1964:
965:
1915:
Bashar Assad had recently approved Syria's first
Islamic university, as well as three Islamic banks. And Mohammed Habash, the head of the Islamic Studies Center, had been invited to speak on Islam at Syria's military academy – where praying had been banned 25 years earlier. ... In the 1980s, a distinct minority of women in Damascus wore hejab, or modest Islamic dress. In 2006, a distinct majority in Syria's most modern city had put it on.
2007:
954:
1658:
ineffective and lacking cultural authenticity. It was also a reaction against
Western influences such as individualism, consumerism, commodification of women, and sexual liberty, which were seen as subverting Islamic values and identities. Among the political factors was also the ideological vacuum that emerged after the decline of socialist system and related weakening of the liberal (Western) ideology.
1698:(OPEC) and the quadrupling of global oil prices. At first, this led to an expectation that the oil wealth would lead to a long-awaited resurgence of the Islamic civilization, and when this failed to materialize, the mounting frustration with secular regimes made the public more receptive to religious fundamentalism. Scholar
1994:
One observation made of
Islamization is that increased piety and adoption of Sharia has "in no way changed the rules of the political or economic game", by leading to greater virtue. "Ethnic and tribal segmentation, political maneuvering, personal rivalries" have not diminished, nor has corruption in
1616:
A number of revivalist movements have called for implementation of sharia. The practical implications of this call are often obscure, since historically
Islamic law has varied according to time and place, but as an ideological slogan it serves "to rally support for the creation of a utopian, divinely
1657:
A global wave of
Islamic revivalism emerged starting from the end of 1970s owing in large part to popular disappointment with the secular nation states and Westernized ruling elites, which had dominated the Muslim world during the preceding decades, and which were increasingly seen as authoritarian,
1661:
Economic and demographic factors, such as lagging economic development, a rise in income inequality and a decline in social mobility, the rise of an educated youth with expectation of higher upward mobility, and urbanization in the Muslim world also played a major part. In general, the gap between
1914:
For the first time, the regime celebrated the
Prophet's birth with greater fanfare than the anniversary of the ruling party. Billboards once heralding 'progressiveness and socialism' were also being replaced with new admonitions: 'Pray for the Prophet, and Do not forget to mention God.' President
1647:
Global Muslim identity does not necessarily or even usually imply organised group action. Even though
Muslims recognise a global affiliation, the real heart of Muslim religious life remains outside politics – in local associations for worship, discussion, mutual aid, education, charity, and other
1391:, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, better known as the Muslim Brotherhood, in 1928, the first mass Islamist organization. Despite him being influenced by Rida and his drawing of ideas primarily from Islamic sources, Al-Banna nevertheless was willing to engage with modern European concepts like
1779:
Islamic revivalist leaders have been "activists first, and scholars only secondarily", emphasizing practical issues of
Islamic law and impatience with theory. According to Daniel W. Brown, two "broad features" define the revivalist approach to Islamic authorities: distrust of Islamic scholarship
1628:
The call to fundamentalism, centered on the sharia: this call is as old as Islam itself and yet still new because it has never been fulfilled, It is a tendency that is forever setting the reformer, the censor, and tribunal against the corruption of the times and of sovereigns, against foreign
1612:
cultivates Muslim spirituality; Many revivalist movements have a community-building orientation, focusing on collective worship, education, charity or simple sociability. Many local movements are linked up with national or transnational organizations which sponsor charitable, educational and
1583:
The term "Islamic revival" encompasses "a wide variety of movements, some intolerant and exclusivist, some pluralistic; some favorable to science, some anti-scientific; some primarily devotional, and some primarily political; some democratic, some authoritarian; some pacific, some violent".
1286:). These efforts frequently drew inspiration from the hadith in which Muhammad states: "God will send to His community at the head of each century those who will renew its faith for it". Throughout Islamic history, Muslims looked to reforming religious leaders to fulfil the role of a
1925:
In many Muslim countries, there has been a growth of networks of religious schools. "Graduates holding a degree in religious science are now entering the labour market and tend, of course, to advocate the
Islamization of education and law in order to improve their job prospects."
1297:
The modern movement of
Islamic revival has been compared with earlier efforts of a similar nature: The "oscillat between periods of strict religious observance and others of devotional laxity" in Islamic history was striking enough for "the Muslim historian,
1682:
failed to deliver on its promises. According to a common assessment offered at the time, "the Jews had deserved victory by being truer to their religion than the Arabs had been to theirs". After a period of introspection and rise of religious discourse, the
1820:
In reaction to Islamist opposition during the 1980s, even avowedly secular Muslim states "endeavoured to promote a brand of conservative Islam and to organise an `official Islam`". Official radio stations and journals opened up to fundamentalist preaching.
1434:
in South Asia. Today it is one of the most influential Islamic parties in the Indian sub-continent, spanning three countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh), although the different national parties have no organisational link between them. Muhammed
1669:
The above reasons are generally agreed to be the ultimate causes of the Islamic revival. There were also specific political events which heralded the revival. Major historical turning points in the Islamic revival include, in chronological order:
1638:
The increased integration of world societies as a result of enhanced communications, media, travel, and migration makes meaningful the concept of a single Islam practiced everywhere in similar ways, and an Islam which transcends national and ethnic
1443:
Islamic revivalist movement, in 1925. It is now a worldwide movement with over 50 million active followers, it is a non-political movement which focuses on increasing the Muslims' faith and for them to return to the sunnah way of life.
1816:
Afghanistan. Other regimes, such as countries in the Persian Gulf region, and the secular countries of Iraq, Egypt, Libya, and Pakistan, while not a product of the resurgence, have made some concessions to its growing popularity.
1079:
for revivalist movements, which may be "intolerant and exclusivist", or "pluralistic"; "favorable to science", or against it; "primarily devotional", or "primarily political"; democratic, or authoritarian; pacific, or violent.
1510:
between Muslims and Christians previously unseen in many Middle Eastern countries. Another motivation was the newfound wealth and discovered political leverage brought to much of the Muslim world in the aftermath of the
1881:
government made Friday an official holy day in 1976. The family law of 1984 "re-introduced some sharia elements" such as Quranic dissymmetry between men and women, and the official policy of Arabisation led to a
1633:
Contemporary Islamic revival includes a feeling of a "growing universalistic Islamic identity" as often shared by Muslim immigrants and their children who live in non-Muslim countries. According to Ira Lapidus,
1899:
In Morocco, at the end of the 1990s, more doctorates were written in religious sciences than in social sciences and literature. In Saudi Arabia, the absolute majority of doctorates were in religious sciences.
1571:, the revival was also motivated by the migration of many Egyptians during the 1980s to the Gulf countries in search of work; when they returned, returning especially in the aftermath of the
1274:
has seen periodic calls for a renewed commitment to the fundamental principles of Islam and it has also seen periodic calls for the reconstruction of society in accordance with the
1447:
Whether or not the contemporary revival is part of an historical cycle, the uniqueness of the close association of the Muslim community with its religion has been noted by scholar
1896:
Even the Marxist government of Afghanistan, before it was overthrown, introduced religious programs on television in 1986, and declared Islam to be the state religion in 1987.
1502:
during the preceding decades, and which were increasingly seen as authoritarian, ineffective and lacking cultural authenticity. Further motivation for the revival included the
1874:
In Sudan, the sharia penal code was proclaimed in 1983. South Yemen (formerly the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) made polygamy legal with a new Family Code in 1992.
421:
129:
1567:
political system, there was a general idea amongst many Muslims by the late 1970s that secularism had failed in the Middle East to deliver the demands of the masses. In
1064:
occurring every century. They manifest in renewed commitment to the fundamentals of Islam, the teachings of the Quran and hadith (aka traditions) of the Islamic prophet
2884:
1591:
among ordinary Muslims. In the 1970s and 80s there were more veiled women in the streets. One striking example of it is the increase in attendance at the
2020:
1662:
higher expectations and reality among many in the Muslim world was an important factor. Gulf oil money was also a huge factor, in a phenomenon known as
1524:
1137:
416:
124:
2123:
1907:
1559:- resulting in Saudi Arabia's newfound dominance over Arab countries – the Islamic revival became especially potent amongst Muslims worldwide. With
4046:
3864:
538:
505:
1302:
to ponder its causes 600 years ago, and speculate that it could be "attributed ... to features of ecology and social organization peculiar to the
4062:
1140:
spent by Saudi Arabia and other gulf states around the Muslim world to encourage the following of stricter, more conservative strains of Islam.
550:
1132:; perceived successes of Islam included the surprising victory of Islamist forces against a well-armed and financed secular monarch in the 1979
840:
4222:
3808:
490:
1893:
were given right of access to the universities and allowed to apply for civil service positions, introducing it to religious-minded people.
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1604:
Among revivalist currents, neo-fundamentalism predominates, stressing obedience to Islamic law and ritual observance. There have also been
575:
500:
1834:
was "the main source of legislation". In 1991, the Egyptian Security Court condemned the writer Ala'a Hamid to eight years in prison for
526:
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4135:
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of 1973 was fought in the name of Islam rather than pan-Arabism and the greater success of Arab armies was seen to validate the change.
993:
830:
218:
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495:
1290:(lit., renovator). Although there is disagreement over which individuals might actually be identified as such, Muslims agree that
3264:
1536:
1475:
erupted, a worldwide Islamic revival emerged in response to the success of the revolution, owing in large part to the failure of
835:
3269:
1563:, traditionally a source of secular Arab culture, fractured between Muslim and Christian, exposing the failures of its secular
3596:
3724:
2866:
2212:
1266:, Muslims believed they had not succeeded in creating and maintaining a society that truly followed the principles of their
2387:
1878:
2151:
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2374:
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17:
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2354:
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1937:
and presented early ideas of an Islamic alternative to socialism and capitalism. Perhaps his most important work was
687:
475:
4094:
4002:
2307:
Lapidus, Ira M. (1997). "Islamic Revival and Modernity: The Contemporary Movements and the Historical Paradigms".
1459:". In the last few decades ending in 2000, rather than scientific knowledge and secularism edging aside religion,
4196:
3898:
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2035:
1244:
Allah will raise for this community at the end of every 100 years the one who will renovate its religion for it.
4237:
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3012:
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2536:
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which occurred in late 1979 amidst the revival; both of these events encouraged the rise of the phenomenon of "
1120:
ruling elites that were increasingly seen as authoritarian, ineffective and lacking cultural authenticity; the
1060:
is an important religious concept, called for periodically throughout Islamic history and according to a sahih
986:
4316:
697:
2877:
Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (CERI Series in Comparative Politics and International Studies)
737:
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1786:(accepting a scholar's decision without investigating it); and at the same time a strong commitment to the
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31:
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3447:
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3189:
162:
4258:
4227:
3658:
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1807:
1691:
1564:
1359:, "one of the most influential Muslim reformers" of the era, traveled the Muslim world, advocating for
1349:
1168:
1128:
with Israel; the fall of previously prosperous multi-confessional Lebanon into a destructive sectarian
807:
470:
284:
86:
1975:
1575:, they brought the neo-Wahhabist ideologies and more conservative customs of the Gulf back with them.
3739:
3085:
2917:
2758:
Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza (1993). "Reviewed work: The Islamic Movement of Iraqi Shias, Joyce N. Wiley".
2045:
1889:
In secular Turkey, religious teaching in schools was made compulsory in 1983. Religious graduates of
1547:
worldwide. As such, it has been argued that with both of the Islamic superpowers in the Middle East (
979:
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249:
4115:
3729:
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interview by Robin Wright of UK Foreign Secretary (at the time) Lord Carrington in November 1981,
1211:, which cultivates Muslim spirituality; and classical fundamentalism, which stresses obedience to
3372:
3284:
3279:
3239:
3169:
2333:
The terms commonly used for Islamic revival movements are fundamentalist, Islamist or revivalist.
1621:
1423:
1356:
877:
3397:
1702:, agrees that the tripling in the price of oil in the mid-1970s and the progressive takeover of
1105:
attacks by radical Islamist groups. A feeling of a "growing universalistic Islamic identity" or
619:
3813:
3527:
3452:
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3219:
3157:
2975:
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1930:
1460:
1345:
1306:", namely the tension between the easy living in the towns and the austere life in the desert.
1156:
1098:
752:
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4130:
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2604:
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and other petroleum exporting Gulf states during the mid-to-late 1970s. In an effort by the
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1516:
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742:
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531:
91:
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1890:
8:
4201:
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3522:
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2050:
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Politically, Islamic resurgence runs the gamut from Islamist regimes in Iran, Sudan, and
1739:
1415:
922:
872:
71:
4145:
4120:
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3609:
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3033:
2783:
2775:
2494:
2324:
1605:
1556:
1503:
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1387:
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1129:
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847:
692:
677:
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The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf, and the Shi'i International
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3412:
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3119:
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2890:
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2822:
2787:
2676:
2532:
2498:
2442:
2370:
2350:
2208:
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1948:
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revivalists attempting to reconcile Islamic beliefs with contemporary values and neo-
1419:
1396:
1360:
1310:
1192:
1164:
927:
857:
792:
757:
732:
712:
624:
585:
561:
310:
262:
223:
208:
184:
141:
136:
81:
43:
1262:(lit., regeneration, renewal) has been an important religious concept. Early in the
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influence, political opportunism, moral laxity, and the forgetting of sacred texts.
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1263:
1250:
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747:
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during the period from being the most influential Arab country as a result of the
1087:", ranging from increased number of sharia-based legal statutes, of attendance at
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and Saudi Arabia) espousing Islamist ideologies by the end of the 1970s, and the
1512:
1440:
1436:
1407:
1382:
1314:
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1010:
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902:
707:
614:
445:
279:
119:
114:
76:
4150:
4007:
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3698:
3581:
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3422:
3367:
3304:
3152:
2391:
2200:
1684:
1495:
1411:
1368:
1333:
1172:
1160:
1117:
915:
862:
772:
722:
682:
649:
609:
543:
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435:
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381:
335:
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in Afghanistan in the late 1970s. The Mujahideen were a major beneficiary of
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Preachers and scholars who have been described as revivalists (mujaddids) or
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30:"Islamic renaissance" redirects here. For the Tunisian political party, see
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The revival has been manifested in greater piety and a growing adoption of
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2922:
2025:
1729:
1711:
1679:
1675:
1663:
1520:
1491:
1480:
1392:
1378:
1303:
1299:
1184:
1176:
1125:
882:
777:
762:
639:
568:
2927:
1963:
964:
3997:
3869:
3857:
3693:
3576:
3492:
3075:
2993:
2328:
2040:
1939:
1725:
1484:
1456:
1403:
1329:
1232:
1208:
1113:
852:
634:
396:
153:
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Some of the more famous revivalists and revival movements include the
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2746:
2030:
1835:
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But not necessarily transnational political or social organisations:
1540:
411:
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2928:
Africa and Islamic Revival: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
2528:
The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography
2153:
The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography
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1803:
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has "increasingly represented the cutting edge" of Muslim culture.
1279:
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1204:
1196:
1065:
1047:
391:
267:
109:
51:
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The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam will Shape the Future
1706:
in the 1974–1980 period, provided the source of much influence of
1294:
have been an important force in the history of Islamic societies.
3840:
3784:
3668:
3340:
3224:
3028:
2988:
2207:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 521–523.
1934:
1813:
1560:
1439:
was an Indian Islamic scholar who founded the widely influential
1426:
established the world's first modern Islamic republic, Pakistan.
1318:
1147:, by differing sects and groups, in the history of Islam include
376:
148:
2369:
Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge,
3102:
2388:""September 11 and the Struggle for Islam" by Robert W. Hefner"
1920:
Robin Wright, Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the Middle East
1856:
1830:
1791:
1782:
1770:
in the mid 1980s and the government recognition of these banks.
1767:
1609:
1544:
1283:
1227:
1213:
1069:
1061:
1042:
297:
190:
1859:
the exclusive source of law of the state was introduced after
1195:, have been described as such. Academics often use the terms "
1112:
Explanations for the revival include the perceived failure of
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3124:
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1787:
1718:
1598:
1568:
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1322:
1275:
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1038:
316:
304:
256:
66:
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in Egypt increased "from 1985 in 1986–7 to 4314 in 1995–6".
1838:. By the mid 1990s, the official Islamic journal in Egypt –
1203:" interchangeably. Contemporary revivalist currents include
2932:
1695:
1593:
1548:
1109:
among immigrants in non-Muslim countries was also evident.
1089:
2439:
Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror
2347:
Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror
2263:
2261:
1710:
in the Islamic World, in the aforementioned phenomenon of
1451:
who observed that "of all the major cultural domains" the
1072:, and reconstruction of society in accordance with them.
2872:, Cambridge University Press; 2 edition (August 26, 2002)
2861:
Pioneers of Islamic Revival (Studies in Islamic Society)
2309:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
2258:
1601:, which grew from 90,000 in 1926 to 2 million in 1979.
1430:
was the later leader of this movement who established
1406:, Islamic revivalist intellectuals and statesmen like
2475:"Islamic Revivalism: The Case of the Tablighi Jamaat"
1124:
whose governments were humiliatingly defeated in the
2002:
1525:
International propagation of conservative revivalist
2847:
The Failure of Political Islam muslim world league.
2021:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
1848:. The number of "teaching institutes dependent" on
1225:The concept of Islamic revival is based on a sahih
1083:
In the late 20th century, Islamic revival brought "
2821:
2244:
1037:, "Islamic awakening") refers to a revival of the
2735:Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the Middle East
2656:by Robin Wright, Simon and Schuster (1985), p. 67
2441:. London: Yale University Press. pp. 27–29.
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
1506:, which began in 1975 and resulted in a level of
1371:has been called "the most influential figure" of
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2662:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
1253:, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim , Hadith Number 4278
1075:In academic literature, "Islamic revival" is an
27:Movements to revive the faith in Islamic history
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2113:
2111:
1553:isolation of the traditionally secularist Egypt
1231:(a saying attributed to Muhammad), recorded by
1045:. A leader of a revival is known in Islam as a
3761:
2672:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought
2595:
2221:
2195:
2193:
2156:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 24–25.
1220:
2948:
2659:
2578:
2349:. London: Yale University Press. p. 27.
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1995:politics and economics based on speculation.
1696:Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
987:
2794:
2760:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2696:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2108:
1828:was made to specify (in article 2) that the
1752:to Iran in 1979 and his establishment of an
1742:introduces Islamic legal system in Pakistan.
1455:"seems to have been the least penetrated by
1041:religion, usually centered around enforcing
1025:
539:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
2675:. Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
2411:Sohail H. Hashimi, "Afghani, Jamal Al-Din"
1766:The establishment of many Islamic banks in
1732:, and would ultimately lead to the rise of
4136:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
2955:
2941:
2552:
2413:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
2170:
2128:
2089:
2069:described by the French Islam researchers
1863:in 1977, and finally passed in 1993 under
1466:
994:
980:
2518:
2436:
2344:
2286:
2274:
1717:The opening of the first Islamic bank in
831:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
2654:Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam
2628:Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam
1867:'s government. The number of registered
1340:movement of the 19th century, preachers
3265:Justice and Development Party (Morocco)
2306:
2271:, Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 75
2199:
1871:rose from 137 in 1947 to 3906 in 1995.
1774:
1537:consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
1498:ruling elites, which had dominated the
1175:. In the 20th century, figures such as
14:
4304:
3270:Justice and Development Party (Turkey)
2524:
2515:, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 43
2427:by Cyril Glasse, Altamira, 2008, p. 15
2269:Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam
2149:
1024:, lit., "regeneration, renewal"; also
4028:
3760:
3725:International propagation of Salafism
3544:
2936:
1678:helped to convince many Muslims that
1617:governed Islamic state and society".
1217:(Islamic law) and ritual observance.
3829:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
2882:
2757:
2531:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 24.
2513:The Koran, a very short introduction
1958:
1797:
1694:, which led to the formation of the
3545:
3039:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists
2472:
1947:), considered an important work of
1877:In Algeria, the leftist secularist
1780:along with "vehement rejection" of
1239:, who reported that Muhammad said:
1026:
1014:
24:
2853:
2575:, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2019), pp. 21–36
2479:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
1903:In Syria, despite the rule of the
551:Principles of State and Government
527:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
25:
4328:
4141:Popular Arab and Islamic Congress
2911:
2668:
2598:"A Theory of the Islamic Revival"
1578:
1477:secular Arab nationalist movement
1122:secular Arab nationalist movement
476:List of Islamic political parties
4029:
2573:Journal of Globalization Studies
2005:
1962:
1842:– had a higher circulation than
1483:and popular disappointment with
963:
952:
4197:Contemporary Islamic philosophy
2751:
2740:
2727:
2646:
2633:
2621:
2561:
2525:Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (1991).
2505:
2466:
2455:
2430:
2418:
2405:
2380:
2338:
2150:Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (1991).
2036:Contemporary Islamic philosophy
1471:After the late 1970s, when the
1138:hundreds of billions of dollars
4131:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
3260:Justice and Construction Party
2869:A History of Islamic Societies
2824:The Failure of Political Islam
2819:
2800:
2717:
2248:
2205:A History of Islamic Societies
2098:
2063:
1258:Within the Islamic tradition,
1054:Within the Islamic tradition,
13:
1:
4202:Islamic response to modernity
2889:. W.W. Norton & Company.
2737:, Penguin Press, 2008, p. 245
2425:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
1527:strains of Islam favored by
698:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
2962:
2918:The Islamic revival in Egypt
2828:. Harvard University Press.
2083:
1954:
1891:İmam Hatip secondary schools
1855:In Pakistan, a bill to make
1674:The Arab defeat in the 1967
32:Islamic Renaissance Movement
7:
3805:Militant Islamism based in
3448:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
1998:
1908:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
1886:Islamisation of education.
1597:, the annual pilgrimage to
1221:Early history of revivalism
1032:
1019:
487:Militant Islamism based in
10:
4333:
4259:Political aspects of Islam
3659:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
3245:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
2813:
2803:Failure of Political Islam
2720:Failure of Political Islam
2630:by Robin Wright, pp. 65–66
2569:Islamism and Globalization
2251:Failure of Political Islam
2101:Failure of Political Islam
1808:Political aspects of Islam
1801:
1692:energy crisis of the 1970s
1355:In the late 19th century,
1350:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
1169:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
808:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
471:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
130:Salafism by country/region
29:
4280:
4246:
4215:
4179:
4116:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
4106:
4039:
4035:
4024:
3970:
3909:
3798:
3777:
3773:
3756:
3717:
3674:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
3649:
3595:
3564:
3557:
3553:
3540:
3358:
3328:
3215:Freedom and Justice Party
3205:
3140:
3133:
3021:
2974:
2970:
2923:Islamic revival in Jordan
2863:; London: Zed Books, 1994
2772:10.1017/S0020743800059560
2669:Brown, Daniel W. (1996).
2046:Islamization of knowledge
1652:
1336:(~1564–1624), the Indian
935:Islam and other religions
888:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi
417:International propagation
125:International propagation
4090:(Izetbegović, 1969-1970)
3889:in the Arabian Peninsula
3730:Islamic religious police
3290:Prosperous Justice Party
3250:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
2437:R. Habeck, Mary (2006).
2345:R. Habeck, Mary (2006).
2321:10.1163/1568520972601486
2056:
1479:in the aftermath of the
579:Governance of the Jurist
3373:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
3285:Malaysian Islamic Party
3280:National Iraqi Alliance
3240:Islamic Salvation Front
3170:Islamic Defenders Front
2473:Ali, Jan (April 2003).
1613:missionary activities.
1467:Contemporary revivalism
1367:. His sometime acolyte
1357:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
1033:aṣ-Ṣaḥwah l-ʾIslāmiyyah
688:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
3814:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
3528:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
3453:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
3310:State of Law Coalition
3220:Green Algeria Alliance
2491:10.1080/13602000305935
2377:, Chapter 7, pp. 85–89
1931:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
1923:
1650:
1641:
1631:
1535:to counterbalance the
1461:Islamic fundamentalism
1346:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
1278:and the traditions of
1256:
1157:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
753:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
169:Islamic fundamentalism
3917:Hibatullah Akhundzada
3740:Sufi–Salafi relations
3383:Hibatullah Akhundzada
2867:Lapidus, Ira Marvin,
2820:Roy, Olivier (1994).
1912:
1826:constitution of Egypt
1645:
1636:
1626:
1620:According to scholar
1241:
826:Criticism of Islamism
820:Criticism of Islamism
738:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
655:Hibatullah Akhundzada
4317:Political neologisms
4156:September 11 attacks
4126:Grand Mosque seizure
3932:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
3927:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
3689:Muhammad Al-Munajjid
3398:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
3315:Islamic Action Front
2859:Rahnema, Ali ;
2596:Jean-Paul Carvalho.
2415:, Thomson Gale, 2004
1775:Scholarship and fiqh
1761:Grand Mosque Seizure
1648:communal activities.
1517:Grand Mosque seizure
1385:would establish the
1379:Muhammad Rashid Rida
1068:, the divine law of
660:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi
620:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
577:Islamic Government:
4088:Islamic Declaration
3637:Young Kashgar Party
2883:Vali, Nasr (2006).
2051:Islam and modernity
1929:In Iraq, Ayatollah
1850:Al-Azhar University
1543:ideologies to many
1416:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
1388:Ikhwan al-Muslimeen
1107:transnational Islam
970:Politics portal
923:Islam and modernity
581:("Velayat-e faqih")
563:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
4146:Algerian Civil War
4121:Iranian Revolution
4080:Islamic Government
3978:Islam and violence
3952:Juhayman al-Otaybi
3865:Sub-Saharan Africa
3610:Authenticity Party
3378:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
3185:Muslim Brotherhood
3034:Islamic governance
1974:. You can help by
1861:General Zia's coup
1573:Gulf War in Kuwait
1557:Camp David Accords
1504:Lebanese Civil War
1473:Iranian Revolution
1373:Modernist Salafism
1201:Islamic revivalist
1177:Sayyid Rashid Rida
1134:Iranian Revolution
848:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
693:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
678:Abu Hamza al-Masri
506:Sub-Saharan Africa
466:Muslim Brotherhood
441:Iranian Revolution
351:Islamic Golden Age
219:Islamic liberalism
199:Islamic governance
18:Islamic revivalism
4299:
4298:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
3988:Islamic terrorism
3983:Islamic extremism
3962:Ayman al-Zawahiri
3957:Omar Abdel-Rahman
3763:Militant Islamism
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3684:Rabee al-Madkhali
3645:
3644:
3536:
3535:
3503:Haji Shariatullah
3463:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
3443:Abul A'la Maududi
3438:Ruhollah Khomeini
3428:Alija Izetbegović
3413:Rached Ghannouchi
3403:Necmettin Erbakan
3360:Political leaders
3354:
3353:
3346:Islamic modernism
3275:National Congress
3207:Political parties
3120:Two-nation theory
3054:Islamic socialism
3044:Islamic democracy
2214:978-0-521-51430-9
1992:
1991:
1949:Islamic economics
1840:Al-Liwa al-Islami
1798:Political aspects
1420:Two-Nation Theory
1397:constitutionalism
1361:Islamic modernism
1348:(1702–1762), and
1193:Ruhollah Khomeini
1189:Abul A'la Maududi
1165:Ashraf Ali Thanwi
1116:, in the form of
1004:
1003:
858:Abdelwahab Meddeb
793:Haji Shariatullah
758:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
743:Abul A'la Maududi
733:Ruhollah Khomeini
713:Rached Ghannouchi
625:Ruhollah Khomeini
532:Rashīd Rīďha 1922
422:by country/region
311:Two-nation theory
263:Islamic terrorism
224:Islamic socialism
209:Islamic democracy
185:Apostasy in Islam
142:Deobandi jihadism
137:Deobandi movement
16:(Redirected from
4324:
4187:Anti-imperialism
4082:(Khomeini, 1970)
4058:(Khomeini, 1940)
4037:
4036:
4026:
4025:
3775:
3774:
3758:
3757:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3541:
3508:Hassan Al-Turabi
3320:United Arab List
3138:
3137:
3069:Islamic republic
3064:Islamic monarchy
3049:Islamic feminism
2972:
2971:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2827:
2808:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2715:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2666:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2603:. Archived from
2602:
2593:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2470:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2390:. Archived from
2384:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2284:
2281:
2272:
2265:
2256:
2246:
2219:
2218:
2197:
2168:
2167:
2147:
2126:
2119:Sunan Abu Dawood
2115:
2106:
2096:
2077:
2067:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1987:
1984:
1966:
1959:
1921:
1905:Arab nationalist
1754:Islamic republic
1724:The rise of the
1428:Abul Ala Maududi
1264:history of Islam
1254:
1251:Sunan Abu Dawood
1149:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1035:
1029:
1028:
1027:الصحوة الإسلامية
1022:
1016:
996:
989:
982:
968:
967:
959:Islam portal
957:
956:
955:
841:in North America
798:Hassan Al-Turabi
748:Abul Hasan Nadwi
341:Anti-imperialism
239:Islamic republic
234:Islamic monarchy
214:Islamic feminism
54:
48:
47:
37:
36:
21:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4268:
4264:Political Islam
4242:
4211:
4207:Islamic revival
4175:
4108:
4102:
4098:(Gaddafi, 1975)
4031:
4012:
3966:
3937:Osama bin Laden
3922:Anwar al-Awlaki
3905:
3899:in North Africa
3846:Lashkar-e-Taiba
3794:
3790:Salafi jihadism
3769:
3744:
3713:
3679:Safar al-Hawali
3641:
3591:
3549:
3547:Salafi movement
3532:
3408:Muammar Gaddafi
3393:Hassan al-Banna
3361:
3350:
3324:
3255:Jamiat-e Islami
3201:
3175:Jamaat-e-Islami
3163:in Central Asia
3141:Socio-political
3129:
3017:
3006:Salafi jihadism
2966:
2961:
2914:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2856:
2854:Further reading
2840:
2838:
2836:
2816:
2811:
2799:
2795:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2733:Wright, Robin,
2732:
2728:
2716:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2667:
2660:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2594:
2579:
2567:Leonid Grinin,
2566:
2562:
2558:Lapidus, p. 829
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2523:
2519:
2511:Cook, Michael,
2510:
2506:
2471:
2467:
2462:Jamaat-e-Islami
2460:
2456:
2449:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2343:
2339:
2305:
2301:
2297:Lapidus, p. 828
2296:
2287:
2283:Lapidus, p. 823
2282:
2275:
2267:Kepel, Gilles,
2266:
2259:
2247:
2222:
2215:
2201:Lapidus, Ira M.
2198:
2171:
2164:
2148:
2129:
2116:
2109:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1972:needs expansion
1957:
1922:
1919:
1810:
1802:Main articles:
1800:
1777:
1655:
1606:Islamic liberal
1589:Islamic culture
1581:
1565:confessionalist
1513:1973 oil crisis
1469:
1441:Tablighi Jamaat
1437:Ilyas Kandhlawi
1432:Jamaat-e-Islami
1408:Syed Ahmad Khan
1383:Hassan al-Banna
1272:Islamic history
1270:. As a result,
1255:
1249:
1223:
1181:Hassan al-Banna
1101:preachers, and
1097:, influence of
1085:re-Islamization
1007:Islamic revival
1000:
962:
953:
951:
945:
944:
918:
908:
907:
903:Magnus Ranstorp
821:
813:
812:
708:Hassan al-Banna
673:
665:
664:
615:Muammar Gaddafi
600:
592:
591:
578:
521:
513:
512:
446:Jamaat-e-Islami
369:
361:
360:
356:Islamic revival
331:
323:
322:
280:Political Islam
180:
172:
171:
165:
120:Salafi jihadism
115:Salafi movement
105:
97:
96:
62:
50:
49:
41:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4330:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4247:Related topics
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4238:United Kingdom
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4151:Faith campaign
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4096:The Green Book
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4050:(Iqbal, 1930s)
4048:Reconstruction
4043:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4008:Talibanization
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Akhtar Mansour
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3853:Southeast Asia
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3819:Fatah al-Islam
3816:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3699:Salman al-Ouda
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3582:Sahwa movement
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:Ata Abu Rashta
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3423:Muhammad Iqbal
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3368:Muhammad Abduh
3364:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:Fatah Alliance
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3153:Hizb ut-Tahrir
3150:
3144:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2912:External links
2910:
2909:
2908:
2895:
2880:
2875:Roy, Olivier;
2873:
2864:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2834:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2793:
2766:(4): 718–719.
2750:
2739:
2726:
2695:
2681:
2658:
2645:
2632:
2620:
2577:
2560:
2551:
2537:
2517:
2504:
2485:(1): 173–181.
2465:
2454:
2447:
2429:
2417:
2404:
2379:
2375:978-0878402243
2362:
2355:
2337:
2299:
2285:
2273:
2257:
2220:
2213:
2169:
2162:
2127:
2107:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1969:
1967:
1956:
1953:
1917:
1799:
1796:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1745:The return of
1743:
1737:
1722:
1715:
1688:
1685:Yom Kippur War
1654:
1651:
1580:
1579:Manifestations
1577:
1539:, it exported
1533:Saudi monarchy
1468:
1465:
1412:Muhammad Iqbal
1381:, his protege
1369:Muhammad Abduh
1334:Ahmad Sirhindi
1247:
1235:, narrated by
1222:
1219:
1173:Muhammad Ahmad
1161:Ahmad Sirhindi
1099:fundamentalist
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
991:
984:
976:
973:
972:
947:
946:
943:
942:
937:
932:
931:
930:
919:
916:Related topics
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
863:Maryam Namazie
860:
855:
850:
845:
844:
843:
838:
828:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
773:Ata Abu Rashta
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
723:Muhammad Iqbal
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
683:Muhammad Abduh
680:
674:
672:Key ideologues
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
657:
652:
650:House of Thani
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
610:Omar al-Bashir
607:
601:
599:Heads of state
598:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
572:
565:("Milestones")
559:
547:
535:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
509:
508:
503:
501:Southeast Asia
498:
493:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
456:Salafist Front
453:
448:
443:
438:
436:Hizb ut-Tahrir
427:
426:
425:
424:
419:
409:
407:Sahwa movement
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
382:Dawat-e-Islami
379:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
336:Anti-communism
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
313:
308:
301:
294:
289:
288:
287:
277:
272:
271:
270:
265:
253:
243:
242:
241:
236:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
195:
194:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
167:
166:
159:
158:
157:
156:
146:
145:
144:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
112:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
60:
59:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4329:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4161:War on terror
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4023:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:Major figures
3908:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Ali al-Tamimi
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3651:Major figures
3648:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3625:Islamist Bloc
3623:
3622:
3621:
3620:Al-Nour Party
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:Navvab Safavi
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:Tariq Ramadan
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Safwat Hegazi
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Muhammad Asad
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:Welfare Party
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Turkish model
3113:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Post-Islamism
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:Islamic state
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3013:Shia Islamism
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2898:
2896:9780393066401
2892:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2837:
2835:9780674291409
2831:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2806:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2629:
2624:
2610:on 2017-08-09
2606:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2448:0-300-11306-4
2444:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2394:on 2007-05-02
2393:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2356:0-300-11306-4
2352:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:(4): 444–60.
2314:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2163:9780313247194
2159:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2003:
1996:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1970:This section
1968:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:Our Economics
1942:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1824:In 1971, the
1822:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:and also the
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:nation states
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:Muslim League
1421:
1418:promoted the
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1344:(1263–1328),
1343:
1342:Ibn Taymiyyah
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:(1042–1269),
1324:
1320:
1317:dynasties in
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:Ibn Taymiyyah
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1077:umbrella term
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1008:
997:
992:
990:
985:
983:
978:
977:
975:
974:
971:
966:
961:
960:
949:
948:
941:
938:
936:
933:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
912:
911:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
868:Maajid Nawaaz
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
817:
816:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
783:Navvab Safavi
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:Tariq Ramadan
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:Safwat Hegazi
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:Muhammad Asad
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
669:
668:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:House of Saud
643:
641:
640:Mohammed Omar
638:
636:
633:
631:
630:Mohamed Morsi
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
596:
595:
587:
586:Khomeini 1970
583:
582:
580:
573:
570:
566:
564:
560:
557:
553:
552:
548:
545:
541:
540:
536:
533:
529:
528:
524:
523:
517:
516:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
486:
485:
484:
483:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
451:Salafist Call
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
365:
364:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
327:
326:
319:
318:
314:
312:
309:
307:
306:
302:
300:
299:
295:
293:
292:Post-Islamism
290:
286:
283:
282:
281:
278:
276:
273:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
254:
251:
247:
244:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
230:
229:Islamic state
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
193:
192:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:Shia Islamism
161:
160:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
101:
100:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
58:
57:
53:
45:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4291:North Africa
4206:
4192:Anti-Zionism
4095:
4087:
4079:
4074:(Qutb, 1964)
4071:
4066:(Asad, 1961)
4063:
4056:Forty Hadith
4055:
4047:
4030:Other topics
3632:People Party
3572:Ahl-i Hadith
3518:Ahmed Yassin
3498:Ali Shariati
3433:Ali Khamenei
3107:
3093:Pan-Islamism
3086:of knowledge
3081:Islamization
2900:. Retrieved
2885:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2846:
2839:. Retrieved
2823:
2802:
2796:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2742:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2686:. Retrieved
2671:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2612:. Retrieved
2605:the original
2572:
2563:
2554:
2542:. Retrieved
2527:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2457:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:the original
2382:
2365:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2268:
2255:: pp. 126–27
2250:
2204:
2152:
2117:
2100:
2071:Gilles Kepel
2065:
2013:Islam portal
1993:
1980:
1976:adding to it
1971:
1944:
1938:
1928:
1924:
1913:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1865:Nawaz Sharif
1854:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1781:
1778:
1704:Saudi Aramco
1700:Gilles Kepel
1668:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1603:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1529:Saudi Arabia
1508:sectarianism
1500:Muslim world
1470:
1453:Muslim world
1449:Michael Cook
1446:
1401:
1386:
1377:
1365:pan-Islamism
1354:
1338:Ahl-i Hadith
1308:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1259:
1257:
1243:
1242:
1237:Abu Hurairah
1226:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1144:
1142:
1111:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1030:
1017:
1006:
1005:
950:
940:Islamophobia
898:Shiraz Maher
893:Gilles Kepel
803:Ahmed Yassin
788:Ali Shariati
728:Ali Khamenei
605:Ali Khamenei
576:
574:
562:
549:
537:
525:
481:
480:
429:
428:
387:Ahl-i Hadith
371:
355:
346:Anti-Zionism
315:
303:
296:
275:Pan-Islamism
255:
250:of knowledge
246:Islamization
189:
61:Fundamentals
4171:Arab Winter
4166:Arab Spring
3947:Mullah Omar
3809:MENA region
3735:Petro-Islam
3709:Al-Uthaymin
3483:Rashid Rida
3468:Sayyid Qutb
3458:Mullah Omar
3336:Ansar Allah
3180:Millî Görüş
2902:23 December
2724:: pp. 92–93
2641:Sacred Rage
2544:17 December
2075:Olivier Roy
2026:Petro-Islam
1933:criticized
1730:Petro-Islam
1712:Petro-Islam
1680:pan-Arabism
1676:Six-Day War
1664:Petro-Islam
1622:Olivier Roy
1541:neo-Wahhabi
1521:Petro-Islam
1496:Westernized
1492:Middle East
1481:Six-Day War
1393:nationalism
1352:(d. 1792).
1332:revivalist
1304:Middle East
1300:Ibn Khaldun
1185:Sayyid Qutb
1145:mujaddideen
1126:Six-Day War
1118:Westernized
883:Bassam Tibi
878:Olivier Roy
778:Rashid Rida
763:Sayyid Qutb
544:Iqbal 1930s
491:MENA region
461:Millî Görüş
4306:Categories
4286:South Asia
4228:Gaza Strip
4180:Influences
4107:Historical
4072:Milestones
4064:Principles
3998:Mujahideen
3875:al-Shabaab
3870:Boko Haram
3858:Abu Sayyaf
3836:South Asia
3694:Zakir Naik
3577:Madkhalism
3565:Scholastic
3523:Zia-ul-Haq
3493:Omar Bongo
3158:in Britain
3076:Islamistan
2994:Khomeinism
2682:0521570778
2614:2018-08-20
2538:0313247196
2398:2007-05-10
2041:Islamistan
1940:Iqtisaduna
1740:Zia-ul-Haq
1726:Mujahideen
1523:" and the
1457:irreligion
1404:South Asia
1330:Naqshbandi
1233:Abu Dawood
1209:neo-Sufism
1114:secularism
873:Sam Harris
853:Farag Foda
635:Zia ul-Haq
496:South Asia
397:Madkhalism
372:Scholastic
330:Influences
154:Khomeinism
104:Ideologies
92:Secularism
4284:Islam in
4254:Criticism
4216:by region
3799:Movements
3664:Al-Albani
3605:Al Asalah
3597:Political
3587:Wahhabism
3558:Movements
3513:Malcolm X
3235:Hezbollah
3134:Movements
2788:161657254
2499:143034327
2084:Citations
2031:Ahmadiyya
1955:Criticism
1869:madrassas
1836:blasphemy
1747:Ayatollah
1708:Wahhabism
1311:Almoravid
1292:mujaddids
1130:civil war
1103:terrorist
1093:, use of
928:Modernism
836:in Europe
569:Qutb 1965
556:Asad 1961
520:Key texts
430:Political
412:Wahhabism
368:Movements
204:Caliphate
82:Economics
4312:Islamism
3884:al-Qaeda
3778:Ideology
3767:Jihadism
3615:Al-Islah
3295:Al Wefaq
3195:in Syria
3190:in Egypt
3148:Deobandi
3022:Concepts
3001:Salafism
2984:Islamism
2964:Islamism
2639:Wright,
2203:(2014).
1999:See also
1983:May 2017
1918:—
1884:de facto
1845:Al-Ahram
1804:Islamism
1763:of 1979.
1750:Khomeini
1734:Al-Qaeda
1639:customs.
1422:and the
1288:mujaddid
1280:Muhammad
1268:religion
1248:—
1205:Jihadism
1197:Islamist
1066:Muhammad
1048:mujaddid
482:Militant
392:Deobandi
268:Jihadism
179:Concepts
110:Islamism
87:Politics
52:Islamism
44:a series
42:Part of
4223:Balkans
4003:Slavery
3971:Related
3894:in Iraq
3841:Taliban
3785:Qutbism
3718:Related
3669:Ibn Baz
3341:Taliban
3329:Related
3225:Ennahda
3029:Emirate
2989:Qutbism
2976:Outline
2841:2 April
2814:Sources
2807:: p. 26
2643:, p. 66
2329:3632403
2124:37:4278
1935:Marxism
1814:Taliban
1561:Lebanon
1545:mosques
1490:in the
1485:secular
1399:, etc.
1319:Maghreb
1315:Almohad
1199:" and "
1039:Islamic
377:Barelvi
285:aspects
248: (
149:Qutbism
77:Culture
72:History
4109:events
3103:Sharia
2893:
2879:, 1994
2832:
2805:, 1994
2786:
2780:164565
2778:
2722:, 1994
2688:10 May
2679:
2535:
2497:
2445:
2373:
2353:
2327:
2253:, 1994
2211:
2160:
2105:: p. 4
2103:, 1994
1857:sharia
1831:sharia
1792:Sunnah
1783:taqlid
1768:Turkey
1653:Causes
1610:Sufism
1327:Indian
1284:hadith
1260:tajdid
1228:hadith
1214:Sharia
1191:, and
1171:, and
1136:; and
1070:sharia
1062:hadith
1057:tajdid
1043:sharia
1020:tajdīd
1011:Arabic
298:Sharia
191:Takfir
4233:Sudan
4040:Texts
3993:Jihad
3824:Hamas
3230:Hadas
3125:Ummah
3109:Shura
2801:Roy,
2784:S2CID
2776:JSTOR
2718:Roy,
2608:(PDF)
2601:(PDF)
2495:S2CID
2325:JSTOR
2249:Roy,
2099:Roy,
2057:Notes
1788:Quran
1719:Dubai
1599:Mecca
1569:Egypt
1323:Spain
1276:Quran
1095:hijab
1015:تجديد
402:Nurcu
317:Ummah
305:Shura
257:Jihad
67:Islam
2904:2015
2891:ISBN
2843:2015
2830:ISBN
2690:2018
2677:ISBN
2546:2014
2533:ISBN
2443:ISBN
2371:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2209:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2073:and
1806:and
1790:and
1759:The
1690:The
1594:Hajj
1549:Iran
1494:and
1363:and
1321:and
1313:and
1090:Hajj
2768:doi
2487:doi
2317:doi
1978:.
1879:FLN
1402:In
4308::
2845:.
2782:.
2774:.
2764:25
2762:.
2698:^
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2580:^
2571:,
2493:.
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2331:.
2323:.
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2110:^
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