20:
31:
746:
to designate a feature of the script that distinguishes it from a related script series, such as a feature that distinguishes the script of Old Hebrew from Old
Aramaic and Phoenician.
144:
that divides the
Northern Italian languages and Romance languages west of Italy from Central Italian dialects and Romance languages east of Italy. However, an
1056:
1049:
918:
684:
Just as there are distinguishing features of related languages, there are also distinguishing features of related scripts.
884:
833:. Current issues in linguistic theory. Vol. 191. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. p. 170.
1033:
1014:
947:
893:
863:
838:
530:
families are spoken in adjacent geographic regions, they can be grouped by an isogloss: a geographic line separating
85:, the meaning of a word, or the use of some morphological or syntactic feature. Isoglosses are a subject of study in
551:
1094:
220:. However, the isogloss separates rather than connects points. Consequently, it has been proposed for the term
963:
Rollston, Christopher A. (2006). "Scribal
Education in Ancient Israel: The Old Hebrew Epigraphic Evidence".
676:
Such features can be used as data of fundamental importance for the purposes of linguistic classification.
261:
603:
571:
559:
1006:
270:
247:
141:
137:
98:
160:
cuts across France and
Germany, while the /y/ is absent from Italian and Spanish words that are
456:
452:
253:
179:
110:
1089:
555:
430:
168:
133:
1073:
739:
217:
8:
1099:
732:
153:
980:
654:
373:
758: – Linguistic feature arising through language contact rather than common descent
1029:
1010:
984:
943:
914:
889:
859:
834:
779:
773:
619:
94:
972:
720:
658:
563:
547:
369:
257:
102:
1065:
936:
788:
567:
149:
114:
776: – Geographic range of dialects that vary more strongly at the distant ends
178:
is a distinguishing feature of a writing system. Both concepts are also used in
806:
791: – Geolinguistic boundary between mutually intelligible speech communities
472:
264:(PIE). In the standard reconstruction, three series of dorsals are recognised:
113:, in which they indicate the similarities and differences between members of a
46:
42:
1083:
1061:
A discussion of the shortcomings and oversimplifications of using isoglosses.
826:
755:
692:
615:
365:
78:
24:
767:
697:
623:
583:
213:
129:
86:
54:
38:
19:
976:
782: – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation
665:
is preserved. Thus, an ancient
Northwest Semitic language whose historic
74:
58:
34:
727:
of Old Hebrew has a distinctive stance (it leans to the right), but the
879:
800:
794:
558:
isogloss, which demarcates numerous linguistic features, including the
106:
50:
30:
797: – Geographic line (isogloss) between dialects in northern France
526:
Since the Balto-Slavic family, the Indo-Iranian family, and the other
673:
can be classed as part of the
Canaanite branch of Northwest Semitic.
579:
630:. However, in the ancient Northwest Semitic languages, the word was
688:
575:
332:
761:
591:
494:
161:
121:
90:
735:
series has a different stance (in both, it leans to the left).
301:
703:
582:) have the shift, while regions south of the line (including
389:
225:
204:
195:
82:
541:
1026:
The
Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
715:
709:
587:
89:, in which they demarcate the differences between regional
934:
Daniels, Peter; Bright, William, eds. (8 February 1996).
1057:
Beyond the
Isogloss: The Isograph in Dialect Topography
784:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1005:. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics (2nd ed.).
965:
Bulletin of the
American Schools of Oriental Research
1001:
Chambers, J.K.; Trudgill, Peter (28 December 1998).
501:
482:
460:
418:
399:
377:
354:
346:
338:
323:
315:
307:
292:
284:
276:
148:isogloss may or may not have any coterminus with a
16:
Geographic boundary of a certain linguistic feature
935:
911:Dialect Geography of Syria-Palestine: 1000-586 BCE
803: – Group of languages sharing areal features
256:family relates to the different evolution of the
1081:
1000:
661:and dialects of Northwest Semitic, the historic
459:), the labiovelars merged with the velars: PIE
770: – Scientific study of linguistic dialect
1050:An example of an isogloss in Southern England
933:
687:For example, a distinguishing feature of the
376:), the palatals merged with the velars: PIE
212:"tongue, dialect, language") is inspired by
888:. Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. p. 359.
719:do not have an open head, but contemporary
853:
73:, is the geographic boundary of a certain
1070:A humorous analysis of Russian isoglossy.
542:North–Midland isogloss (American English)
444:branches, named after the Latin word for
1066:On Some Acoustic Correlates of Isoglossy
1028:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
962:
858:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 52–54.
241:
167:One of the best-known isoglosses is the
97:, in which they represent the extent of
29:
18:
1023:
809: – Isogloss in German dialectology
562:: regions north of the line (including
1082:
825:
723:has open-headed forms. Similarly, the
164:with the /y/-containing French words.
942:. New York: Oxford University Press.
614:at the beginning of a word. Thus, in
519:branches, after the Avestan word for
908:
597:
157:
885:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
878:
53:(yellow). The main isoglosses, the
13:
856:Indo-European Language and Culture
45:(cyan), and is distinguished from
14:
1111:
1043:
1024:Woodard, Roger D. (31 May 2004).
657:of Northwest Semitic. Within the
440:"how? where?". They are known as
252:The centum–satem isogloss of the
909:Garr, W. Randall (2 June 2008).
854:Fortson IV, Benjamin W. (2004).
451:In other branches (for example,
994:
956:
927:
902:
872:
847:
819:
364:In some branches (for example
1:
813:
764: – Variant of a language
618:and subsequent non-Northwest
233:"other") to be used instead.
105:with one another; and in the
679:
626:for a word for "child" were
388:"tremble (inwardly)" became
185:
124:are typically demarcated by
7:
938:The World's Writing Systems
749:
604:Northwest Semitic languages
560:Northern Cities vowel shift
550:has been identified as the
236:
174:Similar to an isogloss, an
128:of isoglosses, such as the
10:
1116:
1007:Cambridge University Press
534:branches on one side from
502:
483:
461:
419:
400:
378:
355:
347:
339:
324:
316:
308:
293:
285:
277:
245:
226:
205:
196:
742:suggested using the term
645:Similarly, Proto-Semitic
602:A feature of the ancient
216:, or isopleths, such as
586:, central and southern
538:branches on the other.
410:"hundred" became Latin
138:West Germanic languages
1095:Historical linguistics
1074:Spanish-language slang
254:Indo-European language
180:historical linguistics
111:historical linguistics
62:
61:, are marked in black.
27:
977:10.1086/BASOR25066977
431:interrogative pronoun
248:Centum–satem isogloss
242:Centum–satem isogloss
203:"equal, similar" and
169:centum-satem isogloss
142:La Spezia–Rimini Line
77:feature, such as the
33:
22:
740:Christopher Rollston
695:is that the letters
546:A major isogloss in
515:. They are known as
103:languages in contact
101:of features between
731:of the Aramaic and
417:(pronounced ); but
262:Proto-Indo-European
152:. For example, the
132:that distinguishes
733:Phoenician scripts
655:Canaanite dialects
622:and dialects, the
93:of a language; in
63:
28:
23:Isoglosses on the
920:978-1-57506-091-0
827:Sihler, Andrew L.
780:Cultural boundary
774:Dialect continuum
659:Aramaic languages
620:Semitic languages
598:Northwest Semitic
362:
361:
258:dorsal consonants
95:areal linguistics
1107:
1039:
1020:
989:
988:
960:
954:
953:
941:
931:
925:
924:
906:
900:
899:
876:
870:
869:
851:
845:
844:
831:Language History
823:
785:
564:Western New York
548:American English
507:
506:
492:
491:
470:
469:
428:
427:
409:
408:
387:
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358:
357:
350:
349:
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327:
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280:
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267:
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229:
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208:
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199:
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69:, also called a
37:subdivides into
1115:
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1080:
1079:
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997:
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961:
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913:. Eisenbrauns.
907:
903:
896:
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866:
852:
848:
841:
824:
820:
816:
789:Language border
783:
752:
682:
600:
568:Cleveland, Ohio
544:
508:became Avestan
250:
244:
239:
194:(Ancient Greek
188:
150:language border
136:from the other
115:language family
17:
12:
11:
5:
1113:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1078:
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1045:
1044:External links
1042:
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807:Uerdingen line
804:
798:
792:
786:
777:
771:
765:
759:
751:
748:
681:
678:
599:
596:
590:, and most of
578:; and eastern
572:lower Michigan
543:
540:
473:Vedic Sanskrit
360:
359:
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246:Main article:
243:
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154:front-rounding
47:Low Franconian
43:Central German
15:
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1035:0-521-56256-2
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1016:0-521-59646-7
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978:
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949:0-19-507993-0
945:
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897:
895:3-89500-219-4
891:
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865:1-4051-0316-7
861:
857:
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842:
840:90-272-3698-4
836:
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756:Areal feature
754:
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736:
734:
730:
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718:
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711:
706:
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693:Hebrew script
690:
685:
677:
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672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:Proto-Semitic
613:
609:
605:
595:
593:
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585:
581:
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569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
539:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
512:
505:
499:
496:
490:
488:
481:"shaken" and
480:
478:
474:
468:
466:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
437:
432:
426:
424:
416:
414:
407:
405:
398:"desire" and
397:
395:
391:
385:
383:
375:
371:
367:
353:
345:
337:
334:
331:
330:
322:
314:
306:
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291:
283:
275:
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269:
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255:
249:
234:
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223:
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214:contour lines
211:
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108:
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100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:pronunciation
76:
72:
68:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
25:Faroe Islands
21:
1090:Dialectology
1064:
1055:
1025:
1003:Dialectology
1002:
995:Bibliography
968:
964:
958:
937:
929:
910:
904:
883:
874:
855:
849:
830:
821:
768:Dialectology
743:
737:
728:
724:
714:
708:
702:
696:
686:
683:
675:
670:
666:
662:
650:
646:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:root letters
611:
607:
601:
584:Pennsylvania
545:
535:
531:
527:
525:
520:
516:
510:
509:
503:
500:"who?"; but
497:
486:
484:
476:
475:
464:
462:
457:Indo-Iranian
453:Balto-Slavic
450:
445:
441:
435:
434:
422:
420:
412:
411:
403:
401:
393:
392:
381:
379:
363:
251:
230:
221:
209:
200:
191:
189:
175:
173:
166:
145:
130:Benrath line
125:
119:
87:dialectology
70:
66:
64:
59:Speyer lines
41:(green) and
39:Upper German
880:Rix, Helmut
574:; northern
271:Labiovelars
222:heterogloss
134:High German
71:heterogloss
35:High German
1100:Isoglosses
1084:Categories
814:References
801:Sprachbund
795:Joret line
594:) do not.
146:individual
107:wave model
75:linguistic
51:Low German
985:160670117
971:: 47–74.
738:In 2006,
680:Isographs
610:becoming
580:Wisconsin
433:" became
190:The term
186:Etymology
99:borrowing
882:(2001).
829:(2000).
750:See also
744:isograph
689:Iron Age
649:becomes
576:Illinois
374:Germanic
333:Palatals
237:Examples
192:isogloss
176:isograph
162:cognates
140:and the
122:dialects
91:dialects
67:isogloss
762:Dialect
721:Aramaic
669:became
653:in the
634:, with
592:Indiana
556:Midland
521:hundred
504:*ḱm̥tom
495:Avestan
493:became
479:opáyati
471:became
446:hundred
231:héteros
218:isobars
126:bundles
55:Benrath
1032:
1013:
983:
946:
917:
892:
862:
837:
536:centum
442:centum
370:Italic
302:Velars
227:ἕτερος
210:glōssa
206:γλῶσσα
120:Major
981:S2CID
704:dalet
638:>
632:y-l-d
628:w-l-d
552:North
532:satem
528:satem
517:satem
415:entum
406:m̥tom
390:Latin
366:Greek
83:vowel
81:of a
1030:ISBN
1011:ISBN
944:ISBN
915:ISBN
890:ISBN
860:ISBN
835:ISBN
716:resh
713:and
710:ayin
691:Old
588:Ohio
513:atəm
467:eup-
455:and
396:upiō
384:eup-
372:and
294:*gʷʰ
201:ísos
197:ἴσος
57:and
49:and
973:doi
969:344
729:bet
725:bet
698:bet
606:is
356:*ǵʰ
325:*gʰ
286:*gʷ
278:*kʷ
260:of
158:/y/
156:of
109:of
65:An
1086::
1009:.
979:.
967:.
707:,
701:,
642:.
640:y-
636:w-
570:;
566:;
523:.
498:kō
489:o-
487:kʷ
448:.
436:qu
425:o-
423:kʷ
368:,
348:*ǵ
340:*ḱ
317:*g
309:*k
182:.
171:.
117:.
1076:.
1068::
1059::
1052:.
1038:.
1019:.
987:.
975::
952:.
923:.
898:.
868:.
843:.
671:ō
667:ā
663:ā
651:ō
647:ā
612:y
608:w
554:–
511:s
485:*
477:k
465:k
463:*
438:ō
429:"
421:*
413:c
404:ḱ
402:*
394:c
382:k
380:*
351:,
343:,
335::
320:,
312:,
304::
289:,
281:,
273::
224:(
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