secured San'a with the cooperation of some Zaydi claimants. Nevertheless, claimant-imams continued to resist the Turkish efforts to govern Yemen, and only part of the country was effectively controlled. The modernization attempts of the late Ottoman Empire engendered dissatisfaction among strongly traditional circles, who branded such policies as un-Islamic. An agreement with the rebellious imam Imam Yahya Hamidaddin was finally reached in 1911, whereby the latter was recognized as head of the Zaydis while the Turks collected taxes from their Sunni subjects. Meanwhile, Turkish and British interest clashed in Yemen. It was agreed in 1902 to demarcate the border between the respective spheres of interest, and an agreement was signed in 1914. This was the backdrop to the later division in two Yemeni states (up to 1990). By this time the Ottoman Empire had few years left to go. The dissolution of the empire after

1471:

pattern of succession". Anyone of Alid descent could lay claim to the imamate, as long as he engaged in military activity to promote the Zaydi cause. This meant that the line of imams was often interrupted by interregna when there was no imam, or conversely that multiple candidates for the imamate appeared at the same time. At the same time, the obligation to promote Zaydism by force meant that the imams were in constant conflict with non-Zaydis, as well as with their own followers when they refused to obey imam's authority; not even taking into account that the Zaydi imams in Yemen, being reliant on tribal backing, were themselves drawn into pre-existing tribal conflicts.

160: 1697:. They were worsted by a Sulayhid expedition but queen Arwa agreed to reduce the tribute by half, to 50,000 dinars per year. The Zurayids again failed to pay and were once again forced to yield to the might of the Sulayhids, but this time the annual tribute from the incomes of Aden was reduced to 25,000. Later on they ceased to pay even that since Sulayhid power was on the wane. After 1110 the Zurayids thus led a more than 60 years long independent rule in the city, bolstered by the international trade. The chronicles mention luxury goods such as textiles, perfume and porcelain, coming from places like 813: 667:(628 CE), thus nominally submitting the entirety of Yemen to the new faith. The actual extent of conversion in the country is not known, and the scarcity and lack of detail in the primary sources is exacerbated by the retroactive attempts, in later accounts, by each tribal group to provide an early conversion date for itself for reasons of prestige. In practice, the land remained much like it had been in pre-Islamic times, and the new religion became another factor in the internal conflicts that had traditionally afflicted Yemeni society. Towards the end of Muhammad's life, in 632, a certain 1107:, captured Sana'a in 847. In the following years, their power extended into the northern highlands, to the south up to Janad, and east into Hadramawt. As Sunnis, their rule was recognized by the Abbasids in 870, although in practice the Yu'firids were often tributary to their Ziyadid neighbours. Ziyadid power collapsed rapidly after 882, when the murder of Yu'fir's two sons in the mosque of Shibam provoked widespread rebellions against their rule. The Abbasids sent Ali ibn al-Husayn as governor, and his tenure in 892–895 managed to stabilise the situation around Sana'a. 1512:, established in 1022 by two Black African slave brothers, Najah and Nafis. Najah quickly sidelined his brother, and secured recognition from the Abbasid caliph. However, their territory was smaller than that of the Ziyadids, being limited to the Tihama, and their history was rather chequered. In 1060, the highland Sulayhid dynasty conquered their lands for twenty years, and it was only after a prolonged struggle that in 1089 that a new Najahid ruler, Jayyash, established his power firmly over Zabid and its territory. Jayyash founded the city of 1119: 22: 1613:, operating at first secretly, and eventually publicly, establishing his base on Mount Masar. From there he pushed back the Zaydis, and defeated the rulers of Sana'a and Hadur, took over the Tihama after poisoning its Najahid ruler, and finally subjugated Aden and the Hadramawt. By 1063, al-Sulayhi had reunified most of Yemen under his rule, and made Sana'a his capital. As an Isma'ili, al-Sulayhi formally ruled in the name of the Fatimid caliphs in 171: 151: 2005: 415: 1576:, is portrayed in most historical sources as a dissolute, ambitious, and evil ruler, who aimed to conquer the world. Indeed, he launched frequent and brutal raids against all his neighbours, killing the Sulaymanid ruler in 1164, capturing Taiz and Ibb in 1165, and beginning a seven-year-long siege of Aden that was only broken in 1173, when the Zurayids and Hamdanids allied against him. Shortly after, the Ayyubid prince 180: 1856: 2161:. South Yemen stayed under British control until 1967 when it became an independent state. Yahya enjoyed legitimacy among the Zaydi tribes of the inland, while the Sunni population of the coast and southern highlands were less inclined to accept his rule. In order to maintain power he acted as a hereditary king and appointed his own sons to govern the various provinces. Dissatisfied subjects, forming the 1233:

imperial centre, and its inaccessible terrain, along with deep-rooted Shi'a sympathies in the local population, made Yemen, in the words of historian A. B. D. R. Eagle, "manifestly fertile territory for any charismatic leader equipped with tenacity and political acumen to realise his ambitions". This occurred at the end of the 9th century with the arrival of agents of two rival Shi'a sects, the

1196: 1126: 1168: 1210: 1140: 2087:

inherent tension between tribes and government, and between tribal culture and learned Islamic morality. The imams themselves adopted the style of Middle East monarchies, becoming increasingly distant figures. As a result, they eventually lost their charismatic and spiritual position among the tribes of Yemen. The weakening of the imamic state became increasingly acute in the wake of the

1182: 1154: 1621: 1921:, Juban, etc. Politically the Tahirids did not have ambitions to expand beyond Yemen itself. The sultans fought the Zaydi imams for periods, with varying success. They were never able to occupy the highlands entirely. The Mamluk regime in Egypt began to dispatch seaborne expeditions towards the south after 1507, since the presence of the 1269:, the Manakhi capital. It was led by a certain al-Hadan ibn Faraj al-Sanadiqi, but the few details that are known derive from later sources. According to the historian Ella Landau-Tasseron, they record simply that he "pretended to be a prophet, committed many atrocities, and was the cause of a massive emigration". 1898:

their influence. As for the Rasulid regime it was upheld by a long series of very gifted sultans. However, the polity began to decline in the 14th century, and especially after 1424. From 1442 to 1454 a number of rival claimants competed for the throne, which led to the downfall of the dynasty in the latter year.

1833:. On the positive side, the Ayyubids united the bulk of Yemen in a way that had hardly been achieved before. The system of fiefs used in the Ayyubid core area was introduced to Yemen. The policies of the Ayyubids led to a bipartition that has lasted ever since: the coast and southern highlands dominated by 1981:

as a counterweight to the Zaydiyyah. However, Yemen was too far removed to be managed efficaciously. Over-taxation and unjust and cruel practices caused deep popular antipathy against foreign rule. The Zaydis accused the Ottomans of being "infidels of interpretation" and appointed a new imam in 1597,

1684:

Arwa's death in 1137, the Sulayhid state collapsed, being replaced by the Zurayids, a regional dynasty that had ruled Aden since 1083 under Sulayhid overlordship. Al-Abbas and al-Mas'ūd, sons of Karam Al-Yami from the Hamdan tribe, started ruling Aden on behalf of the Sulayhids. When Al-Abbas died in

1912:

The Bani Tahir was a powerful native Yemeni family which took advantage of the weakness of the Rasulids and finally gained power in 1454 as the Tahirids. In many respects the new regime tried to imitate the Bani Rasul whose institutions they took over. Thus they built schools, mosques and irrigation

1897:

were built everywhere. The flourishing trade gave the sultans great incomes which bolstered their regime. In the highlands the Zaydiyyah were initially pushed back by the Rasulid might. Nevertheless, after the late 13th century a succession of imams were able to build up a strong position and expand

1346:

Meanwhile, in Yemen, the Isma'ilis engaged in a series of back-and-forth contests with the Yu'firids and the newly established Zaydi imamate over control of Sana'a, but Ibn al-Fadl emerged victorious in 911. At that point, just as Isma'ilism was triumphant in Yemen and the Fatimid Caliphate had just

724:

Under the Rashidun caliphs, the first governors were sent to administer Yemen for the nascent Islamic empire. The known lists of governors are often unclear and contradictory, but represent almost the only information about the early history of Islamic Yemen. Governors are mentioned for the entirety

2073:

The power of the imamate declined in the 18th and 19th century for a number of reasons. Politically it was never entirely stable since clashes between Qasimid branches occurred with some frequency and succession to the imamate was often contested. Adding to this, theological differences surfaced in

1828:

were defeated or submitted, thus bringing an end to the fragmented political landscape. The efficient military might of the Ayyubids meant that they were not seriously threatened by local regimes during 55 years in power. The only disturbing element was the Zaydi imam who was active for part of the

956:

The Abbasids continued the policy of the Umayyads with respect to Yemen. Frequently, members of the highest Abbasid aristocracy, including princes of the dynasty, served as governors. At other times, the province was attached to the Hijaz, whose governor sent a deputy to rule Yemen in his stead. In

1956:. The Egyptian garrison in Yemen was cornered in a minor part of the Tihama, and the Zaydi imam expanded his territory. The Mamluk militaries formally recognized the Ottomans until 1538, when regular Turkish forces arrived. At this time the Ottomans began to worry about the Portuguese who occupied 1884:

over influence in Hijaz. The south Arabian coast was subdued in 1278–79. The Rasulids in fact created the strongest Yemeni state during the medieval Islamic era. Among the numerous medieval polities it was the one that endured for the longest period, and enjoyed the widest influence. Its impact in

1769:

were a series of three families descended from the Arab Banū Hamdān tribe, who ruled in northern Yemen between 1099 and 1174. They must not be confused with the Hamdanids who ruled in al-Jazira and northern Syria in 906–1004. They were expelled from power when the Ayyubids conquered Yemen in 1174.

1470:

Until Yahya's death in 911, the nascent Zaydi imamate fought with the Yu'firids and the Isma'ilis over control over Sana'a. His death left the new Zaydi regime adrift. As Landau-Tasseron notes, the Zaydi imamate was not a state as such, as "there was no formal administrative apparatus and no fixed

1929:

region. At first the Tahirid sultan Amir II supported the Mamluks, but later refused to assist them. As a consequence he was attacked and killed by a Mamluk force in 1517. Tahirid resistance leaders continued to disturb the Mamluk occupiers until 1538. As it turned out, the Tahirids were the last

1871:

origins who served the Ayyubids. When the last Ayyubid ruler left Yemen in 1229 he appointed a member of Bani Rasul, Nur ad-Din Umar, as his deputy. He was later able to secure an independent position in Yemen and was recognized as sultan in his own right by the Abbasid Caliph in 1235. He and his

1486:

The death of the Isma'ili and Zaydi leaders in short succession allowed for a brief resurgence of Yu'firid power in and around Sana'a, but this did not outlast As'ad ibn Abi Ya'fur's death in 955. Weakened by internal quarrels, the Yu'firid dynasty ended in 997 with the death of the last ruler,

2086:

tribe of South Yemen fell away in 1681 and Aden broke loose in 1731. The lucrative coffee trade declined in the 18th century with new producers in other parts of the world. This deprived the imams of their main external income. The Qasimid state has been characterized as a "quasi-state" with an

1631:

He was murdered by the Najahids in 1067, but his mission was continued by his son al-Mukarram. Like his father, al-Mukarram had to engage in constant fights with the Najahids and Zaydis, as well as tribal revolts. He was successful in this, until illness forced him to hand over the affairs of

1232:

By the 890s, Yemen was politically divided between the three major local dynasties, the Ziyadids, and Yu'firids, and Manakhis, as well as a host of constantly quarreling minor tribal leaders, especially in the north. The lack of political unity, the remoteness of the province from the Abbasid

1022:, occupied Sana'a and the northern highlands and struck coins in his own name. He may even have briefly captured Mecca, but was defeated by Abbasid forces near Sana'a in the same year. Nevertheless, after the caliph had reached an understanding with the Alids and appointed Ibrahim's brother, 2110:

in 1869 increased this incentive. The Tihama was occupied in 1849, but an expedition to San'a miscarried. Meanwhile, the period after 1849 saw a confused series of clashes between various claimants to the imamate in San'a and Sa'dah. The chaos played the Turks in the hands, and in 1872 a new

2065:

frequented Yemen after the withdrawal of the Turks, and European traders established factories after 1618. The first five imams ruled from strict Zaydi precepts, but unlike in the previous practice the Qasimids in fact succeeded each other as in a hereditary dynasty. Their state became

733:. The governors of Sana'a appear to have at times exercised some control over the others, but even so their authority was often limited to the cities they were based in, and most of the country remained outside effective control. The early governors were usually chosen from senior 3533:

Smith, G. Rex (1987). "Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion (1 bis 945 Hidschra = 633 bis 1538 n. Chr.)" [Political History of Islamic Yemen until the First Turkish Invasion (1 to 945 AH = 633 to 1538 AD)]. In Daum, Werner (ed.).

52: 2144:

scored significant successes against the Turkish forces, leading to the truce of 1911. During World War I Imam Yahya nominally adhered to the Ottomans, but was able to establish a fully independent state in 1918. It is known as the Mutawakkilite Kingdom after the

1026:, as his heir-apparent, the same Ibrahim was appointed governor of Mecca and Yemen in 820. This resulted in a revolt by the incumbent governor, Hamdawayh, who had to be subdued by yet another expedition. Ibrahim remained as governor of Yemen until 828. 1968:

was taken in 1547. Turkish misrule led to a large rebellion in 1568. The Zaydi imam put up a stubborn fight against the invaders who were almost expelled from Yemeni soil. Resistance was overcome in a new campaign in 1569–1571. After the death of imam

1438:. Yahya himself spent some time in Tabaristan, before being invited to Yemen in 893/4 to settle tribal disputes in the north of the country. This first sojourn failed, and he had left, but in 897 he returned and quickly established a state based in 1829:

period. After 1217 the imamate was split, however. Members of the Ayyubid Dynasty were appointed to rule Yemen up to 1229, but they were often absent from the country, a factor that finally led to them being superseded by the following regime, the

1037:, and captured Sana'a. Already during al-Ma'mun's time, however, local tribal or sectarian leaders began to rise and unite hitherto fragmented parts of the country under their authority, a process that would continue during the entire 9th century. 2217:

in the same year, both intervening powers tried to find a solution in order to have their hands free. An agreement was finally reached in 1970 where the royalists agreed to accept the Yemen Arab Republic in return for influence in the government.

1495:. At the same time, the Ziyadid dynasty also declined, although little information survives as to why: the last rulers of the dynasty are obscure, and after 981 and until the dynasty's ostensible end in 1018, not even their names are known. 2091:

invasions, after 1800. Tihama was lost for long periods, being contested by lowland Arab chiefs and Egyptian forces. The imamate was further eclipsed by the second coming of the Turks to lowland Yemen in 1849, and to the highlands in 1872.

1888:

Some of the sultans had strong scientific interests and were skilled in astrology, medicine, agriculture, linguistics, legislation, etc. They built mosques, houses and citadels, roads and water channels. Rasulid projects extended as far as

1397:), unlike in the Twelver and Isma'ili traditions of Shi'a Islam. Instead, it can be claimed by any qualified Fatimid who fulfills a number (usually 14) of stringent conditions (religious learning, piety, bravery, etc.), by 'rising' ( 884:

In spite of the tenuous caliphal authority, the Yemenis seldom rebelled against the Umayyads. A certain Abbad al-Ru'yani revolted in 725/6, but his motivation is unclear: according to some sources, he was a Himyarite self-proclaimed

2066:

institutionalized by the time, since Ottoman-style administration was applied, a standing army was kept, and a chief judge appointed. Most of the provinces were governed by members of the Qasimid family. Provincial rulers performed

2056:

in the far east. The centre of the imamic state was San'a, although the imams also used other places of residence such as ash-Shahara and al-Mawahib. Its economic base was strengthened by the coffee trade of the coastal entrepot

1467:). Given the continued presence and importance of the Zaydi imamate in the subsequent Yemeni history, up to the dissolution of the Zaydi kingdom in 1962, this marks one of the most important turning points in Yemeni history. 66:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 1572:, after her death in 1150 he began a series of attacks on Zabid. These failed, but his intrigues with the Najahid viziers bore fruit: by 1159, Zabid was in his hands, but he died shortly thereafter. His son and successor, 851:. However, his control over the country was tenuous, judging from the frequent alternation of governors during his rule. Ibn al-Zubayr's tenuous authority was not enough to protect Sana'a against the threat of the 1658:, although she was forced to use male agents sent from Cairo in the field. Her reign also marked the start of Sulayhid decline, with defeats against the Zaydis and Najahids already in 1087, and Sana'a lost to the 2204:

was proclaimed. Muhammad al-Badr managed to escape to the loyalists in the highlands, and a civil war followed. Saudi Arabia supported the imam while Egypt dispatched troops to prop up the republicans. After

3377:

Yaman, Its Early Mediaeval History, by Najm ad-Dīn 'Omārah al-Ḥakami. Also the Abridged History of Its Dynasties by Ibn Khaldūn, and an Account of the Karmathians of Yaman by Abu ʿAbd Allah Baha ad-Din

2106:

Ottoman interest in Yemen was renewed in the mid-19th century. One aim was to increase Ottoman influence in the Red Sea trade, especially since the British occupied Aden since 1839. The opening of the

1091:

Unlike the Ziyadids, who at least in the beginning ruled with the sanction of the Abbasids, in other parts of Yemen, local dynasties arose in opposition to Abbasid rule. In the south, the Himyarite

1040:

Yemeni textiles, long recognized for their fine quality, maintained their reputation and were exported for use by the Abbasid elite, including the caliphs themselves. The products of Sana'a and

1104: 1367:, a former vassal of Ibn al-Fadl, captured Mudhaykhirah in 917, and the Isma'ili movement in Yemen returned to being a secretive, underground affair for over a century, until the rise of the 965:, who went on to serve as governor of Yemen until 768. During his tenure, he brutally suppressed uprisings—mainly Ibadi-inspired—across the country, restoring a measure of peace and order. 717:

into Yemen, and levied local forces to augment them. This allowed Muslim rule to survive the conflict. Many of the apostate leaders were pardoned and went on to play important roles in the

1990:) and rebel against illegitimate rulers, Imam al-Mansur and his successor expanded their territory at the expense of the Turks who eventually had to leave their last possessions in 1635. 34: 1944:

Now, the coast and southern highlands were suddenly left without a central government for the first time in almost 350 years. Shortly after the Mamluk conquest in 1517, Egypt itself

646:, but the rest of the country in practice remained divided among a multitude of autonomous local rulers and tribal chiefs. After the dissolution of Persian rule in South Arabia, the 1389:, a representative of the Zaydi sect. In Zaydi doctrine, as in Isma'ilism, the imam has to be a descendant of Fatimah and Ali, but the position is not hereditary or by appointment ( 1057: 1685:

1083, his son Zuray, who gave the dynasty its name, proceeded to rule together with his uncle al-Mas'ūd. They took part in the Sulayhid leader al-Mufaddal's campaign against the

1418:

Previous Zaydi uprisings against the Abbasids in Iraq and the Hijaz—the heartlands of the Islamic world—had failed, but had been successful in the Caliphate's peripheral areas:

1841:

school of law; and the upper highlands with a population mainly adhering to the Zaydiyyah. Ayyubid rule was therefore an important stepping-stone for the next dynastic regime.

1880:. For the first time, most of Yemen became a strong and independent political, economic, and cultural unit. The state was even able to contend with the Ayyubids and later the 1488: 671:

proclaimed himself prophet and found widespread support among the Yemenis, although the exact motivation of his uprising is unclear. He captured Sana'a, but was killed by the

1604: 1364: 988: 1960:

Island. The Ottomans eliminated the last Tahirid lord in Aden and the Mamluk military leadership, and set up an administration based in Zabid. Yemen was made a province (

958: 828:, but continued to pay great attention to Yemen. Governors were appointed directly by the caliph. During some periods, Yemen was administratively grouped together with 1885:

terms of administration and culture was stronger than the preceding regimes, and the interests of the Rasulid rulers covered all the affairs prevalent in those times.

937:. However, the Ibadis of Hadramawt on that occasion obtained from Ibn al-Atiyya the right to choose their own governors, a privilege they kept for about a generation. 934: 2196:. However, the imam withdrew when Syria left the union in 1961. Pro-Egyptian militaries began to plot against the ruler. When Ahmad bin Yahya died in 1962, his son 1478:

survived in its core territories of Sa'ada and Najran until 1058, when, weakened by internal conflicts and sectarian disputes, the Sulayhid dynasty destroyed it.

870:

The Marwanid caliphs made considerable investments in the country's infrastructure, leading to an upsurge in prosperity. As elsewhere in the Muslim world, Caliph

995:. Hammad was successful in restoring peace to the region and securing the trade routes, but his harshness towards the local population led to his recall in 810. 774:), despite prior treaties with Muhammad and Abu Bakr guaranteeing their status. The Jewish population was allowed to remain, in exchange for the payment of the 1010:, Yemen initially belonged to al-Amin's camp, but one of al-Ma'mun's agents, Yazid ibn Jarir, managed to win the country over for his master. In 815, the Alid 490:, but the country was rarely unified for any long period of time. Local control in the Middle Ages was exerted by a succession of families which included the 1363:

himself. Following the death of both Isma'ili leaders in 914–915, their regimes collapsed amidst internal squabbles and Yu'firid attacks. The Yu'firid ruler

863:: in 686, the city had to bribe the Kharijites not to attack, and in the next year, its inhabitants were forced to swear allegiance to the Kharijite leader, 738: 987:, was governor of Yemen. His time is recorded as one of prosperity for the capital Sana'a, but also of widespread poverty. In 800, the Himyarite chieftain 1302:

The Isma'ili movement quickly expanded over much of the country; Sana'a was captured in 905. Yemen also served as a major centre for the broader Isma'ili

1092: 1409:) for the allegiance of the faithful. Zaydi doctrine emphasized that the imamate was not contingent on popular acclaim or election; the very act of 933:

for a while swore allegiance to him, before his uprising, as well as other tribal revolts of the Himyarites, were suppressed by the Umayyad general

69:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

1299:) in Yemen began in 881, among the mountain tribes. Ibn Hawshab targeted the central highlands near Sana'a, while al-Jayshani made Janad his base. 556:

coast, became the most important coffee port in the world. For a period after 1517, and again in the 19th century, Yemen was a nominal part of the

2149:

name of Imam Yahya, al-Mutawakkil. Yahya pacified the tribes of the Tihama with heavy-handed methods. He also tried unsuccessfully to incorporate

836:. Still, the caliphal governors' actual control barely extended to the wider country, where the pre-Islamic elites still retained their position. 1565: 789:(656–661) took place far from Yemen, but the country was nevertheless deeply affected. Yemenis were divided between the rival camps of Ali and 1573: 1257:

of their leadership and the apparent end of the line of imams, enhanced the appeal of the more radical Shi'a sects across the Muslim world.

867:. Following the victory of the Marwanid branch of the Umayyads in the civil war, Sana'a surrendered to an Umayyad army without resistance. 1729:

kept a representation in Aden, adding further prestige to the Zurayids. The Zurayids were sacked by the Ayyubids in 1174 AD. They were a

3306:"Al-Hādī Yahyā b. al-Husayn b. al-Qāsim (245–98/859–911): A Biographical Introduction and the Background and Significance of his Imamate" 800:), and both sides sent their own troops into the country. Ali's partisans initially prevailed, but one of Mu'awiya's generals captured 443: 2286: 1670:; breaking with the Fatimid regime, Arwa sided with the latter. This deprived her of Cairo's support and weakened Sulayhid authority. 1088:, and the Ziyadid dynasty remained aligned with the Sunni Abbasids against the Shi'a regimes that arose during the late 9th century. 2061:. Coffee had been introduced from Ethiopia in about 1543, and Yemen held a monopoly on this product for a long time. Merchants from 1415:

denoted God's choice. On the other hand, if a more excellent candidate appeared, the incumbent imam was obliged to acknowledge him.

2130: 1973:

in 1572, the highlands were occupied by the Turkish troops. The first Turkish occupation lasted until 1635. The new lords promoted

2048:, trying to inspire a sense of unity between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. For a time, the imams ruled a comprehensive territory, from 2020:(descendants of the first imam or his close family). The new line became known as the Qasimids after its founder. Al-Mansur's son 1118: 2259: 3391: 3605: 3514: 3470: 3447: 3423: 3364: 3276: 3252: 2082:). Tribal risings were common and the territory controlled by the imams shrank successively after the late 17th century. The 1964:). The Portuguese blockade of the Red Sea was broken. A number of campaigns against the Zaydis were fought in 1539–56, and 1080:

in the west, and Zabid was so prosperous as to be known as 'Baghdad of the Yemen'. Unlike the rest of the country, where

391: 3583: 3409: 2271: 1223: 77: 3633: 3547: 962: 90:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

1580:

entered Yemen, invited by the Sulaymanids, and began its conquest by capturing Zabid and ending the Mahdid state.

755:

The Rashidun caliphs themselves also paid some attention to the affairs of Yemen, especially the spread of Islam.

1693:

and were both killed during the siege (1110). Their respective sons ceased to pay tribute to the Sulayhid queen

3491: 2124: 1331:. His mission was extremely successful. Backed by the Kutama, in 903 he was able to rise in revolt against the 980: 519: 436: 362: 3463:

The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries

1961: 1872:

descendants drew their methods of governance from the structures set up by the Ayyubids. Their capitals were

99: 2997:

The chronology of the Zurayid rulers is uncertain for the most part; dates furnished by Ayman Fu'ad Sayyid,

560:, although on both occasions the Zaydi Imams contested the power of the Turks and eventually expelled them. 816:

Territorial control by the contenders to the caliphate during the peak of the Second Muslim Civil War (686)

627: 217: 1265:

Isma'ili activity in Yemen is first recorded around the mid-9th century, in the southern highlands around

3507:

The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries

3357:

The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries

1386: 1288: 1254: 1095:

took control of the southern highlands in 829. At the same time, in the central highlands the Himyarite

860: 507: 3239:

Commins, David (2010). "Saudi Arabia, southern Arabia and the Gulf states from the First World War". In

1816:

area, and its strategical value, motivated the Ayyubid invasion in 1174. The Ayyubid forces were led by

3501:

Peskes, Esther (2010). "Western Arabia and Yemen (fifth/eleventh century to the Ottoman conquest)". In

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The conservative rule of the imam was challenged by the rise of Arab nationalism. Yemen adhered to the

2140:

After 1891 the Hamid ad-Din branch of the Qasimids lay claim to the imamate. In the early 20th century

2134: 396: 194: 3574: 3400: 1945: 1011: 660: 461: 429: 125: 1568:, who claimed descent from the Himyarite kings. Although he enjoyed the favour of the Najahid queen 2029: 1317: 205: 85: 2281: 2173:

was able to take over power with the help of loyal tribal allies. He henceforth kept his court in

1357:, Ibn al-Fadl broke with the Isma'ili cause and his colleague, Ibn Hawshab, and claimed to be the 506:(1229–1454). The most long-lived, and for the future most important polity, was founded in 897 by 3439:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

3155: 2223: 2166: 2021: 840: 381: 330: 2070:(ritual homage) at their accession, but their fiefs became increasingly autonomous by the time. 1064:, who was appointed by al-Ma'mun in 817 to suppress revolts in the western coastal plain of the 482:

caliphs occupied much of northern and southern Yemen throughout the 11th century, including the

159: 3245:

The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 5: The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance

3104: 894: 848: 786: 734: 718: 600: 3339: 3305: 812: 106: 626:, occupied Yemen. In turn, local tribal leaders turned to the Sasanians for aid. The latter 2181: 2162: 1034: 871: 568:

In the final pre-Islamic period, the Yemeni lands included the large tribal confederations

881:) gained a reputation for justice that carried over even into the local Shi'a traditions. 8: 2201: 1824:. The enterprise was entirely successful: the various local Yemeni dynasties, mainly the 1649: 1096: 1030: 367: 3005:, London 1892; one source seems to indicate that they were independent as early as 1087. 893:

occurred at the end of the period, in 746–748, as Umayyad power was weakened during the

3578: 2193: 2185: 2013: 1983: 1419: 1242: 961:, tried to secede from the Caliphate. His revolt was suppressed by the Abbasid general 946: 376: 352: 342: 267: 1599:

Unlike many of the other dynasties to rule over Yemen in the 10th–11th centuries, the

1540:

around 1069 (the date is hypothetical), and likely served as vassals of the Najahids.

925:

Kharijites of neighbouring Oman, he advanced onto Sana'a. His army occupied Mecca and

634:

of the Sasanian Empire. The descendants of these Persian soldiers, known in Arabic as

614:. Following persecutions of Christians by the Jewish Himyarites, in 525 the Christian 3601: 3597: 3543: 3510: 3487: 3466: 3458: 3443: 3419: 3360: 3317: 3272: 3248: 1766: 1659: 1528:

In the late 12th century, another regional dynasty arose in the northern Tihama, the

1354: 1340: 1072:

as his capital. At the height of the dynasty, its power extended along the coasts to

992: 950: 821: 695: 386: 347: 277: 272: 237: 81: 3375: 763:

instructors were appointed, and the Christian tribes of Najran evicted under Caliph

3593: 3566: 3558: 3240: 2241: 2197: 1907: 1600: 1594: 1368: 1250: 945:

The Third Muslim Civil War fatally weakened the Umayyad regime, culminating in the

668: 604: 483: 317: 292: 242: 222: 134: 1986:. In accordance with the doctrine that an imam must make a summons to allegiance ( 3562: 3481: 3437: 3433: 3386: 3351:

Haykel, Bernard (2010). "Western Arabia and Yemen during the Ottoman period". In

3266: 2290: 2275: 2170: 2037: 1864: 1850: 1807: 1714: 1694: 1633: 1509: 1474:

Nevertheless, the first Zaydi imamate founded by Yahya and his successors of the

1100: 1061: 969: 615: 611: 491: 312: 307: 287: 282: 3204: 741:, served for twenty years and was only dismissed by the fourth Rashidun caliph, 3570: 3502: 3404: 3396: 3352: 3262: 2236: 2025: 1949: 1662:. In 1130, another succession crisis in Cairo caused yet another rift, between 1569: 1561: 1537: 1475: 1427: 864: 631: 557: 531: 401: 247: 3180: 2032:(r. 1644–1676) subdued Hadramawt and entertained diplomatic contacts with the 1249:

expectations, and dissatisfaction among many adherents of the more mainstream

3627: 3321: 2101: 1246: 1047: 1019: 902: 825: 790: 581: 357: 1320:, a native of Sana'a. On Ibn Hawshab's instructions, in 893 he left for the 3101:

The History and Monuments of the Tahirid Dynasty of Yemen 858-923/1454-1517

2158: 2058: 1939: 1918: 1813: 1698: 1637: 1625: 1392: 1266: 1238: 1052:

The first local dynasty to emerge in Yemen during the 9th century were the

1023: 1007: 999: 890: 664: 549: 468:

was ruled as part of Arab-Islamic caliphates, and became a province in the

419: 337: 1422:, a great-greta-grandson of Ali, had founded a Zaydi state in what is now 1260: 1029:

Direct Abbasid authority in Yemen survived until 847, when the autonomous

897:. It was headed by a Kindi tribesman, Abdallah ibn Yahya, who assumed the 725:

of Yemeni territory, but also individually for Sana'a, al-Janad (based at

2214: 2206: 2146: 2112: 1970: 1868: 1834: 1641: 1529: 1513: 1435: 1284: 921:), and proclaimed himself caliph in the Hadramawt. With support from the 637: 608: 577: 573: 371: 1812:

The importance of Yemen as a station in the trade between Egypt and the

1564:

replaced them. The Mahdid dynasty was founded by the religious preacher

824:, founded by Mu'awiya, shifted their base from the Arabian Peninsula to 563: 2141: 2107: 1838: 1577: 1431: 1339:, culminating in their overthrow and the establishment of the Isma'ili 852: 691: 569: 538: 88:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

2024:(r. 1620–1644) managed to gather Yemen under his authority, expel the 1636:, before his death in 1094. Under Arwa, the dynasty moved its seat to 2174: 2088: 2067: 2041: 1965: 1877: 1817: 1617:, and also intervened on their behalf in the Hijaz, including Mecca. 1517: 1439: 1309: 984: 833: 760: 730: 643: 515: 511: 469: 170: 3001:, al Qahira 1974, are partly at odds with those given by H.C. Kay, 2083: 2078:(legal reinterpretations) and were accused of illicit innovations ( 2004: 1999: 1987: 1978: 1922: 1830: 1825: 1722: 1686: 1679: 1607:, born in the Haraz district west of Sana'a. He became an Isma'ili 1385:

s extended their influence, another Shi'a leader arrived in Yemen:

1336: 1332: 1294: 1272:

Far better known are the careers of the two Isma'ili missionaries (

1081: 1053: 703: 699: 653: 619: 499: 495: 487: 457: 297: 232: 212: 150: 2952: 2925: 2836: 2812: 2683: 2545: 2469: 1103:, northwest of Sana'a. After twenty years of warfare its founder, 541:

political structure that survived with some intervals until 1962.

3175:

The Sultan's Yemen; Nineteenth-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule

2969: 2967: 2942: 2940: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2436: 2403: 2374: 2075: 2062: 2028:, and established an independent political entity. His successor 2017: 1957: 1953: 1926: 1894: 1881: 1821: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1667: 1548:

After the death of Jayyash, power was held by a series of slave (

1533: 1460: 1442:, in the northern highlands, with himself as imam with the title 1423: 1328: 1321: 1275: 1245:

of the Abbasid Caliphate from the mid-9th century on, widespread

1227:

Main towns and political centres in Yemen in the 9th/10th century

1044:

have been particularly important in the east–west textile trade.

1015: 1003: 886: 623: 553: 503: 479: 302: 227: 3542:]. Innsbruck and Frankfurt a.M.: Pinguin. pp. 136–154. 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2311: 2309: 2307: 63: 3340:"The forgotten province: A prelude to the Ottoman era in Yemen" 3144:

Tomislav Klaric, 'Chronologie du Yémen (1045-1131/1635-1719)',

2213:

in 1967, and the formation of a socialist people's republic in

2210: 2154: 2053: 1974: 1855: 1785: 1744: 1663: 1645: 1557: 1551: 1325: 1234: 1077: 1065: 926: 801: 714: 585: 545: 527: 179: 3331:

The Pearl-Strings: A History of the Resuliyy Dynasty of Yemen'

2964: 2937: 2824: 2707: 2659: 2616: 2576: 2557: 2526: 2481: 2448: 2044:. He also reinstated the common annual pilgrimage caravans to 680: 3483:

The Yemen in Early Islam (9-233/630-847): A Political History

3164:, pp. 212–218, Tribes, government, and history in Yemen. 2415: 2386: 2304: 2268:., Innsbruck / Frankfurt am Main / Amsterdam . pp. 53–4. 2189: 2157:

in his realm (1934). These regions were, however acquired by

2079: 2045: 2033: 1914: 1890: 1873: 1726: 1718: 1702: 1690: 1614: 1313: 1085: 1069: 930: 922: 898: 844: 829: 777: 589: 476: 465: 3105:

http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/1/5867_3282-vol1.PDF?UkUDh:CyT

1560:

who served in the Najahid ruler's name until 1156, when the

3509:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 285–297. 3465:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 397–447. 3359:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 436–450. 3247:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 451–480. 2150: 2049: 1771: 1730: 1710: 1706: 1648:, which occurred in 1094 over the succession to the caliph 1620: 1374: 1281: 1073: 1041: 856: 764: 756: 726: 677:

and defecting members of his own faction in the same year.

535: 523: 3536:

Jemen. 3000 Jahre Kunst und Kultur des glücklichen Arabien

3271:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3216: 3149: 3132: 2728: 2695: 2647: 2502: 1048:

Collapse of Abbasid authority and rise of native dynasties

3540:

Yemen. 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix

3344:

Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter

3081: 3020: 2913: 2884: 2635: 2266:

Yemen. 3000 years of art and civilisation in Arabia Felix

2200:

was quickly deposed as the plotters took over San'a. The

1721:. After the demise of queen Arwa al-Sulayhi in 1138, the 1508:

The Ziyadids were replaced in the Tihama lowlands by the

1492: 742: 593: 3127:

Michel Tuchscherer, 'Chronologie du Yemen (1506-1635)',

2848: 2752: 843:(683–692), Yemen was nominally under the control of the 3199:

Encyclopedia of the modern Middle East and North Africa

3069: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2321: 2165:, murdered Imam Yahya in 1948 with the aim to create a 1481: 1261:

Early Isma'ili activities and rule over Yemen (881–917)

3333:. Vol. V. Leiden & London: Brill & Luzac. 2979: 2740: 2671: 2514: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2016:(r. 1597–1620) belonged to one of the branches of the 1583: 3109: 3044: 3032: 1652:, she sided with the former and was designated chief 1434:, a mountainous region on the southern shores of the 1308:, with Ibn Hawshab sending missionaries to Oman, the 991:

rose in revolt, but was defeated by Harun's governor

564:

Final years of pre-Islamic Yemen and arrival of Islam

3066:, Vols. I–II, London: Gibb Memorial Trust 1974–1978. 2896: 2872: 2860: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2593: 2333: 2118: 2095: 1653: 1608: 1549: 1443: 1410: 1404: 1398: 1390: 1380: 1358: 1348: 1303: 1292: 1273: 949:, and the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate by the 775: 672: 656:

in order to find support against local Arab rebels.

647: 635: 59: 3008: 2345: 1933: 1603:were native Yemenis. The founder of the regime was 1498: 1291:, later in the century. Their missionary activity ( 1084:

sympathies were strong, the Tihama was solidly pro-

55:

a machine-translated version of the Arabic article.

3390: 1913:channels as well as water cisterns and bridges in 1893:. The Sunnization of the land was intensified and 599:During the 6th century, Yemen was involved in the 1640:. In the schism of the Isma'ili movement between 957:759, the Abbasid governor, a native Yemeni named 460:'s lifetime and the rule of the Persian governor 3625: 3342:. In Wasserstein, David J.; Ayalon, Ami (eds.). 3523: 3456: 2973: 2958: 2946: 2931: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2722: 2689: 2665: 2629: 2587: 2570: 2551: 2539: 2496: 2475: 2463: 2442: 2430: 2409: 2397: 2380: 2315: 2074:the 18th century, since the Qasimids practiced 3617:Yemen; The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic 3201:, Vol, IV, Detroit: Thomson-Gale 2004, p. 2390 84:accompanying your translation by providing an 46:Click for important translation instructions. 33:expand this article with text translated from 3479: 2221:For developments after 1970, see the article 1523: 889:, while others consider him a Kharijite. The 437: 3268:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 3213:, pp. 43–57, A History of Modern Yemen. 3064:The Ayyubids and Early Rasulids in the Yemen 2999:Masadir ta'rikh al-Yaman fial 'asr al-islami 1532:. These were an otherwise obscure family of 1316:. Most notable among these missionaries was 1110: 3480:al-Mad'aj, Abd al-Muhsin Mad'aj M. (1988). 3457:Landau-Tasseron, Ella (2010). "Arabia". In 3328: 3075: 3026: 1449: 906: 681:Yemen as a province of the early caliphates 652:turned to the emerging Islamic state under 3584:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3410:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3189:, pp. 4–7, A History of Modern Yemen. 2052:in the north to Aden in the south, and to 1844: 1801: 1516:, which he settled with his kinsfolk from 630:the region in 575 and converted it into a 444: 430: 3592:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 336–340. 1324:, where he began proselytizing among the 685: 3528:. London: World of Islam Festival Trust. 3337: 3299:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3288:Tribes, government, and history in Yemen 2131:Federation of Arab Emirates of the South 2003: 1854: 1760: 1619: 1588: 1375:First Zaydi imamate in Sa'ada (897–1058) 1060:, a descendant of a cadet branch of the 940: 811: 807: 3614: 3432: 3385: 3261: 3238: 3222: 3103:, PhD Thesis, Durham University, 1992, 3038: 2985: 2746: 2734: 2701: 2677: 2653: 2520: 2508: 2339: 2115:led to a complete withdrawal in 1918. 1993: 1901: 1673: 1503: 1426:, while a distant relative of Yahya's, 3626: 3500: 3350: 3294: 3285: 3210: 3186: 3161: 3115: 3087: 3050: 1543: 690:After Muhammad's death, the so-called 456:Islam came to Yemen around 630 during 96:{{Translated|ar|تاريخ اليمن الإسلامي}} 3556: 3532: 3303: 2919: 2907: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2641: 2610: 2368: 2327: 1925:constituted a threat in the southern 3442:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. 3418:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 345. 2008:The Qasimid imamate of Yemen in 1675 1482:Dynasties of the 11th–12th centuries 1347:been established under the supposed 15: 3373: 3014: 1584:Isma'ili dynasties of the highlands 508:Yayha bin Husayn bin Qasim ar-Rassi 13: 3524:Serjeant, R.; Lewcock, R. (1983). 1867:, or Bani Rasul, were soldiers of 1195: 1125: 1105:Yu'fir ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Hiwali 804:and Sana'a for his master in 660. 698:. Muhammad's successor, the first 618:, a Byzantine ally in what is now 14: 3645: 3003:Yaman: Its Early Medieval History 2184:proclaimed by Egyptian president 2119:Mutawakkilite Kingdom (1918–1962) 2096:Second Ottoman period (1872–1918) 1056:. The dynasty was established by 1002:in 811–813 between Harun's sons, 3598:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1405 2192:in a loose coalition called the 2188:in 1958, joining with Egypt and 1934:First Ottoman period (1538–1635) 1930:Sunni dynasty to rule in Yemen. 1859:Map of the Rasulid realm in 1264 1536:Alid descent, who took power in 1499:Dynasties of the Tihama lowlands 1208: 1194: 1180: 1166: 1152: 1138: 1124: 1117: 548:in the 16th century the town of 413: 178: 169: 158: 149: 20: 3526:San'a'; An Arabian Islamic City 3192: 3167: 3138: 3121: 3093: 3056: 2991: 1784:based in Egypt. They were also 1743:based in Egypt. They were also 1430:, had founded a Zaydi state in 1058:Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Ziyad 1033:defeated the Abbasid governor, 974: 876: 795: 769: 747: 708: 3346:. Routledge. pp. 195–205. 2260:U.S. State Dept. Country Study 2125:Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 1167: 981:Muhammad ibn Khalid ibn Barmak 94:You may also add the template 1: 2287:Geschichte des Jemen (German) 2252: 1209: 1139: 916:The One who Pursues the Truth 502:(1174–1229) and the Turkoman 2297: 1489:Abdallah ibn Qahtan Abdallah 1181: 1153: 1068:. In 819, Ibn Ziyad founded 7: 3615:Stookey, Robert W. (1978). 3374:Kay, Henry Cassels (1892). 3304:Eagle, A. B. D. R. (1994). 2230: 1654: 1609: 1605:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Sulayhi 1550: 1444: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1391: 1381: 1359: 1349: 1304: 1293: 1289:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani 1274: 963:Ma'n ibn Za'ida al-Shaybani 776: 673: 659:The last Persian governor, 648: 636: 10: 3650: 3619:. Boulder: Westview Press. 3290:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3232: 2293: (archived 2012-02-05) 2278: (archived 2008-02-12) 2247:Timeline of Yemeni history 2135:Federation of South Arabia 2122: 2099: 1997: 1937: 1905: 1848: 1805: 1777:dynasty that followed the 1736:dynasty that followed the 1677: 1592: 1524:Sulaymanids (c. 1069–1173) 989:al-Haysam ibn Abd al-Samad 663:, converted to Islam on 6 544:After the introduction of 498:(1022–1158), the Egyptian 475:Regimes affiliated to the 58:Machine translation, like 3297:A History of Modern Yemen 1111:Rise of sectarian regimes 1012:Ibrahim ibn Musa al-Kazim 959:Abdallah ibn Abd al-Madan 642:, dominated the capital, 35:the corresponding article 3634:Islamic history of Yemen 3486:. London: Ithaca Press. 3381:. London: Edward Arnold. 1632:government to his wife, 1624:Mosque of Queen Arwa in 1287:, and the native Yemeni 392:Civil war (2014–present) 3338:Hathaway, Jane (2006). 3150:http://cy.revues.org/36 3133:http://cy.revues.org/11 2224:Modern history of Yemen 2167:constitutional monarchy 1845:Rasulid era (1229–1454) 1802:Ayyubid era (1174–1229) 1379:While the two Isma'ili 935:Abd al-Malik ibn Atiyya 841:Second Muslim Civil War 785:The main events of the 105:For more guidance, see 3177:. London: Tauris 2002. 2009: 1860: 1820:, a brother of Sultan 1628: 895:Third Muslim Civil War 849:Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr 817: 787:First Muslim Civil War 735:Companions of Muhammad 719:early Muslim conquests 686:Rashidun era (632–661) 603:between the Christian 3329:El-Khazraji (1918) . 3295:Dresch, Paul (2000). 3286:Dresch, Paul (1989). 2264:(1): DAUM, W. (ed.): 2030:al-Mutawakkil Isma'il 2007: 1858: 1761:Hamdanids (1099–1173) 1623: 1589:Sulayhids (1047–1137) 1318:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i 1099:took power, based at 941:Abbasid era (750–847) 815: 808:Umayyad era (661–750) 694:broke out across the 534:, they established a 363:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 107:Knowledge:Translation 78:copyright attribution 3557:Smith, G.R. (2004). 3146:Chroniques yémenites 3129:Chroniques yéménites 2974:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2959:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2947:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2932:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2922:, pp. 140, 142. 2893:, pp. 139, 142. 2843:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2831:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2819:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2723:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2690:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2666:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2644:, pp. 111, 114. 2630:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2588:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2571:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2552:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2540:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2497:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2476:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2464:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2443:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2431:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2410:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2398:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2381:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2316:Landau-Tasseron 2010 2182:United Arab Republic 2163:Free Yemeni Movement 2036:of Ethiopia and the 2022:al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad 1994:Qasimids (1597–1872) 1902:Tahirids (1454–1517) 1837:and adhering to the 1674:Zurayids (1083–1173) 1504:Najahids (1022–1156) 1365:As'ad ibn Abi Ya'fur 1224:class=notpageimage| 1035:Himyar ibn al-Harith 983:, one of the famous 872:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 847:-based anti-caliph, 737:. The last of them, 713:), sent troops from 530:lineages. As ruling 518:in the highlands of 218:Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt 3310:New Arabian Studies 3225:, pp. 471–473. 3090:, pp. 290–291. 2961:, pp. 428–429. 2934:, pp. 427–428. 2857:, pp. 138–139. 2845:, pp. 425–426. 2821:, pp. 424–425. 2761:, pp. 107–108. 2737:, pp. 125–128. 2704:, pp. 109–110. 2692:, pp. 426–427. 2656:, pp. 107–108. 2554:, pp. 420–421. 2511:, pp. 112–115. 2478:, pp. 418–419. 2445:, pp. 417–418. 2412:, pp. 416–417. 2383:, pp. 415–416. 2330:, pp. 136–137. 2258:Original text from 2202:Yemen Arab Republic 2177:rather than San'a. 2169:. However, his son 1544:Mahdids (1156–1173) 891:most serious revolt 839:During most of the 3459:Robinson, Chase F. 2194:United Arab States 2014:al-Mansur al-Qasim 2010: 1984:al-Mansur al-Qasim 1861: 1791:as opposed to the 1750:as opposed to the 1629: 1445:al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq 1420:Idris ibn Abdallah 947:Abbasid Revolution 818: 377:Yemeni unification 353:Sultanate of Lahej 268:Rashidun Caliphate 228:Kingdom of Qatabān 86:interlanguage link 3607:978-90-04-13974-9 3516:978-0-521-83957-0 3472:978-0-521-83823-8 3449:978-0-582-40525-7 3425:978-90-04-08112-3 3366:978-0-521-83957-0 3278:978-0-521-61636-2 3254:978-0-521-83826-9 3241:Robinson, Francis 3173:Caesar E. Farah, 1403:) and 'calling' ( 1355:Abdallah al-Mahdi 1341:Fatimid Caliphate 1076:in the south and 993:Hammad al-Barbari 951:Abbasid Caliphate 822:Umayyad Caliphate 696:Arabian Peninsula 454: 453: 397:COVID-19 pandemic 387:Yemeni revolution 348:Aden Protectorate 278:Abbasid Caliphate 273:Umayyad Caliphate 238:Kingdom of Ḥimyar 118: 117: 47: 43: 3641: 3620: 3611: 3579:Heinrichs, W. P. 3553: 3529: 3520: 3497: 3476: 3453: 3429: 3394: 3392:"Maʿn b. Zāʾida" 3382: 3370: 3347: 3334: 3325: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3258: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3142: 3136: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3099:Venetia Porter, 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3076:El-Khazraji 1918 3073: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3027:El-Khazraji 1918 3024: 3018: 3017:, pp. 66–7. 3012: 3006: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2614: 2608: 2591: 2585: 2574: 2568: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2272:History of Yemen 2242:History of Yemen 2198:Muhammad al-Badr 1917:, Aden, Yafrus, 1908:Tahirids (Yemen) 1657: 1612: 1595:Sulayhid dynasty 1555: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1384: 1369:Sulayhid dynasty 1362: 1352: 1307: 1298: 1279: 1243:prolonged crisis 1212: 1211: 1198: 1197: 1184: 1183: 1170: 1169: 1156: 1155: 1142: 1141: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1097:Yu'firid dynasty 1031:Yu'firid dynasty 978: 976: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 880: 878: 799: 797: 781: 773: 771: 751: 749: 739:Ya'la ibn Umayya 712: 710: 692:Wars of Apostasy 676: 669:al-Aswad al-Ansi 651: 641: 605:Byzantine Empire 552:(Mocha), on the 510:. They were the 494:(818–1018), the 446: 439: 432: 420:Yemen portal 418: 417: 416: 293:Sulayhid dynasty 243:Kingdom of Aksum 233:Kingdom of Ma'in 223:Kingdom of Awsan 182: 173: 162: 153: 138: 120: 119: 97: 91: 64:Google Translate 45: 42:(September 2024) 41: 24: 23: 16: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3624: 3623: 3608: 3571:Bosworth, C. E. 3550: 3517: 3503:Fierro, Maribel 3494: 3473: 3450: 3426: 3397:Bosworth, C. E. 3367: 3353:Fierro, Maribel 3279: 3263:Daftary, Farhad 3255: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3143: 3139: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2617: 2609: 2594: 2586: 2577: 2569: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2305: 2300: 2291:Wayback Machine 2276:Wayback Machine 2255: 2233: 2171:Ahmad bin Yahya 2127: 2121: 2104: 2098: 2002: 1996: 1942: 1936: 1910: 1904: 1865:Rasulid dynasty 1853: 1851:Rasulid dynasty 1847: 1810: 1808:Ayyubid dynasty 1804: 1763: 1695:Arwa al-Sulayhi 1682: 1676: 1634:Arwa al-Sulayhi 1597: 1591: 1586: 1546: 1526: 1510:Najahid dynasty 1506: 1501: 1484: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1377: 1263: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1113: 1093:Manakhi dynasty 1062:Umayyad dynasty 1050: 973: 970:Harun al-Rashid 943: 918: 915: 912: 909: 899:honorific title 875: 810: 794: 768: 746: 707: 688: 683: 616:Aksumite Empire 612:Sasanian Empire 601:power struggles 566: 450: 414: 412: 407: 406: 358:Ottoman vilayet 333: 323: 322: 313:Rasulid dynasty 308:Ayyubid dynasty 288:Najahid dynasty 283:Ziyadid dynasty 263: 261:Islamic history 253: 252: 213:Kingdom of Saba 208: 206:Ancient history 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 175: 174: 165: 164: 163: 155: 154: 136: 129: 114: 113: 112: 95: 89: 48: 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 3647: 3637: 3636: 3622: 3621: 3612: 3606: 3575:van Donzel, E. 3563:Bearman, P. J. 3554: 3548: 3530: 3521: 3515: 3498: 3492: 3477: 3471: 3454: 3448: 3430: 3424: 3401:van Donzel, E. 3383: 3371: 3365: 3348: 3335: 3326: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3277: 3259: 3253: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3166: 3154: 3137: 3120: 3118:, p. 291. 3108: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3062:G. Rex Smith, 3055: 3053:, p. 290. 3043: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2990: 2988:, p. 248. 2978: 2976:, p. 429. 2963: 2951: 2949:, p. 428. 2936: 2924: 2912: 2910:, p. 142. 2895: 2883: 2881:, p. 140. 2871: 2869:, p. 139. 2859: 2847: 2835: 2833:, p. 425. 2823: 2811: 2809:, p. 136. 2799: 2797:, p. 108. 2787: 2785:, p. 110. 2775: 2773:, p. 109. 2763: 2751: 2749:, p. 122. 2739: 2727: 2725:, p. 427. 2706: 2694: 2682: 2680:, p. 109. 2670: 2668:, p. 426. 2658: 2646: 2634: 2632:, p. 424. 2615: 2613:, p. 138. 2592: 2590:, p. 422. 2575: 2573:, p. 421. 2556: 2544: 2542:, p. 420. 2525: 2523:, p. 345. 2513: 2501: 2499:, p. 419. 2480: 2468: 2466:, p. 418. 2447: 2435: 2433:, p. 417. 2414: 2402: 2400:, p. 416. 2385: 2373: 2371:, p. 137. 2344: 2332: 2320: 2318:, p. 415. 2302: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2284: 2282:A Dam at Marib 2279: 2269: 2262: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2237:Imams of Yemen 2232: 2229: 2207:Egypt's defeat 2123:Main article: 2120: 2117: 2100:Main article: 2097: 2094: 1998:Main article: 1995: 1992: 1938:Main article: 1935: 1932: 1906:Main article: 1903: 1900: 1849:Main article: 1846: 1843: 1806:Main article: 1803: 1800: 1762: 1759: 1678:Main article: 1675: 1672: 1593:Main article: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1570:Alam al-Malika 1562:Mahdid dynasty 1545: 1542: 1525: 1522: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1483: 1480: 1476:Rassid dynasty 1459:the Leader to 1428:Hasan ibn Zayd 1376: 1373: 1262: 1259: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1049: 1046: 977: 786–809 942: 939: 879: 717–720 865:Najda ibn Amir 809: 806: 798: 661–680 772: 634–644 750: 656–661 711: 632–634 687: 684: 682: 679: 565: 562: 558:Ottoman Empire 532:Imams of Yemen 470:Islamic empire 464:. Thereafter, 452: 451: 449: 448: 441: 434: 426: 423: 422: 409: 408: 405: 404: 402:Red Sea crisis 399: 394: 389: 384: 382:1994 Civil War 379: 374: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 338:Ottoman eyalet 334: 331:Modern history 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 264: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 209: 204: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 189: 188: 177: 176: 168: 167: 166: 157: 156: 148: 147: 146: 145: 144: 141: 140: 131: 130: 123: 116: 115: 111: 110: 103: 92: 70: 67: 56: 49: 30: 29: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3646: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3567:Bianquis, Th. 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3549:3-7016-2251-5 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3434:Kennedy, Hugh 3431: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3387:Kennedy, Hugh 3384: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3236: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3158: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3041:, p. 96. 3040: 3035: 3029:, p. 19. 3028: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2808: 2803: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2553: 2548: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2444: 2439: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2342:, p. 45. 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2109: 2103: 2102:Yemen Vilayet 2093: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:was conquered 1941: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1857: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:Ali ibn Mahdi 1563: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1462: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1383: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1268: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1251:Imamite Shi'a 1248: 1247:millennialist 1244: 1240: 1236: 1225: 1120: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1020:Musa al-Kazim 1017: 1014:, son of the 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 971: 968:Under Caliph 966: 964: 960: 954: 952: 948: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 904: 903:Talib al-Haqq 900: 896: 892: 888: 882: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 814: 805: 803: 792: 788: 783: 780: 779: 766: 762: 758: 753: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 722: 720: 716: 705: 701: 697: 693: 678: 675: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 650: 645: 640: 639: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 447: 442: 440: 435: 433: 428: 427: 425: 424: 421: 411: 410: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 343:Qasimid state 341: 339: 336: 335: 332: 327: 326: 319: 318:Tahirid state 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 262: 257: 256: 249: 248:Sasanian rule 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 207: 202: 201: 196: 193: 192: 191: 190: 181: 172: 161: 152: 143: 142: 139: 133: 132: 127: 122: 121: 108: 104: 101: 93: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 68: 65: 61: 57: 54: 51: 50: 44: 38: 36: 31:You can help 27: 18: 17: 3616: 3589: 3582: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3506: 3482: 3462: 3438: 3415: 3408: 3376: 3356: 3343: 3330: 3313: 3309: 3296: 3287: 3267: 3244: 3223:Commins 2010 3218: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3182: 3174: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3140: 3128: 3123: 3111: 3100: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3063: 3058: 3046: 3039:Stookey 1978 3034: 3022: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2986:Daftary 2007 2981: 2954: 2927: 2915: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2747:Daftary 2007 2742: 2735:Daftary 2007 2730: 2702:Daftary 2007 2697: 2685: 2678:Daftary 2007 2673: 2661: 2654:Daftary 2007 2649: 2637: 2547: 2521:Kennedy 1991 2516: 2509:Kennedy 2004 2504: 2471: 2438: 2405: 2376: 2340:Kennedy 2004 2335: 2323: 2265: 2222: 2220: 2179: 2159:Saudi Arabia 2139: 2128: 2105: 2072: 2011: 1962:Beylerbeylik 1943: 1940:Yemen Eyalet 1911: 1887: 1862: 1814:Indian Ocean 1811: 1770:They were a 1764: 1699:North Africa 1683: 1650:al-Mustansir 1630: 1598: 1547: 1527: 1507: 1485: 1473: 1469: 1417: 1378: 1345: 1301: 1271: 1267:Mudhaykhirah 1264: 1231: 1090: 1051: 1039: 1028: 1024:Ali al-Ridha 997: 967: 955: 953:in 749–750. 944: 883: 869: 838: 819: 784: 782:(poll tax). 754: 723: 689: 658: 598: 567: 543: 522:, headed by 474: 455: 303:Mahdid state 260: 82:edit summary 73: 40: 32: 3588:Volume XII: 3559:"Hadramawt" 3405:Pellat, Ch. 3316:: 103–122. 3211:Dresch 2000 3187:Dresch 2000 3162:Dresch 1989 3116:Peskes 2010 3088:Peskes 2010 3051:Peskes 2010 2215:South Yemen 2113:World War I 1971:al-Mutahhar 1765:The Yemeni 1574:Abd al-Nabi 1530:Sulaymanids 1436:Caspian Sea 1285:Ibn Hawshab 998:During the 929:, and even 609:Zoroastrian 526:of various 520:North Yemen 372:South Yemen 135:History of 3590:Supplement 3493:0863721028 3414:Volume VI: 2920:Smith 1987 2908:Smith 1987 2891:Smith 1987 2879:Smith 1987 2867:Smith 1987 2855:Smith 1987 2807:Smith 1987 2795:Eagle 1994 2783:Eagle 1994 2771:Eagle 1994 2759:Eagle 1994 2642:Eagle 1994 2611:Smith 1987 2369:Smith 1987 2328:Smith 1987 2253:References 2142:Imam Yahya 2108:Suez Canal 1923:Portuguese 1578:Turan-Shah 1432:Tabaristan 853:Kharijites 791:Mu'awiya I 539:theocratic 3378:al-Janadi 3322:1351-4709 2298:Citations 2129:See also 2042:Aurangzib 2012:The imam 1818:Turanshah 1767:Hamdanids 1660:Hamdanids 1642:Musta'lis 1638:Dhu Jibla 1601:Sulayhids 1518:Abyssinia 1461:the Truth 1335:emirs of 1312:and even 1253:over the 1239:Isma'ilis 1008:al-Ma'mun 1000:civil war 985:Barmakids 731:Hadramawt 628:took over 484:Sulayhids 100:talk page 37:in Arabic 3628:Category 3581:(eds.). 3436:(2004). 3416:Mahk–Mid 3407:(eds.). 3389:(1991). 3265:(2007). 3148:9 2001, 3131:8 2000, 3015:Kay 1892 2231:See also 2209:against 2040:emperor 2000:Qasimids 1979:Ismailis 1895:madrasas 1869:Turkoman 1831:Rasulids 1826:Zurayids 1723:Fatimids 1689:capital 1680:Zurayids 1668:Tayyibis 1343:in 909. 1337:Ifriqiya 1333:Aghlabid 1280:s), the 1255:quietism 1237:and the 1054:Ziyadids 704:Abu Bakr 702:caliph, 700:Rashidun 674:al-Abna' 654:Muhammad 649:al-Abna' 638:al-Abna' 632:province 620:Ethiopia 607:and the 578:Madh'hij 550:al-Mukha 504:Rasulids 500:Ayyubids 496:Najahids 492:Ziyadids 488:Zurayids 477:Egyptian 458:Muhammad 298:Zurayids 195:Timeline 126:a series 124:Part of 76:provide 3505:(ed.). 3461:(ed.). 3355:(ed.). 3243:(ed.). 3233:Sources 2289:at the 2274:at the 2089:Wahhabi 2076:ijtihad 2063:Gujarat 1958:Socotra 1954:Selim I 1952:sultan 1950:Ottoman 1948:by the 1927:Red Sea 1882:Mamluks 1839:Shafi'i 1822:Saladin 1796:Ismaili 1793:Taiyabi 1789:Ismaili 1782:Caliphs 1779:Fatimid 1775:Ismaili 1755:Ismaili 1752:Taiyabi 1748:Ismaili 1741:Caliphs 1738:Fatimid 1734:Ismaili 1687:Najahid 1664:Hafizis 1646:Nizaris 1558:viziers 1534:Hasanid 1453: 1424:Morocco 1329:Berbers 1322:Maghreb 1016:Twelver 1004:al-Amin 910: 887:messiah 861:Bahrayn 729:), and 624:Eritrea 554:Red Sea 480:Fatimid 98:to the 80:in the 39:. 3604: 3577:& 3546: 3513: 3490: 3469: 3446: 3422: 3403:& 3363: 3320: 3275: 3251: 2211:Israel 2186:Nasser 2175:Ta'izz 2155:Najran 2068:bay'ah 2054:Dhofar 2038:Mughal 2018:Rassid 1966:Sana'a 1878:Ta'izz 1786:Hafizi 1745:Hafizi 1715:Kirman 1552:mamluk 1440:Sa'ada 1400:khuruj 1326:Kutama 1310:Yamama 1241:. The 1235:Zaydis 1202:Sana'a 1174:Shibam 1132:Sa'ada 1101:Shibam 1078:Mirbat 1066:Tihama 927:Medina 834:Yamama 802:Najran 761:Qur'an 757:Judges 715:Medina 661:Badhan 644:Sana'a 592:, and 586:Hashid 582:Kindah 574:Hamdan 570:Himyar 546:coffee 528:Sayyid 516:Sa'dah 512:Zaydis 462:Badhan 128:on the 3561:. In 3538:[ 3395:. 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