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decision and proceeded with the demonstration without a permit, gathering in front of
Jerusalem's City Hall on March 2, 1971, to protest the distress of poverty, the gap between poor and rich in Israel, and the ethnic tensions within Jewish Israeli society. They passed out a leaflet calling for actions to stop class and ethnic discrimination within Jewish Israeli society and for the release of the arrested organizers. The protest gained more attention in part due to the fact that it was illegal. About 200 to 300 people attended, primarily Israeli and foreign students and some intellectuals, rather than young people from Musrara. The movement successfully built a base of supporters, both in the public and in the media.
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261:, which existed since the establishment of the state. The movement's founders protested "ignorance from the establishment for the hard social problems", and wanted to fight for a different future. All of the initial ten members were children of Moroccan immigrants, around ages 18–20, and most had dropped out of elementary school and spent some time in juvenile delinquent institutions. They were influenced by the Community Work Division of the
404:
group had an active periphery of supporters made up of younger boys from
Musrara, and some committed helpers, including intellectuals and anti-Zionist student groups. They in many ways maintained their structure as a neighborhood group prior to becoming the Black Panthers, with Marciano as leader of the group. The Panthers made connections with a large network of people in the establishment and outside of it, such as members of
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360:(Eastern Jewry Square). This demonstration was also held without police permission. Historian Oz Frankel describes "A police water cannon sprayed rioters with jets of water dyed green, only increasing the panic on the street. More than 100 people were arrested, many just onlookers, with several instances of police brutality recorded. Arrests continued into the following day. Close to midnight, demonstrators threw three
340:, hung them around Musrara. While distributing the leaflet, they were arrested by the police. Vigodar pointed out the difference in treatment towards the newly formed Black Panthers and Matzpen: "When we were in Matzpen, there was no scenario in which we would be thrown in jail for no reason before a protest. I don't remember in the history of Matzpen that we were ever arrested for incitement."
541:. They renamed their neighborhood of Musrara, Harlem/Musrara. They identified with African Americans and viewed themselves as being subjected to discrimination and racism, as well. They believed that ethnic and class discrimination divided Israeli society into two, and did not believe assimilation was an option.
505:
another member of the Party, said that Elbaz was one of the leaders who promoted violent struggle, provided
Molotov cocktails, and was a provocateur on behalf of the police. Charlie Biton said that he now knows that Elbaz “was planted by the police in the organization to try to make it look more radical.”
347:
denied the Black
Panthers a permit for a demonstration, due to some of them having criminal records, and some members of the Party were arrested to prevent the demonstration. The authorities promised the Panthers that funds would be allocated towards Jerusalem neighborhoods. The Panthers ignored this
375:
Prior to the demonstration, representatives of the
Panthers had met with Golda Meir on 13 April, who characterized them as "not nice people". She saw the leaders of the movement as lawbreakers and refused to recognize them as a social movement. The violent protest of 18 May brought the government to
500:
released documents revealing that Ya'akov Elbaz, one of the Black
Panthers who had met with Golda Meir, was a police informant. He was older than the Party members at about forty and was known for being involved in organized crime. The police recruited him to work undercover in the Black Panthers.
403:
Following "The Night of the
Panthers" and the Panthers' newfound publicity, the group had hoped to build a nationwide, grassroots movement, but was unable to due to internal conflicts and limited organizational ability. They did organize several demonstrations during March through August 1971. The
528:
There are two theories on how the group came to the name. One is that
Marciano or Abergel met with Angela Davis prior to choosing the name. Davis, who was involved with the Black Panther Party of the US, may have been involved in helping the Israeli Party develop its ideology. The other theory is
504:
Elbaz joined the Party shortly after the first demonstration and had a prominent presence because he supplied large sums of money and strongly advocated for violence. He became one of the leaders of the movement, and at one point was elected as the
President of the organization. Kochavi Shemesh,
536:
The group in part adopted the name in order to give it recognition among
Ashkenazi Jews inside and outside of Israel, many of whom had American backgrounds and would be familiar with African American history. They thought the name would be provoking, and keep the group from being forgotten like
532:
Marciano was an organizer against police profiling and in 1970, at a meeting with a group of organizers, he allegedly suggested that they form a Black Panther Party in Israel. He wanted the group to have organization and militancy similar to the original Black Panthers. They also chose the name
508:
The State Archives include internal newsletters and conversations revealing daily activities, likely information provided by Elbaz. It is likely that the police had a number of informants in the Party besides Elbaz. This introduced distrust to the Party, contributing to tension and discord.
525:, West Indies, West Africa, and South Asia. The groups were united by migrant identities and adopted grassroots strategies and interethnic solidarity in order to resist racist social structures. The name was suggested in Israel by one of the founders of the party, Sa'adia Marciano.
371:
dismissed the protestors, calling for unity among Jews. Oz continues, "The government then pressured the Panthers to join the establishment-approved Alliance of Moroccan Immigrants. The Panthers relented, temporarily, so that their jailed comrades would be released."
445:, and through them promoted the Mizrahi Jews' agenda. Reuven Abergel has since been active in the struggle for social justice and peace in Israel and the Palestinian territories as a member of various groups and movements. He currently serves on the board of the
351:
On 18 May 1971, "The Night of the Panthers", the Israeli Black Panthers organized between 5,000 and 7,000 people to gather in a mass demonstration against racial discrimination. The protest started in Davidka Square in Jerusalem and when they started heading to
436:
list. He was re-elected three times, before leaving Hadash to establish the Black Panthers as an independent Knesset faction in 1990. Some of the movement's leaders integrated into either the main Israeli parties, specific ethnic parties such as
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303:, Musrara went from being a dangerous neighborhood on the border, to being the center of a united Jerusalem. The government began planning to rebuild the neighborhood with high-rise apartment complexes for Soviet immigrants, meaning that the
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The police paid him and ignored his pimp activities. "The police were worried that the Panthers would use violence like the U.S. Black Panthers, so they wanted to be informed on their activities," said detective Avraham Turgiman.
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Eastern organizations before them. While the group knew little about the original Black Panthers, they identified with the name broadly, and it inspired them to express protest politics. The group did have knowledge of
379:
According to the conclusions of that committee, discrimination did exist at many levels in society. Following this, the budgets of the offices dealing with social issues were enlarged significantly. However, the 1973
795:
572:
A group of activists named two routes through Jerusalem's Musrara neighborhood "Black Panthers Way" and "They're Not Nice Alley" in 2011, the latter taken from the comments made about the Panthers by Golda Meir.
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In the beginning of 1971, the establishment of the movement was publicized, and it was distributed that the leaders of the movement had criminal records. The authorities became worried that the events of the
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The young Black Panther activists raised public consciousness to the "Oriental question", which subsequently played a role in Israeli political debate in the 1970s and 1980s, contributing to
323:
were prominent members of the Party in its early days. They succeeded to make people believe that their movement would improve the lives of the disenfranchised and received media attention.
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success in that period. Although inequalities remain, many Mizrahi Jews have over the years entered the mainstream of Israeli political, military, cultural and economic life, including
4623:
416:. The large-scale response to the Black Panthers, especially from the State, declined after several months, as the Panthers were unable to mobilize large parts of the population.
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299:. Jewish immigrants from the Middle East and North Africa were not given adequate housing by the Israeli government and many settled in Musrara. After the 1967
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After 1949, Musrara went from being a wealthy Arab neighborhood to a neglected area with a dangerous no-man's land full of mines, on the border of
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The Panthers eventually moved into electoral politics, but without success, at least in part because of internal disputes and struggles. In the
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356:, seven hours of clashes between police and demonstrators began. The demonstrators also demanded to change the name of the square to
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would be repeated. Shimshon Vigodar made a leaflet before the first organized demonstration and along with three other members of
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265:, who introduced them to the mass media as an outlet for expressing their demands for change. Other forces of influence were
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The newly named streets will be part of a tour dubbed 'In the Panthers' footsteps' through Musrara's mostly unnamed alleys.
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soon changed the government's list of priorities, and most of these resources were turned, again, towards security needs.
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2014:
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728:. Tel Aviv, Israel: The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies Tel Aviv University. p. 125.
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The Black Panthers felt that discrimination against Mizrahi Jews could be seen in the different attitude of the
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countries. It was one of the first organizations in Israel with the mission of working for social justice for
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2009:
1984:
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791:'Any Name That Has Power': The Black Panthers of Israel, the United Kingdom, and the United States, 1948-1977
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that a social worker in the neighborhood told them that they sounded like the Black Panthers from the U.S.
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1069:
Cohen, E. Studies of Israeli Society. "The Black Panthers and Israeli Society." 1980. Transaction, Inc.
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569:(as a reference to the Black Panthers) was formed after attacks against Russian-speaking immigrants.
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discuss seriously the Panthers' claims and a public committee was established to find a solution.
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8:
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658:
477:
228:
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because they thought it would give them media attention, which proved to be true.
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1938:
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in 1972. From left to right: Tova Gohar, Yigal Bin-Nun, Sami Gohr, Felix Zagron,
320:
312:
193:
47:
3344:
998:"Israeli "Black Panthers" Meet with Prime Minister Meir to Discuss Mizrahi Jews"
908:
4499:
4470:
4460:
4379:
4030:
4021:
3900:
3433:
2752:
2574:
2412:
2106:
1908:
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1502:
1482:
1467:
1447:
1412:
1373:
1327:
997:
895:
Bernstein, Deborah (December 1984). "Conflict and Protest in Israeli Society".
381:
316:
105:
96:
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1928:
967:
4666:
4351:
4268:
4115:
4108:
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1918:
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308:
220:
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1628:
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1613:
1583:
1487:
1477:
1462:
1432:
1407:
1368:
1348:
1187:"Jerusalem neighborhood to name streets in honor of Mizrahi Black Panthers"
954:
Frankel, Oz (June 2008). "What's in a name? The Black Panthers in Israel".
799:
485:
428:
the party won 13,332 votes (0.9%), just short of the 1% threshold. For the
304:
280:. While most other Mizrahi organizations in Israel were religious, such as
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266:
224:
212:
100:
4222:
3990:
3037:
2722:
2596:
1958:
1781:
1694:
1437:
1332:
481:
461:
353:
300:
216:
4087:
1142:] children are the racism victims: The answer is 'Russian panthers'"
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4207:
4101:
3833:
2263:
2243:
1923:
1740:
1730:
1674:
1588:
1507:
1422:
1222:
694:"When Israel's Black Panthers Used Passover to Protest Jewish 'Racism'"
368:
3591:
1280:
4080:
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2509:
2484:
2380:
1811:
409:
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125:
113:
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789:
4073:
4039:
3910:
3362:
2877:
2782:
2449:
1240:
Black Panthers The Radicals Who Punctured a Nation's Founding Myth
387:
4465:
4094:
3948:
3142:
2962:
2957:
1191:
1056:
697:
645:
Lubin, Alex (1 February 2014), "The Black Panthers and the PLO",
457:
405:
337:
109:
1232:
On the 30th anniversary of the Black Panthers movement in Israel
1220:
Katz, Sue (December 2004). "What's Left of the Left in Israel".
4619:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
3127:
3117:
3102:
2937:
2927:
2867:
2862:
2772:
2757:
2584:
2569:
2439:
809:
433:
292:
288:
208:
80:
249:
The movement was founded early in 1971 by young people in the
4389:
2952:
2922:
2917:
2792:
2727:
2601:
2375:
938:
882:
721:
Middle Eastern Societies and the West: Accomodation [
453:
211:
protest movement of second-generation Jewish immigrants from
565:
During the late 1990s and early 2000s a movement called the
4552:
3979:
3217:
2857:
2385:
442:
281:
3460:
The ultra-Orthodox demonstration against the Supreme Court
1135:
649:, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 111–141,
1162:
1113:[We are tired of hearing 'Go back to Russia'].
241:
to distinguish them from the original American group.
227:, drawing inspiration and borrowing the name from the
1266:"Saadia Marciano: Founder of Israel's Black Panthers"
512:
1025:"Golda Meir: The Israeli Black Panthers Aren't Nice"
517:The Israeli Black Panthers adopted the name of the
798:from the original on 28 February 2024 – via
491:
284:, the Black Panthers were secular in orientation.
3302:Protests against conscription of yeshiva students
4664:
2299:Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention
2360:
2146:The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution
276:establishment towards the immigrants from the
133:
4006:
3607:
3262:
2346:
2101:Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom
1296:
419:
399:, Yitzhak Cohen, Amram Cohen and Yaakov Elbaz
4423:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
3724:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
655:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469612881.003.0005
1081:"Like the Black Panthers, but more refined"
853:Avi Levy, "מה הביא את הפנתרים לירושלים?" .
4020:
4013:
3999:
3614:
3600:
3269:
3255:
3173:Women's International Zionist Organization
2978:Movement for the Renewal of Social Zionism
2403:National Religious Party–Religious Zionism
2353:
2339:
1303:
1289:
1104:
1054:Gidi Weiz (4 December 2007). "נמר כפול" .
606:
235:. It is also sometimes referred to as the
60:
3236:List of minor political parties in Israel
894:
2035:Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America
556:
548:
386:
4693:Political organizations based in Israel
3621:
1310:
1078:
953:
681:Conflict and Protest in Israeli Society
640:
638:
636:
14:
4665:
3276:
1243:, University of California Press, 2024
1184:
1022:
949:
947:
787:
717:
4408:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
3994:
3729:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
3595:
3442:Jerusalem Sabbath observance protests
3250:
2334:
1284:
1050:
1048:
1046:
748:
644:
561:"They're Not Nice" Alley in Jerusalem
326:
307:Jewish residents would be displaced.
269:high-school and university students.
3423:Gaza Strip humanitarian aid blockade
2713:Faction independent of Ahdut HaAvoda
1219:
836:
834:
832:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
675:
673:
633:
609:"Israel's Black Panthers Remembered"
343:At the beginning of March 1971, the
4713:Defunct political parties in Israel
4673:Anti-racist organizations in Israel
4607:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
3314:Protests against Benjamin Netanyahu
3231:List of political parties in Israel
2633:Arab List for Bedouin and Villagers
1807:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
944:
937:Baruch Leshem. "הפנתרים מחליפים" .
888:
259:discrimination against Mizrahi Jews
197:
51:
24:
4558:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
3369:Sabra and Shatila massacre protest
3098:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
1274:Obituary of Black Panther founder
1260:Archive of documents and clippings
1213:
1136:Michael Dorfman; Olga Filaretova.
1043:
751:"Musrara, the Center of the World"
25:
4759:
4738:Sephardi Jewish culture in Israel
4708:Organizations established in 1971
3894:Bukharian (Judeo-Persian dialect)
2743:Gesher – Zionist Religious Centre
2673:Democratic List for Israeli Arabs
2280:Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song
2015:Revolutionary Black Panther Party
1247:
881:"הפנתרים קיימו הפגנה בירושלים" .
829:
794:. pp. 97, 311–314, 321–330.
768:
670:
607:Herschthal, Eric (29 June 2010).
519:United States Black Panther Party
4748:Secular Jewish culture in Israel
4703:Mizrahi Jewish culture in Israel
2913:Man's Rights in the Family Party
2312:
2311:
2239:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
1168:mentioning the russian panthers
872:, פרק 5, 'הפנתרים השחורים', עמ .
844:, פרק 5, 'הפנתרים השחורים', עמ .
725:] of Clash of Civilizations?
683:. Haifa University. pp. 133–137.
544:
4624:Institute for Sephardic Studies
3163:Unity for Peace and Immigration
2068:Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther
2000:New Afrikan Black Panther Party
1787:Deacons for Defense and Justice
1503:Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom)
1178:
1156:
1129:
1109:"נמאס לנו לשמוע 'תחזרו לרוסיה'"
1098:
1072:
1063:
1016:
990:
931:
875:
860:
553:Black Panthers Way in Jerusalem
492:Israeli government infiltration
4413:Antisemitism in the Arab world
3744:Antisemitism in the Arab world
2688:Democratic Movement for Change
2259:New Haven Black Panther trials
2095:In the Event Anyone Disappears
1949:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
847:
742:
711:
686:
600:
13:
1:
4678:1971 establishments in Israel
3183:Ya'ad – Civil Rights Movement
3068:Progressive National Alliance
2823:Independent Socialist Faction
2798:Herut – The National Movement
2010:New Panther Vanguard Movement
1985:Black Riders Liberation Party
1060:. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
593:
588:Equality in Israel – Panthers
4574:American Sephardi Federation
4567:Major communal organizations
3580:Eritrean clashes in Tel Aviv
3503:Justice for Rephael protests
2828:Israeli Communist Opposition
1990:Black Women's Defense League
1856:United Front Against Fascism
1741:Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson)
1185:Hasson, Nir (24 June 2011).
1105:Uri Binder (10 April 2000).
749:Cardi, Paola (Spring 2015).
7:
4723:Socialist parties in Israel
4718:Far-left politics in Israel
4289:Western Europe and overseas
3405:The fight against the fence
3399:Anti-disengagement protests
3148:Union of Right-Wing Parties
2973:Movement for Greater Israel
2678:Democratic List of Nazareth
2658:Cooperation and Development
2653:Cooperation and Brotherhood
2618:Agriculture and Development
2362:Political parties in Israel
2154:Judas and the Black Messiah
1838:Free Breakfast for Children
1234:marxist.com, 20 August 2002
1002:Center for Israel Education
909:10.1177/0044118x84016002002
788:Angelo, Anne-Marie (2013).
679:Bernstein, Deborah (1984).
576:
391:The Black Panther Party at
10:
4764:
4728:Far-left political parties
4579:Sephardi Community Council
3520:Heskem HaShillumim protest
3063:Progressive List for Peace
2254:Murder of Betty Van Patter
2082:The Murder of Fred Hampton
2061:Interview with Bobby Seale
821:: CS1 maint: postscript (
447:Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow
420:Move to electoral politics
244:
29:
4632:
4599:
4584:World Sephardi Federation
4566:
4538:
4498:
4431:
4400:
4125:
4029:
3962:
3939:Sephardic law and customs
3921:
3854:
3752:
3716:
3630:
3512:
3469:
3432:
3417:Israel–Hamas war protests
3335:
3282:
3226:
2610:
2475:
2368:
2307:
2231:
2172:
2027:
1967:
1871:
1864:
1825:
1774:
1749:
1713:
1657:
1531:
1395:
1382:
1341:
1320:
1138:"The immigrats' [
1029:Israel's Documented Story
968:10.1080/17541320802063554
647:Geographies of Liberation
521:along with groups in the
432:Charlie Biton ran on the
163:
156:
155:
150:
142:
131:
119:
90:
76:
68:
59:
41:
3929:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah
3320:Judicial reform protests
3053:Progress and Development
2993:National Religious Party
2041:Black Panthers: A Report
1879:American Indian Movement
1644:Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor
1108:
539:African American history
513:The name "Black Panther"
30:Not to be confused with
27:Israeli protest movement
4068:Expulsion from Portugal
3802:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3526:Israeli Seamen's Strike
3479:The blood case protests
3308:Social Justice protests
3088:Religious Zionist Party
2853:Justice for the Elderly
2838:Jewish–Arab Brotherhood
2545:Israel Democratic Party
2396:Israel Resilience Party
2116:All Power to the People
2005:New Black Panther Party
1995:Huey P. Newton Gun Club
1899:Black Panthers (Israel)
1579:Marshall "Eddie" Conway
1473:Elbert "Big Man" Howard
1031:. Israel State Archives
121:Political position
3556:Cottage cheese boycott
3485:Yosef Salamsa protests
3454:Supreme Court protests
3357:Yom Kippur War protest
3296:Ethiopian Jew protests
3158:United Religious Front
2525:Free Democratic Israel
2130:A Huey P. Newton Story
1914:George Jackson Brigade
1904:British Black Panthers
1884:Black Guerrilla Family
1468:Raymond "Masai" Hewitt
1023:Yaacov (19 May 2013).
870:מצפן - המצפון והפנטזיה
842:מצפן - המצפון והפנטזיה
562:
554:
426:1973 Knesset elections
400:
358:Kikar Yehadut HaMizrah
263:Jerusalem municipality
238:Israeli Black Panthers
18:Israeli Black Panthers
4418:Antisemitism in Islam
4136:Eastern Mediterranean
3739:Antisemitism in Islam
3497:Solomon Teka protests
3387:Four Mothers Movement
3337:Arab–Israeli conflict
3326:2024 Israeli protests
3213:Yisrael HaMithadeshet
3043:Poalei Agudat Yisrael
2848:Jewish National Front
2833:Israeli Druze Faction
2708:Eretz Yisrael Shelanu
2698:Development and Peace
2490:Arab Democratic Party
2205:Revolutionary Suicide
1980:Black Panther Militia
1889:Black Liberation Army
1826:Programs and projects
1670:Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin
1639:Russell Maroon Shoatz
718:Litvak, Meir (2006).
560:
552:
498:Israel State Archives
390:
205:HaPanterim HaShchorim
4523:Sephardi chief rabbi
4500:Religion and culture
4056:Expulsion from Spain
3922:Religion and culture
3491:Damas Fikda protests
3203:Yemenite Association
2818:Independent Liberals
2408:United Torah Judaism
2294:Black power movement
2269:Rice–Poindexter case
2221:Black Against Empire
2075:Finally Got the News
2028:Films and television
1172:23 June 2015 at the
474:Benjamin Ben-Eliezer
4733:Mizrahi Jews topics
3808:North African Jews
3411:Reservists' protest
3381:Oslo Accords debate
2888:Left Camp of Israel
2683:Democratic Movement
2515:Da'am Workers Party
2495:Arab National Party
2319:Black Panther Party
1954:White Panther Party
1934:Polynesian Panthers
1685:Robert Hillary King
1604:Denise Oliver-Velez
1313:Black Panther Party
1272:. 26 December 2007.
1237:Elia-Shalev, Asaf,
897:Youth & Society
868:Niza Ariel. 184-185
758:Jerusalem Quarterly
393:Tel Aviv University
233:Black Panther Party
85:Left Camp of Israel
32:Black Panther Party
4743:Protests in Israel
4683:Jewish anti-racism
3393:October 2000 riots
3345:Martial law debate
3277:Protests in Israel
2813:Independent Centre
2550:New Economic Party
2089:Teach Our Children
1975:Assata's Daughters
1817:Robert F. Williams
1757:Stokely Carmichael
1624:George W. Sams Jr.
1564:Veronza Bowers Jr.
1453:Barbara Easley-Cox
1403:JoNina Abron-Ervin
1144:. Russian Panthers
855:Maariv (newspaper)
563:
555:
401:
327:Protest activities
168:Politics of Israel
4698:Society of Israel
4660:
4659:
4456:Judaeo-Portuguese
3988:
3987:
3589:
3588:
3375:The 400,000 rally
3351:Shministim letter
3244:
3243:
3073:Progressive Party
3058:Progress and Work
3048:Popular Arab Bloc
3008:New Liberal Party
2998:Natural Law Party
2788:Hebrew Communists
2763:Hapoel HaMizrachi
2668:Democratic Choice
2328:
2327:
2023:
2022:
1944:The Pink Panthers
1851:Rainbow Coalition
1844:The Black Panther
1833:Ten-Point Program
1770:
1769:
1559:Dhoruba bin Wahad
1498:Joan Tarika Lewis
1418:William Lee Brent
1226:. pp. 16–19.
840:Niza Ariel. 183 '
480:and Iranian-born
478:Yitzhak Mordechai
362:Molotov cocktails
257:, in reaction to
186:
185:
173:Political parties
16:(Redirected from
4755:
4688:Jewish socialism
4648:
4615:
4592:
4518:Rite and customs
4491:
4374:Crypto-Sephardim
4015:
4008:
4001:
3992:
3991:
3889:Juhuri/Judeo-Tat
3817:Alexandrian Jews
3797:Musta'arabi Jews
3734:Palestinian Jews
3616:
3609:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3532:Wadi Salib riots
3271:
3264:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3208:Yisrael BaAliyah
3153:United Arab List
3003:New Aliyah Party
2733:General Zionists
2693:Democratic Union
2540:Ihud Bnei HaBrit
2505:Bible Bloc Party
2435:United Arab List
2430:Yisrael Beiteinu
2355:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2274:Robert Templeton
2249:Intercommunalism
2232:Related articles
2213:A Taste of Power
2138:Night Catches Us
1894:Black Liberators
1869:
1868:
1792:W. E. B. Du Bois
1649:James Dixon York
1532:East Coast based
1396:West Coast based
1393:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1359:Kathleen Cleaver
1354:Eldridge Cleaver
1314:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1227:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1182:
1176:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
994:
988:
987:
951:
942:
941:. 18 April 1971.
935:
929:
928:
892:
886:
879:
873:
864:
858:
851:
845:
838:
827:
826:
820:
812:
785:
766:
765:
755:
746:
740:
739:
715:
709:
708:
706:
704:
690:
684:
677:
668:
667:
642:
631:
630:
628:
626:
617:. Archived from
604:
583:Wadi Salib riots
567:Russian Panthers
334:Wadi Salid riots
319:, Meir Levi and
315:, Roni Orovitz,
253:neighborhood of
229:African-American
199:
158:
135:
77:Merged into
64:
53:
39:
38:
21:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4642:
4640:Philosephardism
4628:
4609:
4595:
4586:
4562:
4534:
4494:
4485:
4446:Sephardi Hebrew
4427:
4396:
4121:
4061:Alhambra Decree
4025:
4022:Sephardi Jewish
4019:
3989:
3984:
3958:
3917:
3850:
3760:Babylonian Jews
3748:
3712:
3626:
3620:
3590:
3585:
3562:Women's protest
3538:Housing Protest
3508:
3465:
3444:(1920s–present)
3428:
3331:
3278:
3275:
3245:
3240:
3222:
2843:The Jewish Home
2606:
2477:
2471:
2364:
2359:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2303:
2227:
2197:Blood in My Eye
2168:
2019:
1963:
1939:Red Guard Party
1865:Inspired groups
1860:
1821:
1766:
1762:Connie Matthews
1745:
1709:
1653:
1554:Kuwasi Balagoon
1539:Mumia Abu-Jamal
1527:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1337:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1276:Saadia Marciano
1270:The Independent
1264:
1256:Knesset website
1250:
1216:
1214:Further reading
1211:
1210:
1197:
1195:
1183:
1179:
1174:Wayback Machine
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1053:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1004:. 13 April 2015
996:
995:
991:
952:
945:
936:
932:
893:
889:
885:. 4 March 1971.
880:
876:
865:
861:
857:. 5 March 1971.
852:
848:
839:
830:
814:
813:
804:Duke University
786:
769:
753:
747:
743:
736:
716:
712:
702:
700:
692:
691:
687:
678:
671:
665:
643:
634:
624:
622:
614:The Jewish Week
605:
601:
596:
579:
547:
515:
494:
422:
397:Kochavi Shemesh
329:
321:Kochavi Shemesh
313:Saadia Marciano
247:
198:הפנתרים השחורים
182:
151:Election symbol
112:
108:
104:
55:
54:
52:הפנתרים השחורים
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4761:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4652:Sephardization
4649:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4548:Black Panthers
4544:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4471:Tetuani Ladino
4468:
4461:Judaeo-Spanish
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4401:Modern history
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4302:
4297:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4131:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3970:Black Panthers
3966:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3901:Judaeo-Spanish
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3862:Israeli Hebrew
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:Sephardic Jews
3819:
3814:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3792:Jews in Arabia
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3631:By nationality
3628:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3550:Kikar HaLechem
3547:
3544:Student Strike
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3448:Bar-Ilan riots
3445:
3438:
3436:
3434:Ultra-Orthodox
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:(2024–present)
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3304:(1977-present)
3299:
3298:(1974-present)
3293:
3290:Black Panthers
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3113:Social Justice
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Geulat Yisrael
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Fighters' List
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:Black Panthers
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2413:Agudat Yisrael
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2391:National Unity
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2189:Seize the Time
2185:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2048:Black Panthers
2044:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1909:Dalit Panthers
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:William O'Neal
1723:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1705:Albert Woodfox
1702:
1700:Herman Wallace
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1658:Southern based
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1599:Lonnie McLucas
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:W. Paul Coates
1571:
1569:Safiya Bukhari
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1549:Ashanti Alston
1546:
1544:Sundiata Acoli
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1523:Michael Zinzun
1520:
1518:Robert Trivers
1515:
1513:Geronimo Pratt
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:George Jackson
1490:
1485:
1483:Ericka Huggins
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:B. Kwaku Duren
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1413:Charles Barron
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1374:David Hilliard
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1328:Huey P. Newton
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1262:
1257:
1254:Black Panthers
1249:
1248:External links
1246:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1177:
1155:
1128:
1097:
1071:
1062:
1042:
1015:
989:
943:
930:
903:(2): 129–152.
887:
874:
859:
846:
828:
767:
741:
734:
710:
685:
669:
663:
632:
621:on 3 July 2010
598:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
585:
578:
575:
546:
543:
523:United Kingdom
514:
511:
493:
490:
430:1977 elections
421:
418:
382:Yom Kippur War
366:Prime Minister
328:
325:
317:Reuven Abergel
246:
243:
217:Middle Eastern
190:Black Panthers
184:
183:
181:
180:
175:
170:
164:
161:
160:
153:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
136:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
106:Social justice
94:
88:
87:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
57:
56:
46:
44:Black Panthers
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4760:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
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4729:
4726:
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4709:
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4608:
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4462:
4459:
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4434:
4430:
4424:
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4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:Belmonte Jews
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4352:Paradesi Jews
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4325:New Amsterdam
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
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4286:
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4279:
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4267:
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4262:
4260:
4257:
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4239:
4236:
4234:
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4230:
4229:
4226:
4224:
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4219:
4216:
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4211:
4209:
4206:
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4201:
4197:
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4143:
4140:
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4138:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4116:New Christian
4113:
4111:
4110:
4109:Maghrebi Jews
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:
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4059:
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4028:
4023:
4016:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Mizrahi music
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3884:Judeo-Persian
3882:
3880:
3879:Judeo-Aramaic
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3844:Hadhrami Jews
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:Yemenite Jews
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:Maghrebi Jews
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:Bukharan Jews
3785:
3783:
3782:Mountain Jews
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3770:Baghdadi Jews
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
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3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3709:
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3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3574:Gallant night
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
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3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3471:Ethiopian Jew
3468:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
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3388:
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3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
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3334:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3253:
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3249:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Yamin Yisrael
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Women's Party
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
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3149:
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3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:The Right Way
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
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3069:
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3061:
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3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:National List
2986:
2984:
2983:National Home
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
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2929:
2926:
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2921:
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2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Liberal Party
2901:
2899:
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2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
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2806:
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2801:
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2774:
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2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Gesher (2019)
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Gesher (1996)
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
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2679:
2676:
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2659:
2656:
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2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Ahdut HaAvoda
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Secular Right
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:parliamentary
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Otzma Yehudit
2423:
2419:
2418:Degel HaTorah
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:Parliamentary
2367:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2321:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:Panther Power
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
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2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
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2234:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2162:The Big Cigar
2159:
2156:
2155:
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2148:
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2143:
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2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
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1983:
1981:
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1950:
1947:
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1937:
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1932:
1930:
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1925:
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1919:Gray Panthers
1917:
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1912:
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1907:
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1900:
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1802:Harry Haywood
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1736:Marion Stamps
1734:
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1724:
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1714:Chicago based
1712:
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1609:Larry Pinkney
1607:
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1594:Warren Kimbro
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1443:Emory Douglas
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1428:Bunchy Carter
1426:
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1079:Lily Galili.
1075:
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1059:
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745:
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735:9789652240736
731:
727:
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714:
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4451:Judeo-Arabic
4441:Judeo-Berber
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4259:Gibraltarian
4248:North Africa
4246:
4238:Thessalonian
4134:
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4079:
4072:
4046:Roman Empire
4038:
3969:
3934:Ovadia Yosef
3874:Judeo-Arabic
3839:Habbani Jews
3777:Persian Jews
3765:Kurdish Jews
3753:By community
3693:Saudi Arabia
3623:Mizrahi Jews
3568:LGBT protest
3289:
2893:Left Faction
2808:Independence
2648:Center Party
2642:
2555:Pirate Party
2520:Derekh Eretz
2278:
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1872:Contemporary
1843:
1797:Frantz Fanon
1680:James Forman
1665:H. Rap Brown
1629:Afeni Shakur
1619:Nile Rodgers
1614:Alex Rackley
1584:Jamal Joseph
1488:Bobby Hutton
1478:John Huggins
1463:Reggie Forte
1433:Mark Comfort
1408:Richard Aoki
1369:Fred Hampton
1349:Elaine Brown
1269:
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1221:
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1196:. Retrieved
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619:the original
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225:Mizrahi Jews
213:North Africa
204:
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36:
4643: [
4610: [
4587: [
4486: [
4208:Palestinian
3638:Afghanistan
3316:(2020–2021)
3168:Unity Party
3038:Oz LaAniyim
2723:Free Centre
2597:Yerushalmim
2575:U'Bizchutan
2530:Green Party
2181:Soul on Ice
1959:Young Lords
1929:Ngā Tamatoa
1846:(newspaper)
1782:Black power
1695:Malik Rahim
1690:Pete O'Neal
1438:Aaron Dixon
1333:Bobby Seale
1230:A. Kramer,
1117:(in Hebrew)
962:(1): 9–26.
956:The Sixties
482:Shaul Mofaz
462:Amir Peretz
354:Zion Square
301:Six-Day War
4667:Categories
4191:Macedonian
4179:Alexandria
4127:Dispersion
4102:Megorashim
4081:Degredados
4051:Golden Age
3834:Adeni Jews
3108:Shlomtzion
3033:One Nation
3028:One Israel
2535:The Greens
2264:Panther 21
2244:COINTELPRO
1968:Subsequent
1924:I Wor Kuen
1775:Influences
1731:Bobby Rush
1721:Mark Clark
1675:Mark Essex
1589:Chaka Khan
1508:Pat Parker
1423:Ed Bullins
1364:Donald Cox
1342:Leadership
1223:Z Magazine
1035:23 January
1008:23 January
703:7 December
594:References
466:David Levy
412:, and the
369:Golda Meir
207:) were an
143:Fewest MKs
4433:Languages
4380:Amazonian
4364:Livornese
4342:Hamburger
4186:Hungarian
4152:Bulgarian
4074:Conversos
3855:Languages
3552:(2002–04)
3546:(1997–98)
3407:(2005-10)
3401:(2004–05)
3347:(1948–63)
3138:Third Way
2778:HaTzeirim
2590:New Right
2510:Brit Olam
2485:Ale Yarok
2457:Democrats
2381:Yesh Atid
2317:Category|
1812:Malcolm X
1458:Kent Ford
984:143163633
976:1754-1328
925:144998145
917:0044-118X
817:cite book
410:Histadrut
297:West Bank
274:Ashkenazi
255:Jerusalem
202:translit.
178:Elections
126:Left-wing
114:Socialism
103:interests
97:Sephardic
4540:Politics
4320:Suriname
4295:American
4281:Tunisian
4269:Moroccan
4254:Algerian
4213:Romanian
4196:Monastir
4174:Egyptian
4167:Splicani
4157:Croatian
4142:Albanian
4095:Marranos
4088:Lançados
4040:Sepharad
3963:Politics
3911:Solitreo
3683:Pakistan
3363:Land Day
2948:Mizrachi
2783:Hatzohar
2462:New Hope
2290:" (2000)
1321:Founders
1170:Archived
1166:research
796:Archived
764:: 29–49.
577:See also
458:Moroccan
221:Sephardi
92:Ideology
4600:Studies
4530:Haredim
4508:Cuisine
4483:Bagitto
4466:Haketia
4359:Italian
4332:English
4315:Curaçao
4300:Antwerp
4274:Tetuani
4233:Rhodian
4218:Serbian
4203:Ottoman
4162:Ragusan
4147:Bosnian
4031:Origins
3949:Mimouna
3717:History
3673:Lebanon
3643:Bahrain
3513:Various
3425:(2024–)
3419:(2023–)
3143:Tzalash
3013:New Way
2963:Morasha
2958:Moledet
2933:Mekhora
2768:Hatikva
2611:Defunct
2108:Panther
1386:Members
1192:Haaretz
1148:23 June
1121:23 June
1090:23 June
1085:Haaretz
1057:Haaretz
698:Haaretz
625:23 June
406:Knesset
338:Matzpen
251:Musrara
245:History
209:Israeli
159:
110:Marxism
101:Mizrahi
69:Founded
4390:Xuetas
4347:Indian
4337:French
4264:Libyan
4223:Syrian
4024:topics
3906:Ladino
3867:Hebrew
3708:U.A.E.
3668:Kuwait
3663:Jordan
3625:topics
3582:(2023)
3576:(2023)
3570:(2018)
3564:(2018)
3558:(2011)
3540:(1990)
3534:(1959)
3528:(1951)
3522:(1951)
3505:(2023)
3499:(2019)
3493:(2015)
3487:(2014)
3481:(1996)
3462:(2014)
3456:(1999)
3450:(1996)
3413:(2006)
3395:(2000)
3389:(1997)
3383:(1993)
3377:(1983)
3371:(1982)
3365:(1976)
3359:(1973)
3353:(1970)
3322:(2023)
3310:(2011)
3292:(1971)
3128:Tehiya
3118:Tafnit
3103:Shinui
2938:Meretz
2928:Meimad
2883:Leader
2868:Kulanu
2863:Kadima
2773:Hatnua
2758:HaOlim
2585:Yamina
2580:Yachad
2570:Tzomet
2476:Extra-
2440:Hadash
2283:(1971)
2224:(2013)
2216:(1992)
2208:(1973)
2200:(1972)
2192:(1970)
2184:(1968)
2165:(2024)
2157:(2021)
2149:(2015)
2141:(2010)
2133:(2001)
2125:(1999)
2119:(1996)
2111:(1995)
2103:(1992)
2097:(1974)
2091:(1973)
2085:(1971)
2077:(1970)
2071:(1969)
2063:(1969)
2057:(1969)
2055:Mayday
2051:(1968)
2043:(1968)
2037:(1968)
1750:Others
1198:6 July
1115:Maariv
982:
974:
923:
915:
810:thesis
732:
661:
460:-born
434:Hadash
293:Jordan
289:Israel
194:Hebrew
81:Hadash
48:Hebrew
4647:]
4633:Other
4614:]
4591:]
4513:Music
4490:]
4310:Aruba
4305:Dutch
4228:Greek
3954:Henna
3703:Syria
3698:Sudan
3688:Qatar
3648:Egypt
3193:Yahad
3188:Ya'ad
3133:Telem
3023:Ometz
2968:Moria
2953:Moked
2923:Mapam
2918:Mapai
2878:La'am
2873:Labor
2793:Herut
2728:Gahal
2602:Zehut
2565:Telem
2500:Balad
2450:Ta'al
2376:Likud
2173:Books
980:S2CID
939:Davar
921:S2CID
883:Davar
807:Ph.D.
754:(PDF)
454:Likud
132:Most
4553:Shas
3980:Shas
3975:Tami
3678:Oman
3658:Iraq
3653:Iran
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3078:Rafi
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2908:Maki
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2803:Hetz
2638:Atid
2628:Ahva
2467:Noam
2445:Maki
2386:Shas
1200:2011
1150:2015
1123:2015
1092:2015
1037:2018
1010:2018
972:ISSN
913:ISSN
823:link
730:ISBN
705:2021
659:ISBN
627:2015
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