248:, which is navigable for approximately 200 kilometers. Cortés saw this river as a means of fluvial communication across the Isthmus itself. During the last third of the 16th century, Spanish expeditions arrived at the port of Veracruz, in the Gulf of Mexico, and from there they moved by boat to the mouth of the Coatzacoalcos River. The material necessary to build ships (supplies and tools or provisions) in the shipyards located along the Pacific coast, together with the artillery, were loaded into shallow canoes to navigate upstream, and subsequently transported, on the backs of the indigenous people, from the sources of the Coatzacoalcos River to the Pacific coast, in the Gulf of Tehuantepec.1 Many of these expeditions later moved along the coast to the port of Acapulco, from where they sailed along the western coast of North America, and then set off westwards, seeking a passage to the Philippines and southern China. The advantages of this itinerary would lead to the proposal, as early as the 16th century, of an interoceanic canal. However, a series of difficulties caused the most feasible option, Panama, to eclipse Tehuantepec as an interoceanic passage.
43:
244:
nature could not withstand the strenuous effort of the
Spanish conquistadores to find, within the tropics, a strait connecting the two oceans. This meant that in the conquest explorations during the 16th century, this region was used as an interoceanic passage. The exploration of this region between the 'North Sea' and the 'South Sea' was, since the conquest of Mesoamerica, a fixed idea of the Spanish monarchy and its representatives. Carlos V made this project one of the priority missions of the explorers whose objective was to put the kingdom of New Spain in communication with that of Peru. Hernán Cortés, in 1520, used this route to transport equipment and supplies across the isthmus from the Gulf of Mexico to his shipyard located on the Pacific coast, near the town of Santo Domingo de Tehuantepec. The advantage lay in the ability to make a good part of the journey by river. Approximately two-thirds of the Isthmus is crossed by the
422:
252:
681:
667:
352:
35:
555:
27:
762:
653:
315:
243:
The
Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a region located in the south of Mexico, is the narrowest area between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in the whole country. Only 220 kilometers separate the two oceans between the gulfs of Mexico and Tehuantepec. During the first half of the 16th century, it seemed as if
864:
Velázquez, E., Léonard, E., Hoffmann, O. and Prévôt-Schapira, M.F. (2009) El Istmo mexicano: una región inasequible: Estado, poderes locales y dinámicas espaciales (siglos XVI–XXI) Mexico City: Centro de
Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. Paris: Institut de Recherche pour
265:
The
Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a valley otherwise surrounded by montane habitats, has also been noted as an important biogeographical barrier among montane taxa, such as Mexican birds. Population diversification has been observed among not only avian fauna, but other organisms as well, including toads
636:
Several proposals have been made for modernizing the inter-ocean rail connection. In 2019, as part of the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec Development Plan, a project has been taking place since June of that year to create a communication link between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans through the Tehuantepec
504:). This was in 1893, and 60 km (37 mi) remained to be built. A fourth contract resulted in the completion of the 130-mile line from coast to coast in 1894. But, it was found that the terminal ports were deficient in facilities and the railroad was too light for heavy traffic.
1173:
the highest wind speeds are observed in the
Southern region of Oaxaca at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec bridging the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. This region has long been known to be Mexico's windiest region and has been the object of a strong wind power
1220:, pg. 89. Cape Cod Scriveners Co., 1979. "These Indians, the Zapotecs, were a matriarchal people: the women owned land, fished, traded, farmed, and ran the local government; the men, with that look of silliness that comes of being bone-idle, lounged around."
330:
from the Gulf of Mexico to blow through to the
Pacific. Normally, these winds are not particularly strong, but periodically, a surge of denser air originating from the North American continent will send strong winds through the Chivela Pass and out over the
255:
Location of the
Province of Coatzacoalcos in a modern satellite image. This indicates the settlements of Coatzacoalcos and Tehuantepec, where Gali also made a map for the Relaciónes Geográficas. Image prepared by Morato-Moreno,
950:
Sandoval, Luis; Epperly, Kevin L.; Klicka, John; Mennill, Daniel J. (2017-03-07). "The biogeographic and evolutionary history of an endemic clade of Middle
American sparrows: Melozone and Aimophila (Aves: Passerellidae)".
883:: Manuel Morato-Moreno & José-María Gentil-Baldrich (2022): The Map of the Coatzacoalcos River (1580): The First Cartography of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, The Cartographic Journal, DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1995126
203:
in the eastern-central region of the isthmus is an area of great ecological importance, the largest remaining area of tropical rainforest in Mexico and holding the majority of the terrestrial biodiversity in Mexico.
601:. The minimum depth at low water in both ports is 10 m (33 ft). An extensive system of quays and railway tracks at both terminals affords ample facilities for the expeditious handling of heavy
493:
for this purpose from 1857 to 1882. In the latter year the
Mexican government resolved to undertake the railroad construction on its own account, and entered into contracts with a prominent Mexican
535:
side. The work was done for account of the Mexican government. Work began on 10 December 1899, and was finished to a point where its formal opening for traffic was possible in January 1907.
369:
these women are known throughout Mexico for their colorful dresses, assertive personalities, and relatively equal relations with men, leading some to characterize them as "matriarchal."
38:
1736 map. Caption at lower left: "These rivers almost meet. both of them are Navigable, and all the Cannon and Stores for Acapulco are Carryed from the North to the South Sea by them."
172:
At its narrowest point, the isthmus is 200 km (124 mi) across from gulf to gulf, or 192 km (119 mi) to the head of Laguna Superior on the Pacific coast. The
1550:
1439:
810:
1329:
59:
1202:, May 2012. Quote: "wind energy projects that have been developed in the southern state of Oaxaca. There, the wind currents that cross the Isthmus of Tehuantepec"
777:
1074:"Cryptic Population Structuring and the Role of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec as a Gene Flow Barrier in the Critically Endangered Central American River Turtle"
489:, and the scheme received serious attention for some time. Then came projects for an ordinary railway, and several concessions were granted by the Mexican
1189:
42:
1072:
González-Porter, Gracia P.; Maldonado, Jesús E.; Flores-Villela, Oscar; Vogt, Richard C.; Janke, Axel; Fleischer, Robert C.; Hailer, Frank (2013-09-25).
638:
606:
1051:
855:
Church, G.E. (1902) "Interoceanic Communication on the Western Continent. A Study in Commercial Geography" The Geographical Journal 19 (3) pp.313–354
318:
1198:
614:
585:
The Tehuantepec railway (now the Ferrocarril Transístmico ("Trans-Isthmic Railroad")), is 308 km (191 mi) long, running from the port of
455:
route. The Isthmus of Panama, however, is significantly narrower, making for a shorter traversal, even if the canal is farther from trade routes.
1259:
874:
López Guzmán, R. (2007) Territorio, poblamiento y arquitectura: México en las Relaciones Geográficas de Felipe II Granada: Universidad de Granada
1238:
377:
The cuisine of the region is based upon traditional foods and ingredients. Dishes may range from simple to elaborate; most dishes incorporate
398:
500:
The next contract was fruitless because of the death of the contractor, and the third failed to complete the work within the sum specified (
1353:
782:
617:, 175 km (109 mi) from Salina Cruz, connection was made with the Veracruz & Pacific Railway, 343 km (213 mi) to
478:
signed but was never ratified by the United States Congress, would have given the U.S. extensive transit rights along the same route.
1523:
290:(primarily in the north). There are also small central areas with a temperate climate due to elevation. The annual rainfall on the
51:
219:
mountains resume to the south, so geographically the isthmus divides North America from Central America. The southern edge of the
1304:
831:
594:
421:
294:
or northern slope is 3,960 mm (156 in) and the maximum temperature about 35 °C (95 °F) in the shade. The
1436:
798:
481:
While the idea of a canal across the isthmus failed to gain momentum due to the enormous cost of such a project, engineer
1656:
1326:
694:
462:
treaty included a provision allowing the U.S. to transport mail and trade goods across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec via a
1617:
1666:
1691:
1383:
699:
1696:
251:
122:
1686:
1671:
1186:
497:
for the work. In 1888 this contract was rescinded, after 108 km (67 mi) of road had been completed.
1701:
1681:
267:
1676:
1661:
1003:
704:
1145:
718:
274:
wherein a geographic divide gives rise to population divergence and a significant decrease in gene flow.
181:
1216:
145:, or the southeastern parts of Veracruz and Oaxaca, including small areas of Chiapas and Tabasco. The
1230:
196:, which has been a greater obstacle to railway construction than the grades in crossing the sierra.
1711:
471:
287:
283:
895:"Two pulses of diversification across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in a montane Mexican bird fauna"
216:
1555:
365:. The women are the traders in the Oaxacan Tehuantepec area and do little menial work. Known as
672:
208:
1361:
1290:
1716:
271:
1597:
767:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
630:
544:
1154:
1085:
1019:
960:
686:
605:. The general offices and repair shops of the original Tehuantepec Railway were located at
598:
443:, the Tehuantepec isthmus has been considered a favorable route, first for an interoceanic
340:
220:
173:
55:
20:
618:
8:
332:
245:
1158:
1089:
1023:
964:
568:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1484:
1116:
1073:
1043:
927:
894:
516:
494:
440:
138:
134:
47:
1312:
835:
641:. Recent reports state that this corridor will be fully operational by December 2023.
1706:
1284:
1121:
1103:
1035:
1031:
984:
976:
932:
914:
709:
351:
1139:
Toledo, César; Chávez-Arroyo, Roberto; Loera, Leonel; Probst, Oliver (18 May 2015).
1047:
451:. Its proximity to the axis of international trade gives it some advantage over the
1476:
1162:
1111:
1093:
1027:
968:
922:
906:
666:
507:
The government then entered into a contract with the London firm of contractors of
459:
361:
In the Oaxaca half of Tehuantepec, the population is composed mostly of indigenous
146:
112:
75:
475:
231:, so geologically, the division between North America and Central America (on the
34:
1443:
1333:
1193:
1098:
723:
593:
in Oaxaca on the Pacific coast, with a branch of 29 km (18 mi) between
486:
434:
402:
362:
355:
232:
1603:
1551:"AMLO confirma inauguración del Tren del Corredor Interoceánico para septiembre"
972:
1418:
524:
291:
88:
26:
19:
This article is about the geographical isthmus. For the political region, see
1650:
1632:
1619:
1107:
1039:
980:
918:
773:
768:
658:
586:
520:
511:, who had constructed the drainage works of the valley of Mexico and the new
482:
336:
224:
92:
1591:, with information on the current owners (concessions) of Mexican railways.
1211:
1125:
1008:) across the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec"
988:
936:
910:
713:
610:
430:
406:
382:
212:
185:
96:
1596:
1141:"A surface wind speed map for Mexico based on NARR and observational data"
1071:
326:
The narrowness of the isthmus, and the gap in the Sierra Madre, allow the
1524:"What is the Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (CIIT)?"
622:
590:
528:
508:
200:
104:
1581:
1391:
786:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 507.
1488:
1464:
490:
463:
327:
1586:
1167:
1140:
1002:
Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Morrill, Benson H.; Mendelson, Joseph R. (2006).
637:
Railway and the ports of Salina Cruz and Coatzacoalcos, known as the
425:
19th century illustration of the proposed "Interoceanic Ship Railway"
394:
228:
142:
1480:
1264:
Secretary of Tourism and Economic Development of the State of Oaxaca
1437:
The Tehuantepec Railroad; An Important Mexican Enterprise Completed
626:
467:
188:, is 224 m (735 ft). The northern side of the isthmus is
162:
799:"The Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Thehuantepec National Railway"
180:-like ridge, whose elevation, at the highest point reached by the
532:
448:
299:
295:
177:
158:
154:
150:
80:
1398:
Vollmar, J. E. Jr. (Spring 2003). "The Most Gigantic Railroad".
1185:
Duncan Wood, Samantha Lozano, Omar Romero & Sergio Romero. "
339:. The region has one of the best wind resources in Mexico, with
452:
390:
386:
193:
166:
108:
84:
1602:
1138:
99:, it was a major overland transport route known simply as the
16:
Shortest distance between the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean
602:
444:
410:
378:
189:
949:
1419:
Mexico: Report on the Mexican Isthmus (Tehuantepec) Railway
512:
133:
The isthmus includes the part of Mexico lying between the
235:) is much farther south than the isthmus of Tehuantepec.
1187:
Wind energy on the border — a model for maximum benefit
1001:
899:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
625:. Those connecting lines are now owned and operated by
176:
mountain range breaks down at this point into a broad,
116:
1004:"Historical biogeography of lowland species of toads (
519:, to rebuild the line and construct terminal ports at
1423:
Miscellaneous Series, Diplomatic and Consular Reports
648:
62:, per the resolution of the Senate of March 8, 1851.
1511:
Report on the Mexican Isthmus (Tehuantepec) Railway
1465:"The Tehuantepec Railroad: Mexico's White Elephant"
639:
Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
50:and Gulf of Mexico. To accompany a report from the
1354:"Mexico Wants Its Own 'Panama Canal' - Without US"
87:. It represents the shortest distance between the
447:, and since the 19th century for an interoceanic
1648:
1199:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
335:on the Pacific coast. This wind is known as the
1475:(4). University of California Press: 373–382.
270:. As a result, the Isthmus presents a case of
1347:
1345:
1305:"Gadsden Purchase Treaty: December 30, 1853"
892:
1289:. Boston, Mass.: The Stratford Co. p.
1260:"What to Eat in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec"
803:Bulletin of the American Geological Society
538:
282:The predominant climates in the region are
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
1548:
1506:
1504:
1351:
1342:
1223:
1166:
1115:
1097:
926:
629:, a company that also operates along the
1458:
1456:
893:Barber, B. R.; Klicka, J. (2010-09-07).
772:
485:proposed to construct a quadruple track
420:
350:
250:
41:
33:
25:
1397:
736:
1649:
1501:
1416:
1338:The New York Times, May 5, 1853, p. 4.
1282:
1252:
1594:
1462:
1453:
953:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
796:
346:
298:slope has a light rainfall and dryer
103:. The name is taken from the town of
74:
30:Map showing the relief of the isthmus
1381:
548:
416:
695:American-Hawaiian Steamship Company
621:, and 500 km (310 mi) to
13:
1327:Tehuantepec Railroad--Sloo's Grant
401:(fried balls of rice and shrimp);
14:
1728:
1575:
1311:. Yale Law School. Archived from
1610:. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
1605:The New Student's Reference Work
1595:Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914).
1549:Gutiérrez, Noemí (28 May 2023).
1352:LaFranchi, Howard (1996-09-04).
1032:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01546.x
760:
700:Ferrocarril de Veracruz al Istmo
679:
665:
651:
553:
313:
182:Ferrocarril Transistmico railway
1542:
1516:
1429:
1410:
1375:
1319:
1297:
1276:
1241:from the original on 2011-01-23
1205:
1179:
1132:
1065:
1054:from the original on 2021-03-08
995:
813:from the original on 2022-07-10
260:
1425:(Report). U.K. Foreign Office.
1384:"No. 1777: An Un-Panama Canal"
943:
886:
877:
868:
858:
849:
824:
790:
1:
1417:Müller, W. Max (April 1907).
1358:The Christian Science Monitor
729:
286:(primarily in the south) and
268:Central American river turtle
221:North American tectonic plate
1582:The Tehuantepec Ship-Railway
1283:Powell, Fred Wilbur (1921).
1099:10.1371/journal.pone.0071668
834:. EEF Mexico. Archived from
705:Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca
128:
111:; this was derived from the
95:. Before the opening of the
7:
1450:, November 22, 1894, p. 12.
1146:Meteorological Applications
973:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.03.008
797:Hovey, Edmond Otis (1907).
719:Mexican Federal Highway 185
644:
10:
1733:
1657:Isthmuses of North America
1217:The Old Patagonian Express
542:
509:S. Pearson & Son, Ltd.
428:
372:
277:
238:
211:mountains flatten to form
18:
1469:Pacific Historical Review
1463:Glick, Edward B. (1953).
633:-owned Tuehantepec line.
609:, at the entrance to the
589:on the Gulf of Mexico to
562:This section needs to be
312:
307:
192:and densely covered with
105:Santo Domingo Tehuantepec
1667:Geography of Mesoamerica
1400:Invention and Technology
1388:Engines of Our Ingenuity
539:Tehuantepec Railway Line
319:Oaxaca Wind Resource Map
52:U.S. Treasury Department
1692:Sierra Madre de Chiapas
1286:The Railroads of Mexico
1012:Journal of Biogeography
783:Encyclopædia Britannica
413:, a maize-based drink.
385:. Common items include
217:Sierra Madre de Chiapas
117:
1697:Sierra Madre de Oaxaca
911:10.1098/rspb.2010.0343
673:Central America portal
426:
358:
257:
209:Sierra Madre de Oaxaca
72:Spanish pronunciation:
68:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
63:
39:
31:
1687:Landforms of Veracruz
1672:Landforms of Campeche
424:
354:
272:allopatric speciation
254:
76:[tewanteˈpek]
45:
37:
29:
1702:Sierra Madre del Sur
1682:Landforms of Tabasco
1588:The Mexican Railways
1556:El Heraldo de México
687:North America portal
599:San Juan Evangelista
472:McLane–Ocampo Treaty
174:Sierra Madre del Sur
21:Istmo de Tehuantepec
1677:Landforms of Oaxaca
1662:Landforms of Mexico
1629: /
1598:"Tehuantepec"
1231:"Garnachas Istmeña"
1159:2015MeApp..22..666T
1090:2013PLoSO...871668G
1024:2006JBiog..33.1889M
965:2017MolPE.110...50S
905:(1694): 2675–2681.
712:is the site of the
393:, chicken, beef or
333:Gulf of Tehuantepec
246:Coatzacoalcos River
1530:. 19 November 2021
1448:The New York Times
1442:2016-03-04 at the
1382:Lienhard, John H.
1332:2016-03-04 at the
1309:The Avalon Project
1192:2017-07-06 at the
545:Tren Interoceánico
439:Since the days of
427:
405:topped with dried
359:
347:People and culture
341:several wind farms
258:
64:
48:Straits of Florida
40:
32:
1018:(11): 1889–1904.
710:Isthmus of Panama
619:Córdoba, Veracruz
583:
582:
417:Tehuantepec route
324:
323:
101:Tehuantepec Route
60:Israel D. Andrews
1724:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1460:
1451:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1395:
1390:. Archived from
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1360:. Archived from
1349:
1340:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1227:
1221:
1209:
1203:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1168:10.1002/met.1500
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1101:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
999:
993:
992:
947:
941:
940:
930:
890:
884:
881:
875:
872:
866:
865:le Développement
862:
856:
853:
847:
846:
844:
843:
828:
822:
821:
819:
818:
794:
788:
787:
766:
764:
763:
757:
689:
684:
683:
682:
675:
670:
669:
661:
656:
655:
654:
578:
575:
569:
557:
556:
549:
503:
460:Gadsden Purchase
317:
316:
305:
304:
288:tropical monsoon
284:tropical savanna
223:lies across the
157:are east of the
120:
107:in the state of
78:
73:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1712:Proposed canals
1647:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1481:10.2307/4492098
1461:
1454:
1444:Wayback Machine
1434:
1430:
1415:
1411:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1343:
1334:Wayback Machine
1324:
1320:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1210:
1206:
1194:Wayback Machine
1184:
1180:
1137:
1133:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1000:
996:
948:
944:
891:
887:
882:
878:
873:
869:
863:
859:
854:
850:
841:
839:
830:
829:
825:
816:
814:
795:
791:
776:, ed. (1911). "
761:
759:
758:
737:
732:
724:Nicaragua Canal
685:
680:
678:
671:
664:
657:
652:
650:
647:
579:
573:
570:
567:
558:
554:
547:
541:
501:
437:
435:Nicaragua Canal
419:
375:
363:Zapotec peoples
349:
314:
280:
263:
241:
233:Caribbean Plate
131:
123:jaguar mountain
71:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1730:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1613:
1612:
1592:
1584:
1577:
1576:External links
1574:
1571:
1570:
1541:
1515:
1500:
1452:
1428:
1409:
1394:on 2004-10-15.
1374:
1341:
1318:
1315:on 2023-03-22.
1296:
1275:
1251:
1222:
1204:
1178:
1131:
1064:
994:
942:
885:
876:
867:
857:
848:
823:
789:
774:Chisholm, Hugh
734:
733:
731:
728:
727:
726:
721:
716:
707:
702:
697:
691:
690:
676:
662:
646:
643:
615:Santa Lucrecia
607:Rincón Antonio
581:
580:
561:
559:
552:
543:Main article:
540:
537:
418:
415:
374:
371:
348:
345:
322:
321:
310:
309:
308:External image
279:
276:
262:
259:
240:
237:
139:96th meridians
130:
127:
89:Gulf of Mexico
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1729:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1633:17.2°N 94.7°W
1608:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1364:on 2018-01-26
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1212:Theroux, Paul
1208:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:(9): e71668.
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1007:
998:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
946:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
880:
871:
861:
852:
838:on 2010-05-27
837:
833:
832:"Selva Zoque"
827:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
785:
784:
779:
775:
770:
769:public domain
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
735:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
688:
677:
674:
668:
663:
660:
659:Mexico portal
649:
642:
640:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Coatzacoalcos
577:
574:December 2023
565:
560:
551:
550:
546:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:Coatzacoalcos
518:
514:
510:
505:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:James B. Eads
479:
477:
476:Benito Juárez
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:Hernán Cortés
436:
432:
423:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
370:
368:
364:
357:
353:
344:
342:
338:
334:
329:
320:
311:
306:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
275:
273:
269:
253:
249:
247:
236:
234:
230:
226:
225:Motagua Fault
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
169:on the west.
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
126:
124:
119:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:Pacific Ocean
90:
86:
82:
77:
69:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
36:
28:
22:
1717:Trade routes
1614:
1604:
1587:
1561:. Retrieved
1559:(in Spanish)
1554:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
1510:
1492:. Retrieved
1472:
1468:
1447:
1431:
1422:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1392:the original
1387:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1362:the original
1357:
1337:
1321:
1313:the original
1308:
1299:
1285:
1278:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1254:
1243:. Retrieved
1234:
1225:
1215:
1207:
1197:
1181:
1172:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1056:. Retrieved
1015:
1011:
1005:
997:
956:
952:
945:
902:
898:
888:
879:
870:
860:
851:
840:. Retrieved
836:the original
826:
815:. Retrieved
809:(1): 78–91.
806:
802:
792:
781:
714:Panama Canal
635:
611:Chivela Pass
584:
571:
563:
506:
499:
487:ship-railway
480:
457:
438:
431:Panama Canal
407:queso Oaxaca
376:
366:
360:
325:
281:
264:
261:Biogeography
242:
213:Chivela Pass
206:
198:
186:Chivela Pass
171:
132:
100:
97:Panama Canal
67:
65:
1638:17.2; -94.7
1636: /
1174:development
778:Tehuantepec
623:Mexico City
591:Salina Cruz
529:Salina Cruz
470:. The 1859
399:guetabingui
367:"Tehuanas",
328:trade winds
215:before the
201:Selva Zoque
118:Tēcuāntepēc
56:U.S. Senate
46:Map of the
1651:Categories
1528:Opportimes
1494:2018-01-25
1368:2018-01-25
1269:2011-06-26
1245:2011-06-26
1153:(3): 3.4.
1058:2020-10-15
842:2010-06-28
817:2020-10-26
730:References
631:Ferroistmo
525:Gulf coast
502:£2,700,000
495:contractor
491:government
464:plank road
429:See also:
389:made with
1235:Autorneto
1108:1932-6203
1040:1365-2699
981:1095-9513
959:: 50–59.
919:0962-8452
527:, and at
515:works of
458:The 1854
403:garnachas
395:armadillo
356:Garnachas
229:Guatemala
143:longitude
129:Geography
1707:Portages
1440:Archived
1406:(4): 64.
1330:Archived
1239:Archived
1190:Archived
1126:24086253
1078:PLOS ONE
1052:Archived
1048:84605743
989:28286101
937:20410037
811:Archived
645:See also
627:Ferrosur
517:Veracruz
474:, which
468:railroad
292:Atlantic
266:and the
163:Veracruz
91:and the
79:) is an
1624:94°42′W
1621:17°12′N
1513:, p. 5.
1489:4492098
1396:Citing
1155:Bibcode
1117:3783458
1086:Bibcode
1020:Bibcode
961:Bibcode
928:2982039
771::
603:cargoes
564:updated
533:Pacific
531:on the
523:on the
449:railway
387:tamales
373:Cuisine
337:Tehuano
300:climate
296:Pacific
278:Climate
239:History
178:plateau
161:, with
159:isthmus
155:Chiapas
151:Tabasco
113:Nahuatl
81:isthmus
54:to the
1607:
1563:7 July
1534:7 July
1487:
1124:
1114:
1106:
1046:
1038:
987:
979:
935:
925:
917:
765:
453:Panama
409:; and
391:iguana
194:jungle
190:swampy
167:Oaxaca
147:states
109:Oaxaca
85:Mexico
1485:JSTOR
1325:See "
1044:S2CID
613:. At
595:Juile
445:canal
411:pozol
383:moles
379:maize
141:west
115:term
1565:2023
1536:2023
1122:PMID
1104:ISSN
1036:ISSN
1006:Bufo
985:PMID
977:ISSN
933:PMID
915:ISSN
597:and
513:port
466:and
433:and
381:and
207:The
199:The
165:and
153:and
137:and
135:94th
125:").
66:The
1477:doi
1446:";
1336:";
1291:149
1163:doi
1112:PMC
1094:doi
1028:doi
969:doi
957:110
923:PMC
907:doi
903:277
780:".
227:in
184:at
149:of
83:in
58:by
1653::
1601:.
1553:.
1526:.
1503:^
1483:.
1473:22
1471:.
1467:.
1455:^
1421:.
1404:18
1402:.
1386:.
1356:.
1344:^
1307:.
1262:.
1237:.
1233:.
1214:.
1196:"
1171:.
1161:.
1151:22
1149:.
1143:.
1120:.
1110:.
1102:.
1092:.
1080:.
1076:.
1050:.
1042:.
1034:.
1026:.
1016:33
1014:.
1010:.
983:.
975:.
967:.
955:.
931:.
921:.
913:.
901:.
897:.
807:39
805:.
801:.
738:^
397:;
343:.
302:.
256:M.
121:("
1567:.
1538:.
1497:.
1479::
1435:"
1371:.
1293:.
1272:.
1248:.
1165::
1157::
1128:.
1096::
1088::
1082:8
1061:.
1030::
1022::
991:.
971::
963::
939:.
909::
845:.
820:.
576:)
572:(
566:.
70:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
