693:"Most Italians were scattered in the countryside, on the goldfields, in the mines. As agricultural workers, fruit pickers, farmers, tobacco growers, canecutters. The distance and the lack of communication prevented them from organising themselves. Those in the cities, mainly greengrocers, market gardeners and labourers, because of the sheer lack of interest and capacity to understand the advantages that a political organisation would bring, kept themselves aloof from any active role in politics and from the people who were advocating it. Also, many migrants were seasonal workers, never stopping for long at any one place, thus making it difficult for them to take part in social or political activities". By the early 1900s, there were over 5,000 Italians in Australia in a remarkable variety of occupations. According to the 1911 Census, there were 6,719 residents who had been born in Italy. Of these, 5,543 were males, while 2,683 had become naturalised. No less than 2,600 were in Western Australia.
1136:
1262:
Lakeside. The remaining
Italian workers were mainly involved in farming (250) and fishing (150). This work pattern of Italians in Western Australia did not change much with the more consistent migration flow of the late 1920s and early 1930s. During these two decades, Italian migrants to Australia continued to come from the north and central mountain areas of Italy, thus following a pattern of "temporary" migration that pushed them to look for jobs with potential quick remuneration, as mining and woodcutting could offer. Changes in such patterns, together with the Italian mass-migration program of the 1950s and 1960s, have already been examined. Hence, the different component of regional origin of Italians in Western Australia and, subsequently, since the late 1950s, a more composite geographical distribution of Italian migrants in both urban and rural areas of the state.
980:, aimed to increase the population of the country for strategically important economic and military reasons. The immigration debate in postwar Australia assumed new dimensions as official policy sought a significant increase in the number and the diversity of immigrants, and to find a place for those coming from a tired and torn Europe. The war had occasioned a shift in migration patterns, pressing the need to place a large number of people who could not return to their own countries for a wide range of reasons. This was the case of over ten million people from Central and North-eastern Europe, such as Poles, Germans, Greeks, Czechs, Yugoslavs and Slovaks. An important stage in this immigration program began with the Displaced Persons Scheme in 1947, which attracted over 170,000 displaced persons to Australia.
954:
hard in farms and cattle stations, thus gaining a favourable opinion as hard and committed workers by their
Australian employers. This circumstance contributed to generate an environment more agreeable â than that before the war â for the Italian post-war migration to Australia. After World War II, the attitude of Australians towards Italians gradually began to change, with the increasing appreciation of the value of Italians in the economic development of Australia. At the same time, the Italian war experience helped to destroy many of the political and sentimental attachments that Italians had previously felt towards their country. As a consequence, the end of the war encouraged the naturalisation of many Italian migrants, who had been caught up as enemy aliens at the outbreak of the world conflict.
842:
without family in Italy) dependent on residents abroad. In the early 1920s
Italians had found that it was not difficult to enter Australia, as there were no visa requirements. The Amending Immigration Act of 1924 prohibited the entry of migrants unless they had a written guarantee completed by a sponsor, an Atto di richiamo ('Call notice'). In this case, any migrant could come to Australia free of charge. Without a sponsor, the required landing money was ten pounds until 1924 and forty since 1925. O'Connor stated: "In 1928, as the number of arrivals increased, a 'gentleman's agreement' between Italy and Australia limited the entry of Italians to no more than 2% of British arrivals, amounting to a maximum of 3,000 Italians per year".
967:
892:, an Australian who had expressed defamatory remarks about Italians in an Italian-owned hotel was knocked dead by the barman. This accident sparked the resentment of many Australian miners against Italians residing in Kalgoorlie, which culminated in two days of riots. A raging crowd of miners devastated and burnt many shops and private abodes of Italians and other Southern Europeans in Boulder and Kalgoorlie and pushed hundreds of Italian migrants to shelter in the surrounding countryside. Notwithstanding the condemnation of the fact on media, the riots did not modify the attitude of public opinion toward Italians in general.
560:. By the mid-1880s, about 50 holdings of an aggregate area of more than 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres) were under occupation, and the Italian population of New Italy has increased to 250. In this respect, Lyng reported: "The land was very poor and heavily timbered and had been passed over by local settlers. However, the Italians set to work and by great industry and thrift succeeded in clearing some of the land and making it productive. ... Besides, working on their own properties the settlers were engaged in the sugar industry, in timber squaring, grass seed gathering, and other miscellaneous work".
962:"Naturalisation was the obvious first step towards their rehabilitation. The war had also broken many of the links with Italy, and in addition it was still difficult to secure a shipping passage to return there. But while the act of naturalization may have been an irrevocable step which in turn provided an incentive to become socially and culturally assimilated, field investigations show clearly that Italians retained many traits, particularly within the circle of the home, which were not "Australian". And naturalized or not, they were still not fully accepted by Australians".
518:
778:. The volume of arrivals, the proportion of settlers in the total population of Australia, and the size of Italian agglomerated settlements were trivial by international standards. Yet the establishment of fifty Italian households within a radius of five miles (8.0 km) or the employment of twenty Italians on a job were cause for alarm in Australian eyes, The "inferiority" of Italians was generally seen in racist terms as well as specifically in terms of their threatening to compete with labour of British stock because of their "primitive" way of life".
744:, an Italian career diplomat, visited most of these rural areas. Although his report on soil fertility, quality of cattle to graze, transport and accommodation for the Italian farmers was extremely positive and enthusiastic, the settlement scheme was not carried out. Again, Western Australia public opinion opposed the creation of an exclusively Italian settlement, possibly caused by a mounting anti-Italian sentiment fuelled by the outlined episodes of confrontation between the Labour movement and the cheap labour cost offered by Italian migrants.
671:(During these recent 55 years, when Italians migrated more to Australia, their moral conduct had been superior to that of the many other nationals here represented, British included. Italians are work and savings-oriented, intelligent, sober and very much sought after. The only hostility comes from the British labourers who, confident of their origin, look at their Italian competitors with a surly mood, because they are afraidâwithout any evidenceâthat Italians could work for lower wages than theirs).
1291:
904:à la dura quotidiana fatica del lavoro e la resistenza alle lotte degli Australiani che essi debbono sostenere per il prestigio di essere Italiani di Mussolini. Gli Italiani formarono quel fronte unico di resistenza che va considerato una delle piÚ belle vittorie del fascismo in terra straniera. Altra cosa è fare gl'Italiani in Italia altra è all'estero, dove chi ti dà da mangiare dimentica che tu lavori per lui, e solo per questo crede di essere padrone delle tue braccia e del tuo spirito.
906:(Italians have to sustain the daily hard work and the resistance to the claims of Australians, to bear the prestige to be Italians of Mussolini. Italians formed that strong front of resistance, which can be considered one of the best victories of fascism in foreign land. One thing is to form Italians in Italy and another is abroad, where those who feed you forget that you all work for them, and just for this reason they think to be the owners of your arms and spirits).
1258:
years before, the
Italian writer Capra had visited the state and reported: "L'attuale emigrazione italiana in Australia e' poca cosa, e consta quasi esclusivamente di operai per le miniere e pel taglio della legna nella parte occidentale, e di lavoratori della canna da zucchero nel Queensland". (Present Italian migration to Australia is negligible, almost exclusively limited to miners and woodcutters in the western state, and sugarcane cutters in Queensland).
2563:
918:, there was a considerable degree of segregation between Italians and Australians. As an additional reaction, a large proportion of Italians in Australia tended to defer naturalisation (which could be granted after a period of five years of residence) until they had finally established their homes in Australia. Consequently, it is not surprising that, with the outbreak of World War II, the Australian opinion of Italian migrants naturally hardened.
3757:
938:
45:
3769:
171:
1968:
716:
purpose of the test being to keep non-Europeans out of
Australia, as a deterrent to unwanted immigrants. Although the test was initially to be administered in English, it was then changed to any European language, "mainly through Labour insistence". Such a firmly sustained system to select entries into Australia that it remained on the statute books until 1958, when it was replaced by a system of entry permits.
2042:
929:. Between 1940 and 1945, most of those who had not been naturalised before the war's outbreak were considered "enemy aliens", and therefore either interned or subjected to close watch, with respect to personal movements and area of employment. There were many cases of Italian-Australians who had taken out Australian citizenship also being interned. This was particularly the case in northern Queensland.
1187:
1179:
869:
911:
proportion of them (20,064) were male. Many
Italian male migrants, who had in fact left Italy for Australia during the late 1920s and early 1930s, were joined by wives, working-age sons, daughters, brothers and sisters in the late 1930s. This pattern can be interpreted as a "defence" from both the perceived hostile Australia environment and the political turmoil of pre-war Italy.
1003:(1952). They also introduced a system of personal nominations and guarantees, opened to Italians, to permit families separated by the war to come together again. In addition, the Australian and Italian governments negotiated a scheme of recruitment and assisted passages, which became fully effective in 1952. As extensively outlined by MacDonald, the
1012:
1950s and 1960s had planned to settle permanently in
Australia. Within these two decades, the number of Italians who came to Australia was so high that their number increased tenfold. Between June 1949 and July 2000, Italy was the second most common birthplace for immigrant arrivals to Australia after United Kingdom and Ireland.
478:. Unfortunately, the number of Italians who joined the Victorian gold mines is obscure, and until 1871 Italians did not receive a special place in any Australian census figures. By 1881, the first year of census figures on Italian migrants in all States, there were 521 Italians (representing 0.066% of the total population) in
1677:
676:
762:
immigrants in any one year to about 41,000 (calculated as 3% of the number of
Italians residing in the United States in 1910). Furthermore, in 1924, the figures related to the entry of Italians were cut almost to zero, as they were meant to represent the 2% of the Italian component in the United States in 1890.
953:
During WWII, more than 18,000 Italian prisoners-of-war were sent to internment camps throughout
Australia. Together with the interned "enemy aliens", after 1942 a large number of them were employed in inland farms without much surveillance. Many prisoners of war and Italian-Australian interned worked
841:
about the high emigration figures of the mid-1920s pushed the
Fascist government's decision in 1927 to stop all migration to overseas countries, with rarely permitted exceptions, apart from female and minor close relatives (under-age sons, unmarried daughters of any age, parents and unmarried sisters
765:
Such severe restrictions meant that part of the great post-war stream of migrants from Italy was progressively diverted to Australia. Nevertheless, the way Italian migrants were conceived by Australian society was not going to change after its perception had formed in the early 1900s. With respect to
685:
Frictions between the established Australian working class and the newcomers suggest that, during periods of economic crisis and unemployment, immigration acted as a "tool of division and attack" by international capitalism to working class organisations. There were Italians in occupations other than
623:
The Labour Movement was against Italian immigration to all areas, and particularly to these industries, inasmuch as it swelled the labour market and increased competition, thereby putting employers in the enviable position of being able to pick and choose and giving employees who wanted to labour and
1214:
Conversely, in Australian cities, the Italian village or the region of origin have been significant in the formation of separate settlements or neighbourhood groupings of Italians. The way in which a population "subgroup" is distributed across an area is of importance because not only can it tell us
910:
Nevertheless, the Australia Census of 1933 claimed that 26,756 (against the 8,000 of 1921) were born in Italy. Since that year, Italy-born residents in Australia began to represent the first non-English speaking ethnic group of the country, replacing Germans and Chinese. Notwithstanding, a very high
605:
A few years later, Italians were again the subject of public discussion in Western Australia. The gold rush of the early 1890s in Western Australia and the subsequent labour disputes at the mines had belatedly attracted Italians in large number, both from Victoria and Italy itself. Most of them were
456:
The number of Italians who arrived in Australia remained small during the whole of the nineteenth century. The voyage was costly and complex, as no direct shipping link existed between the two countries until the late 1890s. The length of the voyage was over two months before the opening of the Suez
415:
and wrote the only complete eye-witness account of the uprising. This migration of northern Italian middle class professionals to Australia was spurred by the persecution from Austrian authorities â who controlled most of the northern regions of Italy until 1860 â especially after the failure of the
860:
Italians had arrived in Australia in consistent numbers all through the 1920s and 1930s, regardless of the internal and external factors affecting either their departure or their stay in Australia. Entry conditions of Italian migrants became stricter in countries of more popular destinations as the
593:
claimed that Italians would work harder than the Kanakas for lower pay and take away work from Australians, and over 8,000 Queenslanders signed a petition requesting the project to be cancelled. Nonetheless, more Italian migrants arrived and soon nominated friends and relatives still in Italy. They
406:
Italians have been arriving in Australia in a limited number since before the first fleet. Two individuals of Italian descent served on board the Endeavour when Captain James Cook arrived in Australia in 1770. Giuseppe Tuzi was among the convicts transported to Australia by the British in the First
381:
Italian Australians constitute the sixth largest ancestry group in Australia, and one of the largest groups in the global Italian diaspora. At the 2021 census, 1,108,364 Australian residents nominated Italian ancestry (whether alone or in combination with another ancestry), representing 4.4% of the
1638:
Settler arrivals by birthplace data not available prior to 1959. For the period July 1949 to June 1959, Permanent and Long Term Arrivals by Country of Last Residence have been included as a proxy for this data. ... in the period immediately after World War II, there were large numbers of displaced
1011:
Since the mid-1950s, the Italian flow of migrants to Australia assumed a sort of mass migration. Either nominated by relatives in Australia as a major component, or as assisted migrants, a notable number of migrants left Italy for Australia. Unlike the pre-war movement, most of the migrants of the
987:
certainly grew out of the country's policy of industrial development. Although there had been a significant industrial growth in Italy before the war, the devastation wrought by the conflict left the structure in ruins. This factor and the return of Italian soldiers from the war fronts generated a
615:
As previously stated with respect to the temporary migration of Tuscan migrants, Italians worked hard, and most saved steadily, by a simple a primitive mode of life, to buy land either in hospitable Australian urban areas or in the Italian community of origin. They were clearly "the better men for
1257:
With particular reference to Western Australia, as previously stated, Italians began to arrive in more notable number after the discovery of gold in the Eastern Goldfields, in the early 1890s. The Australian Census of 1911 records the presence of over 2,000 Italians in Western Australia. Only two
1253:
On a smaller scale, but through similar patterns, other large communities of Italians were formed, since the first notable arrival of Italians of the 1920s and 1930s, in Adelaide, Perth and in minor cities of Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. Most first-generation Italian migrants came to
1194:
Italians are well represented in every Australian state, territory, town and region. At the 2021 census, states with the largest numbers of persons nominating Italian ancestry were Victoria (384,688), New South Wales (301,829), Queensland (152,571), Western Australia (137,255) and South Australia
497:
While Italians in Australia were less than 2,000, they tended to increase, because they were attracted by the easy possibility to settle in areas capable of intense agricultural exploitation. In this regard, it must be borne in mind again that in the early 1880s Italy was facing a strong economic
1210:
is relatively few, with the exception of a notable distribution of Italians in Northern Queensland, as Hempel has described in her research on post-war settlement of Italian immigrants in this state. This circumstance is a consequence of the migration patterns followed by Italians in the earlier
781:
This attitude was also present in other English speaking countries, as Porter reported for Canada. In his classical study of Italians in North Queensland, Douglass suggests other factors affecting such racist attitudes, and reports a summary of the Commonwealth Parliamentary debate of 1927: "The
715:
As the Restriction Act passed into legislation, there was some confusion as to whether Italians should be let into the country or kept out by means of the "Dictation test" provisions, as stated into the Act. The Act did not specify a translation but rather a dictation in a European language, the
813:
Together with the entry restrictions adopted by the United States, another factor that increased Italian emigration in the early 1920s was the rise of Fascism in Italy in 1922. Gradually, the arrays of migrants became formed also by a minor component of political opponents to Fascism, generally
809:
Although the Australian attitude towards Italians was not friendly, since the early 1920s Italian migrants began to arrive in Australia in notable numbers. While the Australian Census of 1921 recorded 8,135 Italians residing in the country, during the years 1922â1925 another 15,000 arrived and,
668:
In questi ultimi cinquantacinque anni, in cui l'Italiano emigrò piÚ numeroso in Australia, la sua condotta morale è superiore a quella delle altre nazionalità che qui sono rappresentate, l'inglese compreso. Amante del lavoro, del risparmio, intelligente, sobrio, è sempre ricercatissimo: l'unico
563:
In 1883, a commercial Treaty between the United Kingdom and Italy was signed, allowing Italian subjects freedom of entry, travel and residence, and the rights to acquire and own property and to carry on business activities. This Agreement certainly favoured the arrival in Australia of many more
509:
better than the "pale" English migrant. As the job opportunities attracted so many British people to the colonies to be employed in agriculture, certainly the Italian peasant, accustomed to be a hard-worker, "frugal and sober", would be a very good immigrant for the Australia soil. Many Italian
1261:
Capra details the professional distribution of Italians. Over two-thirds all Italians were employed either in mines or in the mine-related woodcutting industry (respectively about 400 and 800), both in the gold districts of Gwalia, Day Down, Coolgardie and Cue, and the forests of Karrawong and
895:
In the 1930s, the Australian community maintained a perception of cultural inferiority of Italians that owed much to longer-term racial conceptions and which were confirmed by the lifestyle of the migrants. As observed by Bertola in his study of the riots, racism towards Italians lay in "their
848:
acted as an element of reaction and defence to the Australian environment. By the early 1930s, even Italian diplomatic activity in Australiaâas a direct expression of the Fascist governmentâbecame more incisive and oriented to make more and more Fascist proselytes among Italians. Migrants were
610:
Popular agitation was prompted mainly by growing unemployment; even Italians had begun to write home about it. Italians, however, could still be readily employed, often in preference to other workmen, because of the contract system of employment. They had the virtue of comparative docility and
899:
This was the umpteenth episode that without doubt pushed the notable number of Italians now working and residing in Australia to sympathise with Fascism and devote to the narrow circle of the Italian associations and the close relations of the family. In the late 1930s, a Fascist traveller to
761:
to curtail its immigration flowâwhich had reached a high number in the years immediately before the warâand Canada enacted similar legislation two years later. In 1921, United States policy became even stricter, with the establishment of a quota system that limited the total intake of Italian
657:
Nella maggior parte dei casi l'operaio (italiano) vive sotto la tenda, cosÏ chiunque non sia dedito all'ubriachezza (cosa troppo comune in questi paesi, ma non fra i nostri connazionali) può facilmente risparmiare la metà del suo salario. I nostri italiani, economi per eccellenza, risparmiano
448:
Through the 1840s and 1850s, the number of Italian migrants of peasant background who came for economic reasons increased. Nevertheless, they did not come from the landless, poverty-stricken agricultural working class but from rural families with at least sufficient means to pay their fare to
884:
in 1932 were more drastic and aimed at more effectively controlling the entry of "white aliens" into Australia. The amendment extended the landing permit system to all categories of immigrants, while before was applicable only to immigrants with a maintenance guarantee. The goal was to limit
861:
United States, and Italian Fascist authorities tightened the departure of migrants. At the same time, in Australia, the attitude towards Italians had been hostile to their settlements and work patterns. In addition, Australia, like the United States and most western countries, was hit by the
735:
in working sectors where labourers were not exclusively Anglo-Celtic, anti-Italian sentiments gathered momentum in the United States in the early 1900s, in the wake of Italian mass migration. Such attitudes also flourished in Australia, as it has been reported with respect to the Queensland
739:
Nevertheless, a new attempt to found an Italian colony in Western Australia took place in 1906, when the western state offered to host about 100 Italian peasant families to settle in the south-western rural corner of Western Australia. A delegation of a few northern Italian farmers led by
728:', which were not exclusively Australian terms. As reported: "Such concepts combined to produce in Europe a suspicion that the traditional European supremacy around the globe was coming to an end. In Australia that eventually was seen as, or made to appear, a more immediate threatening".
1007:
process, eased by the personal nomination scheme, seemed to be more flexible than the administrative machinery of the bilateral program. Personal nominees had a guarantee of assistance and contacts at their arrival in Australia, to help migrants to evaluate all employment possibilities.
723:
and other Australian ports were refused admission under the provisions of the Act. These latter cases might be indicative of the fact that Western Australia shared the xenophobia of the rest of the world. The reaction was certainly associated with the so-called "Awakening of Asia" and
1143:
At the 2021 census, 1,108,364 people nominated Italian ancestry (whether alone or in combination with another ancestry), representing 4.4% of the Australian population. The 2021 census found that 163,326 were born in Italy. In 2021, there were 228,042 Australian residents who spoke
686:
in the sugarcane industry and mining. In Western Australia, fishing was next in popularity, followed by the usual urban pursuits now associated with Italians of peasant origin, such as market gardening, the keeping of restaurants and wine shops and the sale of fruit and vegetables.
652:
Even in the Italian literature of the 1890s and early 1900s on travel reports and descriptions of Australia, there are notes about these frictions. The Italian Geographical Society (Societa' Geografica Italiana) reported as follows about the few Italian settlements in Australia:
628:
Sugarcane activities in Queensland and mining in Western Australiaâwhere most of the Italians were employedâbecame the targets of the Labour movement. As O'Connor reports in his work on the first Italian settlements, when Italians began to compete with Britons for work on the
689:
As Cresciani has explained in his comprehensive study of Italian settlements in the early decades of the twentieth century, it was the small size and the type of the Italian settlement that also worked against a wider involvement of Italian migrants with organised labour.
585:
were now being deported. While employment was guaranteed, wages were low and fixed. The deciding factor in the whole matter was the plight of the sugar industry: docile gang labour was essential, and the "frugal" Italian peasants were perfectly suited for such employment.
957:
At the end of 1947, only 21% of the Italians residing in Australia were not yet naturalised. Many of those becoming naturalised in the late 1940s did so to allay the suspicion caused by the war. Borrie wrote in his fundamental work on the assimilation of Italians in
885:
immigrants from competing in the local labour market to the detriment of the local unemployed. At the same time, the power to apply the dictation test was still available for up to five years to restrict the landing of an immigrant whose admission was not desired.
660:(In the great majority of cases, Italian labourers live in tents, so, whoever does not get drunk (which is such a common habit in this country, except amongst Italians) can easily save up to half his wage. Our Italians, extremely thrifty, save even more than that).
461:
and Naples no more than once a month. Therefore, other overseas destinations such as the United States and the Latin American countries proved much more attractive, thus allowing the establishment of migration patterns more quickly and drawing far greater numbers.
752:
Italian migration to Australia increased markedly only after heavy restrictions were placed on Italians' entry to the United States. More than two million Italian migrants entered the United States from the start of the 20th century to the outbreak of the
669:
contrasto che talvolta incontra è quello dell'operaio inglese, che, forte della sua origine, si fa preferire e guarda al suo concorrente con viso arcigno, temendo, senza alcun fondamento, che l'Italiano si presti a lavori per salari inferiori ai proprii.
1215:
a great deal about the pattern of life of that group, but it is also crucial in any planning of service delivering to such a community. The Italian community has very distinctive patterns of distribution that differentiate it from the total population.
576:
brought to north Queensland since the mid-nineteenth century as exploitable labour for the sugarcane plantations. Until the early 1890s, Italians had been practically an unknownâalthough very modestâquantity in Queensland. As a result of the new
469:
of the 1850s attracted thousands of Italians and Swiss Italians to Australia. The drain on the labour supply occasioned by the gold rush caused Australia to also seek workmen from Europe for land use and the development of cultivation, both in
513:
Since the early 1880s, due to the socioeconomic situation in Italy and the abundant opportunities to settle in Australia as farmers, skilled or semi-skilled artisans and labourers, the number of Italians who left for Australia increased.
1162:
As the level of immigration from Italy dropped significantly after the 1970s, the Australian population born in Italy is ageing and in decline. Most Italian Australians are the Australian-born descendants of Italian immigrants.
1096:
The explosion of numbers saw more than 20,000 Italians arrive in Australia in 2012â13 on temporary visas, exceeding the number of Italians that arrived in 1950â51 during the previous migration boom following World War Two.
1158:
As of the 2006 census, 162,107 (81.4%) speak Italian at home. Proficiency in English was self-described by census respondents as very well by 28%, well by 32%, 21% not well (18% didn't state or said not applicable).
510:
immigrants had extensive knowledge of Mediterranean-style farming techniques, which were better suited to cultivating Australia's harsh interior than the Northern-European methods in use previous to their arrival.
849:
invited to become members of the fascist political organisations of Australia, to come to fascist meetings and eventually to return to Italy, to consent to serve in the Italian armed forces, both in view of the
1211:
stage of their settlement in Queensland, during the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s, when the sugarcane industry and its related possibility of quick earnings attracted more "temporary" migrants in the countryside.
1282:
estimated that there were 30,000 Australian citizens resident in Italy. These are likely to be largely returned Italian emigrants with Australian citizenship, and their Italian-Australian children.
925:
of Italians, especially in Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. The concern in Queensland was that Italians would somehow join forces with an invading Japanese force and constitute a
1858:
2837:
786:. Regardless of its veracity, it could be applied to only a minority of the new arrivals since, by Italian Government estimates, fully two-fifths of its emigrants to Australia were from the
814:
peasants of the northern Italian regions, who chose Australia as their destination. In his study on Italian migration to South Australia, O'Connor even reports on the presence, in 1926, in
708:
and the allied Pacific Island Labourers Act. The goal was to ensure the White Australia policy by controlling entry into Australia andâby the latterârepatriating coloured labour from the
1270:
Between the period of 1947 to 1971, Australia's Italy-born numbered 289,476 and most Italian migrants came from Sicily, Calabria and Veneto and settled in metropolitan areas.
1761:
896:
apparent willingness to be used in efforts to drive down wages and conditions, and their inability to transcend the boundaries that separated them from the host culture".
1093:
In recent years, Australia has been witnessing a new wave of migration from Italy in numbers not seen in half a century, as thousands flee the economic hardship in Italy.
2810:
3197:
2594:
641:, "had become a greater pest in the United States than the coloured races". In other words, during the 1890s, a political and social alliance was formed between the
505:, who visited Italy in the 1870s and 1880s, admitted the convenience of having a larger intake of Italian workers into Australia. Bedford stated that Italians would
2963:
2800:
2795:
2780:
2674:
774:
was stopped by the new federal government in 1902. This put Italians at the bottom of the Australian "racial totem pole", just above other Southern Europeans and
3688:
3596:
3128:
3074:
2941:
2894:
2589:
1366:
3591:
3564:
3539:
3499:
3111:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3012:
2997:
2785:
2750:
2694:
2649:
2614:
2584:
3232:
3212:
3116:
3007:
2948:
2887:
2669:
2634:
2629:
2619:
2579:
1550:
3736:
1605:
3683:
3655:
3630:
3581:
3175:
3148:
3096:
2654:
1710:
611:
temperance and the ability to work in the hottest of weather; consequently, they were sought after by contractors, a few of whom were Italians themselves.
3601:
3121:
2968:
1869:
1865:
1279:
757:, whereas only about twelve thousand Italians had entered Australia in the same period. In 1917, while war was still on, the United States introduced a
572:
1891 was the year in Queensland in which over 300 peasants from northern Italy were scheduled to arrive, as the first contingent to replace over 60,000
3635:
3576:
2904:
532:
In 1881, over 200 foreign immigrants, of whom a considerable number were Italians from Northern Italy, arrived in Sydney. They were the survivors from
2914:
2512:
1135:
831:
1812:
606:
unskilled and therefore usually employed on the surface of the mines, or cutting, loading and carting wood nearby. Pyke so described the situation:
1798:
1139:
People with Italian ancestry as a percentage of the population in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census
594:
slowly acquired a large number of sugar-cane plantations and gradually set up thriving Italian communities in north Queensland around the towns of
1659:
649:
working class to react to Italian immigrants, with particular reference to northern and central Italian workers who lowered the level of wages.
3789:
2081:
428:
and other colonies already in the 1840s, and 1841s, many of whom had participated in the defeated revolts against the despotic rulers of
1166:
As of 2016, there were 120,791 registered Italian citizens (including those with dual citizenship) living in Australia according to the
1956:
1844:
1427:
2168:
1678:"Australian election 2022: Anthony Albanese due for speech; Scott Morrison concedes and stands down as Liberal leader â live updates"
250:
1230:, its equivalent in Sydney, were made up of several groups from geographically very circumscribed areas of Italy. Migrants from the
1414:
1124:
109:
2740:
1167:
888:
The economic depression ignited another social tension which fanned into racial hatred again in 1934. In the gold-mining city of
81:
3794:
2465:
2173:
1371:
1218:
As Burnley reports in his study on Italian absorption in urban Australia, some Italian concentrations in the inner suburbs of
2735:
2505:
2076:
1116:
420:
in many European cities in the 1840s and 1850s. As stated by D'Aprano in his work on the first Italian migrants in Victoria:
2226:
1926:
88:
62:
664:
Among the many observations about his journey to Australia, the Italian priest and writer, Giuseppe Capra, notes in 1909:
2378:
2309:
1934:
712:. The concept was meant to safeguard the social "white" purity and protect wage standards against cheap coloured labour.
457:
Canal. Italian migrants who intended to leave for Australia had to use German shipping lines that called at the ports of
2346:
17:
1743:
984:
977:
128:
95:
2498:
1101:
880:
705:
1721:
1612:
1152:
3732:
1554:
766:
this attitude, MacDonald wrote: "Italian immigration became the largest non-British movement after the entry of
77:
2416:
2363:
2247:
1949:
343:
66:
3705:
2138:
889:
862:
630:
966:
2439:
2242:
720:
590:
310:
2521:
1819:
1376:
1361:
1227:
996:
850:
525:
450:
482:, and 947 (0.10%) in Victoria, of whom one-third were in Melbourne and the rest were in the goldfields.
3747:
3640:
2679:
1896:
619:
The early 1890s is a turning point in the Australian attitude toward Italian immigration. Pyke stated:
557:
262:
176:
2987:
2684:
2006:
1942:
1780:
1238:
have formed the main Italian community core of Leichhardt, as well as Sicilians from the Province of
1198:
Most Australian residents born in Italy are now concentrated in Melbourne (73,799), Sydney (44,562),
549:
254:
494:
just 10. Such figures, from Australian sources, correspond to similar figures from Italian sources.
3257:
1381:
1356:
1203:
390:
294:
3693:
3676:
3544:
3404:
3180:
3017:
2882:
2877:
2552:
1223:
758:
697:
646:
642:
102:
55:
1493:
Pesman, R 1983, "Australian visitors to Italy in the nineteenth century", in G Cresciani (ed.),
700:
had to consider after it opened in 1901 was immigration. Later that year, the Attorney-General,
3419:
3394:
3389:
3304:
3222:
3185:
3049:
2825:
2815:
2775:
2709:
2547:
2539:
2423:
2021:
1611:. Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs. October 2001. p. 25. Archived from
775:
732:
578:
339:
327:
217:
198:
2562:
548:
Protectorate. Many of them took up a conditional purchase farm of 16 hectares (40 acres) near
3519:
3469:
3409:
3374:
3369:
3314:
3143:
3133:
3106:
2953:
2936:
2921:
2820:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2689:
2659:
2609:
2599:
2158:
1329:
782:
image of the Italian was nourished by the stereotype of the southerner, and particularly the
599:
208:
3645:
3625:
3571:
3529:
3504:
3494:
3429:
3344:
3319:
3294:
3282:
3252:
3244:
3138:
3081:
3022:
2992:
2872:
2832:
2805:
2730:
2725:
2664:
2644:
2624:
2604:
2098:
2001:
1908:
1431:
1346:
991:
By the early 1950s, Australian authorities negotiated formal migration agreements with the
541:
31:
3698:
1964:
1254:
Australia by the nomination of a close relative or a friend, as forms of chain migration.
498:
crisis, which was going to push a hundred thousand Italians to seek a better life abroad.
8:
3715:
3650:
3620:
3611:
3606:
3524:
3509:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3434:
3399:
3384:
3354:
3324:
3309:
3299:
3267:
3262:
3163:
3158:
3101:
3027:
2975:
2926:
2899:
2865:
2790:
2760:
2704:
2699:
2571:
2321:
2296:
2269:
2252:
2216:
2148:
2143:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2031:
1639:
persons whose country of last residence was not necessarily the same as their birthplace.
1463:
1306:
1296:
1247:
946:
845:
466:
444:, Rome and other cities. They came to Australia to seek a better and more efficient life.
417:
1278:
Italian Australians have a low rate of return migration to Italy. In December 2001, the
407:
Fleet. Another early notable arrival, for his participation in Australian politics, was
3720:
3710:
3671:
3586:
3559:
3554:
3534:
3444:
3424:
3414:
3359:
3349:
3334:
3168:
3153:
3091:
3086:
3042:
3032:
3002:
2980:
2860:
2855:
2639:
2388:
2274:
2262:
2185:
2178:
2108:
2066:
2056:
1239:
731:
Fuelled both by the British-European feeling of loss of supremacy and the fears of the
537:
286:
274:
258:
3737:
Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016
2284:
1428:"Origins: History of immigration from Italy - Immigration Museum, Melbourne Australia"
900:
Australia so describes the life and work of Italians in the Western Australian mines:
517:
3549:
3514:
3364:
3339:
3329:
3287:
3277:
3272:
3227:
3217:
3202:
3190:
3037:
2958:
2931:
2909:
2847:
2770:
2393:
2336:
2289:
2279:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2190:
2163:
2153:
2133:
2093:
2071:
2061:
2026:
2011:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1838:
1792:
1317:
1219:
679:
545:
491:
408:
335:
331:
3761:
3489:
3464:
3207:
2329:
2304:
2257:
2128:
2088:
1972:
1351:
1145:
1112:
1105:
970:
949:, a memorial to the Italian prisoners of war held in the region during World War II
838:
810:
again, a similar number of Italians reached Australia during the period 1926â1930.
521:
502:
386:
375:
355:
282:
159:
2444:
3615:
2316:
2016:
1250:, a local government authority of Melbourne now containing over 10,000 Italians.
1120:
1004:
754:
741:
709:
595:
553:
479:
471:
412:
180:
1903:
976:
Conversely, after the war experience, the Australian government embarked on the
2481:
2373:
2341:
2103:
1231:
988:
surplus of population which turned to emigration as an alternative to poverty.
872:
533:
1445:
1290:
624:
needed work, the opportunity of paying for employment and accepting low wages.
382:
Australian population. The 2021 census found that 171,520 were born in Italy.
3783:
2368:
2356:
2351:
701:
675:
783:
3773:
2460:
1682:
1108:
was elected, becoming Australia's first Prime Minister of Italian descent.
926:
915:
854:
725:
306:
2490:
1744:"Riepilogo estero - Risultati Referendum Costituzionale â 4 dicembre 2016"
1536:
Capra, G 1936, 'Una Razza destinata a scomparire? Aborigeni d'Australia',
2531:
1311:
1155:, 95% of Italian born Australians recorded their religion as Christian.
992:
767:
1779:
Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of.
878:
Even Australian legislation was changed consequently. Amendments to the
922:
823:
638:
483:
475:
1859:"Estimates of Australian Citizens Living Overseas as at December 2001"
1897:
Spunti e ricerche; rivista d'italianistica Academic Scholarly Journal
1322:
819:
425:
393:
is prominent among Italian Australians who use the Italian language.
363:
230:
937:
44:
1660:"Economic disaster prompts spike in Italian migration to Australia"
1482:
From Goldrush to Federation: Italian Pioneers in Victoria 1850â1900
1207:
1199:
932:
815:
803:
791:
487:
371:
323:
246:
242:
1206:(18,815). Unlike other groups, the number of Italians residing in
1243:
1235:
1000:
868:
795:
582:
573:
506:
441:
2041:
921:
The entry of Italy into the war was followed by the large-scale
170:
1470:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
865:, which caused a serious recession during the following years.
799:
787:
771:
634:
433:
429:
234:
1186:
1178:
411:
who in 1853 participated with other miners in the uprising of
1705:
1703:
1701:
1577:
Enemy Aliens: The Internment of Italian Migrants in Australia
1551:"More People Imperative: 4. "White Alien" Immigration Policy"
458:
437:
367:
238:
3733:
Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012â2013
633:
goldfields, the Parliament was warned that they, along with
1285:
827:
719:
Nevertheless, in the early 1900s, some Italians calling at
385:
In 2021, there were 228,042 Australian residents who spoke
1698:
1511:. Australian Institute of Policy and Science. p. 109.
453:
from Northern Italy migrated to the Victorian goldfields.
1526:. Australian Institute of Policy and Science. p. 43.
1234:
of Sicily, and from a few communities of the Province of
1509:
An Outline History of Italian Immigration into Australia
696:
One of the most significant policy matters that the new
1367:
List of Italian association football clubs in Australia
1649:
Note this period covers 11 years rather than a decade.
1524:
Some Reflections on Italian Immigration into Australia
449:
Australia. Furthermore, in the late 1850s, some 2,000
3745:
1636:
Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs:
1592:, Greenhouse Publications, Richmond (Victoria), p.220
747:
1901:
1606:"Immigration: Federation to Century's End 1901â2000"
1190:
One dot denotes 100 Italy born Melbourne residents.
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
736:sugar-cane industry and Western Australian mines.
1924:
3781:
1711:"2914.0.55.002 2006 Census Ethnic Media Package"
1182:One dot denotes 100 Italy born Sydney residents.
933:Post-war mass migration to Australia, 1946â1970s
567:
1666:. 28 November 2014 – via www.abc.net.au.
1600:
1598:
1151:According to 2006 census data released by the
501:In addition, even Australian travellers, like
2506:
1950:
704:, introduced and passed into legislation the
366:-born citizens who are fully or partially of
151:
1797:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1173:
2520:
1595:
1521:
1506:
790:and another two-fifths were drawn from the
2513:
2499:
1957:
1943:
1590:Buongiorno Australia. Our Italian Heritage
169:
1393:
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
1289:
1286:Film on Italian immigration to Australia
1185:
1177:
1134:
965:
936:
867:
674:
516:
378:, or Italian-born people in Australia.
1868:data). 14 February 2001. Archived from
1718:Census Dictionary, 2006 (cat.no 2901.0)
1168:Italian constitutional referendum, 2016
544:, which later became part of Germany's
486:had 250 Italians, South Australia 141,
14:
3782:
2466:List of Italian-American neighborhoods
1843:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1778:
1762:"2021 Census data. Cultural diversity"
1372:List of Italian-Australian communities
853:(1936) and, later, at the outbreak of
374:who emigrated to Australia during the
27:Australian citizens of Italian descent
2494:
1938:
1495:The Australians and Italian migration
3790:Australian people of Italian descent
2736:Caribbean and West Indian Australian
1127:(CLP). Both are of Italian descent.
225:Regions with significant populations
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
1931:L'emigrazione italiana in Australia
1273:
1070:Percentage of immigrants from Italy
24:
1468:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1246:have formed a large contingent in
798:regions. Only one-fifth were from
748:Growth of the community, 1921â1945
556:at what was subsequently known as
25:
3806:
2482:Italian colonies or protectorates
1890:
822:"subversive" from the village of
424:We find some Italian artisans in
3767:
3755:
2561:
2040:
1966:
1464:"Carboni, Raffaello (1817â1875)"
851:Italian war campaign of Ethiopia
706:Immigration Restriction Act 1901
507:adjust to the Australian climate
401:
43:
1851:
1805:
1772:
1754:
1736:
1722:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1670:
1652:
1643:
1630:
1582:
1569:
1543:
1153:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1130:
1088:
54:needs additional citations for
1781:"Redirect to Census data page"
1530:
1515:
1500:
1487:
1474:
1456:
1438:
1430:. 30 July 2008. Archived from
1420:
370:descent, whose ancestors were
13:
1:
3795:Italian diaspora in Australia
1902:Gianfranco Cresciani (2008).
1280:Department of Foreign Affairs
1036:Immigrant arrivals from Italy
890:Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
568:In working society, 1890â1920
978:'Populate or Perish' program
7:
2741:Hispanic and Latin American
1538:Le Vie d'Italia e del mondo
1377:Swiss Italians of Australia
1362:List of Italian Australians
1340:
881:Immigration Restriction Act
863:economic Depression of 1929
526:Prime Minister of Australia
451:Swiss Italians of Australia
10:
3811:
2838:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
2478:ancient Italian migrations
1925:Pierpaolo Gandini (1996).
1265:
1123:is the Northern Territory
826:, in the Tuscan Island of
396:
29:
3729:
3664:
3478:
3243:
2846:
2718:
2570:
2559:
2538:
2528:
2474:
2453:
2432:
2404:
2235:
2199:
2049:
2038:
1979:
1174:Geographical distribution
591:Australian Workers' Union
322:
317:
305:
300:
273:
268:
229:
224:
193:
188:
168:
149:
2530:Ancestral background of
2440:IstrianâDalmatian exodus
1864:. Southern Cross Group (
1497:, Franco Angeli, Milano.
1387:
1382:Immigration to Australia
1357:Italo-Australian Dialect
1115:is the Queensland state
1053:Total immigrant arrivals
554:Northern Rivers District
536:'s ill-fated attempt at
391:Italo-Australian dialect
295:Italo-Australian dialect
30:Not to be confused with
2553:Torres Strait Islanders
2522:Ancestry of Australians
698:Parliament of Australia
658:talvolta anche di piĂš.
647:Anglo-Celtic Australian
643:Australian Labour Party
2548:Aboriginal Australians
1588:Robert Pascoe (1987),
1484:, INT Press, Melbourne
1415:Community profile 2021
1301:
1294:A scene from the film
1191:
1183:
1140:
1031:July 1970 â June 1980
973:
964:
950:
914:Until the outbreak of
908:
875:
733:Australian Labor Party
682:
673:
662:
626:
613:
579:White Australia policy
540:, Nouvelle France, in
529:
446:
359:
340:Italian South Africans
328:Italian New Zealanders
183:(list of family names)
152:
2476:local ethnic Italians
1579:, Connor Court, 2006.
1330:Underbelly (series 1)
1293:
1189:
1181:
1138:
1102:2022 federal election
1028:July 1959 â June 1970
1025:July 1949 â June 1959
1022:July 1949 â June 2000
969:
960:
940:
902:
871:
678:
666:
655:
621:
608:
520:
422:
318:Related ethnic groups
209:Australian population
78:"Italian Australians"
2227:United Arab Emirates
1921:(Italians in Sydney)
1909:Dictionary of Sydney
1522:N.O.P. Pyke (1946).
1507:N.O.P. Pyke (1948).
1347:European Australians
1310:(1971), directed by
63:improve this article
32:Australians in Italy
2532:Australian citizens
1825:on 20 December 2016
1557:on 9 September 2006
1446:"Raffaello Carboni"
1307:A Girl in Australia
1297:A Girl in Australia
1242:and the Commune of
947:Murchison, Victoria
846:Italian nationalism
467:Victorian gold rush
352:Italian Australians
146:
145:Italian Australians
3716:South Sea Islander
2179:Sicilian Americans
2109:Dominican Republic
1618:on 4 December 2010
1480:D'Aprano, C 1995,
1302:
1226:of Melbourne, and
1222:, the traditional
1192:
1184:
1141:
974:
951:
876:
683:
530:
465:Nevertheless, the
275:Australian English
144:
18:Italian Australian
3743:
3742:
3706:Papua New Guinean
2488:
2487:
1117:Opposition Leader
1086:
1085:
985:postwar migration
680:Natalie Imbruglia
538:founding a colony
492:Western Australia
409:Raffaello Carboni
360:italo-australiani
349:
348:
336:Italian Canadians
332:Italian Americans
153:Italo-australiani
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
3802:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3751:
2565:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2044:
1973:Italian diaspora
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1818:. Archived from
1817:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1748:la Repubblica.it
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1715:
1714:(Excel download)
1707:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1616:(pdf (64 pages))
1610:
1602:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1553:. Archived from
1547:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:gutenberg.net.au
1442:
1436:
1435:
1434:on 30 July 2008.
1424:
1418:
1412:
1352:Italian diaspora
1274:Return migration
1113:David Crisafulli
1106:Anthony Albanese
1020:No. of arrivals
1015:
1014:
971:Daniel Ricciardo
839:Benito Mussolini
616:the worse job".
522:Anthony Albanese
503:Randolph Bedford
376:Italian diaspora
287:Italian dialects
189:Total population
173:
163:
155:
147:
143:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3725:
3660:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3239:
2842:
2714:
2566:
2557:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2470:
2449:
2428:
2400:
2231:
2195:
2045:
2036:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1914:
1912:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1875:on 20 July 2008
1872:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1813:"Archived copy"
1811:
1810:
1806:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1520:
1516:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1394:
1390:
1343:
1337:
1288:
1276:
1268:
1176:
1133:
1121:Lia Finocchiaro
1091:
1021:
1005:chain migration
935:
905:
837:The concern of
832:Giacomo Argenti
818:of a dangerous
794:, Lombardy and
755:First World War
750:
742:Leopoldo Zunini
710:Pacific Islands
670:
659:
570:
480:New South Wales
472:New South Wales
413:Eureka Stockade
404:
399:
344:Italian British
309:(predominantly
253:
212:
202:
184:
181:New South Wales
164:
157:
142:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3808:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3777:
3776:
3764:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3641:South Sudanese
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
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1891:External links
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1785:www.abs.gov.au
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1724:. 27 June 2007
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1686:. 21 May 2022
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702:Alfred Deakin
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402:Early history
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119:December 2023
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83:
80: â
79:
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74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3483:North Africa
3379:
3258:Anglo-Celtic
2811:Puerto Rican
2461:Little Italy
2411:
2022:South Africa
1913:. Retrieved
1907:
1877:. Retrieved
1870:the original
1853:
1827:. Retrieved
1820:the original
1807:
1784:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1717:
1688:. Retrieved
1683:The Guardian
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
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1089:21st century
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982:
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759:Literacy Act
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307:Christianity
290:
278:
249:, and other
213:
204:
194:
175:Memorial in
141:Ethnic group
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
3677:Indo-Fijian
3545:Palestinian
3479:Middle East
3405:Montenegrin
3181:Singaporean
3018:Indo-Fijian
2883:Bangladeshi
2878:Azerbaijani
2595:Cameroonian
2424:New Zealand
2347:Switzerland
2169:before 1880
2159:Puerto Rico
2119:El Salvador
1561:19 December
1312:Luigi Zampa
1195:(103,914).
1111:As of 2024
993:Netherlands
768:Melanesians
542:New Ireland
251:urban areas
216:(by birth,
3784:Categories
3689:Ni-Vanuatu
3420:Portuguese
3395:Macedonian
3390:Lithuanian
3305:Belarusian
3223:Vietnamese
3186:Sri Lankan
3050:Indonesian
2826:Venezuelan
2816:Salvadoran
2801:Paraguayan
2796:Panamanian
2781:Guatemalan
2776:Ecuadorian
2710:Zimbabwean
2675:Senegalese
2540:Indigenous
2310:Dodecanese
2099:Costa Rica
1927:"Antipodi"
1904:"Italians"
1829:7 December
1766:abs.gov.au
1417:abs.gov.au
1228:Leichhardt
1119:(LNP) and
958:Australia:
923:internment
824:Capoliveri
776:Aborigines
639:Hungarians
631:Kalgoorlie
564:Italians.
546:New Guinea
528:since 2022
484:Queensland
476:Queensland
436:, Venice,
364:Australian
89:newspapers
3762:Australia
3520:Jordanian
3470:Ukrainian
3410:Norwegian
3375:Icelandic
3370:Hungarian
3315:Bulgarian
3144:Pakistani
3134:Mongolian
3129:Maldivian
3107:Malaysian
3075:Sundanese
2954:Taiwanese
2942:Cantonese
2937:Hong Kong
2922:Cambodian
2895:Bhutanese
2821:Uruguayan
2766:Colombian
2756:Brazilian
2746:Argentine
2690:Tanzanian
2660:Mauritian
2610:Ethiopian
2600:Congolese
2590:Burundian
2417:Melbourne
2412:Australia
2379:Gibraltar
2326:Slovenia
2191:Venezuela
2124:Guatemala
2057:Argentina
1915:4 October
1540:, 6 June.
1323:Jan Sardi
1248:Brunswick
1148:at home.
1062:1,445,356
1059:1,253,083
1056:5,640,638
820:anarchist
721:Fremantle
600:Innisfail
558:New Italy
426:Melbourne
269:Languages
263:New Italy
231:Melbourne
195:1,108,364
177:New Italy
3646:Sudanese
3626:Mandaean
3592:Chaldean
3572:Assyrian
3565:Tunisian
3540:Moroccan
3530:Lebanese
3505:Egyptian
3500:Bahraini
3495:Algerian
3430:Romanian
3345:Estonian
3320:Croatian
3295:Austrian
3283:Scottish
3253:Albanian
3112:Bruneian
3082:Japanese
3070:Madurese
3065:Javanese
3060:Balinese
3055:Acehnese
3023:Malayali
3013:Gujarati
2998:Georgian
2993:Filipino
2873:Armenian
2833:Jamaican
2806:Peruvian
2786:Honduran
2751:Bolivian
2731:Canadian
2726:American
2719:Americas
2695:Togolese
2665:Nigerian
2650:Malawian
2645:Liberian
2625:Ghanaian
2615:Gabonese
2605:Eritrean
2585:Beninese
2385:Ukraine
2369:Scotland
2263:Dalmatia
2149:Paraguay
2134:Honduras
2094:Colombia
2077:Montreal
2050:Americas
2032:Zimbabwe
2002:Ethiopia
1839:cite web
1793:cite web
1664:ABC News
1341:See also
1208:Brisbane
1200:Adelaide
1065:956,769
995:(1951),
983:Italy's
816:Adelaide
804:Calabria
792:Piedmont
784:Sicilian
645:and the
550:Woodburn
488:Tasmania
372:Italians
324:Italians
301:Religion
255:Griffith
247:Brisbane
243:Adelaide
3748:Portals
3665:Oceania
3651:Turkish
3621:Kurdish
3612:Israeli
3607:Iranian
3525:Kuwaiti
3510:Emirati
3460:Swedish
3455:Spanish
3450:Slovene
3440:Serbian
3435:Russian
3400:Maltese
3385:Latvian
3380:Italian
3355:Finnish
3325:Cypriot
3310:Bosnian
3300:Belgian
3268:English
3263:Cornish
3213:Turkmen
3164:Punjabi
3159:Pashtun
3117:Kadazan
3102:Laotian
3028:Punjabi
3008:Bengali
2976:Tibetan
2927:Chinese
2900:Burmese
2888:Bengali
2866:Pashtun
2791:Mexican
2761:Chilean
2705:Zambian
2700:Ugandan
2670:Rwandan
2635:Ivorian
2630:Guinean
2620:Gambian
2580:Angolan
2480:former
2405:Oceania
2357:Grisons
2322:Romania
2301:Greece
2297:Germany
2280:Corsica
2270:Finland
2253:Croatia
2248:Belgium
2243:Albania
2217:Lebanon
2186:Uruguay
2174:by city
2114:Ecuador
2082:Toronto
2062:Bolivia
2027:Tunisia
2017:Somalia
2012:Morocco
1997:Eritrea
1987:Algeria
1879:15 July
1728:14 July
1622:21 July
1266:Origins
1244:Vizzini
1236:Vicenza
1220:Carlton
1146:Italian
1100:At the
1048:28,800
1045:150,669
1042:201,428
1039:390,810
1001:Austria
997:Germany
943:ossario
796:Tuscany
583:Kanakas
574:Kanakas
552:in the
490:11 and
442:Bologna
418:revolts
397:History
387:Italian
368:Italian
356:Italian
283:Italian
214:171,520
207:of the
160:Italian
103:scholar
3721:Tongan
3711:Samoan
3684:Niuean
3672:Fijian
3656:Yezidi
3631:Nubian
3616:Jewish
3597:Darfur
3587:Coptic
3582:Berber
3560:Syrian
3555:Somali
3535:Libyan
3445:Slovak
3425:Romani
3415:Polish
3360:German
3350:French
3335:Danish
3245:Europe
3176:Pathan
3169:Sindhi
3154:Hazara
3149:Baloch
3139:Nepali
3097:Kyrgyz
3092:Korean
3087:Kazakh
3043:Telugu
3033:Sindhi
3003:Indian
2981:Uyghur
2861:Hazara
2856:Afghan
2655:Malian
2640:Kenyan
2572:Africa
2433:Exodus
2389:Crimea
2352:Ticino
2342:Sweden
2330:Istria
2275:France
2258:Istria
2236:Europe
2222:Turkey
2144:Panama
2139:Mexico
2072:Canada
2067:Brazil
1980:Africa
1690:21 May
1333:(2008)
1325:(2004)
1300:(1971)
1240:Ragusa
830:, one
800:Sicily
788:Veneto
772:Asians
635:Greeks
581:, the
434:Naples
430:Modena
362:) are
291:·
289:
279:·
277:
259:Ingham
235:Sydney
156:
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
3774:Italy
3699:MÄori
3602:Dinka
3550:Saudi
3515:Iraqi
3465:Swiss
3365:Greek
3340:Dutch
3330:Czech
3288:Welsh
3273:Irish
3228:Hmong
3218:Uzbek
3203:Tatar
3198:Tajik
3191:Tamil
3122:Temoq
3038:Tamil
2969:Hoklo
2959:Hakka
2932:Hmong
2910:Karen
2771:Cuban
2394:Odesa
2374:Wales
2337:Spain
2317:Malta
2305:Corfu
2290:Savoy
2212:Japan
2207:India
2129:Haiti
2089:Chile
2007:Libya
1992:Egypt
1873:(PDF)
1862:(PDF)
1823:(PDF)
1816:(PDF)
1609:(PDF)
1388:Notes
1204:Perth
1082:3.0%
1079:10.4%
1076:16.1%
459:Genoa
438:Milan
293:
281:
239:Perth
110:JSTOR
96:books
3735:and
3636:Nuer
3577:Bari
3490:Arab
3233:Mien
3208:Thai
2949:Mien
2905:Chin
2848:Asia
2285:Nice
2200:Asia
2154:Peru
2104:Cuba
1917:2015
1881:2008
1866:DFAT
1845:link
1831:2016
1799:link
1730:2008
1692:2022
1624:2008
1563:2006
1073:6.9%
999:and
941:The
828:Elba
802:and
770:and
637:and
598:and
589:The
474:and
285:and
218:2021
205:4.4%
199:2021
82:news
3481:and
2915:Mon
1321:by
945:at
806:".
596:Ayr
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