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nearly collapsed after just five years owing to the lack of government funding, and was then destroyed two years later during the
Turkish invasion. The Oriental Company was fatally handicapped by a combination of poor management, government export prohibitions against Turkey, the opposition of Ottoman (principally Greek) merchants, and ultimately by the outbreak of war. The Kunst- und Werkhaus also folded during the 1680s, partly because of the regimeâs unwillingness to import a significant number of foreign, Protestant teachers and skilled workers.
424:
Vienna, as well as the reestablishment of the first postwar silk plantation on the Lower
Austrian estates of Hofkammer President Sinzendorf. Becher then subsequently helped create a Kunst- und Werkhaus in which foreign masters trained non-guild artisans in the production of finished goods. By 1672 he had promoted the construction of a wool factory in Linz. Four years later he established a textile workhouse for vagabonds in the Boemian town of Tabor that eventually employed 186 spinners under his own directorship.
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Some of Becherâs projects met with limited success. In time Linzâs new wool factory even became one of the largest and most important in Europe. Yet most of the government initiatives ended in failure. The
Commerce Commission was doomed by Sinzendorfâs corruption and indifference. The Tabor workhouse
423:
Immediately after the Thirty Yearsâ War the
Bohemian towns had petitioned Ferdinand to refine its own raw materials into more finished goods for export. Becher became the leading force in attempting this conversion. By 1666 he had inspired the creation of a Commerce Commission (Kommerzkollegium) in
203:
and died when Becher was a child. At the age of thirteen Becher found himself responsible not only for his own support but also for that of his mother and two brothers. He learned and practiced several small handicrafts, devoted his nights to study of the most miscellaneous description and earned a
483:â the first work to distinguish between chemists and alchemists â but it was a slow and often erratic transition. Into the eighteenth century scholars could feel oddly comfortable in both camps â like the German Johann Becher, who produced sober and unexceptionable work on mineralogy called
396:. He sought to balance between the need to reinstate postwar levels of population and production both in the countryside and the towns. By leaning more seriously on trade and commerce, Austrian cameralism helped to transfer attention to the troubles of the monarchy's urban economies.
405:
had held the guilds responsible for their restrictiveness, wastefulness, and the poor value of the merchandise they created, Ferdinand II ramped up the pressure by extending rights to private artisans who usually then earned the fortification of powerful local leaders such as
211:(discourse about the almighty philosophical and universal medicine by the philosopher called Lapis Philosophorum Trismegistus) under the pseudonym 'Solinus Salzthal of Regiomontus.' It was published in Latin in 1659 as
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in 1689 had granted the government the right to monitor and control the number of masters and cut down on the monopoly effect of guild operations. Even previous to this, Becher, who was against all forms of
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had already taken some corrective steps before he died by attempting to ease the debts of the
Bohemian towns and to put limits on some of the land-holding nobility's commercial rights. Even though preceding
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Joh. Joach. Becheri ... Opuscula chymica rariora, addita nova praefatione ac indice locupletissimo multisque figuris aeneis illustrata a
Friderico Roth-Sholtzio, Siles
179:(1659), showing the first page of 'Discursus Solini Saltztal Regiomontani De potentissima philosophorum medicina universali, lapis philosophorum trismegistus dicta.'
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Discursus Solini
Saltztal Regiomontani De potentissima philosophorum medicina universali, lapis philosophorum trismegistus dicta
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Discurs von der GroĂmĂ€chtigen
Philosophischen Universal-Artzney / von den Philosophis genannt Lapis Philosophorum Trismegistus
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550:. p. 231f. Chisholm writes in the 11th. ed. of the EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica that Becher "published an edition of Salzthalâs
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Chymischer GlĂŒcks-Hafen, Oder Grosse
Chymische Concordantz Und Collection, Von funffzehen hundert Chymischen Processen
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397:
419:, surmised that a third of the Austrian landsâ 150,000 artisans were "Schwarzarbeiter" who were not in a guild.
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584:"Adam Smith and the Concept of the Feedback System: Economic Thought and Technology in 18th-Century Britain"
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17:
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Politischer
Discurs von den eigentlichen Ursachen des Auf- und AbblĂŒhens der StĂ€dte, LĂ€nder und Republiken
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487:, but who also was certain that, given the right materials, he could make himself invisible.
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Chemistry as an earnest and respectable science is often said to date from 1661, when
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724:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 602â603.
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he made extensive references to temperature regulated furnaces), a book the
277:, where he had gained the powerful support of the prime minister of Emperor
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The Rise of Historical Economics and Social Reform in Germany 1864â1894
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The Business of Alchemy: Science and Culture in the Holy Roman Empire.
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The Business of Alchemy: Science and Culture in the Holy Roman Empire
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372:
153:
145:
113:
599:
416:
348:
340:
157:
798:
705:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Becher was the most original and influential theorist of Austrian
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117:
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Neoclassical Microeconomic Theory: the founding Austrian version
534:, p. 40/41; see also: 'The Emperor's Mercantile Alchemist' in:
410:, military commanders, churches, and universities. An edict by
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Meanwhile, he had been appointed physician to the elector of
215:(translated by Johannes Jacobus Heilmann) in vol. VI of the
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655:, New York: Cambridge University Press, Second edition.
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considered Becher as a chemist of first importance and
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In 1657, he was appointed professor of medicine at the
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was published in 1660; and the next year appeared his
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and adventurer, best known for his development of the
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Academic staff of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
347:. He afterwards travelled for the same purpose to
207:In 1654, at the age of nineteen, he published the
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792:Engines of our Ingenuity: Johann Joachim Becker
540:From Alchemy to Chemistry in Picture and Story.
164:of combustion, and his advancement of Austrian
457:as the most considerable of Bechers writings.
359:of the honour of applying the pendulum to the
245:, in which he gives 10,000 words for use as a
343:where he visited the mines at the request of
260:In 1666, he was made councillor of commerce (
291:Regeln der Christlichen Bundesgenossenschaft
253:and a book on animals, plants and minerals (
542:Hoboken N.J. : John Wiley & Sons.
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764:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
243:Character pro notitia linguarum universali
301:; the same year, he was engaged with the
733:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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281:Sent by the emperor on a mission to the
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775:Works by or about Johann Joachim Becher
742:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
526:Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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866:
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379:and died in October of the same year.
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634:
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369:NĂ€rrische Weisheit und weise Narrheit
136:
676:, London: Black Swan, 2003 edition.
674:A Short History of Nearly Everything
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466:A Short History of Nearly Everything
572:
141:; 6 May 1635 â October 1682) was a
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355:in which he attempted to deprive
285:, he wrote there in ten days his
919:17th-century German male writers
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757:(London: Routledge Press, 1997).
740:The Habsburg Monarchy: 1618â1815
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653:The Habsburg Monarchy: 1618-1815
233:and physician to the archbishop-
40:
552:Tractatus de lapide trismegisto
894:17th-century German physicians
857:- full digital facsimile from
828:New International Encyclopedia
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13:
1:
784:Johann Joachim Becher-Preises
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324:and for a canal to unite the
889:17th-century German chemists
307:Dutch colonization of Guiana
297:. In 1669, he published his
289:, which was followed by the
255:Thier- KrÀuter- und Bergbuch
249:. In 1663, he published his
27:German physician (1635â1682)
7:
738:Ingrao, Charles W. (2005).
177:Theatrum Chemicum Volume VI
10:
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363:. In 1682, he returned to
729:Smith, Pamela H. (1994).
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371:(in which, according to
311:Dutch West India Company
184:Early life and education
899:17th-century alchemists
843:The American CyclopĂŠdia
721:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
335:In 1678, he crossed to
305:in a scheme to acquire
838:Becher, Johann Joachim
823:Becher, Johann Joachim
813:Encyclopedia Americana
808:Becher, Johann Joachim
716:Becher, Johann Joachim
588:Technology and Culture
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204:pittance by teaching.
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802:Texts on Wikisource:
480:The Sceptical Chymist
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435:Chemist and alchemist
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130:Johann Joachim Becher
760:Erik Grimmer-Solem,
477:of Oxford published
194:the Thirty Years War
651:Charles W. Ingrao,
582:Mayr, Otto (1971).
569:, pp. 602â603.
485:Physica Subterranea
455:Physica Subterranea
444:Physica subterranea
388:Austrian Cameralist
361:measurement of time
299:Physica subterranea
231:University of Mainz
196:. His father was a
188:Becher was born in
909:People from Speyer
859:Linda Hall Library
448:
357:Christiaan Huygens
339:. He travelled to
287:Methodus Didactica
247:universal language
181:
884:German alchemists
548:978 0 470 08523 3
536:Greenberg, Arthur
367:, where he wrote
218:Theatrum Chemicum
162:phlogiston theory
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104:Scientific career
97:Phlogiston theory
60:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
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70:October 1682
18:J. J. Becher
924:Cameralists
879:1682 deaths
874:1635 births
787:(in German)
663:; p. 92-93.
594:(1): 1â22.
461:Bill Bryson
283:Netherlands
239:Metallurgia
156:, scholar,
868:Categories
492:References
394:cameralism
279:Leopold I.
166:cameralism
52:6 May 1635
794:at uh.edu
684:; p. 130.
608:0040-165X
538:(2006) -
469:, notes:
463:, in his
412:Leopold I
408:seigneurs
403:Habsburgs
373:Otto Mayr
309:from the
263:âčSee Tfdâș
154:chemistry
150:alchemist
146:physician
114:Chemistry
522:(2016).
417:monopoly
349:Cornwall
341:Scotland
293:and the
201:minister
198:Lutheran
175:Page of
158:polymath
846:. 1879.
831:. 1905.
816:. 1920.
777:at the
709::
692:Sources
616:3102276
337:England
318:Bavaria
235:elector
192:during
134:German:
118:alchemy
86:England
74:1682-11
72: (
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680:
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383:Legacy
365:London
330:Danube
275:Vienna
267:German
237:. His
225:Career
190:Speyer
143:German
110:Fields
82:London
56:Speyer
612:JSTOR
326:Rhine
273:) at
678:ISBN
657:ISBN
604:ISSN
544:ISBN
528:ISBN
328:and
67:Died
49:Born
840:".
825:".
810:".
718:".
596:doi
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