525:
513:
501:
482:
238:
2007:
336:
644:
634:
299:
544:
464:
263:
219:
452:
440:
428:
180:
2255:
275:
192:
662:
587:
575:
556:
532:
489:
251:
416:
397:
385:
373:
361:
168:
155:
655:
41:
623:
611:
599:
563:
1658:
409:
206:
310:
323:
286:
1891:
arriving at the edge of Rome. Out of fear of another sack of Rome, Paul IV agreed to the Duke of Alba's demand for the Papal States to declare neutrality by signing the Peace of Cave-Palestrina (12 September 1557). Emperor
Charles V criticized the peace agreement as being overly generous to the Pope.
1945:
newly designed at angles to dissipate cannon fire. Cavalry, which had traditionally used shock tactics to overawe the infantry, largely abandoned it and relied on pistol attacks by successive ranks of attackers. Hale notes the use of old-fashioned mass formations, which he attributes to lingering
1878:
was displeased and urged Henry II to join the Papal States in an invasion of
Spanish Naples. On 1 September 1556, Philip II responded by pre-emptively invading the Papal States with 12,000 men under the Duke of Alba. Alba and his subordinates seized and sacked numerous settlements while the pope
1771:
as the Duke of Parma and
Piacenza, while Charles V's Imperial troops had occupied the city in 1547 after Ottavio's father's assassination. Seeing France as his best choice against the Emperor, Ottavio Farnese signed a defensive alliance with Henry II of France on 27 May 1551, placing Parma under
1830:
gave Henry another ally; on 17 July 1552, a Franco-Sienese army managed to expel the
Spanish garrison. The Sienese welcomed a French garrison to defend the Republic against Spanish recapture attempts. A French army invaded Tuscany in 1553 in support of the Sienese Republic. In January 1554, the
1958:
campaign alone costing 2.5 million ducats. Shipments of treasure from the Indies totalled over two million ducats between 1552 and 1553. By 1554, the cash deficit for the year was calculated to be over 4.3 million ducats, even after all tax receipts for the six ensuing years had been
1887:(10–27 August). The Spanish attempted to blockade Rome by occupying the port of Ostia but were driven back by the Papal armies in a surprise attack. However, when French troops were unable to come to their aid, the Papal armies were left exposed and were defeated, with Spanish troops under the
1940:
Oman (1937) argues that the inconclusive campaigns which generally lack a decisive engagement were largely due to ineffective leadership and lack of offensive spirit. He notes that mercenary troops were used too often and proved unreliable. Hale emphasizes the defensive strength of
2951:
1931:
The wars ended for other reasons, including "the Double
Default of 1557", when the Spanish Empire, followed quickly by the French, defaulted on its debts. In addition, Henry II had to confront a growing Protestant movement at home, which he hoped to crush.
2312:
At the end of the wars, about half of Italy was ruled by the
Spanish Habsburgs, including all of the south (Naples, Sicily, Sardinia) and the Duchy of Milan; the other half of Italy remained independent (although the north was largely formed by
2237:(seized from England in 1558), for an initial period of eight years (Article 7). This was a mechanism to save face and although Elizabeth tried to take advantage of the civil war to negotiate its return in 1562, it remained French thereafter.
1341:
between the monarchs of Spain, England and France in 1559. Historians have emphasized the importance of gunpowder technology, new styles of fortification to resist cannon fire, and the increased professionalization of the soldiers.
1780:, during which the Franco-Farnese defenders repulsed attacks by the Papal-Imperial-Spanish forces. The belligerents agreed to a two-year truce on 29 April 1552, ratified by Charles V on 10 May, which ended the War of Parma.
1967:
banking families). By 1557 the crown was refusing payment from the Indies since even this was required for payment of the war effort (used in the offensive and
Spanish victory at the battle of St. Quentin in August 1557).
2067:
Henry and Philip agreed to bring about 'the convocation and celebration of a holy universal council, so necessary for the reformation and reduction of the whole
Christian Church into a true unity and harmony'. (Article
1979:
and customs fees. The French monarchy also resorted to heavy borrowings during the war from financiers at rates of 10–16 percent interest. The taille was estimated in collection for 1551 at around six million
1840:
2374:
The Holy Roman Empire was not an actual signatory of the treaties of Cateau-Cambrésis but ended
Imperial conflict with France in Italy, which effectively allowed Emperor Ferdinand to change his foreign
3394:
1712:
were ordered to join the
Ottoman fleet. In 1552, when Henry II attacked Charles V, the Ottomans sent 100 galleys to the Western Mediterranean, which were accompanied by three French galleys under
1866:
A treaty in Vaucelles was signed on 5 February 1556 between Charles V and Henry II of France. After Emperor Charles' abdication in 1556 split the Habsburg empire between Philip II of Spain and
3326:
2973:
Calendar of state papers, foreign series, of the reign of Elizabeth: preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office by Great Britain. Public Record Office
698:
1879:
waited for French reinforcements. French forces approaching from the north were defeated and forced to withdraw at the Siege of Civitella in August 1557. Philip, in conjunction with
3059:
3645:
1569:
had succeeded him as Holy Roman Emperor on 27 August 1556, although it would take some years for the Imperial Diet (3 May 1558) and the Pope (1559) to recognise Ferdinand as such.
1912:
in April 1557. Mary declared war on France in June 1557 and English troops assisted in the victory at St. Quentin in August. But England's entry into the war provoked the French
2393:"...demourant au surplus led. sr de Savoye avecques ses terres, pays et subjectz, bon prince, neutre et amy commun desd. srs Roys Très Chrestien et Catholicque." (Article 39)
2026:
on April 3. The two treaties also defined the conclusion of the Imperial-French wars and therefore the end of the Habsburg-Valois conflict as a whole, with the approval of
2711:
3378:
2604:
2566:
2528:
1153:
2384:
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis was also presented at a Diet of German princes in Augsburg, with Imperial-French talks occurring on March 21, April 12, and April 26.
1504:
911:
1850:
run by exiled Sienese loyalists continued to exist until 3 April 1559, the territory of the Republic of Siena was fully annexed to the Duchy of Florence under
691:
2297:, captain of the Scottish Guard at the French Court, pierced his eye and entered his brain. He died ten days later on 10 July 1559. His 15-year-old son
1565:
Abdication of Charles V: Philip II had succeeded him as king of Spain and Lord of the Netherlands on 16 January 1556 and 25 October 1555, respectively;
805:
1393:, who immediately confirmed Ottavio Farnese's ownership of the Duchy of Parma. This angered Emperor Charles V, whose troops still occupied the duchy.
684:
3650:
1535:
2989:
Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth: Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office
2030:. The four monarchs did not meet in person but were represented by ambassadors and delegations. Some Italian states also attended the conference.
1507:. Spanish-Imperial victory over France. The Imperials razed Thérouanne to the ground on the orders of Charles V in revenge for the defeat at Metz.
3655:
2933:
2305:. The resulting political instability, combined with the sudden demobilisation of thousands of largely unpaid troops, led to the outbreak of the
1741:
2109:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire). French and Genoese merchants were granted full access to each other's ports. (Article 24)
1888:
1582:
September–December 1556: Attempts to limit the renewal of hostilities to the Papal States failed, and preparations for full-scale war were made.
579:
3310:
3043:
3424:
1851:
1845:
1146:
637:
1987:
During the 1550s, Spain had an estimated military manpower of around 150,000 soldiers, whereas France had an estimated manpower of 50,000.
2911:
3242:
2993:
2048:
Henry II of France recognised Philip II of Spain as ruler of Milan and Naples. Henry II of France renounced his hereditary claims to the
970:
904:
3670:
2249:
1589:, the French governor of Picardy, launched surprise attacks on Douai and Lens in the Spanish Netherlands, reopening the northern front.
1410:
27 May 1551: Henry II of France and Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma signed a defensive alliance, placing Parma under French protection.
2040:
1959:
pledged and the proceeds spent in advance. Credit at this point began costing the crown 43 percent interest (largely financed by the
1602:
12 September 1557: Spanish occupation of the Papal States. Pope Paul IV signed a separate peace treaty with the Duke of Alba (Spain).
3695:
3021:
2225:
1287:
1139:
1053:
2329:. The Council of Trent, suspended during the war, was reconvened by the terms of the peace treaties and came to an end in 1563.
1708:
was the first step of the all-out Italian War of 1551–59 in the European theater, and in the Mediterranean the French galleys of
2705:
1831:
Spanish started besieging the city of Siena. The French troops were attacked by an Imperial‐Florentine army and defeated at the
1772:
French protection. Charles could not accept this, and pressured the Pope into an alliance against France and Parma, causing the
1510:
25 November 1553: Cosimo de' Medici, Duke of Florence, signed a secret treaty with Charles V to reconquer Siena for the Emperor.
3690:
897:
798:
2355:
3605:
3388:
3236:
3053:
2945:
2818:
2791:
2676:
2598:
2560:
2522:
2437:
1740:
in 1553. The Ottomans continued harassing the Habsburg possessions with various operations in the Mediterranean, such as the
627:
2824:
2682:
2443:
3640:
2314:
2274:
2132:
1309:
1022:
1018:
1014:
965:
1996:
1637:
106:
1620:
878:
960:
955:
3509:
2766:
2741:
2317:
of the Austrian Habsburgs as part of the Holy Roman Empire). The most significant Italian power left was the papacy in
1763:
On the continental front, the opening phase of the war was marked by the Parmesan succession crisis: the newly elected
1240:
935:
1643:
10 July 1559: Henry II died of wounds of a jousting accident during the celebration of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis.
3680:
3468:
3320:
3137:
2891:
2855:
2270:
2155:
2128:
2095:
1880:
1360:
990:
791:
666:
335:
3356:
1220:
1103:
1058:
975:
3665:
2027:
1867:
1566:
505:
1768:
1736:, and managed to vanquish the Genoese and capture seven galleys. This alliance would also lead to the combined
1371:
1088:
2333:
1928:(13 July 1558) and was forced to accept a peace agreement in which he renounced any further claims to Italy.
1690:
1497:
1330:
1282:
1235:
1183:
1083:
832:
493:
1338:
2263:
2159:
2006:
1884:
1713:
1596:
1382:
1208:
1203:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1073:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
862:
857:
847:
837:
827:
757:
2402:
The Bishoprics remained part of the Holy Roman Empire until formally incorporated into France by the 1648
3710:
3700:
3675:
1925:
1839:(2 August 1554). After an 18-month-long siege, Siena fell to Spanish forces on 15 April 1555. Although a
1627:
1198:
985:
852:
772:
3450:
1916:
in January 1558, which was a defeat for the English. French armies plundered Spanish possessions in the
1681:
in order to cooperate against the Habsburgs in the Mediterranean. This was triggered by the conquest of
1486:
17 July 1552: Sienese rebels welcomed a French garrison to defend it against Spanish recapture attempts.
2205:
2197:
1921:
1819:
1737:
1613:
1514:
1424:
broke out between Emperor Charles V and Pope Julius III against Henry II of France and Ottavio Farnese.
1250:
767:
742:
1777:
1442:
1108:
727:
1407:
Late 1550: Henry II of France renewed the Franco-Ottoman alliance in response to the fall of Mahdia.
3705:
3610:
2193:
2189:
2151:
1815:
1811:
1678:
1401:
591:
432:
3416:
2632:
2162:. Emmanuel Philibert agreed to remain neutral in the event of future conflict. (Articles 33 to 43)
2014:
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) consisted of two treaties: the first one was signed between
643:
633:
298:
3615:
3536:
Firearms & Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-century Siena
3263:
Crawford, Katherine (2000). "Catherine de Medici's and the Performance of Political Motherhood".
2972:
2350:
2306:
2209:
1901:
1803:
1789:
1705:
1698:
1674:
1459:
1435:
1428:
1225:
945:
722:
32:
2907:
1374:, Pier Luigi's son, attacked but failed to regain Parma from the Imperial garrison commanded by
3630:
3620:
2883:
2345:
2015:
1913:
1855:
1725:
1606:
1477:
1063:
950:
762:
737:
615:
377:
3226:
3127:
2987:
2588:
2550:
2512:
2301:
succeeded him before he too died in December 1560 and was replaced by his 10-year-old brother
3685:
3660:
3108:
2286:
1662:
1586:
1010:
167:
2875:
2759:
Pius IV and the Fall of The Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome
2052:(ruled by Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire), and recognized Spanish control over the
3715:
3635:
3625:
2326:
2302:
2298:
2121:
2117:
2072:
1490:
980:
732:
302:
940:
8:
2403:
2282:
2254:
2178:
2136:
2087:
2061:
1836:
1473:
July 1552: Franco-Ottoman raid on Reggio and Calabria. Franco-Ottoman victory over Spain.
1292:
1272:
1098:
1005:
647:
389:
340:
3452:
Handbuch Frieden im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit / Handbook of Peace in Early Modern Europe
3015:
2626:
3474:
3280:
2876:
2294:
2278:
2259:
2201:
2023:
2019:
1909:
1832:
1795:
1521:
1449:
1326:
1277:
1078:
747:
622:
610:
598:
567:
562:
536:
365:
291:
46:
1854:
with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (3 April 1559), and eventually became part of the
1462:(or Princes' Revolt). The French-allied German Protestant princes defeated Charles V (
3559:
3505:
3478:
3464:
3384:
3316:
3232:
3133:
3049:
2941:
2887:
2851:
2814:
2787:
2762:
2737:
2672:
2594:
2556:
2518:
2433:
2113:
2106:
2057:
2053:
1905:
1827:
1799:
1794:
Meanwhile, Henry II allied with German Protestant princes against Charles V with the
1539:
1452:. Henry II of France allied himself with German Protestant princes against Charles V.
1334:
1262:
921:
603:
524:
512:
500:
481:
415:
396:
384:
372:
360:
328:
243:
210:
172:
160:
94:
1562:
5 February 1556: Truce of Vaucelles signed between Charles V and Henry II of France.
3578:
3574:
3483:
3456:
3272:
2185:
1807:
1467:
1375:
1267:
1068:
517:
444:
2808:
2666:
2427:
2091:
1976:
1823:
1764:
1721:
1666:
1528:
1463:
1390:
1245:
1230:
1113:
752:
548:
401:
278:
55:
3591:
The original French-language Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis between France and Spain
3502:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II: Volume II
2807:
Hale, J. R. (1990). "Armies, navies and the art of war". In Elton, G. R. (ed.).
2234:
2147:
2049:
1981:
1546:
1364:
1333:
with the intent of recapturing parts of Italy and ensuring French, rather than
1297:
654:
451:
439:
427:
315:
255:
197:
184:
179:
51:
3487:
3460:
274:
3599:
2514:
The Cambridge History of Islam: The central Islamic lands since 1918. Vol. 1B
2318:
1917:
1386:
1337:, domination of European affairs. The war ended following the signing of the
1093:
995:
842:
420:
2662:
1971:
French finances during the war were mainly financed by the increase in the
1946:
conservatism. Overall, Hale emphasizes new levels of tactical proficiency.
1942:
1875:
1773:
1758:
1733:
1686:
1421:
1397:
1302:
1173:
1118:
815:
676:
543:
468:
463:
267:
262:
223:
218:
28:
2628:
The history of England: from the earliest period to the death of Elizabeth
2165:
France retained five fortresses in northern Italy: near Turin ("Thurin"),
1524:
or Scannagallo. Decisive Florentine-Spanish victory over Siena and France.
3380:
The Italian Wars 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe
3348:
3312:
The Italian Wars 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe
3045:
Cavalieri ed eroi alla corte di Mantova: il Fido amante di Curzio Gonzaga
1693:. The alliance allowed Henry II to push for French conquests towards the
1363:, was assassinated, after which troops of Emperor Charles V occupied the
3590:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
1350:
This is an overview of notable events including battles during the war.
3284:
2098:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire). (Articles 21–22)
2080:
2076:
1255:
1000:
3521:
Une paix pour l'éternité. La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis
2810:
The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 2, The Reformation, 1520–1559
2083:
and other places in northern France taken during the war. (Article 11)
1579:
1 September 1556: Spanish invasion and occupation of the Papal States.
1500:, made a failed attempt to recapture Siena with Florentine assistance.
1131:
3206:
3092:
2850:(2nd ed.). New York: New York University Press. pp. 62–63.
2552:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
2336:, most of the Spanish possessions in Italy were acquired by Austria.
2022:
on April 2; the second one was signed between Henry II of France and
1709:
40:
3276:
2992:. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. 1863. p. 212.
2120:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire) and ceded the
1657:
889:
3543:
Les guerres d'Henri II et le traité du Cateau-Cambrésis (1554–1559)
3449:
Babel, Rainer (2021). "42. Der Frieden von Cateau-Cambrésis 1559".
2290:
2289:
held to celebrate the peace on 1 July, king Henry was injured in a
2174:
2170:
2166:
2143:
1871:
1717:
86:
59:
2322:
2102:
1822:
and securing them by defeating the invading Habsburg army at the
1682:
2233:(Articles 7, 8 and 14) England granted France possession of the
1972:
1964:
1960:
1954:
In 1552 Charles V had borrowed over 4 million ducats, with the
783:
456:
82:
2631:. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp.
2511:
Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977).
2309:
in 1562 that would consume France for the next thirty years.
2154:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire) back to
3417:"War of the Austrian Succession | Europe [1740–1748]"
2813:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 481–509.
1729:
1694:
1592:
August 1557: Siege of Civitella. Spanish victory over France.
1517:. Ottomans & French temporarily occupied most of Corsica.
1438:. Ottomans captured Tripoli from Maltese Knights Hospitaller.
661:
586:
574:
555:
531:
488:
250:
90:
3129:
Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
2555:. Vol. 2. University of California Press. p. 920.
1480:. Franco-Ottoman victory over Genoa (allied with Charles V).
1955:
3558:
Watkins, John (2018). "Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)".
1924:(April–June 1558). Nonetheless, Henry lost gravely at the
1445:. Franco–Farnese victory over Imperial-Spanish-Papal army.
1826:(12 August 1554). In 1552, an anti-Spanish revolt in the
3228:
Early Modern Europe: The Age of Religious War, 1559–1715
3160:
3158:
3156:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
2707:
The history of the reign of emperor Charles V, book 8–12
2139:(1545–1568) became Philip's third wife. (Articles 26–33)
3646:
16th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
3194:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
1545:
June 1555: Failed peace Conference of Marck within the
1455:
29 April 1552: A two-year truce ended the War of Parma.
1431:. Ottoman victory over the Maltese Knights Hospitaller.
3291:
3170:
132:
3153:
3073:
2250:
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) § Consequences
2041:
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis § Franco-Spanish agreement
1783:
1542:, which was annexed by the Duchy of Florence in 1559.
3529:
A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century
3182:
2668:
A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century
2470:
2458:
1990:
1874:. However, the truce was broken shortly afterwards.
1776:
in June 1551. The main combat of this phase was the
1538:. Spanish victory over Siena and France. End of the
2293:accident when a sliver from the shattered lance of
2226:
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis § Anglo-French agreement
1496:January–February 1553: Spanish viceroy for Naples,
3504:(1995 ed.). University of California Press.
3048:(in Italian). Verso l'Arte Edizioni. p. 20.
2086:Henry confirmed Charles V's 1536 transfer of the
3597:
2703:
2285:, the daughter of Henry II of France. During a
1895:
1599:. Hispano-Savoyard-English victory over France.
2982:
2980:
1861:
3132:. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 189.
2781:
1841:Republic of Siena reconstituted in Montalcino
1147:
905:
799:
692:
3231:. University of Toronto Press. p. 122.
2936:. In Tallett, Frank; Trim, D. J. B. (eds.).
2934:"Warfare and the International State System"
2704:Robertson, William; Stewart, Dugald (1840).
2510:
2010:Italy after the Treaties of Cateau-Cambrésis
1798:on 15 January 1552. An early offensive into
1616:. French victory over Imperial-Spanish army.
706:
3376:
2977:
2517:. Cambridge University Press. p. 328.
2112:France recognised the 1555 conquest of the
2033:
1806:, was successful, with Henry capturing the
3377:Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2014).
2940:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
2495:
1744:in 1558, following a request by Henry II.
1652:
1574:Second phase (September 1556 – April 1559)
1154:
1140:
912:
898:
806:
792:
699:
685:
2756:
2425:
2218:
1720:in Southern Italy, capturing the city of
3262:
2731:
2253:
2005:
1975:tax, as well as indirect taxes like the
1742:Ottoman invasion of the Balearic islands
1689:on 8 September 1550, for the account of
1656:
1483:July 1552: Anti-Spanish revolt in Siena.
1466:, 2 August), while Henry II annexed the
1329:declared war against Holy Roman Emperor
3651:16th-century military history of France
3557:
3499:
3297:
3224:
3188:
3176:
2931:
2873:
2657:
2655:
2548:
2135:(1523–1574), while his eldest daughter
1415:First phase (June 1551 – February 1556)
1161:
3656:16th-century military history of Spain
3598:
3548:
3164:
3086:
2624:
2542:
1935:
3551:The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571)
3448:
3125:
3013:
2878:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
2869:
2867:
2845:
2586:
1135:
919:
893:
787:
680:
3538:(University of Chicago Press, 1986).
3518:
3212:
3200:
3041:
2882:. New York: Vintage Books. pp.
2827:from the original on 26 January 2021
2806:
2685:from the original on 23 January 2024
2661:
2652:
2489:
2464:
2275:Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry
2133:Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry
1900:A brief French-backed revolt led by
1630:. Anglo-Spanish victory over France.
1531:. French victory over Imperial army.
1493:. French victory over Imperial army.
3534:Pepper, Simon, and Nicholas Adams.
3218:
2954:from the original on 22 August 2024
2446:from the original on 4 January 2021
2325:and political influence during the
2181:("Villeneufve d'Ast"). (Article 34)
1732:, the fleet met with 40 galleys of
1621:Raid of the Balearic islands (1558)
13:
3494:Henry II, King of France 1547–1559
3397:from the original on 28 April 2022
3329:from the original on July 20, 2023
2864:
2429:Reader's Guide to Military History
1870:, the focus of the war shifted to
1784:Schmalkaldic War and Sienese siege
1716:in their raids along the coast of
1665:to Marshall de Tavannes after the
1638:Peace treaties of Cateau-Cambrésis
1633:21 September 1558: Charles V died.
1552:October 1555: Peace talks resumed.
1489:19 October 1552 – 2 January 1553:
14:
3727:
3671:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
3584:
3553:. American Philosophical Society.
3215:, pp. 197–224, footnote 43..
3042:Roio, Anna Maria Razzoli (2008).
2593:. Psychology Press. p. 177.
2271:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
2156:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
2129:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
1997:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)
1991:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)
1908:resulted in a three-day siege of
1881:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
1747:
1361:Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma
107:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)
2732:Woodward, Geoffrey (2013). "8".
2426:Messenger, Charles, ed. (2013).
2224:This section is an excerpt from
2124:to Philip of Spain. (Article 25)
2039:This section is an excerpt from
813:
660:
653:
642:
632:
621:
609:
597:
585:
573:
561:
554:
542:
530:
523:
511:
499:
487:
480:
462:
450:
438:
426:
414:
407:
395:
383:
371:
359:
334:
321:
308:
297:
284:
273:
261:
249:
236:
217:
204:
190:
178:
166:
153:
39:
3696:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
3442:
3427:from the original on 2021-05-19
3409:
3370:
3359:from the original on 2023-10-06
3341:
3303:
3256:
3245:from the original on 2022-07-05
3119:
3062:from the original on 2023-04-22
3035:
3024:from the original on 2019-10-22
3007:
2996:from the original on 2021-01-26
2966:
2925:
2914:from the original on 2019-07-26
2900:
2839:
2800:
2775:
2750:
2736:. London, New York: Routledge.
2725:
2714:from the original on 2023-05-11
2697:
2607:from the original on 2024-01-23
2569:from the original on 2024-01-23
2531:from the original on 2024-01-23
2432:. Routledge. pp. 635–636.
2396:
2387:
2378:
2368:
2208:for Henry's support during the
2028:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
1752:
1557:Truce (February–September 1556)
1404:on behalf of Emperor Charles V.
16:Tenth phase of the Italian Wars
3579:10.1002/9781118885154.dipl0489
2761:. OUP Oxford. pp. 21–22.
2671:. Pickle Partners Publishing.
2639:
2618:
2580:
2504:
2419:
2101:France returned the island of
1920:and emerged victorious in the
1609:. French victory over England.
1534:January 1554 – 21 April 1555:
1:
3691:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
3561:The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy
3545:, in: MAH 30 (1910), p. 1–50.
3265:The Sixteenth Century Journal
3017:Le traité de Cateau-Cambrésis
2786:. HarperCollins. p. 11.
2412:
2334:war of the Spanish succession
2281:. Philip II of Spain married
2258:The fatal tournament between
1883:, defeated the French in the
1647:
1623:. Ottoman victory over Spain.
3523:. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez.
3349:"Italy – The duchy of Milan"
2361:
2243:
2116:(allied with France) by the
1896:English entry and Gravelines
1885:Battle of St. Quentin (1557)
1597:Battle of St. Quentin (1557)
112:Spanish and Imperial victory
7:
3641:1550s in the Ottoman Empire
3549:Setton, Kenneth M. (1976).
3109:"Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis"
3014:Ruble, Alphonse de (1889).
2938:European Warfare, 1350–1750
2590:European Warfare, 1494–1660
2339:
1862:Papal front and St. Quentin
1628:Battle of Gravelines (1558)
1345:
667:Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy
10:
3732:
3383:. Routledge. p. 298.
2710:. T. Cadell. p. 279.
2247:
2223:
2206:Maurice, Elector of Saxony
2038:
2001:
1994:
1949:
1787:
1756:
1728:in front of the island of
1701:defended southern France.
1614:Siege of Thionville (1558)
1515:Invasion of Corsica (1553)
1339:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
3492:Baumgartner, Frederic J.
3488:10.1515/9783110591316-042
3461:10.1515/9783110591316-042
3337:– via Google Books.
2848:Spain Under the Habsburgs
2784:Europe Divided: 1559–1598
2757:Pattenden, Miles (2013).
2549:Braudel, Fernand (1995).
2321:, as it maintained major
1778:Siege of Mirandola (1551)
1714:Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon
1612:17 April – 23 June 1558:
1503:11 April – 20 June 1553:
1443:Siege of Mirandola (1551)
1396:June – 8 September 1550:
1169:
931:
876:
823:
718:
349:
143:
65:
47:The Battle of Scannagallo
38:
26:
21:
3681:Suleiman the Magnificent
3606:Italian War of 1551–1559
3500:Braudel, Fernan (1949).
3496:(Duke Univ Press, 1988).
3113:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2034:Franco-Spanish agreement
1679:Suleiman the Magnificent
1498:Pedro de Toledo y Zúñiga
1441:July 1551 – March 1552:
1402:Capture of Mahdia (1550)
1383:1549–1550 papal conclave
1323:Italian War of 1551–1559
710:Italian War of 1551–1559
115:Mixed results for France
22:Italian War of 1551–1559
3519:Haan, Bertrand (2010).
3421:Encyclopedia Britannica
3353:Encyclopedia Britannica
2932:DeVries, Kelly (2010).
2908:"Treccani encyclopedia"
2625:Turner, Sharon (1839).
2356:States of Italy in 1559
2351:Franco-Ottoman alliance
2307:French Wars of Religion
2210:Second Schmalkaldic War
2173:(Pignerol, "Pinerol"),
2131:married Henry's sister
1804:Second Schmalkaldic War
1790:Second Schmalkaldic War
1685:by the Genoese Admiral
1661:Henry II remitting the
1653:Mediterranean campaigns
1460:Second Schmalkaldic War
1436:Siege of Tripoli (1551)
1429:Invasion of Gozo (1551)
33:French-Habsburg rivalry
3666:Wars involving England
3225:Konnert, Mark (2008).
3126:Sarti, Roland (2004).
2874:Kennedy, Paul (1989).
2782:Elliott, J.H. (1968).
2587:Black, Jeremy (2002).
2346:Elizabeth I of England
2267:
2219:Anglo-French agreement
2158:due to his victory at
2127:As part of the terms,
2016:Elizabeth I of England
2011:
1856:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1670:
1607:Siege of Calais (1558)
1478:Battle of Ponza (1552)
350:Commanders and leaders
118:English loss of Calais
2257:
2248:Further information:
2212:in 1552. (Article 44)
2142:France withdrew from
2009:
1788:Further information:
1663:Order of Saint-Michel
1660:
1587:Gaspard II de Coligny
1381:7 February 1550: The
133:§ Territorial changes
3527:Oman, Charles W. C.
3455:. pp. 857–876.
2846:Lynch, John (1984).
2327:Catholic Reformation
2184:France retained the
2118:Republic of Florence
1926:Battle of Gravelines
1699:Franco-Ottoman fleet
1636:2 and 3 April 1559:
1491:Siege of Metz (1552)
880:Full list of battles
303:Republic of Florence
3315:. Routledge. 2014.
3203:, pp. 197–224.
2404:Peace of Westphalia
2137:Elisabeth of Valois
2088:March of Montferrat
2062:Kingdom of Sardinia
1936:Military technology
1922:Siege of Thionville
1852:Cosimo I de' Medici
1837:Gian Giacomo Medici
1738:Invasion of Corsica
1669:, on 13 August 1554
1595:10–27 August 1557:
1505:Siege of Thérouanne
1458:March–August 1552:
1359:10 September 1547:
1354:Prelude (1547–1551)
1163:Franco-Spanish wars
648:Gian Giacomo Medici
638:Cosimo I de' Medici
390:Duke of Montmorency
341:Knights Hospitaller
3711:Philip II of Spain
3701:William the Silent
3676:Henry II of France
2295:Gabriel Montgomery
2279:Henry II of France
2268:
2266:(Lord of "Lorges")
2024:Philip II of Spain
2020:Henry II of France
2012:
1910:Scarborough Castle
1833:Battle of Marciano
1796:Treaty of Chambord
1671:
1605:1–8 January 1558:
1522:Battle of Marciano
1450:Treaty of Chambord
1327:Henry II of France
518:Ferrante I Gonzaga
292:Kingdom of England
3390:978-1-317-89939-6
3238:978-1-4426-0004-1
3055:978-88-95894-01-0
2947:978-0-521-88628-4
2820:978-0-521-34536-1
2793:978-0-06-131414-8
2678:978-1-78912-137-7
2600:978-0-415-27532-3
2562:978-0-520-20330-3
2524:978-0-521-29135-4
2492:, pp. 37–60.
2467:, pp. 23–35.
2439:978-1-135-95970-8
2114:Republic of Siena
2107:Republic of Genoa
2096:Guglielmo Gonzaga
2058:Kingdom of Sicily
2054:Kingdom of Naples
1906:Mary I of England
1828:Republic of Siena
1704:The 1551 Ottoman
1540:Republic of Siena
1448:15 January 1552:
1389:'s death elected
1318:
1317:
1129:
1128:
923:Anglo-French Wars
887:
886:
838:League of Cambrai
781:
780:
675:
674:
537:William of Orange
329:Republic of Genoa
244:Holy Roman Empire
211:Republic of Siena
173:Swiss mercenaries
161:Kingdom of France
139:
138:
3723:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3554:
3541:Romier, Lucien,
3524:
3515:
3482:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3115:. 27 March 2024.
3105:
3090:
3084:
3071:
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2984:
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2871:
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2832:
2804:
2798:
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2773:
2772:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2701:
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2692:
2690:
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2643:
2637:
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2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2423:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2277:, the sister of
2186:Three Bishoprics
2179:Villanova d'Asti
1849:
1808:Three Bishoprics
1706:Siege of Tripoli
1673:Henry II sealed
1585:6 January 1557:
1527:12 August 1554:
1468:Three Bishoprics
1434:15 August 1551:
1376:Ferrante Gonzaga
1164:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1132:
926:
924:
914:
907:
900:
891:
890:
853:League of Cognac
818:
808:
801:
794:
785:
784:
713:
711:
701:
694:
687:
678:
677:
665:
664:
658:
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646:
636:
626:
625:
614:
613:
602:
601:
590:
589:
578:
577:
566:
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559:
558:
547:
546:
535:
534:
528:
527:
516:
515:
504:
503:
492:
491:
485:
484:
467:
466:
455:
454:
445:Koca Sinan Pasha
443:
442:
431:
430:
419:
418:
412:
411:
410:
400:
399:
388:
387:
376:
375:
364:
363:
339:
338:
327:
325:
324:
314:
312:
311:
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290:
288:
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277:
266:
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254:
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222:
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209:
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196:
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183:
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171:
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159:
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156:
67:
66:
43:
19:
18:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3706:Pope Julius III
3611:1550s conflicts
3596:
3595:
3587:
3567:
3565:
3512:
3471:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3430:
3428:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3375:
3371:
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3323:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3277:10.2307/2671075
3261:
3257:
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3246:
3239:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3187:
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3175:
3171:
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3154:
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3140:
3124:
3120:
3107:
3106:
3093:
3085:
3074:
3065:
3063:
3056:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3025:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2948:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2821:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2730:
2726:
2717:
2715:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2679:
2660:
2653:
2645:Setton, pp. 698
2644:
2640:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2601:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2563:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2440:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2342:
2252:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2177:("Chivaz") and
2092:Duchy of Mantua
2071:Spain returned
2044:
2036:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1952:
1938:
1914:Siege of Calais
1902:Thomas Stafford
1898:
1864:
1843:
1824:Battle of Renty
1792:
1786:
1769:Ottavio Farnese
1765:Pope Julius III
1761:
1755:
1750:
1726:Battle of Ponza
1667:Battle of Renty
1655:
1650:
1529:Battle of Renty
1520:2 August 1554:
1476:5 August 1552:
1464:Peace of Passau
1420:June 1551: The
1391:Pope Julius III
1372:Ottavio Farnese
1348:
1319:
1314:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1130:
1125:
927:
922:
920:
918:
888:
883:
872:
819:
814:
812:
782:
777:
714:
709:
707:
705:
671:
659:
652:
628:Baron Wentworth
620:
608:
596:
592:Count of Egmont
584:
572:
560:
553:
549:Pope Julius III
541:
529:
522:
510:
498:
486:
479:
473:
461:
449:
437:
425:
413:
408:
406:
402:Paul de Thermes
394:
382:
370:
358:
345:
333:
322:
320:
309:
307:
285:
283:
279:Duchy of Mantua
260:
248:
237:
235:
229:
216:
205:
203:
191:
189:
177:
165:
154:
152:
126:
97:
56:Palazzo Vecchio
44:
17:
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5:
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3653:
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3643:
3638:
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3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:1550s in Italy
3613:
3608:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3585:External links
3583:
3582:
3581:
3564:. pp. 1–5
3555:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3516:
3511:978-0520203082
3510:
3497:
3490:
3469:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3408:
3389:
3369:
3340:
3321:
3302:
3300:, p. 865.
3290:
3255:
3237:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3179:, p. 122.
3169:
3167:, p. 708.
3152:
3138:
3118:
3091:
3089:, p. 709.
3072:
3054:
3034:
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2976:
2965:
2946:
2924:
2899:
2892:
2863:
2856:
2838:
2819:
2799:
2792:
2774:
2768:978-0191649615
2767:
2749:
2743:978-1317897736
2742:
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2358:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:Pale of Calais
2230:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2182:
2163:
2148:Duchy of Savoy
2140:
2125:
2110:
2099:
2084:
2069:
2065:
2050:Duchy of Milan
2045:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2003:
2000:
1995:Main article:
1992:
1989:
1951:
1948:
1937:
1934:
1904:against queen
1897:
1894:
1863:
1860:
1785:
1782:
1767:had confirmed
1757:Main article:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:Land campaigns
1746:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:13 July 1558:
1624:
1617:
1610:
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1600:
1593:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:Pale of Calais
1543:
1536:Siege of Siena
1532:
1525:
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1511:
1508:
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1487:
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1365:Duchy of Parma
1356:
1355:
1347:
1344:
1316:
1315:
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1312:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1288:Coalition Wars
1285:
1280:
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1270:
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1258:
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380:
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355:
352:
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344:
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318:
316:Duchy of Savoy
305:
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258:
256:Spanish Empire
246:
232:
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52:Giorgio Vasari
36:
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15:
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3470:9783110591316
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3322:9781317899396
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2893:0-679-72019-7
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2857:0-8147-5010-9
2853:
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2728:
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2709:
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2700:
2684:
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2663:Oman, Charles
2658:
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2319:central Italy
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2187:
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2146:and gave the
2145:
2141:
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2073:Saint Quentin
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
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2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1947:
1944:
1943:bastion forts
1933:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:Low Countries
1915:
1911:
1907:
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1387:Pope Paul III
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
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1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
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1202:
1200:
1197:
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1177:
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1175:
1172:
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1168:
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1120:
1117:
1115:
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1020:
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861:
859:
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839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
822:
817:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
790:
789:
786:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
717:
712:
702:
697:
695:
690:
688:
683:
682:
679:
668:
663:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
639:
635:
631:
629:
624:
619:
617:
612:
607:
605:
600:
595:
593:
588:
583:
581:
576:
571:
569:
564:
557:
552:
550:
545:
540:
538:
533:
526:
521:
519:
514:
509:
507:
502:
497:
495:
490:
483:
478:
477:
475:
470:
465:
460:
458:
453:
448:
446:
441:
436:
434:
429:
424:
422:
421:Piero Strozzi
417:
405:
403:
398:
393:
391:
386:
381:
379:
378:Duke of Guise
374:
369:
367:
362:
357:
356:
354:
353:
348:
342:
337:
332:
330:
319:
317:
306:
304:
300:
296:
293:
282:
280:
276:
272:
269:
264:
259:
257:
252:
247:
245:
234:
233:
231:
225:
220:
215:
213:(1552–1555/9)
212:
202:
199:
188:
186:
181:
176:
174:
169:
164:
162:
151:
150:
148:
147:
142:
135:
134:
129:
124:
123:
117:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
104:
101:
100:
96:
95:Mediterranean
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:
42:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3686:Pope Paul IV
3661:Italian Wars
3566:. Retrieved
3560:
3550:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3501:
3493:
3451:
3443:Bibliography
3429:. Retrieved
3420:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3379:
3372:
3361:. Retrieved
3352:
3343:
3331:. Retrieved
3311:
3305:
3298:Braudel 1949
3293:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3247:. Retrieved
3227:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3191:, p. 3.
3189:Watkins 2018
3184:
3177:Konnert 2008
3172:
3145:27 September
3143:. Retrieved
3128:
3121:
3112:
3064:. Retrieved
3044:
3037:
3026:. Retrieved
3016:
3009:
2998:. Retrieved
2988:
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2937:
2927:
2916:. Retrieved
2902:
2877:
2847:
2841:
2829:. Retrieved
2809:
2802:
2783:
2777:
2758:
2752:
2733:
2727:
2716:. Retrieved
2706:
2699:
2687:. Retrieved
2667:
2646:
2641:
2627:
2620:
2609:. Retrieved
2589:
2582:
2571:. Retrieved
2551:
2544:
2533:. Retrieved
2513:
2506:
2501:Miller, p. 2
2497:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2428:
2421:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2370:
2331:
2315:formal fiefs
2311:
2269:
2169:("Quiers"),
2013:
1986:
1970:
1953:
1939:
1930:
1899:
1889:Duke of Alba
1876:Pope Paul IV
1865:
1793:
1774:War of Parma
1762:
1759:War of Parma
1753:War of Parma
1734:Andrea Doria
1703:
1687:Andrea Doria
1672:
1422:War of Parma
1398:Andrea Doria
1349:
1322:
1320:
1213:
1174:Italian Wars
1048:
879:
867:
816:Italian Wars
708:
580:Duke of Alba
469:Pope Paul IV
268:Papal States
224:Papal States
144:Belligerents
130:
105:
45:
29:Italian Wars
27:Part of the
3716:Elizabeth I
3636:1559 in law
3626:1556 in law
3165:Setton 1976
3087:Setton 1976
2160:St. Quentin
2094:, ruled by
1868:Ferdinand I
1844: [
1619:July 1558:
1567:Ferdinand I
1513:1553–1559:
1427:July 1551:
1325:began when
758:St. Quentin
616:Elizabeth I
506:Ferdinand I
494:Charles V/I
294:(1557–1559)
270:(1551–1552)
226:(1556–1557)
200:(1551–1552)
125:Territorial
50:in 1554 by
3600:Categories
3431:2020-09-08
3401:1 November
3363:2020-09-08
3271:(3): 663.
3249:2020-04-01
3066:2020-11-01
3028:2019-10-22
3000:2020-04-01
2958:1 November
2918:2019-07-20
2831:1 November
2718:2020-11-01
2611:2016-05-16
2573:2016-05-16
2535:2016-05-16
2450:1 November
2413:References
2299:Francis II
2287:tournament
2264:Montgomery
2081:Le Catelet
2060:, and the
1697:, while a
1648:Operations
1470:to France.
773:Gravelines
768:Thionville
433:Suleiman I
3479:234558650
3333:March 13,
3213:Haan 2010
3201:Haan 2010
2734:Philip II
2665:(2018) .
2490:Haan 2010
2465:Haan 2010
2362:Footnotes
2332:With the
2283:Elisabeth
2244:Aftermath
1802:, in the
1724:. In the
1710:Marseille
1691:Charles V
1331:Charles V
1298:1808–1814
1293:1793–1795
1283:1718–1720
1278:1688–1697
1273:1683–1684
1268:1673–1678
1263:1667–1668
1256:1648–1653
1251:1641–1659
1246:1640–1659
1241:1635–1659
1236:1628–1631
1226:1595–1598
1221:1580–1583
1214:1551–1559
1209:1542–1544
1204:1536–1538
1199:1526–1529
1194:1521–1526
1189:1512–1516
1184:1502–1504
1179:1495–1498
1114:1803–1814
1109:1793–1802
1104:1778–1783
1099:1754–1763
1094:1746–1763
1089:1744–1748
1084:1702–1713
1079:1689–1697
1074:1689–1815
1064:1666–1667
1059:1627–1629
1054:1562–1563
1049:1557–1559
1044:1542–1546
1039:1522–1526
1034:1512–1514
1029:1496–1498
1023:1415–1453
1019:1369–1389
1015:1337–1360
1011:1337–1453
1001:1294–1303
996:1242–1243
981:1215–1217
976:1213–1214
971:1202–1204
966:1199–1200
961:1197–1199
956:1193–1196
946:1173–1174
941:1116–1120
936:1109–1113
868:1551–1559
863:1542–1546
858:1536–1538
848:1521–1526
833:1499–1504
828:1494–1498
728:Mirandola
568:Philip II
73:1551–1559
54:, in the
3425:Archived
3395:Archived
3357:Archived
3327:Archived
3243:Archived
3060:Archived
3022:Archived
2994:Archived
2952:Archived
2912:Archived
2825:Archived
2712:Archived
2683:Archived
2605:Archived
2567:Archived
2529:Archived
2444:Archived
2340:See also
2323:cultural
2291:jousting
2273:married
2260:Henry II
2175:Chivasso
2171:Pinerolo
2167:Cherasco
2152:Piedmont
2144:Piedmont
1872:Flanders
1858:(1569).
1800:Lorraine
1718:Calabria
1675:a treaty
1370:? 1547:
1346:Timeline
1335:Habsburg
748:Marciano
366:Henry II
93:and the
87:Flanders
78:Location
60:Florence
31:and the
3531:(1937).
3285:2671075
2689:1 April
2375:policy.
2303:Charles
2122:Presidi
2105:to the
2103:Corsica
2090:to the
2002:Summary
1977:gabelle
1950:Finance
1683:Mahdiya
743:Corsica
723:Tripoli
127:changes
3568:5 July
3508:
3477:
3467:
3387:
3319:
3283:
3235:
3136:
3052:
2944:
2890:
2854:
2817:
2790:
2765:
2740:
2675:
2597:
2559:
2521:
2436:
2198:Verdun
2196:, and
2056:, the
1982:livres
1973:taille
1965:Welser
1961:Fugger
1820:Verdun
1818:, and
1722:Reggio
1385:after
843:Urbino
763:Calais
604:Mary I
457:Dragut
326:
313:
289:
241:
195:
158:
102:Result
83:France
3475:S2CID
3281:JSTOR
2886:–57.
2202:ceded
1848:]
1730:Ponza
1695:Rhine
1677:with
753:Renty
738:Ponza
91:Italy
3570:2022
3506:ISBN
3465:ISBN
3403:2020
3385:ISBN
3335:2023
3317:ISBN
3233:ISBN
3147:2019
3134:ISBN
3050:ISBN
2960:2020
2942:ISBN
2888:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2833:2020
2815:ISBN
2788:ISBN
2763:ISBN
2738:ISBN
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