Italian philosophy

1174: 1932: 2041: 1656:. Niccolò Machiavelli's best-known book exposits and describes the arts with which a ruling prince can maintain control of his realm. It concentrates on the "new prince", under the presumption that a hereditary prince has an easier task in ruling, since the people are accustomed to him. To retain power, the hereditary prince must carefully maintain the socio-political institutions to which the people are accustomed; whereas a new prince has the more difficult task in ruling, since he must first stabilize his new-found power in order to build an enduring political structure. That requires the prince being a public figure above reproach, whilst privately acting immorally to maintain his state. The examples are those princes who most successfully obtain and maintain power, drawn from his observations as a Florentine diplomat, and his 22: 804: 1617: 1398:

creature of indeterminate nature and, assigning him a place in the middle of the world, addressed him thus: "Neither a fixed abode nor a form that is thine alone nor any function peculiar to thyself have we given thee, Adam, to the end that according to thy longing and according to thy judgement thou mayest have and possess what abode, what form and what functions thou thyself shalt desire. The nature of all other beings is limited and constrained within the bounds of law. Thou shalt have the power to degenerate into the lower forms of life, which are brutish. Thou shalt have the power, out of thy soul's judgement, to be born into the higher forms, which are divine."

1504: 2819:. It emphasizes independence and it views children as naturally eager for knowledge and capable of initiating learning in a sufficiently supportive and well-prepared learning environment. The underlying philosophy can be viewed as stemming from Unfoldment Theory. It discourages some conventional measures of achievement, such as grades and tests. Montessori developed her theories in the early 20th century through scientific experimentation with her students; the method has since been used in many parts of the world, in public and private schools alike. 1075: 682: 2722: 771:. Empedocles is considered the last Greek philosopher to write in verse. There is a debate about whether the surviving fragments of his teaching should be attributed to two separate poems, "Purifications" and "On Nature", with different subject matter, or whether they may all derive from one poem with two titles, or whether one title refers to part of the whole poem. Some scholars argue that the title "Purifications" refers to the first part of a larger work called (as a whole) "On Nature". 8062: 5967: 969: 2343: 2155:, that caused Gioberti to be welcomed with such enthusiasm on his return to his native country. All these works were perfectly orthodox, and aided in drawing the liberal clergy into the movement which has resulted since his time in the unification of Italy. The Jesuits, however, closed round the pope more firmly after his return to Rome, and in the end Gioberti's writings were placed on the Index. The remainder of his works, especially 1768: 1783: 5956: 2989: 1307: 8049: 3003: 785:. "Like other Sophists, he was an itinerant that practiced in various cities and giving public exhibitions of his skill at the great pan-Hellenic centers of Olympia and Delphi, and charged fees for his instruction and performances. A special feature of his displays was to ask miscellaneous questions from the audience and give impromptu replies." He has been called "Gorgias the 1387: 2523: 2473:

philosophy of the time to see conditional subject as abstract and object as concrete, Gentile postulated the opposite, that subject was the concrete and objectification was abstraction (or rather; that what was conventionally dubbed "subject" was in fact only conditional object, and that true subject was the 'act of' being or essence above any object).

2444:, one of the greatest Italian 20th-century Idealist philosophers, wrote that Gentile "...holds the honor of having been the most rigorous neo–Hegelian in the entire history of Western philosophy and the dishonor of having been the official philosopher of Fascism in Italy." His philosophical basis for fascism was rooted in his understanding of 1993:, and having his eye directed to the ancient and fundamental problem of the origin, truth and certainty of our ideas, he wrote: "If philosophy is to be restored to love and respect, I think it will be necessary, in part, to return to the teachings of the ancients, and in part to give those teachings the benefit of modern methods" ( 1166:. In modern times, under papal directives, the study of his works was long used as a core of the required program of study for those seeking ordination as priests or deacons, as well as for those in religious formation and for other students of the sacred disciplines (philosophy, Catholic theology, church history, liturgy, and 1374:

Italian Renaissance humanists believed that the liberal arts (art, music, grammar, rhetoric, oratory, history, poetry, using classical texts, and the studies of all of the above) should be practiced by all levels of "richness". They also approved of self, human worth and individual dignity. They hold

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the existent. God is the only being (Ens); all other things are merely existences. God is the origin of all human knowledge (called lidea, thought), which is one and so to say identical with God himself. It is directly beheld (intuited) by reason, but in order to be of use it has to be reflected on,

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Schools, drew their ethical views from readings on the Stoics and Epicureans respectively, allowing for the competition between thought to manifest in a new field in Rome's jurisprudence. It was during this period that a common tradition of the western philosophical literature was born in commenting

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is the idea that although man may have invented the concept of God, it does not make God any less real in any sense possible as far as it is not presupposed to exist as abstraction and except in case qualities about what existence actually entails (i.e. being invented apart from the thinking making

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by all former kinds of Government; capitalism, communism, and that only the reciprocal totalitarian state of Corporative Syndicalism, a Fascist state, could defeat these problems made from reifying as an external that which is in fact to Gentile only a thinking reality. Whereas it was common in the

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finally, that the same most universal idea of being, this generator and formal element of all acquired cognitions, cannot itself be acquired, but must be innate in us, implanted by God in our nature. Being, as naturally shining to our mind, must therefore be what men call the light of reason. Hence

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that by the application of this essentially objective and true idea the human being intellectually perceives, first, the animal body individually conjoined with him, and then, on occasion of the sensations produced in him not by himself, the causes of those sensations, that is, from the action felt

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that garnered attention; by way that all senses about the world only take the form of ideas within one's mind in any real sense; to Gentile even the analogy between the function & location of the physical brain with the functions of the physical body were a consistent creation of the mind (and

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and it culminated during the events of the 1848–49 French revolution. In England he continued his studies of Hegelian philosophy. During his years in Naples, he would maintain relationships with the Philosophical Society of Berlin, which originally consisted of Hegelians, and kept up to date with

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A range of practices exists under the name "Montessori", which is not trademarked. Popular elements include mixed-age classrooms, student freedom (including their choices of activity), long blocks of uninterrupted work time, specially trained teachers and prepared environment. Scientific studies

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But when the work was finished, the Craftsman kept wishing that there were someone to ponder the plan of so great a work, to love its beauty, and to wonder at its vastness. Therefore, when everything was done... He finally took thought concerning the creation of man... He therefore took man as a

1227:, he denounced the nefarious influence of Aristotle in Theology and undertook to expound what, according to him, Christian wisdom consisted in. This Christian wisdom that he intended to expound determined the sources of his knowledge; his choice was significant, since he turned more readily to 1056:

is now recognized as a sophisticated work that resolves major (and minor) theological issues with skill and insight. Generations of university scholars, including Thomas Aquinas, wrote commentaries on it as part of their theological education and teaching. Peter also wrote influential biblical

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that sensed the possibility of nothing beyond what was contingent; the self's human thinking, in order to communicate as immanence is to be human like oneself, made a cohesive empathy of the self-same, without an external division, and therefore not modeled as objects to one's own thinking.

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arrives at the conclusion that the church is the axis on which the well-being of human life revolves. In it he affirms the idea of the supremacy of Italy, brought about by the restoration of the papacy as a moral dominion, founded on religion and public opinion. In his later works, the

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the name Rosmini gives it of ideal being; and this he laid down as the fundamental principle of all philosophy and the supreme criterion of truth and certainty. This he believed to be the teaching of St Augustine, as well as of St Thomas, of whom he was an ardent admirer and defender.

2187: 745:, has survived only in fragments. Approximately 160 verses remain today from an original total that was probably near 800. The poem was originally divided into three parts: An introductory proem which explains the purpose of the work, a former section known as "The Way of Truth" ( 1727:

argued that Machiavelli's audience was the common people because the rulers already knew these methods through their education. This interpretation is supported by the fact that Machiavelli wrote in Italian, not in Latin (which would have been the language of the ruling elite).

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is a book for the republicans as it exposes the methods used by princes. If the book was only intended as a manual for tyrannical rulers, it contains a paradox: it would apparently be more effective if the secrets it contains would not be made publicly available. Also

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that it is essentially true, because being and truth are convertible terms, and because in the vision of it the mind cannot err, since error could only be committed by a judgment, and here there is no judgment, but a pure intuition affirming nothing and denying

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is a system of education for children that seeks to develop natural interests and activities rather than use formal teaching methods. A Montessori classroom places an emphasis on hands on learning and developing real-world skills. It was developed by physician

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His first work, written when he was thirty-seven, had a personal reason for its existence. A young fellow-exile and friend, Paolo Pallia, having many doubts and misgivings as to the reality of revelation and a future life, Gioberti at once set to work with

2290:, he maintained that concrete, scientifically verifiable experiences constituted the outer limit of any philosophical theory of reality. Ardigò's "positive philosophy" was a synthesis of various philosophical and scientific theories, including positivism, 2118:

in three volumes (1839–1840). In this work he states his reasons for requiring a new method and new terminology. Here he brings out the doctrine that religion is the direct expression of the idea in this life, and is one with true civilization in history.

1052:, 1155–7), a systematic investigation of the whole range of questions that arise under the topic now designated ‘theology’. Often presented in modern scholarship as merely a collection of the opinions of earlier authorities on theological topics, the 2243:(1811–83), who taught at Rome, argued that post-Cartesian philosophy undermined Catholic theology, and that its remedy was the Aristotelian scientific method of Aquinas. From 1874 to 1891, the Accademia di San Tommaso of Rome published the review 2298:, Ardigò differed from Comte in that he considered thought more important than matter. He believed thought was dominant in every action and the result of every action, and that it disappears only in a state of general corruption. His treatise 2199:(1813–1885) was probably the greatest Italian Hegelianist philosopher, who composed works in both French and Italian. It was during his studies, with his cousin in Paris, that he learned of philosophy and through them he acquired knowledge of 2031:

that the mind, having reached this stage of development, can proceed to further and further abstracts, including the first principles of reasoning, the principles of the several sciences, complex ideas, groups of ideas, and so on without

1985:, in which he set forth the conception of a complete encyclopaedia of the human knowable, synthetically conjoined, according to the order of ideas, in a perfectly harmonious whole. Contemplating the position of recent philosophy from 2468:). Ultimately, Gentile foresaw a social order wherein opposites of all kinds weren't to be given sanction as existing independently from each other; that 'publicness' and 'privateness' as broad interpretations were currently 1219:

and Thomas Aquinas tried to give the Philosopher a theologically acceptable interpretation, Bonaventure moved in completely different way. Aristotle for him was an authority who must be read critically and with eyes open.

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politically defines "Virtu"—as any quality that helps a prince rule his state effectively. Machiavelli is aware of the irony of good results coming from evil actions, and because of this, the Catholic Church proscribed

1917:(1764), a treatise that served as one of the earliest prominent condemnations of torture and the death penalty and thus a landmark work in anti-death penalty philosophy, which was later translated into 22 languages. 2544:, though not originating in Italy, took significant hold in Italy during the early 20th century, with the country producing numerous significant figures in anarchist, socialist, and communist thought. In addition, 2027:

that reflection, by separating the essence or species from the subsistence, obtains the full specific idea (universalization), and then from this, by leaving aside some of its elements, the abstract specific idea

1703:, a Classical ideal society is not the aim of the prince's will to power. As a political scientist, Machiavelli emphasises necessary, methodical exercise of brute force and deception to preserve the status quo. 1116:

had achieved the pinnacle in the human striving for truth and thus adopted Aristotle's philosophy as a framework in constructing his theological and philosophical outlook. He was a professor at the prestigious

824:; however, unique developments in philosophical schools of thought occurred during the Roman period as well. Interest in philosophy was first excited at Rome in 155 BC, by an Athenian embassy consisting of the 2058:(1801–1852), who was a priest and a metaphysician. Gioberti's writings are more important than his political career. In the general history of European philosophy they stand apart. As the speculations of 2208:(Introduction to philosophy) in French. A lot of his work on neo-Hegelian theories were undertaken with Bertrando Spaventa. Some works see the Italian Hegelian doctrine as having led to Italian Fascism. 2123:

is a conditioned mediate tendency to perfection, to which religion is the final completion if carried out; it is the end of the second cycle expressed by the second formula, the Ens redeems existences.

2763:(1911–95), made major scholarly contributions to the study of Aquinas, drewing attention to Platonic elements in Thomism (such as ‘participation’), later an emphasis for Anglican Thomists such as 1294:

As with all periods, there is a wide drift of dates, reasons for categorization and boundaries. In particular, the Renaissance, more than later periods, is thought to begin in Italy with the

1014:. Anselm's works are considered philosophical as well as theological since they endeavour to render Christian tenets of faith, traditionally taken as a revealed truth, as a rational system. 2271:, Guido Mattiussi and others. The Italian writers at first laid special emphasis on the metaphysics of Scholasticism, and less on the empirical sciences or the history of philosophy. 2151:, no doubt hastened the transfer of rule from clerical to civil hands. It was the popularity of these semi-political works, increased by other occasional political articles, and his 2012:

he perceives and affirms an agent, a being, and therefore a true thing, that acts on him, and he thus gets at the external world, these are the true primitive judgments, containing

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was an essentially Italian (Florentine) movement, and also a great period of the arts and philosophy. Among the distinctive elements of Renaissance philosophy are the revival (

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that this idea is essentially objective, inasmuch as what is seen in it is as distinct from and opposed to the mind that sees it as the light is from the eye that looks at it

4098: 2510:' in which the divine was the present conception of reality in the totality of one's individual thinking as an evolving, growing and dynamic process. Many times accused of 2464:

as the ultimate location of authority and loyalty to which the individual found in the conception of individuality no meaning outside of the state (which in turn justified

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Method is with him a synthetic, subjective and psychological instrument. He reconstructs, as he declares, ontology, and begins with the ideal formula, the "Ens" creates

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that the notion or idea of being or existence in general enters into, and is presupposed by, all our acquired cognitions, so that, without it, they would be impossible

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and this by means of language. A knowledge of being and existences (concrete, not abstract) and their mutual relations, is necessary as the beginning of philosophy.

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in Paris. By 1156, perhaps earlier, Peter was archdeacon of Paris; in 1159 he became bishop of Paris. Peter’s most enduring contribution to medieval thought was the

2066:, more especially in his greater and earlier works, is unrelated to other modern schools of thought. It shows a harmony with the Roman Catholic faith which caused 4341: 1731:

Many contemporaries associated Machiavelli with the political tracts offering the idea of "Reason of State", an idea proposed most notably in the writings of

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He argued that God is the source of both the light of natural reason and the light of faith. He has been described as "the most influential thinker of the

1931: 2874: 2401:) were developed in Italy at this time. From the 1920s to the 1940s, Italian Fascism was the official philosophy and ideology of the Italian government. 1336:

literary texts. Initially, a humanist was simply a scholar or teacher of Latin literature. By the mid-15th century humanism described a curriculum – the

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abolishing the death penalty. The church's power was significantly reduced, and it was a period of great thought and invention, with scientists such as

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His belief that Fascism could be made to be subservient to his thought and the gathering of influence through the work of such students as Ugo Spirito.

1188:, perhaps the foremost Franciscan theologian of the 13th century, whose only real rival, in terms of immediate and ultimate influence, is the Scottish 1424:. There followed an ever-expanding corpus of texts on poetics in the later fifteenth century and throughout the sixteenth, a phenomenon that began in 2966: 2882: 2866: 2862: 1802:

and changed the road of Italian philosophy. Followers of the group often met to discuss in private salons and coffeehouses, notably in the cities of

2954: 2878: 2673: 2231:, whose principles were perceived to conflict with Christian dogma. This was particularly vigorous at first in Italy. "The direct initiator of the 1683:

of Rotterdam. As a treatise, its primary intellectual contribution to the history of political thought is the fundamental break between political

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Rosenkrantz, G. (2002). The Possibility of Metaphysics: Substance, Identity, and Time*. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 64(3), 728–736.

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in the latter half of the 14th century, and affected most of Italy. The humanist movement developed from the rediscovery by European scholars of

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than to Aristotle. That is to say that he intended to construct a spiritual synthesis and not a rationally scientific work. In works such as

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philosopher /writer, and is considered one of the most influential Italian Renaissance philosophers and one of the main founders of modern

491:. University cities such as Padua, Bologna and Naples remained centres of scholarship and the intellect, with several philosophers such as 3908: 546:. During the late 19th and 20th centuries, there were also several other movements which gained some form of popularity in Italy, such as 6003: 4148: 1159:

and regards him as the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood, and indeed the highest expression of both natural reason and

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is independent of religion and criticizes contemporary spiritualism. In the twentieth century, positivist thinking was continued by the

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Gentile was a notable philosophical theorist of his time throughout Europe, since having developed his 'Actual Idealism' system of

2286:(1828–1920). Ardigò introduced the fundamental themes of European positivism into Italian culture. Influenced to a large extent by 2310:

and proposing that psychic phenomena depend on physiological ones. His writings on pedagogy and moral philosophy (many put on the

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Humanism offered the necessary intellectual and philological tools for the first critical analysis of texts. An early triumph of

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was one of the inspirers of analytic philosophy and contemporary philosophy of mathematics. Recent analytic philosophers include

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regarding the Montessori method are mostly positive, with a 2017 review stating that "broad evidence" exists for its efficacy.

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also remains a popular term used casually in political discussions, often as a byword for bare-knuckled political realism.

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Italy was also affected by a movement called Neoplatonism, which was a movement which had a general revival of interest in

1342:– consisting of grammar, rhetoric, moral philosophy, poetry, and history as studied via Latin and Greek literary authors. 5063: 4926: 3270: 3136: 2062:, against which he wrote, have been called the last link added to medieval thought, so the system of Gioberti, known as 6330: 5782: 5367: 4994: 4827: 4588: 4004: 3858: 3599: 953: 449: 7387: 979:

Italian Medieval philosophy was mainly Christian, and included several important philosophers and theologians such as

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In the 19th century, there were also several other movements which gained some form of popularity in Italy, such as

7944: 5386: 4667: 4553: 4337: 4046: 3848: 2580:. Some of the most important figures in the late 19th and 20th century anarchist movement include Italians such as 2480:, sometimes called 'Actualism.' It was especially in which his ideas put subject to the position of a transcending 2216: 1371:

translation of the New Testament, and promoting readings from the original Greek manuscripts of the New Testament.

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Some of the most prominent philosophies and ideologies in Italy during the late 19th and 20th centuries included

1228: 7582: 2110:, which was his first publication (1838). After this, philosophical treatises followed in rapid succession. The 1112:

to Christianity. He believed that there was no contradiction between faith and secular reason. He believed that

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Scarangello, Anthony (1964). "Major Catholic-Liberal Educational Philosophers of the Italian Risorgimento".

1616: 21: 7979: 7884: 7532: 6249: 5468: 5407: 5392: 5244: 5105: 4558: 3026: 2331: 1822:, however, also remained great centres of scholarship and the intellect, with several philosophers such as 1648:. The Prince's contribution to the history of political thought is the fundamental break between political 2204:

both the German and the French Hegelian literature. As a teacher, he undertook the translation of Hegel's

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Peter became a Master of Arts in the Parisian schools by 1143 or 1144. In 1145 he was made a canon of the

8097: 8087: 7783: 7497: 6126: 5812: 5530: 5376: 5158: 5068: 4968: 4854: 4822: 4507: 3759: 3677: 2970: 2787:, though proto-feminist philosophies had previously been touched upon by earlier Italian writers such as 2469: 2311: 2302:(1870) is an important contribution to the birth of modern European psychology, showing the influence of 1873: 1676: 1530: 1268: 1167: 627:, though proto-feminist philosophies had previously been touched upon by earlier Italian writers such as 570:

remains a relevant philosopher within Marxist and communist theory, credited with creating the theory of

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In 1063 Anselm succeeded Lanfranc as prior and was consecrated abbot in 1078. Anselm held the office of

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Italian Medieval philosophy was mainly Christian, and included philosophers and theologians such as St

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The contemporary interpretation of Vico is by Verene, Donald Philip. See: "Giambattista Vico" (2002),

8092: 7856: 6068: 6058: 5897: 5663: 5586: 5550: 4568: 4533: 4528: 2565: 1997:, a. 148). He examined and analysed the fact of human knowledge, and obtained the following results: 1913: 1412:'s 1498 Latin translation of Aristotle's text (the first to be published) was included with the 1508 301: 81: 64: 4310: 3243: 2409:. He had great a number of developments within his thought and career which defined his philosophy. 1576:(published in 1484), as well as a translation of a collection of Hellenistic Greek documents of the 7959: 7522: 6772: 6612: 6609: 6335: 6169: 6154: 5912: 5902: 5882: 5852: 5807: 5505: 5347: 5279: 5249: 5229: 5110: 4786: 4751: 4548: 3016: 2890: 2780: 1585: 1017:

Among the Italian medieval philosophers who exerted the greatest influence a very important one is

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hosted a variety of philosophical discussion. Both leading schools of law of the Roman period, the

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was one of the greatest Italian 20th-century Idealist/Fascist philosophers, who greatly supported

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the belief that everything in life has a determinate nature, but man's privilege is to be able to

1177: 789:" although the degree to which this epithet adequately describes his philosophy is controversial. 252: 7537: 7478: 7431: 7289: 7252: 6620: 6535: 6525: 6449: 6315: 6287: 5792: 5555: 5412: 5382: 5357: 5274: 5234: 5173: 5072: 4837: 4807: 2248: 2059: 1962: 1542: 1355: 1109: 1049: 531: 3390: 7670: 7602: 6682: 6520: 6098: 6073: 6063: 5490: 5478: 5254: 5239: 4931: 4573: 2569: 2256: 1581: 1207:, rejecting much of the Aristotelianism incorporated by his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. While 925: 905: 821: 433: 105: 4152: 3874: 1620: 480: 7907: 7846: 7826: 7660: 7572: 7552: 7542: 7175: 7024: 6657: 6589: 6497: 6464: 6292: 6272: 6078: 5797: 5724: 5704: 5618: 5567: 5325: 5305: 5115: 4709: 4677: 4563: 4543: 4457: 2846:

also contributed to the birth of analytic philosophy in Italy by introducing the work of the

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L'orda d'oro 1968–1977. La grande ondata rivoluzionaria e creativa, politica ed esistenziale

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is not in his writings, Vico spoke of a "history of philosophy narrated philosophically."

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not brain; which was a creation of the mind and not the other way around). An example of

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Italian society also dramatically changed during the Enlightenment, with rulers such as

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Italy was also affected by the enlightenment, a movement which was a consequence of the

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is the treatise that is most responsible for the term being brought about. To this day,

1464:(1613).. By the early decades of the sixteenth century, Italian versions of Aristotle's 8015: 7984: 7912: 7894: 7869: 7864: 7816: 7803: 7770: 7665: 7567: 7502: 7458: 7402: 7242: 7071: 6965: 6873: 6677: 6556: 6547: 6510: 6505: 6411: 6406: 6383: 6302: 6116: 6043: 5892: 5872: 5729: 5670: 5623: 5545: 5402: 5372: 5362: 5337: 5310: 5217: 5210: 5146: 4902: 4897: 4614: 4431: 4390: 3542: 3517: 3384: 3194: 3186: 2870: 2851: 2830:

can be considered as one of the inspirers of contemporary philosophy of mathematic and

2796: 2788: 2784: 2701: 2625: 2593: 2553: 1557: 1338: 1196: 1160: 937: 881: 839: 807: 768: 738: 636: 628: 624: 595: 555: 441: 397: 333: 200: 185: 91: 2267:(1810–92), Alberto Barberis (1847–96), Santo Schiffini (1841–1906), Salvatore Talamo, 8053: 7954: 7949: 7934: 7874: 7836: 7821: 7778: 7349: 7309: 7227: 7155: 7138: 7116: 6744: 6719: 6530: 6350: 6093: 5857: 5847: 5719: 5633: 5598: 5525: 5515: 5293: 5163: 5077: 4907: 4887: 4861: 4849: 4644: 4639: 4624: 4619: 4604: 4436: 4418: 4205: 4000: 3978: 3928: 3854: 3827: 3763: 3730: 3681: 3594: 3546: 3509: 3474: 3464: 3330: 3305: 3220: 3198: 3105: 3055: 3008: 2902: 2839: 2772: 2768: 2756: 2653: 2649: 2557: 2545: 2503: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2232: 2055: 2044: 1966: 1823: 1788: 1639: 1624: 1549: 1346: 1137: 1086: 1078: 865: 660: 612: 575: 571: 551: 535: 492: 484: 353: 275: 135: 37: 2283: 2220: 1965:(1761–1835). Criticism of the Sensist movement came from other philosophers such as 1074: 8005: 7939: 7929: 7630: 7577: 7527: 7507: 7468: 7463: 7304: 7232: 6950: 6861: 6752: 6724: 6709: 6672: 6378: 6358: 6325: 6230: 6192: 5927: 5749: 5699: 5680: 5675: 5628: 5535: 5473: 5453: 5441: 5397: 5200: 5180: 5168: 5031: 4912: 4629: 4492: 4484: 4426: 4410: 3501: 3362: 3178: 3021: 2835: 2816: 2800: 2752: 2725: 2652:. Italian philosophers were also influential in the development of the non-Marxist 2585: 2581: 2406: 2402: 2390: 2362: 2354: 2307: 2167: 1978: 1958: 1939: 1926: 1903:

was a significant Enlightenment figure and is now considered one of the fathers of

1892: 1827: 1597: 1541:

and his intellectual circle had made acquaintance with the Neoplatonic philosopher

1477: 1383:

wrote the following concerning the creation of the universe and man's place in it:

1329: 1212: 1208: 1098: 1090: 1067: 1062: 909: 817: 640: 574:. Italian philosophers were also influential in the development of the non-Marxist 559: 543: 527: 503:

was a significant Enlightenment figure and is now considered one of the fathers of

496: 460: 421: 195: 98: 72: 4999: 3626: 2102:, he is thought by some to have shifted his ground under the influence of events. 7711: 7680: 7645: 7610: 7488: 7339: 7237: 7195: 7106: 7094: 7079: 7054: 7029: 6799: 6667: 6662: 6579: 6564: 6237: 6121: 5837: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5714: 5638: 5500: 5019: 4917: 4802: 4702: 4609: 4189: 3720: 3671: 3265: 3261: 3049: 2926: 2918: 2910: 2898: 2776: 2693: 2661: 2641: 2621: 2526: 2495: 2486: 2465: 2441: 2414: 2398: 2386: 2346: 2327: 2287: 2240: 2175: 1974: 1935: 1900: 1773: 1736: 1724: 1657: 1553: 1507: 1485: 1152: 1133: 1125: 980: 945: 917: 897: 861: 664: 616: 583: 567: 563: 539: 500: 476: 468: 445: 413: 266: 234: 145: 140: 130: 25: 6851: 3327:

Rethinking early Greek philosophy : Hippolytus of Rome and the Presocratics

2018:

its essence or species as determined by the quality of the action felt from it (

1776:(1738–1794) was one of the greatest writers of the Italian Age of Enlightenment. 1718:, for instance, admired Machiavelli the republican and consequently argued that 7620: 7615: 7483: 7448: 7380: 7354: 7190: 7039: 6978: 6891: 6734: 6630: 6373: 6053: 5970: 5917: 5887: 5832: 5739: 5613: 5560: 5520: 5190: 5185: 5036: 4936: 4892: 4844: 4792: 4746: 4714: 4672: 4649: 3576: 2974: 2914: 2858: 2827: 2792: 2760: 2732: 2677: 2657: 2605: 2597: 2461: 2303: 2279: 2252: 1854: 1569: 1310: 1264: 1204: 885: 681: 648: 632: 579: 472: 456: 401: 337: 220: 215: 205: 86: 7061: 6836: 4414: 2721: 2397:. Both futurism and fascism (in its original form, now often distinguished as 8081: 7675: 7587: 7517: 7259: 7049: 6983: 6940: 6809: 6434: 6220: 6202: 5842: 5483: 5053: 4741: 4719: 4578: 4422: 3749: 3513: 3478: 3144: 2938: 2930: 2847: 2705: 2697: 2669: 2665: 2589: 2453: 2295: 2224: 2212: 2067: 1896: 1492: 1409: 1350: 1333: 1247:) and considers its main task to be the achievement of spiritual perfection. 1018: 700: 676: 656: 591: 587: 365: 289: 151: 53: 49: 3566:

Thomas Aquinas, Commentary on the De Trinitate of Boethius, quest. 2, art. 3

2548:

first fully formed into its modern strain within the Italian section of the

2431:

The dispute with Benedetto Croce over the historic inevitability of Fascism.

7706: 7696: 7655: 7635: 7407: 7370: 7329: 7215: 7165: 6826: 6804: 6782: 6729: 6697: 6569: 6429: 6340: 6136: 5960: 5767: 5572: 5342: 4946: 4812: 4761: 4736: 4440: 4221:

Nunzio Pernicone, "Italian Anarchism 1864–1892", pp. 111–13, AK Press 2009.

2994: 2906: 2736: 2689: 2685: 2633: 2629: 2617: 2449: 2291: 2196: 2190: 2127:

Essays (not published till 1846) on the lighter and more popular subjects,

2120: 1842: 1838: 1413: 1402:

Italian culture produced the great Renaissance commentators on Aristotle's

751:, ἀλήθεια), and a latter section known as "The Way of Appearance/Opinion" ( 712: 377: 341: 3415:

Gronbeck, B. E. (1972). Gorgias on rhetoric and poetic: A rehabilitation.

1872:("truth is itself something made") coined by Vico is an early instance of 7701: 7640: 7512: 7492: 7397: 7334: 7294: 7274: 7200: 7170: 6831: 6767: 6459: 6444: 6320: 6310: 6259: 6225: 6164: 5862: 5802: 5772: 5125: 4756: 3302:

The poem of Empedocles : a text and translation with an introduction

2942: 2934: 2744: 2601: 2577: 2507: 2200: 2171: 2147:

to the same, and soon afterwards his triumphant exposure of the Jesuits,

1990: 1834: 1799: 1321: 1320:

was a European intellectual movement that was a crucial component of the

1288: 1256: 1189: 1185: 1145: 1141: 1102: 734: 652: 534:. Criticism of the Sensist movement came from other philosophers such as 225: 2857:

Recent Italian analytic philosophers, many of whom work abroad, include

495:(widely regarded as being the founder of modern Italian philosophy) and 7547: 7375: 7324: 7314: 7185: 7089: 7034: 6841: 6821: 6687: 6454: 6368: 6197: 6144: 6108: 6012: 5120: 4729: 4020: 2709: 2561: 2275: 2063: 2051: 1986: 1954: 1782: 1732: 1695:

is a manual to acquiring and keeping political power. In contrast with

1679:, moreover, the Humanists also viewed the book negatively, among them, 1644: 1601: 1510:, one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the Renaissance. 1457: 1022: 968: 933: 853: 778: 764: 760: 726: 716: 708: 704: 692: 685: 599: 547: 523: 479:, one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the period; and 381: 373: 369: 357: 41: 3521: 3304:(rev. ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 8–21. 3190: 852:

declined as an intellectual center of thought while new sites such as

7562: 7557: 7417: 7344: 7279: 7150: 7084: 6896: 6886: 6881: 6856: 6652: 6212: 6174: 3613: 2748: 2714: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2511: 2481: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2342: 2239:(1811–1865), a canon at Naples." The influential German Jesuit 1858: 1833:

Giambattista Vico criticized the expansion and development of modern

1700: 1605: 1577: 1417: 1276: 1224: 1216: 1113: 988: 949: 893: 877: 842: 828: 604: 566:

were two of the most significant 20th-century Idealist philosophers.

409: 393: 45: 6787: 3781:

Moschovitis Group Inc, Christian D. Von Dehsen and Scott L. Harris,

3442: 2215:

began once again to flourish, in large part in reaction against the

1945:

Italy also had a renowned philosophical movement in the 1800s, with

1899:

discovering new things and greatly contributing to Western science.

1180:: The Prayer of St. Bonaventura about the Selection of the New Pope. 514:

Italy also had a renowned philosophical movement in the 1800s, with

7392: 7299: 7264: 7222: 7210: 6998: 6792: 6692: 6635: 6439: 6393: 6277: 5777: 5762: 5757: 5658: 4692: 4687: 3505: 3182: 2680:

borders this tradition, defending a "weak Marxism", as part of his

2515: 2490: 2477: 2445: 2382: 2337: 2319: 2071: 1946: 1908: 1866: 1706:

Between Machiavelli's advice to ruthless and tyrannical princes in

1688: 1653: 1635: 1589: 1519: 1325: 1163: 1101:, a brilliant Dominican experimentalist, much like the Franciscan, 996: 992: 921: 889: 832: 786: 747: 730: 558:, communism, socialism, futurism, fascism and Christian democracy. 515: 508: 429: 405: 112: 4365:"Montessori: An Effective Learning Approach or a Matter of Faith?" 1853:, in addition to being the first expositor of the fundamentals of 1767: 7019: 6993: 6988: 6930: 6925: 6757: 6645: 6640: 6599: 6421: 6267: 6149: 4724: 4449: 2645: 2506:. Therefore, Gentile proposed a form of what he called 'absolute 1950: 1815: 1714:, some have concluded that The Prince is actually only a satire. 1680: 1488: 1473: 1433: 1368: 1364: 1306: 1094: 1029:. In 1136 he arrived in Paris with a letter of introduction from 941: 782: 774: 720: 696: 519: 464: 385: 361: 2807:, an educational philosophy now practiced throughout the world. 2089:. He identifies religion with civilization, and in his treatise 1552:

was lecturing on Greek language and literature at Florence, and

1140:

is derived from his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics,

647:, an educational philosophy now practiced throughout the world. 7284: 7205: 6935: 6594: 6584: 6282: 6184: 5417: 3430:

Presocratic philosophy: Essays in honor of Alexander Mourelatos

2186: 1819: 1807: 1561: 1523: 1491:

Aristotle's poetic theories as the sole key to approaching the

1437: 1284: 1058: 987:, in his mid-twenties Anselm entered the Benedictine school at 873: 849: 389: 4144:

The Revival of Scholastic Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century

3492:

Lorenzen, Ernest G. (1925). "Specification in the Civil Law".

1791:, one of the greatest philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment. 598:

pro-working class leftist theories that would become known as

7100: 6762: 6048: 5981: 4697: 4480: 3777: 3775: 3443:"Roman Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 2425: 2086: 2070:

to declare that Italian philosophy was still in the bonds of

1811: 1803: 1696: 1661: 1580:, and the writings of many of the Neoplatonists, for example 1573: 1565: 1429: 1425: 1360: 1272: 1156: 1025:, in the region of Novara, Italy, Peter studied first in the 984: 594:. In the 1960s, many Italian left-wing activists adopted the 2700:.In the 1960s, many Italian left-wing activists adopted the 2181: 1440:. Among the most important Renaissance works on poetics are 475:, one of the major scientific figures of the western world; 5205: 4682: 4215: 2834:

above all thanks to the influence he had on the thought of

2648:

and communist theory, credited with creating the theory of

1920: 1313:, one of the major scientific figures of the western world. 857: 753: 471:

to Christianity. Notable Renaissance philosophers include:

3997:

Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of 'On Crimes and Punishments'

3772: 2522: 2054:. The main Italian son of this philosophical movement was 1363:. This textual criticism created sharper controversy when 872:

There were several formidable Roman philosophers, such as

6945: 4289:

Psychology Discussion – Discuss Anything About Psychology

2498:

objected that Gentile's "pure act" is nothing other than

1386: 1006:

from 1093 to 1109. He is famed as the originator of the

4073:"L'ESCATOLOGIA PITAGORICA NELLA TRADIZIONE OCCIDENTALE" 3428:

Caston, V. (2002). Gorgias on Thought and its Objects.

3386:

A dictionary of philosophy in the words of philosophers

1845:

impractical to human life, and he was an apologist for

2015:

the subsistence of the particular being (subject), and

1033:

to Gilduin, abbot of the house of Saint Victor, where

4391:"Montessori education: a review of the evidence base" 4338:"Exploring the Pros and Cons of Montessori Education" 4179:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 507. 4146:, "Chapter IX: The Neo-Scholastic Revival in Italy", 3977:, Steven M. Nadler, ed. London:Blackwell Publishing, 2452:, in which he found vindication for the rejection of 2428:(1911) and the entry of Italy into World War I (1915) 1533:

in 1438–1445, during the failed attempts to heal the

3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3461:

Voices of Ancient Philosophy: An Introductory Reader

3409: 3400: 2984: 2636:, as well as the author, director, and intellectual 4964:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

4303: 3091: 3089: 2274:The two main figures of nineteenth century Italian 1283:; and, among some philosophers, enthusiasm for the 1085:The most important Italian medieval philosopher is 3382: 1367:followed Valla in criticizing the accuracy of the 3894: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3098:"Reason and Faith: The Thought of Thomas Aquinas" 2424:The political favour he felt for the invasion of 1556:became his pupil. When Cosimo decided to refound 1518:. Interest in Platonism was especially strong in 703:. Major philosophers of the Greek period include 368:. Major philosophers of the Greek period include 8079: 4260:"Computers and Technology in Montessori Schools" 3376: 3214: 3086: 2338:Modern, contemporary and 20th-century philosophy 1623:(1469–1527), one of the main founders of modern 1359:to be an early medieval forgery produced in the 32:, 1499–1502. The fresco is part of the cycle of 4285:"Theories of Learning: 3 Theories | Psychology" 3915:. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 3422: 763:' philosophy is best known for originating the 4177:The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology 3988: 3120: 5997: 4465: 4237:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3853:. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxvi. 3458: 3164: 3162: 1957:. The main Sensist Italian philosophers were 1810:. Cities with important universities such as 1416:printing of the Greek original as part of an 741:. His single known work, a poem later titled 526:. The main Sensist Italian philosophers were 309: 103: 3708:. Bari: G. Laterza & figli. p. 416. 3534: 3454: 3452: 3238: 3236: 3210: 3208: 2708:leftist theories that would become known as 2514:, Gentile maintained his philosophy to be a 1535:schism of the Orthodox and Catholic churches 1239:, Bonaventure describes theology as wisdom ( 1223:When in 1273 he gave his conferences on the 36:that decorate the San Brizio Chapel, in the 3999:. Hampshire: Waterside Press. p. 160. 3651:Princeton University, 1983, 32–69, 137–193. 3168: 3073: 3071: 2805:philosophy of education that bears her name 2731:Important scholars and specialists include 1745:"marked by cunning, duplicty, or bad faith" 645:philosophy of education that bears her name 6004: 5990: 4472: 4458: 3994: 3329:. London: Duckworth. pp. 24–31, 108. 3159: 2141:Del primato morale e civile degli Italiani 2091:Del primato morale e civile degli Italiani 1743:is an adjective describing someone who is 316: 302: 4430: 3949:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism 3755:Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition 3579:(1995) 2nd ed., "Aquinas, Saint Thomas," 3545:: Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 3449: 3233: 3215:Balestrini, Nanni; Moroni, Primo (1997). 3205: 2743:and Diego Giordano in German philosophy, 2182:Hegelianism, Scholasticism and Positivism 1876:. He inaugurated the modern field of the 695:, founder of the school of philosophy in 360:, founder of the school of philosophy in 4388: 4362: 3700: 3491: 3255: 3253: 3068: 2720: 2644:remains an important philosopher within 2521: 2341: 2185: 2163:, give his mature views on many points. 2116:Introduzione allo studio della filosofia 2074:, and that Gioberti was no philosopher. 2039: 1930: 1921:Early modern and 19th-century philosophy 1710:and his more republican exhortations in 1615: 1502: 1385: 1305: 1172: 1073: 967: 802: 737:and has influenced the whole history of 680: 20: 4230: 4013: 3850:Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy 3819: 3356: 3324: 3043: 3041: 2166:Other Ontological philosophers include 1861:. He is recognised as one of the first 1757: 1560:at Florence, his choice to head it was 1529:During the sessions at Florence of the 1271:; a partial return to the authority of 8080: 4335: 4130:Twentieth-century Catholic theologians 3975:A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy 3823:Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction 3706:La critica letteraria nel Rinascimento 3582:The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy 3299: 3289:. University Science Books. p. 1. 3259: 1564:, who made the classic translation of 1089:, the foremost classical proponent of 972:A colourised 16th-century portrait of 459:, the foremost classical proponent of 7743: 6485: 6023: 5985: 4453: 4344:from the original on 16 February 2015 4317:from the original on 10 February 2019 4047:"10. La rinascita hegeliana a Napoli" 3909:"The Enlightenment throughout Europe" 3669: 3250: 3077: 3047: 2803:is credited with the creation of the 2799:. The Italian physician and educator 2434:His role as education minister (1923) 2361:), the two greatest exponents of the 2211:In the mid-19th century, interest in 1739:. To this day, contemporary usage of 1472:'s editions of 1570 and 1576. In the 1215:, defended an Aristotle tainted with 643:is credited with the creation of the 483:, one of the main founders of modern 356:. Philosophy was brought to Italy by 5010:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 4174: 4149:"Jacques Maritain Center: Revival 9" 4127: 3846: 3820:Skinner, Quentin (12 October 2000). 3585:, Cambridge University Press. p. 36. 3284: 3038: 1596:. Following suggestions laid out by 1484:, re-presented to the world of post- 1010:for the existence of God and of the 995:where he came under the tutelage of 4311:"Introduction to Montessori Method" 3718: 3535:Davies, Brian; et al. (2004). 3435: 3278: 3271:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3244:"Introduction to Montessori Method" 2300:La psicologia come scienza positiva 1634:(3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an 1632:Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli 729:has been considered the founder of 691:Philosophy was brought to Italy by 13: 4479: 4363:Benyamin, Chaya (13 August 2021). 3783:Philosophers and religious leaders 3600:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 2247:. Numerous works were produced by 1456:(1529, expanded edition 1563) and 1046:Sententiae in IV libris distinctae 14: 8109: 4389:Marshall, Chloë (December 2017). 4257: 4239:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 3603:, Oxford University Press, p. 43. 3538:The Cambridge Companion to Anselm 3417:Southern Journal of Communication 3095: 1279:, who had come to dominate later 639:. Italian physician and educator 487:. Italy was also affected by the 8061: 8060: 8047: 5966: 5965: 5954: 4336:Meinke, Hannah (11 April 2019). 4175:Kerr, Fergus (2011). "Thomism". 3875:"Definition of Machiavellianism" 3082:. Penguin Classics. p. 226. 3001: 2987: 2767:and figures associated with the 2318:(1879), in which he argues that 2294:, and spiritualism. Inspired by 1781: 1766: 1132:-theologians." His influence on 1012:satisfaction theory of atonement 974:Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury 781:, forms the first generation of 670: 169:The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis 16:Philosophical tradition of Italy 5695:Orders, decorations, and medals 4382: 4356: 4329: 4313:. American Montessori Society. 4277: 4251: 4224: 4199: 4183: 4168: 4136: 4132:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 1. 4121: 4091: 4065: 4039: 3967: 3954: 3941: 3867: 3840: 3813: 3788: 3743: 3712: 3694: 3663: 3654: 3641: 3606: 3588: 3570: 3559: 3528: 3485: 3343: 3318: 3293: 2085:Gioberti is in some respects a 1969:(1770–1846), who affirmed that 1498: 1105:of Oxford in the 13th century. 792: 6011: 3785:, (The Oryx Press, 1999), 117. 3597:(1999). "Aquinas, St Thomas," 3246:. American Montessori Society. 3171:History of Education Quarterly 2812:Montessori method of education 2759:in hermeneutics and ontology. 2157:La Filosofia della Rivelazione 1977:, instead, was the founder of 1973:relationships were synthetic. 1865:figures in history. The Latin 1664:phrases and Classic examples. 1611: 1250: 542:, instead, was the founder of 1: 7744: 3796:"Definition of MACHIAVELLIAN" 3389:. Reeves and Turner. p. 3351:Empedocles: An Interpretation 3051:History of Italian Philosophy 3032: 2324:Italian school of criminology 2219:inspired by thinkers such as 2108:La Teorica del sovrannaturale 1911:. Beccaria is famous for his 1460:'s commentary on Aristotle's 1136:is considerable, and much of 1097:. Aquinas was the student of 388:. Roman philosophers include 158:Pontifical Academy of Arcadia 7533:Ordinary language philosophy 6024: 4105:(in Italian). Archived from 3880:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary 3027:List of Italian philosophers 2153:Rinnovamento civile d'Italia 1841:analysis and other types of 550:(whose main philosopher was 7: 7583:Contemporary utilitarianism 7498:Internalism and externalism 5735:Water supply and sanitation 5159:Italian geographical region 5027:Monarchy and the World Wars 4969:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 4855:War of the Sicilian Vespers 4508:Timeline of Italian history 4025:Facoltà Lettere e Filosofia 3760:University of Chicago Press 3678:University of Toronto Press 3670:Minor, Vernon Hyde (2016). 3463:. Oxford University Press. 3383:J. Radford Thomson (1887). 3325:Osborne, Catherine (1987). 2980: 2206:Introduzione alla filosofia 1874:constructivist epistemology 1677:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 1642:. His most famous work was 1531:Council of Ferrara-Florence 1301: 1155:honors Thomas Aquinas as a 1128:" and "the greatest of the 963: 869:on the works of Aristotle. 10: 8114: 6847:Svatantrika and Prasangika 6486: 5654:Inventions and discoveries 5064:Fall of the Fascist regime 5047:Fourth War of Independence 5005:Expedition of the Thousand 4995:Second War of Independence 4051:Ex-Regno delle Due Sicilie 3371:Cambridge University Press 3137:"History of Philosophy 70" 2826:The Italian mathematician 2769:Radical Orthodoxy movement 2556:often adhered to forms of 1924: 1027:cathedral school of Rheims 816:was heavily influenced by 796: 674: 8041: 7993: 7893: 7855: 7802: 7769: 7760: 7756: 7739: 7689: 7601: 7439: 7430: 7363: 7146: 7137: 7115: 7070: 7012: 6964: 6918: 6909: 6872: 6743: 6608: 6555: 6546: 6496: 6492: 6481: 6420: 6392: 6349: 6301: 6258: 6211: 6183: 6135: 6107: 6069:Philosophy of mathematics 6059:Philosophy of information 6034: 6030: 6019: 5950: 5748: 5594: 5585: 5449: 5440: 5428:Security and intelligence 5301: 5292: 5154: 5145: 5088: 5015:Third War of Independence 4990:First War of Independence 4977: 4870: 4779: 4660: 4597: 4516: 4500: 4491: 4415:10.1038/s41539-017-0012-7 3995:Hostettler, John (2011). 3933:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3349:Simon Trépanier, (2004), 2566:insurrectionary anarchism 2316:La morale dei positivisti 1914:On Crimes and Punishments 1905:classical criminal theory 1880:, and, although the term 1482:Cannocchiale aristotelico 1468:appeared, culminating in 1298:and roll through Europe. 1037:was the leading thinker. 505:classical criminal theory 104: 82:Italo-Dalmatian languages 5106:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 5101:Institutional referendum 4231:Davison, Andrew (2022). 3962:The Rhetorical Tradition 3017:Ancient Roman philosophy 2891:Maria Luisa Dalla Chiara 2781:Alaide Gualberta Beccari 1675:, registering it to the 1148:, and political theory. 1004:Archbishop of Canterbury 946:Philoponus of Alexandria 914:Alexander of Aphrodisias 814:Ancient Roman philosophy 799:Ancient Roman philosophy 621:Alaide Gualberta Beccari 446:Philoponus of Alexandria 426:Alexander of Aphrodisias 332:had a vast influence on 63:This article is part of 34:Stories of the Last Days 7538:Postanalytic philosophy 7479:Experimental philosophy 5629:Emigration and diaspora 4838:Guelphs and Ghibellines 4823:the Sardinian Judicates 4395:npj Science of Learning 4099:"Idealismo. Idealistas" 4077:RITO SIMBOLICO ITALIANO 3947:Ernst von Glasersfeld, 3800:www.merriam-webster.com 3673:Baroque Visual Rhetoric 3649:Humanists and holy writ 3048:Garin, Eugenio (2008). 2739:in Ancient philosophy; 2684:(weak thought) take on 2314:by the Church) include 2249:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi 1963:Gian Domenico Romagnosi 1870:Verum esse ipsum factum 1543:George Gemistos Plethon 1356:Donation of Constantine 1243:) rather than science ( 1110:Aristotelian philosophy 1050:Four Books of Sentences 1042:cathedral of Notre-Dame 532:Gian Domenico Romagnosi 469:Aristotelian philosophy 7671:Social constructionism 6683:Hellenistic philosophy 6099:Theoretical philosophy 6074:Philosophy of religion 6064:Philosophy of language 5511:Science and technology 5459:Italian regions by GDP 5260:Marine protected areas 4932:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4210:Treasure of Philosophy 4165:Accessed 1 August 2013 4142:Joseph Louis Perrier, 3960:Bizzell and Herzberg, 3847:Rahe, Paul A. (2005). 3459:Annas, Julia. (2000). 3102:The Dartmouth Apologia 2771:. Early and important 2728: 2656:philosophy, including 2570:collectivist anarchism 2529: 2482:truth above positivism 2419:Theory of the Pure Act 2366: 2257:Tommaso Maria Zigliara 2235:movement in Italy was 2193: 2047: 1942: 1851:Renaissance humanities 1628: 1511: 1400: 1393: 1314: 1265:classical civilization 1184:Next to Aquinas ranks 1181: 1082: 976: 822:Hellenistic philosophy 810: 688: 578:philosophy, including 106:Accademia della Crusca 57: 8054:Philosophy portal 7573:Scientific skepticism 7553:Reformed epistemology 6079:Philosophy of science 5710:Public administration 4818:the Holy Roman Empire 4212:, "Gentile, Giovanni" 4128:Kerr, Fergus (2007). 3719:Eco, Umberto (2004). 3395:Gorgias the Nihilist. 3300:Inwood, Brad (2001). 3260:Palmer, John (2020). 2724: 2692:philosophers include 2525: 2494:it) are presupposed. 2345: 2189: 2043: 1934: 1925:Further information: 1889:Leopold II of Tuscany 1882:philosophy of history 1878:philosophy of history 1863:Counter-Enlightenment 1716:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1619: 1506: 1450:Gian Giorgio Trissino 1395: 1389: 1309: 1203:, Bonaventure was an 1178:Francisco de Zurbarán 1176: 1108:Aquinas reintroduced 1077: 971: 958:Simplicius of Cilicia 902:Clement of Alexandria 806: 684: 418:Clement of Alexandria 336:, beginning with the 113:Enciclopedia Treccani 24: 7474:Critical rationalism 7181:Edo neo-Confucianism 7025:Acintya bheda abheda 7004:Renaissance humanism 6715:School of the Sextii 6089:Practical philosophy 6084:Political philosophy 5938:World Heritage Sites 5393:Council of Ministers 5131:Coronavirus pandemic 4529:Currency and coinage 4264:Montessori For Today 4109:on 30 September 2007 3702:Spingarn, Joel Elias 3494:The Yale Law Journal 3287:Braving the Elements 3285:Gray, Harry (1995). 3108:on 13 September 2013 2614:Giuseppe Ciancabilla 2610:Severino Di Giovanni 1758:Age of Enlightenment 1660:readings; thus, the 1470:Lodovico Castelvetro 1391:Pico della Mirandola 1381:Pico della Mirandola 1318:Renaissance Humanism 1263:means "rebirth") of 1130:medieval philosopher 1057:commentaries on the 1035:Hugh of Saint Victor 1031:Bernard of Clairvaux 1008:ontological argument 350:Age of Enlightenment 346:Renaissance humanism 285:Syntactic gemination 7045:Nimbarka Sampradaya 6956:Korean Confucianism 6703:Academic Skepticism 5469:Automotive industry 5408:Metropolitan cities 4954:Early Modern period 4927:Kingdom of Sardinia 4878:Italian city-states 4407:2017npjSL...2...11M 4369:theperspective.com/ 4194:Guide to Aesthetics 3647:See Jerry Bentley, 3619:"Code of Canon Law" 2959:Alessandra Tanesini 2947:Gualtiero Piccinini 2832:analytic philosophy 2638:Pier Paolo Pasolini 2574:anarcho-syndicalism 2550:First International 2395:Christian democracy 2245:La Scienza Italiana 2237:Gaetano Sanseverino 1847:classical antiquity 1621:Niccolò Machiavelli 1516:Classical antiquity 1442:Marco Girolamo Vida 1296:Italian Renaissance 1281:medieval philosophy 1201:John of La Rochelle 1119:University of Paris 836:Diogenes of Babylon 820:and the schools of 767:theory of the four 481:Niccolò Machiavelli 467:, who reintroduced 44:, philosopher from 8098:Italian literature 8088:Italian philosophy 7666:Post-structuralism 7568:Scientific realism 7523:Quinean naturalism 7503:Logical positivism 7459:Analytical Marxism 6678:Peripatetic school 6590:Chinese naturalism 6117:Aesthetic response 6044:Applied philosophy 5531:Telecommunications 4898:Maritime republics 3595:Broadie, Alexander 2871:Cristina Bicchieri 2852:Logical Positivism 2797:Lucrezia Marinella 2789:Christine de Pizan 2785:Anna Maria Mozzoni 2729: 2702:anti-authoritarian 2626:Sacco and Vanzetti 2594:Alfredo M. Bonanno 2554:Italian anarchists 2530: 2367: 2213:scholastic thought 2194: 2149:Il Gesuita moderno 2048: 1983:Sistema filosofico 1943: 1907:as well as modern 1629: 1600:, Ficino tried to 1512: 1394: 1339:studia humanitatis 1315: 1197:Alexander of Hales 1182: 1093:and the father of 1083: 983:. Born in 1033 in 977: 956:(472–524 AD), and 938:Augustine of Hippo 920:(3rd century AD), 916:(3rd century AD), 912:(3rd century AD), 908:(2nd century AD), 888:(30 AD – 100 AD), 818:the ancient Greeks 811: 769:classical elements 739:Western philosophy 689: 637:Lucrezia Marinella 629:Christine de Pizan 625:Anna Maria Mozzoni 596:anti-authoritarian 507:as well as modern 463:and the father of 442:Augustine of Hippo 398:Seneca the Younger 334:Western philosophy 330:Italian philosophy 58: 8075: 8074: 8037: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8029: 8028: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7454:Analytic feminism 7426: 7425: 7388:Kierkegaardianism 7350:Transcendentalism 7310:Neo-scholasticism 7156:Classical Realism 7133: 7132: 6905: 6904: 6720:Neopythagoreanism 6477: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6094:Social philosophy 5979: 5978: 5946: 5945: 5581: 5580: 5516:Southern question 5436: 5435: 5368:Political parties 5316:Foreign relations 5288: 5287: 5141: 5140: 4862:Kingdom of Naples 4850:Kingdom of Sicily 4155:on 9 October 2015 3913:history-world.org 3736:978-0-15-100812-4 3687:978-1-4426-4879-1 3470:978-0-19-512694-5 3009:Philosophy portal 2903:Pieranna Garavaso 2887:Franca D'Agostini 2875:Emiliano Boccardi 2840:Ludovico Geymonat 2773:Italian feminists 2757:Maurizio Ferraris 2654:liberal socialism 2650:cultural hegemony 2558:anarcho-communism 2546:anarcho-communism 2413:The discovery of 2269:Antonio Ballerini 2265:Matteo Liberatore 2261:Francesco Satolli 2174:(1826–1895), and 2056:Vincenzo Gioberti 2045:Vincenzo Gioberti 1967:Pasquale Galluppi 1938:, the founder of 1824:Giambattista Vico 1789:Giambattista Vico 1640:political science 1625:political science 1604:Christianity and 1550:John Argyropoulos 1539:Cosimo de' Medici 1347:textual criticism 1138:modern philosophy 1087:St Thomas Aquinas 1079:St Thomas Aquinas 848:During this time 661:Pieranna Garavaso 613:Italian feminists 576:liberal socialism 572:cultural hegemony 552:Vincenzo Gioberti 536:Pasquale Galluppi 493:Giambattista Vico 485:political science 354:modern philosophy 344:, and going onto 326: 325: 152:The Divine Comedy 136:Placiti Cassinesi 95: 38:Orvieto Cathedral 8105: 8093:Culture of Italy 8064: 8063: 8052: 8051: 8050: 7767: 7766: 7758: 7757: 7741: 7740: 7631:Frankfurt School 7578:Transactionalism 7528:Normative ethics 7508:Legal positivism 7484:Falsificationism 7469:Consequentialism 7464:Communitarianism 7437: 7436: 7305:New Confucianism 7144: 7143: 6951:Neo-Confucianism 6916: 6915: 6725:Second Sophistic 6710:Middle Platonism 6553: 6552: 6494: 6493: 6483: 6482: 6326:Epiphenomenalism 6193:Consequentialism 6127:Institutionalism 6032: 6031: 6021: 6020: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5983: 5982: 5969: 5968: 5961:Italy portal 5958: 5957: 5898:National symbols 5592: 5591: 5447: 5446: 5299: 5298: 5152: 5151: 5032:Kingdom of Italy 4959:Napoleonic Italy 4498: 4497: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4203: 4197: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4151:. Archived from 4140: 4134: 4133: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4103:Enciclopedia GER 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4017: 4011: 4010: 3992: 3986: 3971: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3792: 3786: 3779: 3770: 3750:Yates, Frances A 3747: 3741: 3740: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3625:. Archived from 3610: 3604: 3592: 3586: 3574: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3380: 3374: 3373:, 1971), p. 270. 3363:W. K. C. Guthrie 3360: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3266:Zalta, Edward N. 3257: 3248: 3247: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3143:. Archived from 3133: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3104:. Archived from 3093: 3084: 3083: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3045: 3022:Italian idealism 3011: 3006: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2963:Alessandro Torza 2951:Stefano Predelli 2929:, Luca Moretti, 2844:Francesco Barone 2836:Bertrand Russell 2817:Maria Montessori 2801:Maria Montessori 2753:narrative theory 2726:Maria Montessori 2586:Giuseppe Fanelli 2582:Errico Malatesta 2470:false as imposed 2456:, acceptance of 2407:Benito Mussolini 2403:Giovanni Gentile 2363:Italian idealism 2355:Giovanni Gentile 2330:(1835–1909) and 2308:John Stuart Mill 2168:Terenzio Mamiani 2114:was followed by 1979:Italian idealism 1961:(1767–1829) and 1959:Melchiorre Gioja 1940:Italian idealism 1927:Italian idealism 1893:Alessandro Volta 1828:Antonio Genovesi 1785: 1770: 1752:Machiavellianism 1598:Gemistos Plethon 1478:Emanuele Tesauro 1229:Pseudo-Dionysius 1213:Boetius of Dacia 1209:Siger of Brabant 1099:Albert the Great 1091:natural theology 1068:Magna glossatura 1063:Pauline epistles 910:Sextus Empiricus 884:(4 BC – 65 AD), 826:Academic skeptic 641:Maria Montessori 560:Giovanni Gentile 544:Italian idealism 528:Melchiorre Gioja 497:Antonio Genovesi 461:natural theology 422:Sextus Empiricus 318: 311: 304: 244:Verb conjugation 109: 108: 99:Regional Italian 89: 73:Italian language 60: 59: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8071: 8048: 8046: 8025: 7989: 7889: 7851: 7798: 7752: 7751: 7723: 7712:Russian cosmism 7685: 7681:Western Marxism 7646:New Historicism 7611:Critical theory 7597: 7593:Wittgensteinian 7489:Foundationalism 7422: 7359: 7340:Social contract 7196:Foundationalism 7129: 7111: 7095:Illuminationism 7080:Aristotelianism 7066: 7055:Vishishtadvaita 7008: 6960: 6901: 6868: 6739: 6668:Megarian school 6663:Eretrian school 6604: 6565:Agriculturalism 6542: 6488: 6469: 6416: 6388: 6345: 6297: 6254: 6238:Incompatibilism 6207: 6179: 6131: 6103: 6026: 6015: 6010: 5980: 5975: 5955: 5942: 5913:Public holidays 5744: 5690:Life expectancy 5577: 5432: 5348:Law enforcement 5284: 5137: 5084: 5073:Social Republic 5037:Colonial Empire 5020:Capture of Rome 4973: 4866: 4775: 4668:Ancient peoples 4656: 4593: 4554:Historic states 4512: 4487: 4478: 4448: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4291:. 31 March 2018 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4206:Runes, Dagobert 4204: 4200: 4190:Benedetto Croce 4188: 4184: 4173: 4169: 4158: 4156: 4147: 4141: 4137: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3993: 3989: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3942: 3926: 3925: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3780: 3773: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3729:. p. 236. 3717: 3713: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3617: 3616:, Can. 252, §3 3611: 3607: 3593: 3589: 3577:Wippel, John F. 3575: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3533: 3529: 3490: 3486: 3471: 3457: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3427: 3423: 3419:, 38(1), 27–38. 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3381: 3377: 3361: 3357: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3298: 3294: 3283: 3279: 3258: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3213: 3206: 3167: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3141:maritain.nd.edu 3135: 3134: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3087: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2967:Laura Valentini 2927:Michela Massimi 2919:Lorenzo Magnani 2911:Giulio Giorello 2899:Luciano Floridi 2883:Annalisa Coliva 2867:Claudia Bianchi 2863:Francesco Berto 2777:Sibilla Aleramo 2694:Giorgio Agamben 2688:. 21st century 2682:pensiero debole 2662:Norberto Bobbio 2642:Antonio Gramsci 2622:Camillo Berneri 2527:Antonio Gramsci 2496:Benedetto Croce 2487:Actual Idealism 2466:totalitarianism 2442:Benedetto Croce 2415:Actual Idealism 2399:Italian fascism 2347:Benedetto Croce 2340: 2328:Cesare Lombroso 2326:, particularly 2241:Joseph Kleutgen 2184: 2176:Ausonio Franchi 2135:, followed the 2060:Rosmini-Serbati 1975:Antonio Rosmini 1936:Antonio Rosmini 1929: 1923: 1901:Cesare Beccaria 1796: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1778: 1777: 1774:Cesare Beccaria 1771: 1760: 1737:Giovanni Botero 1725:Antonio Gramsci 1658:ancient history 1614: 1578:Hermetic Corpus 1558:Plato's Academy 1554:Marsilio Ficino 1508:Marsilio Ficino 1501: 1446:De arte poetica 1422:Rhetores graeci 1324:, beginning in 1304: 1253: 1237:De triplici via 1153:Catholic Church 1134:Western thought 1126:medieval period 981:Anselm of Aosta 966: 918:Ammonius Saccas 898:Marcus Aurelius 801: 795: 679: 673: 665:Luciano Floridi 617:Sibilla Aleramo 584:Norberto Bobbio 568:Antonio Gramsci 564:Benedetto Croce 540:Antonio Rosmini 501:Cesare Beccaria 477:Marsilio Ficino 414:Marcus Aurelius 328:Over the ages, 322: 146:Dolce Stil Novo 141:Sicilian School 131:Veronese Riddle 26:Luca Signorelli 17: 12: 11: 5: 8111: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8057: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7910: 7905: 7899: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7861: 7859: 7857:Middle Eastern 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7808: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7775: 7773: 7764: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7621:Existentialism 7618: 7616:Deconstruction 7613: 7607: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7449:Applied ethics 7445: 7443: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7413:Nietzscheanism 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7355:Utilitarianism 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7253:Transcendental 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7191:Existentialism 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7121: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6979:Augustinianism 6976: 6970: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6920: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6892:Zoroastrianism 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6749: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6735:Church Fathers 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6617: 6615: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6561: 6559: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6490: 6489: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6250:Libertarianism 6247: 6246: 6245: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6113: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6054:Metaphilosophy 6051: 6046: 6040: 6038: 6028: 6027: 6017: 6016: 6009: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5963: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5521:Stock exchange 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5423:Municipalities 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5383:Prime Minister 5380: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5270:Regional parks 5267: 5265:National parks 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5174:Climate change 5166: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4939: 4937:Duchy of Savoy 4934: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4847: 4845:Lombard League 4842: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4767:Western Empire 4759: 4754: 4752:Roman conquest 4749: 4744: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4673:Italic peoples 4664: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4477: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4454: 4447: 4446: 4381: 4355: 4328: 4302: 4276: 4258:Jones, Stacy. 4250: 4223: 4214: 4198: 4182: 4167: 4135: 4120: 4090: 4064: 4038: 4021:"Augusto Vera" 4012: 4006:978-1904380634 4005: 3987: 3966: 3953: 3940: 3893: 3866: 3860:978-1139448338 3859: 3839: 3832: 3826:. OUP Oxford. 3812: 3787: 3771: 3762:1991 edition: 3742: 3735: 3711: 3693: 3686: 3680:. p. 13. 3662: 3653: 3640: 3605: 3587: 3569: 3558: 3551: 3527: 3506:10.2307/789534 3484: 3469: 3448: 3434: 3421: 3408: 3399: 3375: 3355: 3342: 3335: 3317: 3310: 3292: 3277: 3249: 3232: 3225: 3204: 3183:10.2307/367499 3177:(4): 232–250. 3158: 3147:on 25 May 2017 3119: 3096:Blair, Peter. 3085: 3067: 3060: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3012: 2998: 2982: 2979: 2975:Nicla Vassallo 2915:Luca Incurvati 2879:Roberto Casati 2859:Evandro Agazzi 2828:Giuseppe Peano 2793:Moderata Fonte 2761:Cornelio Fabro 2733:Giovanni Reale 2678:Gianni Vattimo 2674:Guido Calogero 2658:Carlo Rosselli 2606:Luigi Galleani 2598:Renzo Novatore 2439: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2422: 2339: 2336: 2284:Roberto Ardigò 2282:(1801–69) and 2280:Carlo Cattaneo 2253:Giuseppe Pecci 2233:neo-Scholastic 2221:René Descartes 2183: 2180: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1922: 1919: 1855:social science 1787: 1780: 1779: 1772: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1687:and political 1652:and political 1613: 1610: 1500: 1497: 1493:human sciences 1428:and spread to 1379:his own path. 1311:Giordano Bruno 1303: 1300: 1252: 1249: 1195:A disciple of 965: 962: 960:(490–560 AD). 952:(462–540 AD), 948:(490–570 AD), 944:(411–485 AD), 940:(354–430 AD), 936:(317–388 AD), 932:(242–327 AD), 928:(232–304 AD), 924:(205–270 AD), 904:(150–215 AD), 900:(121–180 AD), 886:Musonius Rufus 797:Main article: 794: 791: 672: 669: 649:Giuseppe Peano 633:Moderata Fonte 580:Carlo Rosselli 473:Giordano Bruno 457:Thomas Aquinas 402:Musonius Rufus 324: 323: 321: 320: 313: 306: 298: 295: 294: 293: 292: 287: 279: 278: 272: 271: 270: 269: 264: 256: 255: 249: 248: 247: 246: 238: 237: 231: 230: 229: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 190: 189: 182: 181: 180: 179: 172: 165: 163:Italian Purism 160: 155: 148: 143: 138: 133: 125: 124: 118: 117: 116: 115: 110: 101: 96: 84: 76: 75: 69: 68: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8110: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8068: 8067: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8044: 8043: 8040: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994:Miscellaneous 7992: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690:Miscellaneous 7688: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7676:Structuralism 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7661:Postmodernism 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7651:Phenomenology 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7588:Vienna Circle 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7518:Moral realism 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7320:Phenomenology 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7260:Individualism 7258: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7126: 7125:Judeo-Islamic 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7101:ʿIlm al-Kalām 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7050:Shuddhadvaita 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6984:Scholasticism 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6480: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6435:Conceptualism 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6364:Particularism 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6331:Functionalism 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6316:Eliminativism 6314: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Compatibilism 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6160:Particularism 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 6002: 6000: 5995: 5993: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5972: 5964: 5962: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5116:Years of Lead 5114: 5112: 5111:Economic Boom 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5054:Fascist Italy 5052: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000:Niçard exodus 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4720:Magna Graecia 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4218: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4178: 4171: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4131: 4124: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3983:0-631-21800-9 3980: 3976: 3970: 3963: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3936: 3930: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3843: 3835: 3833:9780191540349 3829: 3825: 3824: 3816: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3769: 3768:0-226-95007-7 3765: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3722:On literature 3715: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3666: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3629:on 8 May 2011 3628: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3562: 3554: 3552:0-521-00205-2 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3453: 3444: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3403: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3379: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3338: 3336:0-7156-1975-6 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3311:0-8020-8353-6 3307: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3281: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3228: 3226:88-07-81462-5 3222: 3218: 3211: 3209: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3163: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3080:The Histories 3074: 3072: 3063: 3061:9789042023215 3057: 3053: 3052: 3044: 3042: 3037: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2999: 2996: 2985: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2971:Achille Varzi 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2939:Marcello Pera 2936: 2932: 2931:Gloria Origgi 2928: 2924: 2923:Diego Marconi 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2848:Vienna Circle 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2706:working class 2703: 2699: 2698:Antonio Negri 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670:Aldo Capitini 2667: 2666:Piero Gobetti 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590:Carlo Cafiero 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454:individualism 2451: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2334:(1846–1929). 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296:Auguste Comte 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2263:(1839–1909), 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:Immanuel Kant 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2178:(1821–1895). 2177: 2173: 2170:(1800–1885), 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2028:(abstraction) 2026: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1897:Luigi Galvani 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1790: 1784: 1775: 1769: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741:Machiavellian 1738: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410:Giorgio Valla 1407: 1406: 1399: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1353:revealed the 1352: 1351:Lorenzo Valla 1348: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1332:literary and 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1312: 1308: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:Peter Lombard 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 975: 970: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 896:(55–135 AD), 895: 892:(45–120 AD), 891: 887: 883: 879: 876:(106–43 BC), 875: 870: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 841: 837: 834: 830: 827: 823: 819: 815: 809: 805: 800: 790: 788: 784: 780: 777:, along with 776: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 756: 755: 750: 749: 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under 4737:Ancient Rome 4398: 4394: 4384: 4372:. 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Retrieved 3627:the original 3622: 3608: 3598: 3590: 3580: 3572: 3561: 3537: 3530: 3500:(1): 29–47. 3497: 3493: 3487: 3460: 3437: 3429: 3424: 3416: 3411: 3402: 3394: 3385: 3378: 3367:The Sophists 3366: 3358: 3353:, Routledge. 3350: 3345: 3326: 3320: 3301: 3295: 3286: 3280: 3269: 3262:"Parmenides" 3216: 3174: 3170: 3149:. Retrieved 3145:the original 3140: 3110:. Retrieved 3106:the original 3101: 3079: 3050: 2995:Italy portal 2955:Marina Sbisà 2907:Aldo Gargani 2895:Mauro Dorato 2856: 2825: 2821: 2809: 2741:Franco Volpi 2737:Enrico Berti 2730: 2713: 2690:post-marxist 2686:hermeneutics 2681: 2634:Andrea Costa 2630:Carlo Tresca 2618:Luigi Fabbri 2531: 2500:Schopenhauer 2475: 2458:collectivism 2450:epistemology 2440: 2418: 2417:in his work 2368: 2358: 2350: 2332:Enrico Ferri 2315: 2299: 2292:evolutionism 2273: 2244: 2210: 2205: 2197:Augusto Vera 2195: 2191:Augusto Vera 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137:Introduzione 2136: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2121:Civilization 2115: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2096:Rinnovamento 2095: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2049: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1944: 1912: 1886: 1881: 1869: 1843:reductionism 1832: 1797: 1751: 1748:. The Prince 1747: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1692: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1643: 1630: 1593: 1547: 1528: 1513: 1499:Neoplatonism 1481: 1465: 1461: 1453: 1445: 1421: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1376: 1373: 1354: 1344: 1337: 1316: 1293: 1260: 1254: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233:Breviloquium 1232: 1222: 1194: 1183: 1150: 1123: 1107: 1084: 1066: 1053: 1045: 1039: 1016: 1001: 978: 880:(94–55 BC), 871: 847: 812: 793:Ancient Rome 773: 759: 752: 746: 742: 725: 690: 610: 603: 513: 454: 329: 327: 210: 174: 167: 150: 33: 29: 18: 7702:Objectivism 7641:Neo-Marxism 7603:Continental 7513:Meta-ethics 7493:Coherentism 7398:Hegelianism 7335:Rationalism 7295:Natural law 7275:Materialism 7201:Historicism 7171:Determinism 7062:Navya-Nyāya 6837:Sautrāntika 6832:Pudgalavada 6768:Vaisheshika 6621:Presocratic 6521:Renaissance 6460:Physicalism 6445:Materialism 6351:Normativity 6336:Objectivism 6321:Emergentism 6311:Behaviorism 6260:Metaphysics 6226:Determinism 6165:Rationalism 5863:Italophilia 5823:Coat of arm 5773:Cinquecento 5649:Immigration 5599:Aristocracy 5464:Agriculture 5358:Nationality 5331:LGBT rights 5245:Earthquakes 5126:Mani pulite 5042:World War I 4985:Unification 4978:Late modern 4942:Renaissance 4787:Middle Ages 4780:Middle Ages 4757:Roman Italy 4524:Citizenship 4295:20 February 4113:10 November 4083:10 November 4057:10 November 4031:10 November 3369:(New York: 3219:. SugarCo. 3112:18 December 3078:Herodotus. 2943:Eva Picardi 2935:Carlo Penco 2745:Umberto Eco 2602:Pietro Gori 2578:platformism 2532:Meanwhile, 2508:Immanentism 2460:, with the 2259:(1833–93), 2251:(1822–92), 2229:Georg Hegel 2201:Hegelianism 2172:Luigi Ferri 2145:Prolegomeni 1835:rationalism 1806:, Rome and 1800:Renaissance 1612:Machiavelli 1480:, with his 1322:Renaissance 1289:Hermeticism 1261:renaissance 1257:Renaissance 1251:Renaissance 1205:Augustinian 1190:Duns Scotus 1186:Bonaventure 1161:speculative 1146:metaphysics 1142:natural law 1103:Roger Bacon 840:Peripatetic 735:metaphysics 653:Carlo Penco 262:Orthography 226:Italophilia 8082:Categories 8001:Amerindian 7908:Australian 7847:Vietnamese 7827:Indonesian 7376:Kantianism 7325:Positivism 7315:Pragmatism 7290:Naturalism 7270:Liberalism 7248:Subjective 7186:Empiricism 7090:Avicennism 7035:Bhedabheda 6919:East Asian 6842:Madhyamaka 6822:Abhidharma 6688:Pyrrhonism 6455:Nominalism 6450:Naturalism 6379:Skepticism 6369:Relativism 6359:Absolutism 6288:Naturalism 6198:Deontology 6170:Skepticism 6155:Naturalism 6145:Empiricism 6109:Aesthetics 6013:Philosophy 5933:Traditions 5923:Television 5908:Philosophy 5873:Literature 5813:Cathedrals 5783:Settecento 5644:Healthcare 5609:Corruption 5604:Censorship 5363:Parliament 5321:Government 5121:Maxi Trial 5069:Resistance 4798:Ostrogoths 4730:Messapians 4615:Villanovan 4605:Prehistory 4598:Prehistory 4348:24 October 4208:, editor, 3623:vatican.va 3033:References 2710:autonomism 2562:illegalist 2276:positivism 2161:Prolologia 2100:Protologia 2064:Ontologism 2052:Ontologism 1955:Empiricism 1837:, finding 1733:Jean Bodin 1720:The Prince 1708:The Prince 1693:The Prince 1673:The Prince 1668:The Prince 1645:The Prince 1602:synthesize 1586:Iamblichus 1522:under the 1458:Paolo Beni 1454:La Poetica 1054:Sententiae 1023:Lumellogno 1021:. Born in 934:Themistius 930:Iamblichus 854:Alexandria 838:, and the 779:Protagoras 765:cosmogonic 761:Empedocles 727:Parmenides 717:Empedocles 709:Parmenides 705:Xenophanes 693:Pythagoras 686:Parmenides 675:See also: 600:autonomism 548:Ontologism 524:Empiricism 438:Iamblichus 382:Empedocles 374:Parmenides 370:Xenophanes 358:Pythagoras 211:Philosophy 201:Literature 186:Literature 92:Florentine 65:the series 42:Empedocles 30:Empedocles 7880:Pakistani 7842:Taiwanese 7789:Ethiopian 7762:By region 7748:By region 7563:Scientism 7558:Systemics 7418:Spinozism 7345:Socialism 7280:Modernism 7243:Objective 7151:Anarchism 7085:Averroism 6974:Christian 6926:Neotaoism 6897:Zurvanism 6887:Mithraism 6882:Mazdakism 6653:Cyrenaics 6580:Logicians 6213:Free will 6175:Solipsism 6122:Formalism 5893:Mythology 5868:Libraries 5788:Ottocento 5730:Terrorism 5671:Languages 5624:Education 5546:Transport 5496:Companies 5403:Provinces 5373:President 5338:Judiciary 5311:Elections 5223:Volcanoes 5218:Volcanism 5211:Apennines 5196:Mountains 5164:Peninsula 5147:Geography 5078:Civil War 4803:Byzantium 4710:Etruscans 4645:Canegrate 4640:Golasecca 4625:Rinaldone 4620:Terramare 4610:Neolithic 4423:2056-7936 4401:(1): 11. 4374:29 August 4321:29 August 4233:"Thomism" 3985:, p. 570. 3964:, p. 800. 3919:9 January 3805:10 August 3752:. (1964) 3614:Canon Law 3543:Cambridge 3514:0044-0094 3479:870243656 3199:147563567 3151:9 January 2749:semiotics 2715:operaismo 2542:socialism 2538:communism 2534:anarchism 2512:Solipsism 2379:socialism 2375:communism 2371:anarchism 2217:Modernism 2133:Del buono 2129:Del bello 2087:Platonist 2079:ex nihilo 2020:predicate 1859:semiotics 1839:Cartesian 1701:Aristotle 1606:Platonism 1418:anthology 1277:Aristotle 1241:sapientia 1225:Hexameron 1217:Averroism 1168:canon law 1114:Aristotle 950:Damascius 894:Epictetus 878:Lucretius 866:Proculean 843:Critolaus 829:Carneades 757:, δόξα). 743:On Nature 605:operaismo 556:anarchism 410:Epictetus 394:Lucretius 276:Phonology 188:and other 46:Agrigento 8066:Category 8021:Yugoslav 8011:Romanian 7918:Scottish 7903:American 7832:Japanese 7812:Buddhist 7794:Africana 7784:Egyptian 7626:Feminist 7548:Rawlsian 7543:Quietism 7441:Analytic 7393:Krausism 7300:Nihilism 7265:Kokugaku 7228:Absolute 7223:Idealism 7211:Humanism 6999:Occamism 6966:European 6911:Medieval 6857:Yogacara 6817:Buddhist 6810:Syādvāda 6693:Stoicism 6658:Cynicism 6646:Sophists 6641:Atomists 6636:Eleatics 6575:Legalism 6516:Medieval 6440:Idealism 6394:Ontology 6374:Nihilism 6278:Idealism 6036:Branches 6025:Branches 5971:Category 5858:Internet 5848:Folklore 5778:Seicento 5763:Trecento 5758:Duecento 5720:Religion 5681:Regional 5659:Italians 5634:Gambling 5526:Taxation 5353:Military 5294:Politics 5096:Republic 4883:Florence 4808:Lombards 4747:Republic 4693:Samnites 4688:Picentes 4630:Apennine 4589:Railways 4569:Military 4517:By topic 4501:Overview 4485:articles 4441:30631457 4342:Archived 4315:Archived 4159:1 August 3929:cite web 3727:Harcourt 3704:(1905). 3633:22 March 3612:Code of 3054:. VIBS. 2981:See also 2775:include 2516:Humanism 2491:Theology 2478:Idealism 2446:ontology 2391:idealism 2383:futurism 2320:morality 2159:and the 2143:and the 2098:and the 2072:theology 1995:Theodicy 1971:a priori 1947:Idealism 1909:penology 1867:aphorism 1849:and the 1712:Discorsi 1689:Idealism 1654:idealism 1590:Plotinus 1582:Porphyry 1548:In 1459 1520:Florence 1486:Galilean 1448:(1527), 1326:Florence 1302:Humanism 1269:learning 1245:scientia 1164:theology 1061:and the 997:Lanfranc 993:Normandy 964:Medieval 954:Boethius 926:Porphyry 922:Plotinus 906:Alcinous 890:Plutarch 864:and the 862:Sabinian 787:Nihilist 783:Sophists 748:aletheia 731:ontology 615:include 516:Idealism 509:penology 450:Boethius 434:Porphyry 430:Plotinus 406:Plutarch 253:Alphabet 8016:Russian 7985:Spanish 7980:Slovene 7970:Maltese 7965:Italian 7945:Finland 7913:British 7895:Western 7885:Turkish 7870:Islamic 7865:Iranian 7817:Chinese 7804:Eastern 7771:African 7718:more... 7403:Marxism 7233:British 7176:Dualism 7072:Islamic 7030:Advaita 7020:Vedanta 6994:Scotism 6989:Thomism 6931:Tiantai 6874:Persian 6862:Tibetan 6852:Śūnyatā 6793:Cārvāka 6783:Ājīvika 6778:Mīmāṃsā 6758:Samkhya 6673:Academy 6626:Ionians 6600:Yangism 6557:Chinese 6548:Ancient 6511:Western 6506:Ancient 6465:Realism 6422:Reality 6412:Process 6293:Realism 6273:Dualism 6268:Atomism 6150:Fideism 5928:Theatre 5903:Palaces 5883:Museums 5853:Gardens 5838:Fashion 5828:Cuisine 5808:Castles 5750:Culture 5700:Poverty 5676:Italian 5587:Society 5568:Welfare 5536:Tourism 5506:Exports 5474:Banking 5454:Economy 5442:Economy 5398:Regions 5280:Valleys 5250:Islands 5230:Beaches 5201:Prealps 5181:Geology 5169:Climate 4833:Normans 4793:Odoacer 4742:Kingdom 4725:Ligures 4661:Ancient 4635:Nuragic 4584:Postage 4559:Judaism 4549:Genetic 4539:Fashion 4534:Economy 4493:History 4432:6161506 4403:Bibcode 4269:29 June 4243:31 July 3886:19 June 3268:(ed.). 2765:Mascall 2646:Marxist 2387:fascism 2288:Spencer 2112:Teorica 2008:nothing 1951:Sensism 1857:and of 1816:Bologna 1691:—thus, 1685:Realism 1681:Erasmus 1650:realism 1636:Italian 1489:physics 1476:period 1474:baroque 1466:Poetics 1462:Poetics 1434:England 1405:Poetics 1369:Vulgate 1365:Erasmus 1095:Thomism 942:Proclus 775:Gorgias 721:Gorgias 697:Crotone 520:Sensism 465:Thomism 386:Gorgias 362:Crotone 267:Braille 235:Grammar 196:Culture 122:History 7975:Polish 7955:German 7950:French 7935:Danish 7925:Canada 7875:Jewish 7837:Korean 7822:Indian 7364:People 7285:Monism 7238:German 7206:Holism 7139:Modern 7117:Jewish 7040:Dvaita 7013:Indian 6936:Huayan 6788:Ajñana 6745:Indian 6610:Greco- 6595:Taoism 6585:Mohism 6531:Modern 6498:By era 6487:By era 6402:Action 6283:Monism 6203:Virtue 6185:Ethics 5959: 5833:Design 5818:Cinema 5793:Anthem 5715:Racism 5664:People 5639:Health 5501:Energy 5491:Brands 5418:Comune 5413:Cities 5275:Rivers 5235:Canals 4918:Amalfi 4903:Venice 4762:Empire 4703:Veneti 4678:Latins 4650:Latial 4483: 4439: 4429: 4421: 4003: 3981: 3857: 3830: 3766: 3733: 3684: 3549: 3522:789534 3520: 3512: 3477: 3467: 3333: 3308: 3223: 3197: 3191:367499 3189: 3058: 2973:, and 2783:, and 2672:, and 2624:, and 2576:, and 2540:, and 2421:(1903) 2393:, and 2353:) and 2304:Darwin 2068:Cousin 1820:Naples 1808:Venice 1594:et al. 1562:Ficino 1524:Medici 1438:France 1436:, and 1414:Aldine 1377:choose 1285:occult 1059:Psalms 882:Seneca 874:Cicero 850:Athens 831:, the 808:Seneca 635:, and 623:, and 611:Early 390:Cicero 348:, the 342:Romans 338:Greeks 221:Comics 216:Poetry 87:Tuscan 67:on the 8006:Aztec 7960:Greek 7940:Dutch 7930:Czech 7779:Bantu 7216:Anti- 6763:Nyaya 6753:Hindu 6613:Roman 6407:Event 6049:Logic 5918:Sport 5888:Music 5878:Media 5740:Women 5614:Crime 5479:Banks 5255:Lakes 5240:Caves 5191:Flora 5186:Fauna 4908:Genoa 4893:Milan 4888:Siena 4828:Arabs 4715:Celts 4698:Umbri 4574:Music 4544:Flags 4481:Italy 3518:JSTOR 3264:. 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