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Zeus
Megistos; however it has been contested. Many scholars believe that any iwans built at the Temple were likely later Parthian additions. Brown argued that the Temple of Zeus Megistos could have been modeled after the triple-iwan terraces at Masjid-I Solaiman or Bard-è Néchandeh, both of which archaeologist Roman Ghirshman claimed to date from the Achaemenid Persians; however, in later excavations Ghirshman discovered that both terraces did not in fact support iwan structures. Susan Downey argues that both the date and the western location make any early iwans at Dura Europos unlikely. Every other iwan from before the Sasanian period is found further east, such as at Hatra, Ashur, or Seleucia-on-the-Tigris. For more information on the claimed Seleucid iwans, see
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398:, featured a three-iwan façade. The proximity of the building to a ziggurat suggests that it may have been used for religious preparations or rituals. It could also indicate a palatial building, as it was common for the ziggurat and palace to be situated next to one another in the Ancient Near East. What seems to be a palace courtyard had iwans on each side, which remained a common features well into Islamic times.
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578:. The Sasanian Empire also had a tremendous impact on the development of Islamic architecture; however, there was some overlap between the Sasanians and the Muslims making it difficult at times to determine who was influencing whom. Islamic art and architecture borrowed many Sasanian decorative motifs and architectural forms, including the iwan.
868:, as rebuilt by the Umayyad governor Ziyād ibn Abīh in the late 7th century. It only became common in mosque design in the twelfth century, long after the iwan's invention in the first century CE. The first patrons to incorporate this layout into mosques were the Seljuks, with the first example probably being the Seljuk modifications to the
427:
which was usually domed. Both the
Parthian and Sasanian iwans were often elaborately decorated with inscriptions and sculpted reliefs including scenes of hunting, vegetal motifs, abstract, geometric patterns, and animal scenes. The reliefs’ style shows a blend of influences including other Near Eastern cultures,
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The second iwan building is located across a courtyard, and Walter Andrae, a German archaeologist, suggested that it served as an administrative building rather than as a religious center because there is no evidence of inscriptions or wall carvings. Although the absence of inscriptions or carvings
1027:
Although the
Parthians have been credited with the invention of the first fully developed iwan, there have been claims that some iwan-like forms existed during the Seleucid period in Mesopotamia, namely at Dura Europos. F. E. Brown claimed that an iwan-type hall may have existed in the Temple of
426:
also favored the iwan form, and adopted it into much of their architecture; however, they transformed the function. The
Parthian iwan led to other spaces, but its primary function served as a room itself. In contrast, the Sasanian iwan served as a grand entranceway to a larger, more elegant space
881:. The details of Godard's origin theory have not all been accepted by other scholars, but it is widely-attested that the four-iwan layout spread to other regions with the subsequent proliferation of madrasas across the Islamic world. In some regions it also spread to other building types such as
859:
The history of the evolution of the standard four-iwan plan has been debated by scholars. The four-iwan plan was already in use in palace and temple architecture during both the
Parthian and Sasanian periods. The earliest known appearance of the four-iwan plan in Islamic architecture is at the
589:. Furthermore, Islamic architecture incorporated the Sasanian placement for the iwan by making it a grand entrance to the prayer hall or to a mosque tomb, and often placing it before a domed space. The iwan became common in Islamic religious architecture from the twelfth century onward.
604:, but it was also adopted into the local architectural traditions of other regions. It was highly adaptable and it appears in a variety of contexts and in different configurations. Iwans could be placed along the sides of the interior courtyards of buildings, as they were in many
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around the 14th century, the four-iwan plan was adapted in a pragmatic way for religious buildings. In these early
Ottoman designs the central court is covered by a dome instead of being open to the sky and one of the four iwans is repurposed as the vestibule of the building.
636:
in Mamluk Egypt itself seems to have been become more restricted, on the one hand, to secular architecture while, on the other hand, it was used in this context to denote large domed structures in addition to vaulted halls. The celebrated monumental throne hall of Sultan
394:, where the shift from post-and-lintel construction to vaulting occurred around the 1st century CE. Other early iwans have been suggested at Ashur, where two buildings containing iwan-like foundations were found. The first building, located near the ruins of a
739:
923:
246:. Although debate remains among scholars as to how the iwan developed, there is a general consensus that the iwan evolved locally, and was thus not imported from another area. Similar structures, known as "pesgams", were found in many
534:, suggest that the correct date for the construction is around 540 CE. The 540 date suggests that the construction of the Taq-i Kisra, and perhaps Justinian's “help” was in response to the victory of Sasanian king Khosrau I over
402:
does not equate necessarily to a civic function, it was not uncommon for iwans to serve a secular use, as they were frequently incorporated into palaces and community spaces. Other early sites including
Parthian iwans include
876:
attributes both the origin and spread of this design to the appearance of madrasas, which also began with the
Seljuks, and he further argued that the layout was derived from the style of domestic architecture indigenous to
228:, the iwan had emerged as two types of structure: the old columned one and a newer vaulted structure; both, however, carrying the same native name of apadana/iwan, because both types are open on one side to the elements.
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in 540, which is depicted in the mosaics decorating the interior of the Taq-i Kisra. The Taq-i Kisra was finally demolished for the most part by al-Mansur, who reused the bricks to build his palace complex.
671:
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In the
Ayyubid and Mamluk periods of Egypt and Syria the four-iwan plan was prominently used in the architecture of madrasas, with the most monumental example being the massive 14th-century
530:
The dating for the Taq-i Kisra has been debated throughout history; however, a variety of documents detailing the arrival of
Byzantine sculptors and architects sent by the Byzantine Emperor
566:
and architecture was also heavily influenced inspired by Roman, Byzantine, and Sasanian designs, both due to the presence of extant examples and contact between cultures. For example, the
715:
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after a campaign against the Eastern Romans in 540 AD. The arched iwan hall, open on the facade side, was about 37 meters high 26 meters across and 50 meters long, the largest
581:
Iwans were used frequently in Islamic non-religious architecture before the twelfth century, including houses, community spaces, and civic structures such as the bridge of
358:. The form is not confined to any particular function, and is found in buildings for either secular or religious uses, and in both public and residential architecture.
273:
beams. However, vaulted ceilings did exist in the ancient world before the invention of the iwan, both within Mesopotamia and outside it. Mesopotamian examples include
828:(cruciform) is one of the most characteristic floor plans of Islamic architecture, consisting of four iwans arranged around a central square or rectangular courtyard (
655:
242:
Many scholars, including Edward Keall, André Godard, Roman Ghirshman, and Mary Boyce, discuss the invention of the iwan in Mesopotamia, the area around today's
3218:
1285:
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the vaulted iwans of earlier periods were replaced with flat-roofed iwans in the later Mamluk period. Starting in the late 13th and 14th centuries, the word
900:, the four-iwan plan was not commonly adopted for mosque architecture, but it most likely influenced the axial designs of local madrasas that began under
114:. Since the definition allows for some interpretation, the overall forms and characteristics can vary greatly in terms of scale, material, or decoration.
439:
features Roman style figures, Eastern-inspired vegetal patterns and crenellations, and wide-eyed, stylized Byzantine-esque angels and mosaic interiors.
257:
The feature which most distinctly makes the iwan a landmark development in the history of Ancient Near Eastern architecture is the incorporation of a
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207:
The term in Old Persian means "unprotected", and the design allows the structure to be open to the elements on one side. At Persepolis, however, the
1014:(the ancient Parthian capital) where it was a result of Greek workers living and working in Parthia. For more information on the Nisaea theory, see
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320:
began to use vaulting in its structures after the Third Dynasty, after around 2600 BCE, constructing very early barrel vaults using mud bricks.
5018:
2928:
2852:
2415:
1108:
94:) is a rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open. The formal gateway to the iwan is called
2847:
1784:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; A. Eastern Islamic lands; 2. Iran, c. 1050–c. 1250.".
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in the early 12th century, though the layout also appears in other mosques in Iran built or renovated by the Seljuks around the same time.
527:
ever constructed at the time. Early photographs and 19th-century drawings show that the remaining part of the hall has reduced since then.
4020:
5002:
2130:
Najm, Ra'ef (2001). "Islamic architectural character of Jerusalem: with special description of the al-Aqṣā and the Dome of the Rock".
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820:, one of the earliest and most prominent uses of the four-iwan plan in mosque architecture, introduced in the early 12th century
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Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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Grabar, Iwan (1997). "Īwān". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
4899:
4188:
3013:
1900:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; D. Western Islamic lands.".
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Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan (2011). "The Friday Mosque at Isfahan". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
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217:(a flat roof held up by columns rather than a vault) but is still open to the elements on only one side.
265:, usually constructed with stone, concrete, or bricks. Earlier buildings would normally be covered in a
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519:, on the Tigris River about twenty-five miles south of Baghdad. Construction began during the reign of
111:
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constructed". In this case, the word denoted a type of structure, the iwan proper and not the palace.
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was built in the early eighth century CE on the site of a Roman Christian church, and incorporates a
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Domestic Settings: Sources on Domestic Architecture and Day-to-Day Activities in the Crusader States
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Godard, André (1951). "L'origine de la Madrasa, de la Mosquée et du Caravansérail Àquartre Iwans".
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Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy, and History, Studies in Honor of George C. Miles
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Outside Mesopotamia, a number of extant vaulted structures stand, including many examples from
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844:), with the iwans aligned with the central axes of the courtyard. For cruciform mosques and
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2083:
Keall, Edward J. (1974). "Some thoughts on the early iwan". In Dickran Kouymjian (ed.).
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is an alternative form of the name, used in Iran, reflecting the Persian pronunciation.
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Although some scholars have asserted that the iwan form may have developed under the
5072:
2181:
The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient world The Great Monuments and How they were Built
2050:
Monuments of Egypt: the Napoleonic edition. The Complete Archaeological Plates from
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507:, which is the only visible remaining structure of the ancient Sasanian capital of
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term for a portal projecting from the facade of a building, usually decorated with
103:
49:
28:
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3413:
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2626:
2378:
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1948:
Bier, Lionel (1993). "The Sassanian Palaces and their influence in Early Islam".
1112:
975:, Turkey, an example of the modified four-iwan plan in early Ottoman architecture
617:
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383:
324:
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were the inventors of the iwan. One of the earliest Parthian iwans was found at
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Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa".
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2213:. Pelican history of art. Vol. 14. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
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1452:
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Some scholars have claimed that the iwan developed not in Mesopotamia, but in
793:
559:, India (17th century), uses iwans for both entrances and decorative features.
144:
is a Persian word that was subsequently borrowed into other languages such as
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era, when iwans became a fundamental unit in architecture, and later the
172:
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region, it became a common feature of madrasa architecture, although in
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The Citadel of Cairo: a New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture
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1631:
886:
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2008:
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).
726:
649:) even though its main element was a domed hall, not a vaulted hall.
609:
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1991:
Mesopotamian Religious Architecture: Alexander through the Parthians
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M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".
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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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Multiple iwans and tiled domes of the 16th-century Persian-style
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which started developing in 7th century AD, after the period of
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Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture
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Doulas Harper, "Vault", last modified 2010, www.dictionary.com.
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in origin and was invented much earlier and fully developed in
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2287:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
1809:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Madrasa".
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frequently vaulted their passages for fortification purposes.
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1984:. Translated by Shore, Marguerite. London: Abbeville Press.
1881:
1578:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Iwan".
865:
571:
556:
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335:(224–651), later finding their way throughout the Arab and
301:
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274:
251:
243:
2322:, 1995, Yale University Press and Pelican History of Art.
2087:. Beirut: American University of Beirut. pp. 123–130.
1256:
1254:
1252:
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decorative traditions. For instance, the rock-cut iwan at
2786:
596:
the iwan was especially important in the architecture of
261:
ceiling. A vault is a ceiling made from arches, known as
2048:
Gillispie, Charles Coulston; Dewachter, Michel (1987).
1249:
1902:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1811:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1786:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1694:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1608:
1580:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
198:
declares in an inscription: "I, Darius, ... had this
96:
57:
2209:
Smith, W. Stevenson; Simpson, William Kelly (1998).
1844:
837:
829:
350:–632). This development reached its peak during the
180:, but this is no longer taken for granted. The word
89:
753:, Egypt, an example of an iwan with a flat roof in
2178:
2092:Kurz, Otto (1941). "The Date of the Ṭāq i Kisrā".
2047:
709:, Syria, built by the Ayyubids in the 13th century
499:The most famous example of a Sasanian iwan is the
1980:Curatola, Giovanni; Scarcia, Gianroberto (2004).
848:, one of the iwans could be oriented towards the
503:("Iwan of Khosrau"), part of a palace complex in
5085:
2333:Henri Frankfort, Michael Roaf, Donald Matthews.
2177:Reade, Julian (1999). Christopher Scarre (ed.).
2055:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press.
1928:
1899:
1838:
1783:
1691:
1602:
1577:
312:, constructed around 1250 BCE, features a large
2285:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide
1979:
1502:
1427:
1403:
1391:
1367:
1015:
936:, Turkey, a variation of the four-iwan plan in
5019:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
2853:Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity
2335:The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient
1772:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
4093:
2922:
2409:
1993:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1863:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
1342:
1340:
1338:
1325:
1323:
608:, or on the exterior of buildings, as at the
16:Structure in Iranian and Islamic architecture
2848:Traditional Persian residential architecture
2320:The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250–1800
2208:
2031:Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war
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665:, Iran, added in 12th century by the Seljuks
2263:
1865:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800
1720:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800
1453:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtcE37IIqfQ
1314:
1286:"Dictionary of Islamic architecture: Ivvan"
1106:Dictionary of Islamic architecture: Pishtaq
5003:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
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4086:
2929:
2915:
2416:
2402:
2372:Columbia’s Archive of Ancient Architecture
2360:Columbia’s Archive of Islamic Architecture
2337:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
2164:Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon
1933:. The American University in Cairo Press.
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1808:
1717:Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
1716:
1663:
1335:
1320:
1296:
2211:The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt
1632:"Mamluk Throne Halls: "Qubba" or "Iwān?""
1433:
896:. In some more distant regions, like the
186:appears in what modern scholars call the
5056:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
2936:
2423:
2282:
2230:"The Expedition to Ctesiphon, 1931–1932"
1850:
1614:
1582:. Oxford University Press. p. 337.
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1175:. University of Ghent. 1991. p. 78.
1045:
811:
546:
477:
365:
129:around the third century CE, during the
117:Iwans are most commonly associated with
27:
4976:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
2318:Blair, Sheila, and Bloom, Jonathan M.,
2237:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
2199:
2120:
2028:
2014:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
1887:
1687:
1685:
1659:
1657:
1462:
1460:
1302:
1211:
171:proposed that the root of this term is
5086:
2291:
2150:
2069:
2011:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
1988:
1826:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1748:
1629:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1543:
1415:
1379:
1355:
1329:
1185:
1147:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1144:
1140:
1138:
1057:
1051:
1029:
4081:
2910:
2397:
2384:UCSJ Tutorial on Islamic Architecture
2227:
2176:
2166:, 1984, British Museum Publications,
2082:
1759:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1625:
1623:
1520:
1439:
1260:
1234:
1222:
856:in order to serve as a prayer space.
574:-like element with a tall arcade and
382:, today most scholars agree that the
281:vaulted many of their buildings with
2129:
2125:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
2091:
1960:
1947:
1893:
1777:
1682:
1654:
1514:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1457:
1451:Iran, Seven Faces of Civilization -
1063:
852:(direction of prayer) and include a
4983:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
2292:Wright, G. R. H. (1992).
2264:Warren, John; Fethi, Ihsan (1982).
2123:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
1817:
1562:
1135:
121:; however, the form is pre-Islamic
85:
53:
13:
3965:Influences on Western architecture
2312:
1982:The Art and Architecture of Persia
1802:
1737:
1620:
912:, particularly as it developed in
473:
14:
5130:
4884:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
2348:
1668:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 368–369.
805:
417:
388:Seleucia (Seleucia-on-the-Tigris)
361:
4329:
4061:
4048:
3136:
2504:
1929:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007).
960:
944:
922:
785:
761:
738:
714:
694:
670:
654:
542:
511:. It is near the modern town of
458:
444:
327:(247 BC – AD 224) and later the
4107:
3934:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
1921:
1856:
1753:
1710:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1445:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1308:
1278:
1266:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1087:from the original on 5 May 2019
1021:
1004:
5094:Islamic architectural elements
1205:
1179:
1172:Northern Akkad Project Reports
1163:
1118:
1099:
1069:
955:(14th century) in Cairo, Egypt
953:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
894:Madrasa-mosque of Sultan Hasan
323:Iwans were a trademark of the
160:and its etymology is unclear.
1:
2266:Traditional Houses in Baghdad
2200:Sitwell, Sacheverell (1957).
1546:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
1503:Curatola & Scarcia (2004)
1428:Curatola & Scarcia (2004)
1404:Curatola & Scarcia (2004)
1392:Curatola & Scarcia (2004)
1368:Curatola & Scarcia (2004)
1288:. archnet.org. Archived from
1039:
1016:Curatola & Scarcia (2004)
938:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
490:
344:
318:Ancient Egyptian architecture
308:. For example, the Mycenaean
5041:Mathematics and architecture
4026:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
209:
200:
182:
176:
136:
110:bands, glazed tilework, and
7:
2886:List of ab anbars of Qazvin
2389:Sheila Blair’s Islamic Arts
2283:Williams, Caroline (2018).
1904:. Oxford University Press.
1788:. Oxford University Press.
1696:. Oxford University Press.
1666:Islam: Art and Architecture
980:
838:
830:
97:
90:
58:
10:
5135:
3394:Islamic geometric patterns
2355:Oxford Art Online on Iwans
2294:Ancient building in Cyprus
2268:. Coach Publishing House.
2151:Rabbat, Nasser O. (1989).
2052:La Description de l'Egypte
1813:. Oxford University Press.
1273:Smith & Simpson (1998)
910:early Ottoman architecture
624:, who ruled Egypt and the
237:
163:A theory by scholars like
18:
5114:Persian words and phrases
5024:Influences on Western art
4992:
4960:
4836:
4798:
4754:
4724:
4651:
4618:
4609:
4544:
4523:
4482:
4434:
4389:
4345:
4338:
4327:
4251:
4124:
4115:
4039:
3983:
3952:
3926:
3876:
3828:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
3805:
3689:
3682:
3608:
3565:
3514:
3462:
3340:
3256:
3207:
3145:
3134:
3115:
3108:
2944:
2861:
2835:
2669:
2549:
2513:
2502:
2464:
2438:
2431:
2228:Upton, Joseph M. (1932).
2121:Marçais, Georges (1954).
2106:10.1017/S0035869X00093138
1989:Downey, Susan B. (1988).
1867:. Yale University Press.
1723:. Yale University Press.
1315:Warren & Fethi (1982)
780:in the early 17th century
733:in the early 15th century
663:Friday Mosque of Ardestan
3944:Museum with No Frontiers
1961:Boas, Adrian J. (2010).
997:
951:Four-iwan layout at the
776:, Iran, built under the
749:(early 16th century) in
568:Great Mosque of Damascus
406:, the Parthian ruins at
4055:Architecture portal
2202:Arabesque and Honeycomb
2185:. Thames & Hudson.
2029:Farrokh, Kaveh (2007).
1630:Rabbat, Nasser (1993).
870:Great Mosque of Isfahan
864:(governor's palace) in
818:Great Mosque of Isfahan
770:Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque
745:Qibla-side iwan of the
729:, Uzbekistan, built by
5014:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3960:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3360:(multicoloured ashlar)
1186:Grabar, Oleg (2011) .
1149:. Vol. 4. Brill.
930:Çifte Minareli Medrese
821:
616:mausoleums. Under the
560:
496:
375:
41:
5109:Sasanian architecture
4969:Empire of the Sultans
3697:Congregational mosque
3155:(four-arch structure)
2033:. Osprey Publishing.
1839:Behrens-Abouseif 2007
1603:Behrens-Abouseif 2007
1192:Encyclopaedia Iranica
816:The courtyard of the
815:
800:, Iran (18th century)
768:Iwan entrance of the
721:Iwan entrance of the
550:
481:
369:
31:
21:Iwan (disambiguation)
5104:Architecture in Iran
4932:Arab World Institute
4742:Ottoman illumination
4021:Ottoman architecture
4011:Moorish architecture
4006:Islamic architecture
4001:Iranian architecture
3424:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
3278:(or müezzin mahfili)
2938:Islamic architecture
2896:List of ziyarat-gahs
2843:Islamic architecture
2425:Iranian architecture
641:was thus called the
337:Islamic architecture
213:takes the form of a
169:Walter Bruno Henning
119:Islamic architecture
19:For other uses, see
5099:Mosque architecture
4058: •
4045: •
4031:Yemeni architecture
4016:Mughal architecture
3996:Berber architecture
3991:Arabic architecture
3655:Salsabil (fountain)
3389:Islamic calligraphy
2836:Theory and analysis
1890:, p. 285, 293.
1225:, pp. 129–130.
755:Mamluk architecture
747:Madrasa of al-Ghuri
689:in the 13th century
681:, Turkey, built in
679:Hospital of Divriği
356:Mughal architecture
220:By the time of the
5119:Iranian inventions
5009:Aniconism in Islam
4947:Toronto (Aga Khan)
4904:Khalili Collection
4769:Geometric patterns
4177:Bahmani and Deccan
3732:Kuttab (or maktab)
2869:Architects of Iran
2670:Traditional cities
2377:2018-07-12 at the
2365:2018-07-10 at the
1774:, p. 140-144.
1505:, pp. 129–135
1442:, pp. 185–186
1418:, pp. 156–170
1382:, pp. 137–173
1111:2011-06-29 at the
1083:(in Azerbaijani).
971:(14th century) in
932:(13th century) in
846:cruciform madrasas
822:
723:Bibi-Khanym Mosque
703:Al-Firdaws Madrasa
561:
497:
467:Palace of Ardashir
376:
374:(present-day Iraq)
310:Treasury of Atreus
42:
34:Mir-i-Arab madrasa
5081:
5080:
4750:
4749:
4605:
4604:
4577:Hardstone carving
4474:Chinese influence
4325:
4324:
4311:Stucco decoration
4075:
4074:
3922:
3921:
3678:
3677:
3665:Shading Umbrellas
3449:Stucco decoration
3349:For overview, see
3164:Four-centred arch
2904:
2903:
2500:
2499:
2040:978-1-84603-108-3
1972:978-90-04-18272-1
1730:978-0-300-06465-0
1406:, pp. 94–104
1275:, pp. 18, 82
1032:, pp. 78–85.
687:Seljuk domination
639:al-Nasir Muhammad
390:, located on the
112:geometric designs
5126:
4920:Majorelle Garden
4616:
4615:
4449:Hispano-Moresque
4343:
4342:
4333:
4142:Anatolian Seljuk
4122:
4121:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4079:
4078:
4068:Islam portal
4066:
4065:
4064:
4053:
4052:
3687:
3686:
3352:Islamic ornament
3231:South Asian dome
3159:Discharging arch
3140:
3113:
3112:
2957:Anatolian Seljuk
2931:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2877:s, castles, and
2817:Takht-e Soleymān
2627:Persian Garden (
2508:
2436:
2435:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2307:
2288:
2279:
2260:
2234:
2224:
2205:
2196:
2184:
2156:
2147:
2126:
2117:
2088:
2079:
2066:
2044:
2025:
2004:
1985:
1976:
1957:
1944:
1916:
1915:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1735:
1734:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1605:, p. 73-77.
1600:
1594:
1593:
1575:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1493:, pp. 58–61
1488:
1482:
1481:, pp. 63–64
1476:
1470:
1469:, pp. 38–40
1464:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1430:, pp. 92–96
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1370:, pp. 56–61
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1292:on 29 June 2011.
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1142:
1133:
1122:
1116:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1008:
967:Interior of the
964:
948:
926:
843:
835:
789:
765:
742:
718:
698:
677:Iwan inside the
674:
658:
647:al-Iwan al-Kabir
495:
492:
465:The iwan of the
462:
448:
370:View of iwan at
349:
346:
331:architecture of
226:Sasanian Empires
212:
203:
185:
179:
100:
93:
87:
67:
61:
55:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5046:Moorish Revival
4994:
4988:
4956:
4873:Calligraphy Art
4839:
4832:
4794:
4746:
4720:
4647:
4611:
4601:
4567:Enamelled glass
4540:
4519:
4478:
4430:
4385:
4346:Regional styles
4334:
4321:
4247:
4218:Sudano-Sahelian
4125:Regional styles
4111:
4106:
4076:
4071:
4062:
4060:
4047:
4035:
3979:
3970:Moorish Revival
3948:
3918:
3884:Albarrana tower
3872:
3801:
3788:in modern Iran)
3702:Dar al-Muwaqqit
3674:
3625:(fountain type)
3610:
3604:
3567:
3561:
3552:Reflecting pool
3547:Persian gardens
3542:Paradise garden
3510:
3487:(entrance hall)
3458:
3414:Nagash painting
3336:
3258:
3252:
3203:
3174:Lambrequin arch
3141:
3132:
3104:
3075:Sudano-Sahelian
2940:
2935:
2905:
2900:
2891:List of mosques
2857:
2831:
2665:
2545:
2509:
2496:
2460:
2427:
2422:
2379:Wayback Machine
2367:Wayback Machine
2351:
2315:
2313:Further reading
2310:
2304:
2276:
2249:10.2307/3255274
2232:
2221:
2193:
2160:Rawson, Jessica
2155:. Geneva: AKTC.
2132:Islamic Studies
2063:
2041:
2022:
2001:
1973:
1941:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1822:
1818:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1662:
1655:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1576:
1563:
1556:
1542:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1143:
1136:
1123:
1119:
1113:Wayback Machine
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1022:
1009:
1005:
1000:
983:
976:
965:
956:
949:
940:
927:
808:
801:
790:
781:
766:
757:
743:
734:
719:
710:
699:
690:
675:
666:
659:
545:
493:
476:
474:Iwan of Khosrau
469:
463:
454:
449:
424:Sasanian Empire
420:
364:
347:
325:Parthian Empire
271:post and lintel
240:
139:
63:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5132:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5073:Topkapı Scroll
5070:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
4998:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4928:
4923:
4912:
4907:
4896:British Museum
4892:
4887:
4880:Islamic Museum
4876:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4786:
4781:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4591:Stained glass
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4562:Damascus steel
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4520:
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4507:
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4497:
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4451:
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4418:
4413:
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4387:
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4355:
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4308:
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4278:
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4268:
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4257:
4255:
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4230:
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4195:
4186:
4185:
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4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
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4134:
4128:
4126:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3984:Category pages
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
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3949:
3947:
3946:
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3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3858:Medina quarter
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
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3675:
3673:
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3667:
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3644:Riwaq (arcade)
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3614:
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3606:
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3597:
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3534:
3532:Islamic garden
3529:
3524:
3518:
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3512:
3511:
3509:
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3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
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3329:
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3254:
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3234:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Multifoil arch
3176:
3171:
3169:Horseshoe arch
3166:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3110:
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3097:
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3011:
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2999:
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2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
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2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:Dalan e Vorudi
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
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2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2451:Parthian style
2448:
2442:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2391:
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2357:
2350:
2349:External links
2347:
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2311:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2289:
2280:
2274:
2261:
2243:(8): 188–197.
2225:
2219:
2206:
2204:. Robert Hale.
2197:
2191:
2174:
2157:
2148:
2138:(3): 721–734.
2127:
2118:
2089:
2080:
2067:
2061:
2045:
2039:
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2020:
2005:
1999:
1986:
1977:
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1950:Ars Orientalis
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1636:Ars Orientalis
1619:
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1561:
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1495:
1483:
1471:
1456:
1444:
1432:
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1372:
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1334:
1319:
1307:
1303:Farrokh (2007)
1295:
1277:
1265:
1248:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1212:Sitwell (1957)
1204:
1178:
1162:
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1129:Britannica.com
1117:
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941:
928:
921:
826:four-iwan plan
807:
806:Four-iwan plan
804:
803:
802:
791:
784:
782:
767:
760:
758:
744:
737:
735:
720:
713:
711:
700:
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691:
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660:
653:
544:
541:
475:
472:
471:
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457:
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450:
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419:
418:Sasanian iwans
416:
363:
362:Parthian iwans
360:
239:
236:
165:Ernst Herzfeld
138:
135:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5131:
5120:
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5112:
5110:
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4621:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Ivory carving
4580:
4578:
4575:
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4570:
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4565:
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4407:
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4397:
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4388:
4381:
4377:
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4356:
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4299:
4297:
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3843:Hasht-Bihisht
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3717:Jama'at Khana
3715:
3713:
3710:
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3700:
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3570:
3564:
3558:
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3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Mughal garden
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
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3405:
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3333:
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3308:
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3255:
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3216:
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3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
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3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
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3059:
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3039:
3036:
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3021:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
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3000:
2998:
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2989:
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2555:
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2552:
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2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Caravanserais
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Early Islamic
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
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2449:
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2437:
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2343:9780300064704
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2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2305:
2303:90-04-09547-0
2299:
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2275:9780902608016
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
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2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2220:9780300077476
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2192:0-500-05096-1
2188:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
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2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2062:9780910413213
2058:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2021:9780300088670
2017:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2000:9780691035895
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1940:9789774160776
1936:
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1911:9780195309911
1907:
1903:
1896:
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1874:9780300064650
1870:
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1859:
1852:
1851:Williams 2018
1847:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1795:9780195309911
1791:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1762:, p. 123
1761:
1756:
1750:
1749:Godard (1951)
1745:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1703:9780195309911
1699:
1695:
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1675:9783848003808
1671:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1617:, p. 30.
1616:
1615:Williams 2018
1611:
1604:
1599:
1591:
1589:9780195309911
1585:
1581:
1574:
1572:
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1555:9789004161658
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1436:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1416:Downey (1988)
1412:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1380:Downey (1988)
1376:
1369:
1364:
1358:, p. 152
1357:
1356:Downey (1988)
1352:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1332:, p. 151
1331:
1330:Downey (1988)
1326:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1305:, p. 173
1304:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1263:, p. 124
1262:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1237:, p. 126
1236:
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1156:9789004161214
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1121:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1066:, p. 366
1065:
1060:
1054:, p. 508
1053:
1052:Wright (1992)
1048:
1044:
1031:
1030:Downey (1988)
1024:
1018:, p. 57.
1017:
1013:
1007:
1003:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
974:
970:
963:
958:
954:
947:
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931:
925:
920:
919:
918:
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903:
899:
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888:
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883:caravanserais
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
857:
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851:
847:
842:
841:
834:
833:
827:
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732:
728:
724:
717:
712:
708:
704:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
668:
664:
661:Iwans in the
657:
652:
651:
650:
648:
644:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:Islamic world
590:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
554:
549:
543:Islamic iwans
540:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
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502:
488:
484:
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468:
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359:
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342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Ancient Egypt
294:
292:
288:
284:
283:barrel vaults
280:
276:
272:
269:manner, with
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
235:
233:
229:
227:
223:
218:
216:
211:
205:
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197:
194:, where king
193:
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101:
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92:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
60:
51:
47:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
5065:
5061:Pseudo-Kufic
5001:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4890:Kuala Lumpur
4788:
4315:
4270:
4167:Indo-Islamic
4157:Great Seljuk
4117:Architecture
4059:
4046:
4043:Islamic arts
3823:Caravanserai
3479:
3348:
3302:Loudspeakers
3227:Persian dome
3189:Pointed arch
2987:Indo-Islamic
2977:Great Seljuk
2878:
2874:
2656:Windcatchers
2628:
2606:
2334:
2319:
2293:
2284:
2265:
2240:
2236:
2210:
2201:
2180:
2163:
2152:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2100:(1): 37–41.
2097:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2072:Ars Islamica
2071:
2053:
2049:
2030:
2010:
1990:
1981:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1930:
1922:Bibliography
1901:
1895:
1888:Marçais 1954
1883:
1864:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1785:
1779:
1767:
1760:Keall (1974)
1755:
1719:
1712:
1693:
1665:
1639:
1635:
1610:
1598:
1579:
1545:
1517:, p. 57
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1447:
1440:Reade (1999)
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1394:, p. 92
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1317:, p. 30
1310:
1298:
1290:the original
1280:
1268:
1261:Keall (1974)
1242:
1235:Keall (1974)
1230:
1223:Keall (1974)
1218:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:
1181:
1171:
1165:
1146:
1127:
1120:
1115:archnet.org.
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1081:azerdict.com
1080:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1023:
1006:
969:Green Mosque
891:
874:André Godard
862:dār al-imāra
861:
858:
825:
823:
809:
792:Iwan of the
701:Iwan in the
646:
633:
602:Greater Iran
598:Central Asia
591:
580:
562:
529:
498:
452:Taq-i Bostan
437:Taq-i Bustan
421:
408:Dura Europos
400:
392:Tigris River
377:
322:
295:
289:, where the
277:, where the
256:
241:
231:
230:
219:
206:
162:
157:
141:
140:
116:
95:
77:
73:
69:
45:
43:
40:, Uzbekistan
25:
4993:Principles,
4961:Exhibitions
4914:Marrakech (
4910:Los Angeles
4878:Jerusalem (
4840:collections
4791:Calligraphy
4671:Indo-Muslim
4653:Calligraphy
4587:Mosque lamp
4545:Other media
4464:Mina'i ware
4353:Bangladeshi
4109:Islamic art
3670:Windcatcher
3651:(courtyard)
3404:Mosque lamp
3384:Girih tiles
3341:Decorations
3219:Arabic dome
2752:Khorramabad
2439:Pre-Islamic
1642:: 201–218.
1515:Bier (1993)
1491:Bier (1993)
1479:Bier (1993)
1467:Kurz (1941)
1197:7 September
1064:Boas (2010)
887:bimaristans
794:Āmeri House
592:Within the
583:Si-o-Se Pol
564:Islamic art
501:Taq-i Kisra
483:Taq-i Kisra
248:Zoroastrian
173:Old Persian
154:New Persian
127:Mesopotamia
108:calligraphy
5088:Categories
5067:Stilfragen
4995:influences
4867:Istanbul (
4800:The garden
4756:Decoration
4725:Other arts
4620:Miniatures
4505:Embroidery
4459:Lustreware
4318:Decoration
4281:Mashrabiya
4189:Indonesian
3953:Influences
3868:Well house
3639:Mashrabiya
3287:Hussainiya
3223:Onion dome
3014:Indonesian
3002:Qutb Shahi
2797:Shahrisabz
2777:Persepolis
2767:Nakhchivan
2717:Gur-e-Amir
2446:Achaemenid
2328:0300064659
2172:0714114316
1346:Rawson, 46
1040:References
643:Great Iwan
612:and other
576:clerestory
513:Salman Pak
494: 540
348: 570
306:Mycenaeans
304:, and the
192:Persepolis
190:palace at
5029:Grotesque
4942:Singapore
4926:Melbourne
4764:Arabesque
4193:Malaysian
3927:Resources
3690:Religious
3660:Shabestan
3618:Hypostyle
3600:Shadirvan
3369:Arabesque
3292:Imamzadeh
3257:Religious
3237:Semi-dome
3184:Ogee arch
3153:Chahartaq
3116:Materials
3043:Almoravid
3018:Malaysian
2792:Samarkand
2702:Ctesiphon
2646:Shabestan
2602:Imamzadeh
2577:Chahartaq
2296:. Brill.
2114:162160996
1965:. Brill.
1548:. Brill.
908:rule. In
727:Samarkand
626:Levantine
610:Taj Mahal
553:Taj Mahal
532:Justinian
521:Khosrau I
509:Ctesiphon
487:Ctesiphon
433:Byzantine
384:Parthians
380:Seleucids
314:corbelled
291:Assyrians
267:trabeated
250:homes in
137:Etymology
65:romanized
5034:Moresque
4894:London (
4838:Museums,
4823:Paradise
4808:Charbagh
4789:See also
4691:Nastaliq
4681:Muhaqqaq
4612:the book
4524:Woodwork
4483:Textiles
4444:Fritware
4316:See also
4301:Muqarnas
4296:Mocárabe
4253:Elements
4041:Part of
3877:Military
3813:Baradari
3806:Civilian
3629:Jharokha
3590:Mechouar
3527:Charbagh
3470:Andaruni
3444:Socarrat
3409:Muqarnas
3307:Maqsurah
3199:Vaulting
3128:Tadelakt
3109:Elements
3058:Zayyanid
3038:Aghlabid
2772:Nishapur
2661:Yakhchāl
2622:Panjdari
2562:Andaruni
2557:Ab anbar
2550:Elements
2531:Khaneqah
2482:Ilkhanid
2456:Sasanian
2375:Archived
2363:Archived
2144:20837154
1956:: 57–66.
1828:. Brill.
1109:Archived
1085:Archived
981:See also
879:Khorasan
778:Safavids
683:Anatolia
618:Ayyubids
606:madrasas
489:, Iraq,
396:ziggurat
341:Muhammad
329:Sassanid
279:Elamites
263:arcuated
224:and the
222:Parthian
196:Darius I
156:form is
133:period.
131:Parthian
5051:Mudéjar
4952:Tripoli
4930:Paris (
4900:V&A
4828:Persian
4818:Ottoman
4732:Muraqqa
4711:Thuluth
4696:Persian
4643:Persian
4638:Ottoman
4610:Arts of
4595:Shabaka
4469:Persian
4436:Pottery
4421:Turkish
4416:Persian
4391:Carpets
4380:Ottoman
4376:Turkish
4370:Safavid
4358:Persian
4291:Minaret
4266:Banna'i
4238:Umayyad
4233:Timurid
4223:Swahili
4213:Ottoman
4208:Moorish
4198:Iranian
4172:Bengali
4152:Fatimid
4147:Chinese
4137:Ayyubid
4132:Abbasid
3975:Mudéjar
3939:ArchNet
3889:Alcázar
3762:Musalla
3747:Maqbara
3737:Madrasa
3727:Külliye
3722:Khanqah
3712:Gongbei
3611:cooling
3609:Passive
3575:Chhatri
3568:objects
3566:Outdoor
3515:Gardens
3491:Mirador
3429:Shabaka
3419:Qashani
3374:Banna'i
3317:Minaret
3259:objects
3249:(eaves)
3247:Chhajja
3194:Squinch
3095:Umayyad
3090:Timurid
3080:Swahili
3065:Ottoman
3048:Almohad
3033:Moorish
3023:Iranian
2992:Bengali
2972:Fatimid
2967:Chinese
2962:Ayyubid
2952:Abbasid
2879:ghal'eh
2757:Mashhad
2742:Kashmar
2732:Isfahan
2707:Derbent
2697:Bukhara
2682:Andijan
2536:Mosques
2521:Bazaars
2492:Safavid
2487:Timurid
2465:Islamic
2432:Periods
2257:3255274
1648:4629449
1188:"AYVĀN"
1125:Pishtaq
1077:"Eyvan"
934:Erzurum
902:Marinid
898:Maghreb
832:durqāʿa
774:Isfahan
622:Mamluks
587:Isfahan
536:Antioch
505:Mada'in
352:Seljuki
287:Nineveh
259:vaulted
238:Origins
215:veranda
210:apadāna
201:apadāna
188:Apadana
183:apadāna
177:apadāna
150:Turkish
123:Iranian
104:Persian
98:pishtaq
62:, also
50:Persian
38:Bukhara
4936:Louvre
4916:Museum
4863:Ghazni
4848:Berlin
4813:Mughal
4784:Zellij
4716:Tughra
4666:Diwani
4661:Arabic
4633:Mughal
4628:Arabic
4536:Minbar
4531:Khatam
4515:Suzani
4510:Soumak
4495:Damask
4426:Prayer
4409:Motifs
4306:Sitara
4286:Mihrab
4243:Yemeni
4203:Mamluk
4182:Mughal
3899:Kasbah
3848:Kasbah
3838:Hammam
3833:Ghorfa
3818:Bazaar
3797:Zawiya
3786:takyeh
3757:Mosque
3707:Dargah
3634:Kucheh
3580:Eidgah
3506:Zenana
3454:Zellij
3439:Sitara
3434:Shamsa
3322:Minbar
3312:Mihrab
3297:Kiswah
3282:Gonbad
3146:Arches
3100:Yemeni
3070:Somali
3053:Hafsid
3028:Mamluk
3007:Mughal
2997:Deccan
2945:Styles
2822:Tehran
2812:Tabriz
2802:Shiraz
2782:Qazvin
2737:Kashan
2617:Kucheh
2592:Hashti
2587:Gonbad
2567:Biruni
2541:Takyeh
2477:Seljuk
2341:
2326:
2300:
2272:
2255:
2217:
2189:
2170:
2142:
2112:
2059:
2037:
2018:
1997:
1969:
1937:
1908:
1871:
1792:
1727:
1700:
1672:
1646:
1586:
1552:
1153:
1012:Nisaea
987:Exedra
906:Hafsid
854:mihrab
798:Kashan
707:Aleppo
685:under
614:Mughal
431:, and
410:, and
333:Persia
316:dome.
285:, and
152:. The
146:Arabic
82:Arabic
4853:Cairo
4778:tiles
4774:Girih
4737:Hilya
4706:Taliq
4686:Naskh
4676:Kufic
4572:Glass
4557:Brass
4552:Music
4490:Batik
4454:Iznik
4404:Kilim
4366:Qajar
4362:Early
4261:Ablaq
4228:Tatar
4162:Hausa
3914:Ribat
3909:Qalat
3894:Amsar
3853:Mahal
3792:Türbe
3782:Takya
3777:Surau
3772:Rauza
3767:Qubba
3752:Mazar
3742:Maqam
3683:Types
3595:Sebil
3485:Liwan
3475:Harem
3463:Rooms
3379:Girih
3364:Alfiz
3358:Ablaq
3332:Zarih
3327:Qibla
3276:Dikka
3271:Bedug
3266:Anaza
3242:Tajug
3208:Roofs
3123:Qadad
3085:Tatar
2982:Hausa
2862:Lists
2747:Khiva
2727:Herat
2722:Hatra
2712:Ganja
2651:Talar
2636:Qanat
2629:hayāt
2612:Kariz
2514:Types
2253:JSTOR
2233:(PDF)
2140:JSTOR
2110:S2CID
1644:JSTOR
1091:5 May
998:Notes
992:Liwan
973:Bursa
914:Bursa
850:qibla
751:Cairo
731:Timur
630:Cairo
525:vault
429:Roman
404:Hatra
372:Hatra
158:eyvān
91:’īwān
86:إيوان
59:eyvān
54:ایوان
4869:Arts
4858:Doha
4701:Sini
4500:Ikat
4339:Arts
4276:Jali
4271:Iwan
3904:Ksar
3863:Souq
3784:(or
3649:Sahn
3623:Howz
3585:Fina
3557:Riad
3522:Bagh
3501:Qa’a
3496:Hosh
3480:Iwan
3399:Jali
3215:Dome
2827:Yazd
2807:Susa
2762:Merv
2687:Baku
2677:Amol
2641:Sahn
2607:Iwan
2597:Howz
2572:Burj
2339:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2187:ISBN
2168:ISBN
2057:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1199:2022
1151:ISBN
1093:2019
904:and
885:and
866:Kufa
840:ṣaḥn
824:The
634:iwan
620:and
600:and
572:nave
557:Agra
551:The
517:Iraq
422:The
412:Uruk
302:Rome
275:Susa
252:Yazd
244:Iraq
232:Ivan
167:and
148:and
142:Iwan
102:, a
78:īvān
74:ivān
70:ivan
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2875:Arg
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