345:), as well as a variety of other Arabic, Persian and Turkish titles both in a technical sense for the commander-in-chief of the army as well as the governors and army commanders of important regions, as well as in a more general sense of "general officer". The title was also used by the
585:) were commonly used in the titulature of the senior commanders in the 13th century, but it seems to have been debased and fallen out of use thereafter. It is still attested as late as 1475 for a Mamluk commander-in-chief, but by this time the term
659:
it declined to signify the commander of ten men. Aside from this technical meaning, the term continued to be used in the Muslim states of India in the 14th–15th centuries as a generic term for "general officer", e.g. under the
444:
298:
and its Arabic equivalents in its original sense of "commander-in-chief", but also for commanders of specific contingents of their army, alongside the use of "plain"
368:
diminished the use of the title, bringing to the fore
Turkish and Mongol ones instead, but it remained in widespread use in the isolated and conservative regions of
1183:
913:
830:
1218:
1238:
906:
1367:
1256:
655:
signified the commander-in-chief, but in the 13th century it denoted an officer in command of 100 cavalry, and under the
851:
1342:
1233:
1165:
419:
the most prominent person to occupy it. The post was abolished again in 1664/77, after which a commander-in-chief (
149:), which during the Islamic era fell out of general use and became a regnal title among certain local dynasties in
1251:
1190:
899:
1044:
882:
464:
227:, it was given as a sign of conciliation as well as of particular honour to two rebellious Turkish generals,
1347:
684:
of Khans"), the Mughal commander-in-chief, especially when he led the army in place of the Mughal emperor.
1170:
1133:
235:
in 974/5. With the growing instability of the Buyid states towards the end of the century, the usage of
228:
834:
452:
100:
during the 10th–15th centuries, to denote the senior-most military commanders, but also as a generic
1282:
1213:
1138:
416:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1337:
996:
519:, both for regional military commanders but also, uniquely, as one of the personal titles of the
1243:
922:
448:
1261:
1143:
173:
in the later 10th century, with the rise to power of
Iranian dynasties during the so-called "
603:) continued to be used but in a generic sense, the usual terms for commander-in-chief being
1149:
1102:
537:
was the commander-in-chief of the army and jointly responsible with the Head
Chamberlain (
241:
became debased, and it came to mean simply 'commander' or just 'officer'. Among the later
8:
1107:
991:
1202:
571:
498:
178:
174:
875:
State and
Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis
1228:
878:
861:
669:
456:
412:
1309:
1208:
1026:
665:
562:
315:
246:
242:
27:
1276:
1223:
935:
554:
101:
282:
dynasties, the Arabic and
Persian titles were supplemented by the Turkish title
1008:
846:
842:
636:
590:
279:
113:
1331:
1177:
1156:
966:
865:
838:
712:
493:
440:
398:
365:
346:
311:
170:
97:
1002:
940:
693:
681:
661:
539:
385:
256:), the title was applied to the commander-in-chief of the army, while the
1120:
945:
891:
640:
589:
was also applied generally to the guards of the Mamluk sultan. Among the
1127:
1033:
978:
656:
406:
289:
150:
1302:
1039:
1013:
985:
1288:
1073:
1055:
644:
617:
516:
484:
427:) was appointed only in wartime. The title re-appeared in the form
381:
232:
154:
132:
776:
1196:
1068:
673:
622:
610:
598:
527:
508:
480:
403:, used until then. The office was apparently usually held by the
273:
138:
1269:
1078:
1062:
1049:
972:
788:
741:
605:
503:
460:
422:
377:
373:
265:
224:
128:
65:
809:
807:
805:
803:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
1295:
648:
530:
475:
Buyid, and especially Seljuq influence, led to the spread of
369:
262:
was a separate office, possibly commanding the slave troops (
184:
181:', the title was used in parallel to the usual Arabic titles
349:, originally Seljuq vassals, who employed a unique variant,
136:
116:
1113:
800:
753:
720:
512:
333:
131:
texts of the 9th century. It was the equivalent of the old
561:) for military organization. The title survived among the
447:
in 1858, the reformist
Minister of War (and soon after
470:
428:
420:
404:
350:
331:
319:
299:
293:
283:
236:
164:
158:
144:
36:
20:
16:
Military title historically used in the
Islamic world
501:. The title was also in common use among the Turkic
396:
305:
271:
263:
257:
209:
197:
182:
122:
84:
70:
479:, alongside other Persian titles, westwards to the
635:From the Ghaznavids, the title also passed to the
497:, one of the four great ministers of state of the
1329:
443:, being held as an honorific by Minister of War
318:used a number of variants of the title, such as
380:shore. In Persia proper, it was revived by the
907:
828:
813:
794:
770:
747:
735:
434:
356:
340:
325:
43:
580:
544:
215:
203:
191:
91:
77:
49:
1219:Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic
921:
914:
900:
852:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
664:, or as "commander-in-chief", e.g. in the
107:
1239:Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
872:
860:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 208–210.
782:
123:
829:Bosworth, C. E. & Digby, S. (1978).
676:, it was a title sometimes given to the
483:and even the Christian countries of the
361:), for commanders of frontier regions.
1330:
895:
630:
623:
611:
599:
581:
558:
545:
471:Use in the Caucasus and the Mashriq
435:
357:
341:
326:
216:
204:
192:
96:), was a title used in much of the
92:
78:
44:
31:
13:
14:
1384:
1234:Marshal of the Russian Federation
310:) for less exalted generals. The
463:—in 1871, and by chief minister
390:
251:
705:
395:), replacing the Arabic title
231:in 971, and, after his death,
1:
699:
465:Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni
455:—who also built the namesake
284:
169:came into prominence in the
137:
117:
7:
1134:First marshal of the empire
711:"Kursi-i hazrat Zartosht",
687:
429:
421:
405:
397:
351:
332:
320:
306:
300:
294:
272:
264:
258:
237:
210:
198:
183:
165:
159:
145:
85:
71:
37:
21:
10:
1389:
1368:Government of Safavid Iran
822:
785:, pp. 26–27, 35, 203.
1343:Persian words and phrases
1098:
1091:
961:
954:
929:
814:Bosworth & Digby 1978
795:Bosworth & Digby 1978
771:Bosworth & Digby 1978
748:Bosworth & Digby 1978
736:Bosworth & Digby 1978
453:Mirza Husayn Khan Qazwini
445:Mirza Muhammad Khan Qajar
1283:Supreme Allied Commander
1214:Marshal of the air force
1139:General of the Air Force
873:Katouzian, Homa (2006).
831:"Ispahsālār, Sipahsālār"
487:: in Armenian it became
997:Domestic of the Schools
127:), already attested in
112:The title derives from
108:Islamic East and Persia
1244:Field marshal (Uganda)
923:Highest military ranks
1144:General of the Armies
651:. Under the Ghurids,
229:Sebüktigin al-Mu'izzi
1150:Generalfeldmarschall
1103:Admiral of the fleet
177:". In its sense of '
1348:Commanders in chief
1108:Admiral of the Navy
992:Constable of France
797:, pp. 209–210.
750:, pp. 208–209.
321:ispahsalar-i buzurg
124:𐬯𐬞𐬁𐬵⸱𐬯𐬁𐬮𐬁𐬭
631:Islamic South Asia
491:, and in Georgian
430:sipahsalar i-a'zam
179:commander-in-chief
175:Iranian Intermezzo
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1229:Marshal of Poland
1087:
1086:
670:Deccan sultanates
457:Sepahsalar Mosque
439:) under the late
1380:
1209:Marshal of Italy
1096:
1095:
1027:Magister militum
959:
958:
916:
909:
902:
893:
892:
888:
869:
817:
811:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
751:
745:
739:
733:
718:
709:
666:Bengal Sultanate
626:
625:
614:
613:
602:
601:
584:
583:
563:Mamluks of Egypt
560:
548:
547:
438:
437:
432:
426:
410:
402:
394:
393: 1587–1629
392:
366:Mongol conquests
360:
359:
354:
344:
343:
338:
329:
328:
323:
316:Sultanate of Rum
309:
304:(and in Arabic,
303:
297:
287:
277:
269:
261:
255:
253:
247:Khalaf ibn Ahmad
243:Saffarid dynasty
240:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
189:
168:
162:
157:. The titles of
148:
142:
126:
125:
120:
95:
94:
88:
81:
80:
74:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
47:
46:
40:
33:
24:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1315:
1277:Reichsmarschall
1224:Marshal of Peru
1083:
950:
936:General officer
925:
920:
885:
847:Bosworth, C. E.
825:
820:
812:
801:
793:
789:
781:
777:
769:
754:
746:
742:
734:
721:
710:
706:
702:
690:
647:, and northern
633:
551:Wazīr al-Ṣaghīr
473:
389:
259:hajib al-hujjab
254: 963–1002
250:
110:
102:general officer
61:
58:
55:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1386:
1376:
1375:
1373:Ottoman titles
1370:
1365:
1363:Samanid Empire
1360:
1358:Titles in Iraq
1355:
1353:Titles in Iran
1350:
1345:
1340:
1338:Military ranks
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1191:Jenderal besar
1187:
1184:Chom Thap Thai
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1009:Grand Domestic
1006:
999:
994:
989:
982:
975:
970:
962:
956:
952:
951:
949:
948:
943:
938:
933:
930:
927:
926:
919:
918:
911:
904:
896:
890:
889:
883:
877:. I.B.Tauris.
870:
835:van Donzel, E.
824:
821:
819:
818:
816:, p. 210.
799:
787:
783:Katouzian 2006
775:
773:, p. 209.
752:
740:
738:, p. 208.
719:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
689:
686:
637:Ghurid dynasty
632:
629:
577:al-Isfahsalārī
515:and later the
499:Georgian realm
472:
469:
449:chief minister
352:qir isfahsalar
342:امیر اسپهسالار
327:اسپهسالار بزرگ
211:sahib al-jaysh
199:hajib al-kabir
114:Middle Persian
109:
106:
59:army commander
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1385:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:General (YPA)
1255:
1253:
1252:Field Marshal
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:Grand marshal
1176:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Generalissimo
1164:
1163:
1162:Soviet Union
1161:
1159:
1158:
1157:Generalissimo
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
987:
983:
981:
980:
976:
974:
971:
969:
968:
967:Amir al-umara
964:
963:
960:
957:
953:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
931:
928:
924:
917:
912:
910:
905:
903:
898:
897:
894:
886:
880:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
826:
815:
810:
808:
806:
804:
796:
791:
784:
779:
772:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
749:
744:
737:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
716:
715:
708:
704:
695:
692:
691:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
628:
620:
619:
608:
607:
596:
592:
588:
578:
574:
573:
568:
565:, where both
564:
556:
552:
542:
541:
536:
532:
529:
524:
523:themselves.
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:dynasties of
506:
505:
500:
496:
495:
494:Amirspasalari
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:Qajar dynasty
436:سپهسالار اعظم
431:
425:
424:
418:
414:
409:
408:
401:
400:
399:amir al-umara
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
358:قیر اسفهسالار
353:
348:
347:Khwarizmshahs
337:
336:-i ispahsalar
335:
322:
317:
313:
312:Seljuq Empire
308:
302:
296:
291:
286:
281:
278:). Among the
276:
275:
268:
267:
260:
248:
244:
239:
234:
230:
226:
221:
212:
200:
188:
186:
180:
176:
172:
171:Islamic world
167:
161:
156:
152:
147:
143:(New Persian
141:
140:
134:
130:
119:
115:
105:
103:
99:
98:Islamic world
89:
87:
75:
73:
67:
41:
39:
29:
25:
23:
1325:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1275:
1268:
1201:
1189:
1182:
1155:
1148:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1061:
1054:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1003:Dux bellorum
1001:
984:
977:
965:
941:Flag officer
874:
857:
850:
790:
778:
743:
713:
707:
694:Amirspasalar
677:
672:. Under the
662:Lodi dynasty
652:
639:, rulers of
634:
616:
604:
594:
586:
576:
570:
566:
550:
540:Ṣāhib al-Bāb
538:
534:
525:
520:
502:
492:
488:
476:
474:
386:Shah Abbas I
363:
222:
111:
83:
69:
68:rendered as
35:
19:
18:
1248:Yugoslavia
1121:Dayuanshuai
946:Air officer
843:Pellat, Ch.
641:Afghanistan
582:الإسفهسلاري
559:وزير الصغير
417:Rustam Khan
205:حاجب الكبير
193:حاجب الحجاب
1332:Categories
1128:Dai-gensui
1034:Megas doux
1020:Ispahsalar
979:Autokrator
884:1845112725
856:Volume IV:
700:References
678:Khankhanan
657:Tughluqids
653:Isfahsalar
595:sipāhsālār
587:isbahsalar
567:Isfahsalar
546:صاحب الباب
535:Isfahsalar
477:Ispahsalar
413:Azerbaijan
407:beglerbegi
295:sipahsalar
290:Ghaznavids
238:ispahsalar
223:Among the
217:صاحب الجيش
166:sipahsalar
160:ispahsalar
151:Tabaristan
118:spāh-sālār
86:iṣbahsalār
72:isfahsalār
38:sipahsālār
22:Ispahsālār
1303:Yuanshuai
1045:Rigsmarsk
1040:Polemarch
1014:Imperator
986:Beylerbey
866:758278456
839:Lewis, B.
600:سپاهسالار
467:in 1910.
292:employed
187:al-hujjab
146:ispahbadh
135:title of
32:اسپهسالار
1289:Taewonsu
1074:Sparapet
1056:Serasker
858:Iran–Kha
849:(eds.).
688:See also
645:Pakistan
618:serasker
591:Ottomans
569:and the
517:Ayyubids
489:spasalar
485:Caucasus
382:Safavids
314:and the
233:Alptakin
155:Khurasan
133:Sasanian
93:إصبهسلار
79:إسفهسلار
45:سپهسالار
1310:Marshal
1262:Marshal
1203:Mareşal
1197:Marshal
1171:Marshal
1069:Spahbed
955:Ancient
823:Sources
714:Nirangs
674:Mughals
668:or the
528:Fatimid
521:Atabegs
481:Mashriq
415:, with
378:Caspian
376:on the
285:sübashi
274:ghilman
266:mamalik
139:spahbed
53:
28:Persian
1270:Mushir
1092:Modern
1079:Hetman
1063:Shōgun
1050:Sardar
973:Ataman
881:
864:
845:&
624:سرعسكر
615:) and
606:serdār
555:Arabic
533:, the
504:Atabeg
461:Tehran
423:sardar
384:under
374:Daylam
288:. The
280:Turkic
245:under
225:Buyids
129:Pazend
104:rank.
66:Arabic
64:), in
1296:Wonsu
833:. In
649:India
612:سردار
572:nisba
531:Egypt
509:Syria
370:Gilan
330:) or
307:hajib
301:salar
208:) or
185:hajib
82:) or
34:) or
1114:Aluf
879:ISBN
862:OCLC
682:Khan
513:Iraq
511:and
372:and
364:The
334:amir
163:and
153:and
50:lit.
627:).
579:" (
549:or
526:In
459:in
411:of
270:or
220:).
196:),
1334::
854:.
841:;
837:;
802:^
755:^
722:^
680:("
643:,
593:,
557::
553:,
543:,
451:)
391:r.
252:r.
48:;
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