723:"Respectability" and "discretion." News, movies, and music aimed at young men often contain stereotypical "easy girl" characters who are sexually taken at will and who are always un-scarfed. This leads many to entertain the idea that women who show their hair are not respectable and are offered (or are offering themselves) sexually to everyone. More generally, advertising and the media present a standard model of how Western women may be assumed to be. This vision of Western women offered by media may lead French Muslim women to wear the veil to affirm their respectability and gain independence from their families who might otherwise be hesitant to allow them that freedom. Some veiled women, while very independent, are using the traditional argument for discretion in order to insist on their right to wear the veil at school.
25:
82:
1273:, in public. The law was constitutionally cleared so that it came into force in April 2011. That debate and ban are separate from the above-discussed debate on the hijab in public schools, in that the new law does not pertain to Islamic scarves but rather to the much rarer full-face versions, as well as other full-face coverings (such as masks and balaclavas), and in that the new law applies to all citizens in public spaces regardless of religion or claimed tradition (and regardless of gender).
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hijab on school trips. Others from
Emmanuel Macron's centrist party also expressed some support for a ban on the hijab on school trips. Others within the party expressed their opposition to those sentiments. Public personalities also came out against the statements. In an open letter, 90 public personalities signed an open letter calling on Macron to come out in support of Muslim mothers wearing the hijab on school trips.
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809:
French government is that secularism in schools is incompatible with wearing ostentatious religious articles, whatever they be. However, in
December 2003, President Chirac extended this policy for all public secondary education establishments, risking fanning the tensions between communities within the multicultural French society. France is home to both the largest Jewish and Muslim minorities in Western Europe.
531:. The students reached an agreement with the school on 9 October 1989, under which they wore the headscarves on school grounds but removed them once they entered their classrooms. On 10 October 1989, the girls again refused to take off their scarves when in class. The girls' actions received more and more press coverage, and Muslim advocacy organizations became involved. In November 1989, the
741:, "Muslims deem the Islamic veil or hijab to be a fundamental part of their identity." Muslims believe that the hijab or veil is symbol of Islam that should not fall under the French idea of secularism. Thus, many French-Muslims claimed that the law banning the veil in public schools was aimed at "forcefully integrating" the Muslim population by restricting their identity.
1219:"Islamization" of French society, the controversy has also fed off fears in certain sections of the Muslim community in France of "forced assimilation" and a slippery slope that would seek to ban more and more expressions of the Muslim faith. The controversy has also, however, brought the issue of the place of Islam in French society to the forefront of debate.
2119:, president of the Neither Whores Nor Submissive association: "I would also like to talk about the girls who don't wear the veil and who are threatened by this pressure that is brought on only by these girls who wear the veil. You really have to understand that in a city today, a girl who wears the veil is respectable, and if she doesn't, she isn't."
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against the law forbidding the veil is one example thereof. A survey conducted by the French polling organization CSA in
January 2004, revealed that more than 90% of French Muslims claim to subscribe to culturally French principles such as the importance of the Republic and equal rights among men and
980:
defended the right of mothers to wear the hijab, claiming that secularism meant defending the religious freedoms of the people. However, French
Education Minister Jean-Michel Blanquer, despite acknowledging the right of women to wear as they pleased, expressed his wish that mothers would not wear the
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While the law forbidding the veil applies to students attending publicly funded primary schools and high schools, it does not refer to universities. Applicable legislation grants them freedom of expression as long as public order is preserved. However, veiled students are sometimes denied attendance.
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In many cases, the exact extent of possible application of the law is hard to ascertain, and has led to further complications: For example, is the law applicable to something other than the
Islamic veil which covers the hair, such as a bandana, which does not outwardly indicate religious affiliation?
808:
Certain individuals and associations consider the scarf to be a symbol of belonging to the Muslim community. According to this line of reasoning, women who wear the veil display their religious and community affiliation, which harms the unity and secularism of the French
Republic. The position of the
899:
An obvious concern that arises is what would qualify as an offensive scarf. The
Islamic requirement for a 'Hijab' is to cover the hair and neck in combination to not wearing tight fitting clothing. As such, Muslim women could wear a combination of a hat and scarf which would qualify as a 'Hijab' but
975:
In 2019, controversy surrounding the law erupted when a Muslim woman chaperoning her son's school field trip was told to remove her veil, sparking a debate regarding the right of private citizens to wear the scarf while taking part in school activities. Far Right politicians pushed for a ban on the
604:
The most debated point is whether or not students have the right to wear the scarf in classes in public establishments such as primary and secondary schools, as well as universities. Meanwhile, the controversy has contributed to discussions of the principle of secularism, which is the foundation of
1239:
In 2004, a year after the law was voted in, one organization opposed to it, called the "Committee of the 15th of March and
Liberty", published a report on the law's effects. The report cites the files of 806 students affected by the law. Of the 806 students, 533 have accepted the law and no longer
1218:
The veil controversy and its legislative consequences have revealed problems associated with the practice of the
Islamic faith insofar as religion in French society and institutions (as opposed to the problems of integration of individuals). Partially fueled by the fear of a "communitarization" or
1828:
carried out in
September 2003, by the BSA Institute gives an idea of the level of racism in France, real or felt. According to this survey, 87% of French people consider racism to be widespread in their country (see p.569 of the French version of the report). However, 14% of French people express
1073:
beach, four armed police officers forced a Muslim woman to take off her burkini. A photo of the incident spread quickly and led to criticism of the ban. The woman was fined 38 euro for wearing the burkini, and four other women were fined 38 euros for wearing their burkinis on the beach in Cannes.
989:
In public hospitals, employees are expected to respect the principle of secularism. In nursing schools, interviews are an official requirement for entry, during which applicants may be asked if they are willing to remove their veil either altogether or for the purpose of wearing a disposable cap,
676:
The importance assigned to head covering varies, from that of colorful head scarves that do not conceal much hair in sub-Saharan Africa, to head scarves that cover the hair and neck to the extent that it should cover all hair, as worn in much of the world, to clothes that cover parts of the face
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A third interpretation of the principle of secularity based on its original formulation recalls that, according to the law, "all are equal to show and express their religious opinions in public as well as in private", and that the French state has the responsibility to guarantee access to free,
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Among authors of this text are Houria Boutelja, founder of the "Les Blédardes" collective and Laurent Lévy, father of Alma and Lila Lévy (see 4). However, Laurent Lévy himself cannot be considered in favor of the veil in schools: "The choice of young women to hide their hair, ears, and neck is
1240:
wear their veils in class. The report also gives an assessment of students who have left the French school system because of this issue. Among them, 67 have pursued their studies abroad. Another 73 of those 806 suspended or expelled from schools over the veil have chosen to take government-run
1120:, in the suburb of Aubervilliers of Paris, ignited an international debate. The LĂ©vy sisters were expelled for wearing the hijab. The girls' father, Laurent LĂ©vy, a Jewish French lawyer, was quick to point out the antisemitic furore regarding the media's focus on his ethnicity, "I am Jewish by
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The collective "Les BlĂ©dardes" sees the controversy over the veil as a manifestation of colonialist sentiments. In 2003, they demand: "Give the veiled girls back their status as students â democracy and the State of justice will come out of this more mature, just as they matured through the
555:
memo", was issued, delineating the difference between "discreet" religious symbols able to be brought into classrooms, and "ostentatious" religious symbols (including the hijab), which were to be forbidden in public establishments. In October of that year, students at Lycée Saint-Exupéry (a
768:
It is often speculated that forbidding the hijab would limit freedom. Rather, the argument put forward by some feminists is that the hijab is not a free choice, but a result of social pressures (i.e., if a law does not forbid the practice of wearing the hijab, social pressure may render it
964:, where integration of large numbers of Muslims is an acute problem, veiled parents are frequently denied entry. In May 2005, the mother of a student was denied permission to run a stand at her son's school festival. After much publicity, the interdiction was lifted. On 14 May 2007, the
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According to the same surveys, more than 30% (about 10% of the population of France is Muslim) of the French do not want a law forbidding the veil in schools. Many individuals and organizations have been opposed to the idea of a law forbidding the veil since it was first proposed.
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The opening of the 2005 school year passed largely without incident, and opposition to the law seems to have given way to broader public opinion. However, the actual number of those who no longer attend French junior high and high schools over their veils is unknown.
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Some would argue that the government attempting to protect Muslim women from the supposed repressiveness of the hijab is a form of paternalism. The banning of the hijab can be viewed as just another way of controlling how women dress by a patriarchal society.
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held that the national authorities were obliged to take great care to ensure that (...) the manifestation by pupils of their religious beliefs on school premises did not take on the nature of an ostentatious act that would constitute a source of pressure and
1018:
affirmed on 5 December 2007 that the ban also apply to clothing elements that were not inherently religious, but had a religious affiliation because of the behaviour of the student. Through this holding, the court upheld expulsions of students wearing a Sikh
800:'s ban on the veil in public workplaces in those terms: "If today we accept the headscarf, tomorrow we'll accept that women's rights to work and vote and receive an education be banned and they'll be seen as just a tool for reproduction and housework."
2614:
2096:: "Certainly, one can hope that the prohibition of the Islamic veil in school will be dissuasive and that many young women will find in the application of this law a way to escape the social pressure more or less against their will." (
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At least two other cities in France followed with similar bans, and one of these laws was appealed to the Conseil dâEtat, who overturned the bans. Immediately after, the burkini ban in Cannes was overturned by a court in Nice.
916:
to examine the interaction between secularism and religious symbols in schools. The Commission released its report in December, endorsing a law that would ban "ostentatious" religious symbols, including the Islamic veil, the
575:
Between 1994 and 2003, around 100 female students were suspended or expelled from middle and high schools for wearing the scarf in class. In nearly half of these cases, their exclusions were annulled by the French courts.
857:." Furthermore, some Islamic feminists have expressed offense at double standards implicit in some (non-Muslim) feminist arguments. Thus, when some feminists began defending the headscarf on the grounds of "tradition",
2247:
On the same site are listed the results of four surveys carried out in October and December, 2003. In each of them, an absolute majority of persons questioned answer in favor of a law forbidding the veil in public
1222:
The veil controversy has been used opportunely to promote the expression of a French form of Islam, distinct from the Islam in the French Muslims' countries of origin. The presence of Muslim Frenchwomen wearing
2715:
506:
According to several researchers, the 2004 headscarf ban "reduces the secondary educational attainment of Muslim girls and affects their trajectory in the labor market and family composition in the long run."
1998:
These views are still held despite women being made free individuals from the advent of Islam, where they had previously been inherited property in pre-Islamic cultures. This is also expressed by individuals:
624:
An abandonment of the principle of secularity for the benefit of total religious freedom, and for the recognition of religious communities. This Anglo-Saxon-based community model was defended most notably by
2610:
1026:
On 4 December 2008, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) affirmed the legality of the ban. Although the cases dated prior to the 2004 law, the Court rationale was consistent with the law: the ECHR
765:
advocacy groups, wearing the scarf can symbolize a woman's submission to men. It is feared that permitting the veil in schools risks opening the door to other practices that exist in the Muslim world.
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On the beginning of the 2004 scholastic year, a very small minority of Muslim students chose to shave their heads in order not to show their hair while at the same time obeying the letter of the law.
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in North Africa, but escalated into a significant public debate in 1989 when three girls were suspended from school for refusing to remove their headscarves. That incident, referred to in France as
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Scholars have drawn connections between France's regulations on headscarves and historical colonialism, as well as France's difficulties in assimilating the Muslim population into society.
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There is no internet site representing this group. On the following sites, there can be found passages by and interviews with members of this group, entirely or partially on the scarf:
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women. The figure falls to 68% for respondents who believe in the separation of church and state. In contrast, a majority (50â60%) of those surveyed responded unfavorably to the law of
976:
scarf in such situations, citing the fact that students had to adhere to a ban on all religious head-coverings, and thus mothers should abide by the same rules. French Prime Minister
1144:
has banned women from wearing hijab in competitive matches. In 2022, the French Senate passed a law that would have codified this ban, although it failed in the National Assembly.
477:
Since 1989, the debate has grown to include the wearing of Islamic coverings on public beaches, when playing sports, and by politicians. The larger debate involves the concept of
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The majority of French people, according to a survey conducted in the last four months of 2003, responded that they would be in favor of a law forbidding the veil in schools.
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have criticised and ruled out France's ban on the burkini, claiming it is a very clear violation of human rights, and it does not respect Muslim women's dignity or modesty.
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The tradition of the headscarf itself has been in existence since before the advent of Islam, and depictions of Mary, mother of Jesus, show her wearing a hair covering. In
1514:
2235:
of teachers carried out from the 22nd to the 24th of January, 2004 by the CSA Institute; 79% of teachers consider the veil incompatible with public service and education
2994:
1784:
This argument ("the veil gets them out of the house") is taken in "Le Foulard et la République", by Françoise Gaspard and Farhad Khosrokhavar, ed. La Découverte, 1995.
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were in favour of a ban for headscarfs and other religious and political symbols in both public and private institutions for children. The poll was made after the
729:
Avoidance of violence in poor neighborhoods, where unveiled women are not safe since they may be targeted for attack by Islamic morality patrols (a concept of the
564:
organized a protest in favor of the right to wear the veil in classrooms. In November, 24 veiled students were suspended from the same high school as well as from
1148:, a collective of Muslim soccer players, protested the bill and are now challenging the FFF ban. France prohibited female athletes from wearing hijabs during the
726:
Muslim identity in the face of what is considered French bigotry against Muslims. Wearing the scarf is also a way for French Muslim women to guard their identity.
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in order to finish their studies. The number of those who have chosen to study via other, non-government forms of correspondence schools is unknown.
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and anti-Islamophobia groups described the ban as a dangerous and illegal threat on basic freedoms, particularly freedom of belief and religion. The
2204:
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1580:
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Alma and Lila LĂ©vy are sisters who rose to fame at the centre of the French controversy over the veil in 2003 when they were expelled from school.
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issued a statement declaring that educators were responsible for allowing or banning the wearing of the scarf in classes on a case-by-case basis.
3258:
2080:: "Rare indeed must be the young women who spontaneously wear spontaneously, outside any pressure from their family or from where they live." (
2003:
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1001:
Some later court decisions have clarified issues that remained open. These decisions were issued by the highest French administrative court, the
2791:
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1972:"Les Penelopes": "Veiled, they are property of masters who designate them, to others and to the girls themselves, as that which is forbidden." (
1797:
433:
3071:
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France-centered arguments were voiced at the time of this controversy in order to justify students' wearing of the scarf in public schools:
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There also exists a notable minority of French non-Muslims who have expressed support for the right to wear the veil in public schools.
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1757:
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1989:
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In 2010, a public debate arose and France passed a law that bans the wearing of full-face covering, including but not limited to
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Schools of Islam, particularly Sunnis, the largest school of Islam, heavily criticizes Wahhabis for being radical and violent(
1069:", from the beach, arguing that it was considered a symbol of Islamic extremism and might spark tensions. Shortly after, on a
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A complete preservation of the "principle of secularism" as an element of freedom. This is the position taken most notably by
1622:
1959:"Les Chiennes de Garde": "It's the symbol of the oppression of women, of a demonization of the body and women's sexuality" (
1768:
1117:
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1711:
Map showing prevalence of Hijab wear across the world and indicating countries where there are restrictions on wearing it.
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932:", was voted in by the French parliament in March 2004. The law permits discreet signs of faith, such as small crosses,
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426:
315:
1957:
The theme of the scarf as a symbol of submission of the woman to the man is found in many a discourse. Among them are:
1668:"Beneath the Veil: Muslim Girls and Islamic Headscarves in Secular France" by Nicky Jones, Macquarie Law Journal, 2009
2952:
2910:
1205:
784:, stated that: "The veil is the visible symbol of the subjugation of women, and therefore has no place in the mixed,
524:
68:
46:
2360:
2133:
2109:
1985:
la Ligue des Droits de l'Homme: "The LDH recalls its hostility to the veil, a symbol of oppression for many women" (
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and other forms of Islamic coverings in public. The cultural framework of the controversy can be traced to France's
39:
557:
112:
3146:
2081:
1839:
716:, Morocco, Turkey), is a relatively recent phenomenon which has been coined "the new veiling" by A. E. MacLeod.
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on the traditional spectrum in France, and has revealed divergences on new political levels, especially between "
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was sparked on 18 September 1989 when three female Moroccan students were suspended for refusing to remove their
320:
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rules." In an interview with the BBC, he explained that his ex-wife, his daughters' mother, is a Muslim from
419:
1537:"Political Secularism and Muslim Integration in the West: Assessing the Effects of the French Headscarf Ban"
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of public schools, as secularism statutes applied to the schools themselves, not the pupils. That December,
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817:
In the mid-2000s, a majority of French educators opposed the veil in general, and particularly in classes.
351:
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women in French society, differences between Islamic doctrine and Islamic tradition, the conflict between
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1322:
1260:
833:
657:" (in an older sense of the French term referring to those who support the liberties of the individual).
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2000:
928:. Chirac adopted these findings "in the spirit of secularism", and the law, sometimes referred to as "
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532:
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The wearing of the scarf or hijab in France, and in the main countries of origin of French Muslims (
2316:
Scott, Joan. "Symptomatic Politics: The Banning of Islamic Head Scarves in french Public Schools".
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Another argument is that making it illegal sends a message that hate crimes may be more tolerable.
33:
3047:"Moving the Goalposts | 'It's brutal' â how French football's hijab ban is affecting Muslim women"
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In France, there is an ongoing social, political, and legal debate concerning the wearing of the
341:
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700:, for example, wearing the scarf is controversially forbidden in certain professional contexts.
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countered: "It's not tradition, it's archaic! French feminists are totally contradictory. When
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2878:"French Court Affirms Auction Sites Ruling : Yahoo Faces Deadline To Block Nazi Items"
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Would veiled parents be able to enter their children's schools? Former education minister
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1396:"L'affaire des «foulards de Creil» : la République laïque face au voile islamique"
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Advice from the Human Rights Commission in Québec on the Muslim veil in public schools
1897:"French-Muslims and the Hijab: An Analysis of Identity and the Islamic Veil in France"
1680:"Perspective | France's ban on the veil looks far more sinister in historical context"
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Secularism and State Policies Toward Religion: The United States, France, and Turkey
2586:"European Court of Human Rights: French Ban on Headscarves in Sports Classes Upheld"
968:(HALDE) affirmed that veiled parents should be allowed to attend school activities.
462:(the veil affair), initially focused the controversy on the wearing of the hijab in
285:
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2016:
Sylviane Agacinsky, philosopher: "The veil symbolizes submission to male authority"
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2523:"Is French laĂŻcitĂ© Still Liberal? The Republican Project under Pressure (2004â15)"
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has stated that the law does not apply whatsoever to the parents of students. The
2843:
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2506:
2475:"UNITED SIKHS will Appeal to the EU Human Rights Court and the UN by End January"
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796:, shares the view of these Islamic feminists and similarly expressed support for
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3072:"The Paris Olympics may look fair and inclusive on TV. The truth is much darker"
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As far as patients are concerned, the rule is to respect religious preferences.
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3020:"French Equality Minister backs the right for women to play football in veils"
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1937:
1912:
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91: National ban â country bans women from wearing full-face veils in public
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2995:"Les Hijabeuses: the female footballers tackling France's on-pitch hijab ban"
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1691:
1562:
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Motivations of French people opposed to allowing hijabs to be worn in schools
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school of thought, a minority which is criticized by other schools of Islam).
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392:
300:
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Example of such a course: sisters Alma and Lila LĂ©vy seen in the newspaper
1472:
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858:
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785:
777:
762:
537:
500:
479:
382:
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792:." Another francophone Muslim influential for his work on public welfare,
669:, many married women cover their hair with a form of headscarf, called a "
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ruled that the scarf's quasi-religious expression was compatible with the
3191:
Presentations of Laurent Fabius and Jean Glavany in the National Assembly
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Why the French Don't Like Headscarves: Islam, the State, and Public Space
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Why the French Don't Like Headscarves: Islam, the State, and Public Space
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172:
2611:"ECHR Press release on decisions Dogru v. France and Kervanci v. France"
1581:"30 ans de l'affaire du foulard de Creil : le voile de la discorde"
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1424:
1236:, and would prefer to see their wife or daughter free to wear the veil.
466:. Because of the wide-ranging social debates caused by the controversy,
3228:
1190: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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High authority for the struggle against discrimination and for equality
654:
2792:"Corsican town becomes third in France to ban the burkini after riots"
2040:
that exist, to varying degrees, in many countries of the Muslim world.
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did not have the right to fire a woman who wore an Islamic headscarf.
681:), and in Saudi Arabia, the entire body, must be covered by the veil (
1400:
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French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
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In most Muslim societies, this obligation is not enforced by law. In
237:
152:
103: Partial ban â government bans full-face veils in some locations
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in case of expulsion of a Sikh from a school based on the 2004 law.
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This debate has thus contributed in blurring the limits between the
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587:) used the controversies to conflate North African immigrants with
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LĂ©vy, Alma; LĂ©vy, Lila; Giraud, VĂ©ronique; Sintomer, Yves (2004).
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Reflections of a French citizen on the application of the law of
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felt by Muslims in France. As far as French people in general, a
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of musical clips containing such stereotypes. Numerous analysts (
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Associations opposed to religious signs in French public schools
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2432:"French government resists calls for school trip headscarf ban"
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2741:"French police apprehend 10 Muslim women for wearing burkinis"
2655:"Cannes bans burkinis over suspected link to radical Islamism"
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has agreed with this stance. However, in some cities, such as
881:
according to what colour your skin is. It's nothing more than
609:
in France. The two principal positions that have emerged are:
583:
argued that right-wing parties (including Jean-Marie Le Pen's
3196:
Presentation of Marie Georges Buffet in the National Assembly
2716:"France's top court rules burkini bans are 'clearly illegal'"
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1775:) consider the image of women in advertising to be degrading.
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142:
120:
2681:"Armed police force woman to remove Burkini on French beach"
1804:. Sociologist Françoise Gaspard speaks of a "demanded veil".
1128:, Algeria. The sisters wrote a book about their experience.
2818:"A French court just overturned the first ever burkini ban"
2054:
1241:
1137:
1070:
3155:
Press review on the veil in schools, on an atheist website
3099:"1 November 2005, "Headscarf defeat riles French Muslims""
1254:
2062:
1361:"How France's Latest Hijab Controversy Fits Into History"
2709:
2707:
2045:, practiced by Muslims in 28 countries, particularly in
1939:(tout particuliĂšrement les quatre derniers paragraphes)
844:
Motivations of French people who do not oppose the hijab
3179:
League for Human Rights and the Rights of the Citizenry
2306:
decidedly regrettable - because of what it symbolizes."
1425:"Scarves, Schools, and Segregation: The Foulard Affair"
1046:
949:
Eventually, the case was settled in court (see below).
97: Local ban â cities or regions ban full-face veils
2967:
2450:"International Religious Freedom Report 2009 - France"
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
2704:
2336:
Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
1116:
The controversial expulsion of the LĂ©vy sisters from
737:
According to a 2008 study by Stephen Croucher in the
3225:
Burka Ban in France: The New Fashion in Civil Rights
2766:"How the world is reacting to France's burqini bans"
1416:
1280:
1454:
873:supported them. But when it's some young girl in a
1227:veils and shouting, "I am French!" in protests in
984:
2127:
2125:
1631:
1507:"France needs to start facing up to Islamophobia"
594:
3235:
2947:. Princeton University Press. pp. 110â112.
2259:Loi sur le port du voile : le débat relancé
2075:This argument is put forward by many, including:
704:Motivations of French Muslims who wear the scarf
2970:Des filles comme les autres: Au-delĂ du foulard
2590:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
2014:origin: "The veil is an antiquated alienation",
1901:Journal of Intercultural Communication Research
1534:
1504:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
739:Journal of Intercultural Communication Research
16:Controversy over wearing of the hijab in France
2122:
1813:There are no objective givens on the level of
1574:
1572:
2363:(in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. 1984-01-26.
1983:published on the website of this association)
1932:
1930:
1664:
1662:
1660:
936:, and the palm-shaped amulets representing a
649:" (proponents of intervention by the secular
427:
3038:
2986:
2299:
1378:
903:
3202:"Integration" of Muslims in other countries
2905:. Cambridge University Press. p. 131.
2324:
2187:Examples of texts which use this argument:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1569:
1354:
1352:
943:
780:, the former president of the organisation
3082:
2789:
2564:Council of State decision Bessam v. France
2243:
2241:
1927:
1657:
1617:. Princeton University Press. p. 84.
1535:Abdelgadir, Aala; Fouka, Vasiliki (2020).
828:In 2013, 86% of respondents in a poll for
607:1905 law of separation of church and state
551:In September 1994, a new memorandum, the "
434:
420:
2925:
2860:
2541:
2521:Vauchez, Stéphanie Hennette (June 2017).
2500:Council of State decision Chain v. France
2430:Chrisafis, Angelique (October 16, 2019).
2429:
1637:
1552:
1393:
1206:Learn how and when to remove this message
1155:
1065:banned full-body swimsuits, also called "
85:Europe burqa bans; map current as of 2022
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
3044:
2992:
1894:
1764:) and coupled with 41% of French in an (
1599:
1349:
865:fought against wearing the headscarf in
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
2876:SHANNON, VICTORIA (November 21, 2000).
2875:
2713:
2520:
2514:
2238:
2019:
1578:
1255:Banning of full face covering in public
990:such as those worn in operating rooms.
803:
629:, as well as some leftists and certain
617:as well as by certain leftists such as
3259:Islamic clothing controversy in France
3236:
3012:
2928:"Jewish dad backs headscarf daughters"
2861:Ben Simon, Daniel (October 17, 2003).
2841:
2415:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2131:
2069:
1787:
1715:
1480:French Politics, Culture & Society
1422:
599:
2940:
2218:
2181:
1951:
1807:
1778:
1640:"The reality of the French hijab ban"
1638:Bouteldja, Naima (25 February 2005).
1610:
1467:
1108:
752:
523:in class at CollĂšge Gabriel Havez (a
3045:Trindade, JĂșlia Belas (4 May 2022).
2941:Bowen, John R. (December 16, 2010).
2898:
2815:
2144:from the original on August 30, 2013
1188:adding citations to reliable sources
1159:
1047:Controversies over legal prohibition
18:
2926:Schofield, Hugh (October 1, 2003).
2842:Lalami, Laila (November 21, 2007).
2790:Mulholland, Rory (15 August 2016).
2282:"article written by the collective"
1895:Croucher, Stephen (November 2008).
1611:Bowen, John R. (16 December 2010).
1579:Bichler, Camille (3 October 2019).
1140:allows women to play in hijab, the
996:
893:public education to all Frenchmen.
772:These arguments are shared by some
685:), as is the case in some areas of
660:
13:
2816:Sims, Alexandra (30 August 2016).
2714:Dearden, Lizzie (26 August 2016).
1677:
900:would not be obviously religious.
474:in its impact on French culture.
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3270:
3124:
3109:from the original on 17 July 2010
2993:Williams, Jessie (21 June 2021).
2899:Kuru, Ahmet T. (April 27, 2009).
2635:HRC views in case Singh v. France
2315:
1541:American Political Science Review
1394:Blavignat, Yohan (27 July 2018).
820:
3161:Associations opposed to the veil
1358:
1297:
1283:
1164:
1057:On 12 August 2016, the mayor of
877:school, they don't. They define
23:
3091:
3064:
2961:
2934:
2919:
2892:
2869:
2854:
2835:
2809:
2783:
2772:from the original on 2016-08-21
2758:
2733:
2693:from the original on 2019-02-08
2673:
2647:
2628:
2617:from the original on 2012-01-11
2603:
2578:
2557:
2493:
2467:
2442:
2423:
2398:from the original on 2008-11-23
2378:
2367:from the original on 2011-06-04
2353:
2309:
2288:from the original on 2007-11-18
2274:
2251:
2156:
1888:
1875:
1863:
1852:from the original on 2011-09-04
1832:
1704:
1671:
1517:from the original on 2017-02-16
1175:needs additional citations for
985:Application in other situations
499:threat" to French society, and
2132:George, Rose (July 17, 2006).
1528:
1505:Valérie Amiraux (2013-07-26).
1498:
1009:European Court of Human Rights
595:Political and cultural context
1:
1870:A map of the schools of Islam
1343:
790:France's public school system
2318:Institute for Advanced Study
1131:
962:Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis
812:
7:
2644:Communication No. 1852/2008
2361:"Education Code. L811-1 §2"
2268:Le Parisien, 25 March 2013
1429:French Politics and Society
1323:French ban on face covering
1276:
1261:French ban on face covering
483:(secularism), the place of
262:Practice and law by country
10:
3275:
1492:10.3167/153763705780793531
1258:
1142:French Football Federation
1050:
510:
2091:of the National Assembly)
1923:– via researchgate.
1913:10.1080/17475750903135408
1554:10.1017/S0003055420000106
1318:British debate over veils
1039:has found a violation of
904:2004 French headscarf ban
491:and the French policy of
470:has been compared to the
2454:U.S. Department of State
2215:in the paper "La Croix".
958:Mediator of the Republic
944:Application in education
908:In July 2003, President
761:groups, as well as some
2613:. Cmiskp.echr.coe.int.
2530:Human Rights Law Review
2164:"IslamOnline.net- News"
1338:Islamic dress in Europe
1077:On 25 August 2016, the
619:Jean-Pierre ChevĂšnement
452:history of colonization
53:more precise citations.
1473:"Symptomatic Politics"
1423:Beriss, David (1990).
1245:correspondence courses
1156:Practical consequences
1037:Human Rights Committee
853:rehabilitation of the
589:Islamic fundamentalism
495:, discussions of the "
458:(the scarf affair) or
105:
1829:racist ideas (p.576).
836:ruled that a private
543:minister of education
493:minority assimilation
464:French public schools
84:
1333:Ni Putes Ni Soumises
1184:improve this article
1150:2024 Summer Olympics
879:liberty and equality
804:Secularism arguments
782:Ni Putes Ni Soumises
468:l'affaire du foulard
456:l'affaire du foulard
3105:. 1 November 2005.
2543:10.1093/hrlr/ngx014
2342:on February 6, 2011
2107:, 7 February 2004)
2043:female circumcision
1678:Phipps, Catherine.
1079:Human Rights League
600:Political positions
398:My Stealthy Freedom
316:Taliban Afghanistan
3244:1989 controversies
3219:Independent voices
3026:. 11 February 2022
2888:on March 14, 2019.
2882:The New York Times
2640:2013-01-07 at the
2569:2011-06-04 at the
2505:2011-06-04 at the
2481:. 13 December 2007
2264:2013-03-27 at the
2231:2006-07-20 at the
2207:2005-10-20 at the
2195:2006-05-01 at the
2115:2006-05-15 at the
2103:2005-09-06 at the
2087:2006-04-27 at the
2047:sub-Saharan Africa
2038:arranged marriages
2027:the burka used in
2006:2006-08-22 at the
1996:, 6 January 1997).
1992:2006-01-09 at the
1979:2005-10-25 at the
1966:2007-10-14 at the
1945:2007-09-28 at the
1824:2006-07-07 at the
1800:2005-07-04 at the
1771:2006-07-01 at the
1760:2006-05-02 at the
1755:by the same author
1753:, another example
1749:2006-05-09 at the
1738:2005-10-19 at the
1727:2004-03-05 at the
1118:Lycée Henri-Wallon
1109:Alma and Lila LĂ©vy
1053:2013 Trappes riots
834:Court of Cassation
757:According to some
753:Feminist arguments
517:affaire du foulard
460:l'affaire du voile
352:Gender segregation
106:
2844:"Beyond the Veil"
2686:Independent.co.uk
2199:from "l'Humanité"
1624:978-1-4008-3756-4
1216:
1215:
1208:
926:Christian crosses
774:Islamic feminists
444:
443:
79:
78:
71:
3266:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2884:. Archived from
2873:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2661:. 12 August 2016
2651:
2645:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2527:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2338:. Archived from
2328:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2222:
2216:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2166:. Archived from
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2134:"Ghetto warrior"
2129:
2120:
2078:Jean-Louis Debré
2073:
2067:
2023:
2017:
1970:, 7 March 2005),
1955:
1949:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1836:
1830:
1811:
1805:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1608:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1477:
1465:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1391:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1356:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1168:
1160:
997:Legal challenges
978:Ădouard Philippe
871:French feminists
667:Orthodox Judaism
661:Muslim tradition
489:communitarianism
436:
429:
422:
108:
107:
102:
96:
90:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3234:
3233:
3208:Islam in the UK
3130:Reflections on
3127:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2939:
2935:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2897:
2893:
2874:
2870:
2863:"Veil of Tears"
2859:
2855:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2822:The Independent
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2745:Middle East Eye
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2720:The Independent
2712:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2642:Wayback Machine
2633:
2629:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2571:Wayback Machine
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2507:Wayback Machine
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2428:
2424:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2386:"Archived copy"
2384:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:Wayback Machine
2256:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2233:Wayback Machine
2224:According to a
2223:
2219:
2209:Wayback Machine
2200:
2197:Wayback Machine
2188:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2130:
2123:
2117:Wayback Machine
2108:
2105:Wayback Machine
2092:
2089:Wayback Machine
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2025:Among them are:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2008:Wayback Machine
1999:
1997:
1994:Wayback Machine
1984:
1981:Wayback Machine
1971:
1968:Wayback Machine
1958:
1956:
1952:
1947:Wayback Machine
1935:
1928:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1845:National Review
1840:"Ban the Burqa"
1838:
1837:
1833:
1826:Wayback Machine
1812:
1808:
1802:Wayback Machine
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1773:Wayback Machine
1762:Wayback Machine
1751:Wayback Machine
1744:another example
1740:Wayback Machine
1729:Wayback Machine
1720:
1716:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1684:Washington Post
1676:
1672:
1667:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1609:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1577:
1570:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1503:
1499:
1475:
1466:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1263:
1257:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1181:
1169:
1158:
1134:
1111:
1063:southern France
1055:
1049:
1023:and a bandana.
999:
987:
954:François Fillon
946:
906:
846:
823:
815:
806:
755:
750:
706:
663:
627:Nicolas Sarkozy
602:
597:
566:Lycée Faidherbe
562:Mantes-la-Jolie
553:François Bayrou
513:
440:
408:World Hijab Day
104:
100:
98:
94:
92:
88:
86:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3272:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:1989 in France
3246:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3125:External links
3123:
3121:
3120:
3090:
3081:
3063:
3037:
3011:
2985:
2979:978-2707142771
2978:
2960:
2953:
2933:
2918:
2911:
2891:
2868:
2853:
2834:
2808:
2782:
2768:. 2016-08-18.
2757:
2732:
2703:
2689:. 2016-08-24.
2672:
2646:
2627:
2602:
2577:
2556:
2536:(2): 285â312.
2513:
2492:
2466:
2441:
2422:
2377:
2352:
2323:
2308:
2298:
2273:
2257:Pascale ĂgrĂ©:
2250:
2237:
2217:
2180:
2155:
2121:
2068:
2049:, but also in
2018:
2010:, novelist of
2001:Mohamed Kacimi
1950:
1926:
1907:(3): 199â213.
1887:
1874:
1862:
1848:. 2010-08-02.
1831:
1806:
1786:
1777:
1714:
1703:
1670:
1656:
1630:
1623:
1598:
1568:
1547:(3): 707â723.
1527:
1497:
1486:(3): 106â127.
1469:Scott, Joan W.
1453:
1415:
1377:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:Anti-mask laws
1309:
1308:
1294:
1278:
1275:
1259:Main article:
1256:
1253:
1214:
1213:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1146:Les Hijabeuses
1133:
1130:
1110:
1107:
1048:
1045:
1016:Conseil d'Ătat
1004:Conseil d'Etat
998:
995:
986:
983:
945:
942:
938:hand of Fatima
934:Stars of David
910:Jacques Chirac
905:
902:
883:neocolonialism
863:Algerian women
855:Dreyfus Affair
845:
842:
822:
821:General public
819:
814:
811:
805:
802:
786:secular spaces
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3113:16 September
3111:. Retrieved
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3076:the Guardian
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3054:. Retrieved
3051:the Guardian
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2999:the Guardian
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2435:
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2355:
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2340:the original
2326:
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2284:. Lmsi.net.
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2183:
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2158:
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2138:The Guardian
2137:
2110:Fadéla Amara
2071:
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1865:
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1843:
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1795:"L'Humanité"
1789:
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1766:ipsos survey
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1644:The Guardian
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1364:
1359:Lang, Cady.
1291:Islam portal
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1182:Please help
1177:verification
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516:
515:The initial
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383:Hijabophobia
311:Saudi Arabia
290:
65:
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2574:(in French)
2510:(in French)
2270:(in French)
2029:Afghanistan
1722:Description
1587:(in French)
1435:(1): 1â13.
1404:(in French)
794:Hedi Mhenni
647:republicans
558:high school
51:introducing
3238:Categories
3229:Ian Buruma
3139:Islam and
2865:. Haaretz.
2848:The Nation
2776:2016-08-31
2697:2016-08-31
2621:2010-09-16
2402:2009-06-19
2371:2010-09-16
2346:2011-12-14
2292:2010-09-16
2190:an article
2174:2009-08-31
2140:. London.
2098:"Le Monde"
2061:, and the
1987:communiqué
1961:communiqué
1856:2012-04-20
1697:2021-04-16
1521:2016-12-11
1344:References
1051:See also:
914:commission
581:Joan Scott
34:references
1921:143587706
1692:0190-8286
1563:0003-0554
1401:Le Figaro
1225:tricolour
1196:June 2022
1136:Although
1132:Athletics
1030:exclusion
813:Educators
296:Indonesia
271:Australia
238:Selendang
153:Battoulah
3167:Sisyphus
3107:Archived
3103:BBC News
2770:Archived
2691:Archived
2659:BBC News
2638:Archived
2615:Archived
2567:Archived
2503:Archived
2411:cite web
2393:Archived
2365:Archived
2332:"France"
2286:Archived
2262:Archived
2248:schools.
2229:Archived
2205:Archived
2193:Archived
2142:Archived
2113:Archived
2101:Archived
2085:Archived
2033:Pakistan
2012:Algerian
2004:Archived
1990:Archived
1977:Archived
1964:Archived
1943:Archived
1883:see here
1850:Archived
1822:Archived
1798:Archived
1769:Archived
1758:Archived
1747:Archived
1736:Archived
1725:Archived
1515:Archived
1471:(2005).
1441:42844141
1277:See also
1067:burkinis
776:. Thus,
759:feminist
687:Pakistan
655:liberals
651:Republic
497:Islamist
337:Andaruni
329:Concepts
306:Pakistan
203:Kimeshek
198:Kerudung
148:Al-amira
113:a series
111:Part of
3149:laïcité
3141:laïcité
3132:laïcité
1974:article
1733:example
1234:laïcité
1095:Germany
867:Algeria
798:Tunisia
731:Wahhabi
714:Tunisia
710:Algeria
653:) and "
538:laïcité
511:History
480:laïcité
347:Fahisha
276:Britain
253:Yashmak
233:Safseri
228:Paranja
213:Kurhars
193:Jilbaab
163:Burkini
158:Boshiya
121:Islamic
47:improve
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2930:. BBC.
2909:
2827:2 June
2801:2 June
2750:2 June
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2595:7 June
2549:7 June
2485:7 June
2459:7 June
2226:survey
2148:May 5,
1919:
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1815:racism
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1408:2 June
1370:2 June
1271:niqÄbs
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1126:Kabyle
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1097:, and
1059:Cannes
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830:i-Télé
698:Turkey
671:tichel
631:Greens
485:Muslim
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367:Zenana
362:Purdah
321:Turkey
291:France
281:Canada
248:Tudong
243:Shayla
223:Niqaab
218:Mukena
208:Khimar
178:Chador
173:ĂarĆaf
124:female
101:
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36:, but
3056:4 May
3030:9 May
3004:4 May
2526:(PDF)
2396:(PDF)
2389:(PDF)
2211:with
2059:Yemen
2051:Egypt
1917:S2CID
1476:(PDF)
1437:JSTOR
1229:Paris
1122:Vichy
1091:Italy
1087:Spain
1041:ICCPR
1021:Keski
922:kippa
694:Egypt
683:burqa
679:Yemen
643:right
570:Lille
560:) in
529:Creil
527:) in
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388:Hujum
375:Other
342:Awrah
286:Egypt
188:Hijab
168:Burqa
143:Abaya
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127:dress
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