J. Philippe Rushton

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of altruistic behavior in a way that it can become manifest, and that he failed to show any plausible mechanism by which members of a species can detect the "altruism gene" in other members of the species. Steven Gangestad criticized Rushton's theory for not being compelling in terms of its attractiveness as an explanatory model. C.R. Hallpike said Rushton's theory failed to take into account that many other traits, ranging from age, sex, social and political group membership, are observably more important in predicting altruistic behavior between non-kin than genetic similarity. John Hartung criticized Rushton for failing to conduct an adequate

368:. It holds that individuals tend to be more altruistic to individuals who are genetically similar to themselves even if they are not kin, and less altruistic, and sometimes outwardly hostile, to individuals who are less genetically similar. Rushton describes "ethnic conflict and rivalry" as "one of the great themes of historical and contemporary society", and suggests that this may have its roots in the evolutionary impact on individuals from groups "giving preferential treatment to genetically similar others". According to Rushton: "the makeup of a gene pool causally affects the probability of any particular ideology being adopted". 943:

brought the economy to its knees of late — and who it might be worth noting are pretty much all white men — would likely do well on the Stanford-Binet or Wonderlich Industrial Aptitude Test. They probably were above-average students. But what are we to make of these facts? Clearly they say little about the value of such persons to the nation or the world. The Unabomber was a certified genius and Ted Bundy was of well-above-average intelligence... But I'm having a hard time discerning what we should conclude about these truths, in terms of how much emphasis we place on intelligence, as opposed to other human traits.

255:. In 2020, the Department of Psychology of the University of Western Ontario released a statement stating that "much of research was racist", was "deeply flawed from a scientific standpoint", and "Rushton's legacy shows that the impact of flawed science lingers on, even after qualified scholars have condemned its scientific integrity." As of 2021, Rushton has had six research publications retracted for being scientifically flawed, unethical, and not 792:

science lingers on, even after qualified scholars have condemned its scientific integrity. Academic freedom and freedom of expression are critical to free scientific inquiry. However, the notion of academic freedom is disrespected and abused when it is used to promote the dissemination of racist and discriminatory concepts. Scientists have an obligation to society to speak loudly and actively in opposition of such abuse.

873:, where he paid 50 whites, 50 blacks, and 50 Asians to answer questions about their sexual habits. Because he did not clear his survey and proposed to pay for answers with the university committee at UWO, the administration reprimanded Rushton, calling his transgression "a serious breach of scholarly procedure", said University President, George Pederson. 271:, England. During his childhood, he emigrated with his family to South Africa, where he lived from age four to eight (1948–1952). His father was a building contractor and his mother came from France. The family moved to Canada, where Rushton spent most of his teen years. He returned to England for university, receiving a B.Sc. in psychology from 1087:. Informed of Garrett's assertion that blacks were not entitled to equality because their "ancestors were ... savages in an African jungle," Rushton dismissed the observation as quoted "selectively from Garrett's writing", finding nothing opprobrious in such sentiments because the leader of the scientific opposition to 812:. He said: "There will always be Rushtons in science, and we must always be prepared to root them out". At the same occasion, Rushton rejected believing in racial superiority, saying "we've got to realize that each of these populations is perfectly, beautifully adapted to their own ancestral environments". 679:

I think Phil is an honest and capable researcher. The basic reasoning by Rushton is solid evolutionary reasoning; that is, it is logically sound. If he had seen some apparent geographic variation for a non-human species – a species of sparrow or sparrow hawk, for example – no one would have

377:

criticized the theory. Judith Anderson said his work was based on statistically flawed evidence, John Archer and others said that Rushton failed to understand and misapplied the theory of kin selection, Judith Economos said that Rushton's analysis was speculative, that he failed to define the concept

967:

is an amalgamation of bad biology and inexcusable anthropology. It is not science but advocacy, and advocacy for the promotion of "racialism." Tzvetan Todorov explains "racialism," in contrast to "racism," as belief in the existence of typological essences called "races" whose characteristics can be

829:

First, they did not explain why natural selection would have favored different reproductive strategies for different races. Second, their data on race differences are of questionable validity because their literature review was selective and their original analyses were based on self-reports. Third,

517:

selection theory considered to be virtually useless when applied to human life history evolution, but Rushton does not apply the theory correctly, and displays a lack of understanding of evolutionary theory in general. Graves also says that Rushton misrepresented the sources for the biological data

1135:

paper, led them to conclude that the testing methods were biased against Black Africans. They disagree with other aspects of Rushton's methodology, such as his use of non-equivalent groups in test samples. Rushton responded in the next issue of the journal. He said why he believed his results were

1096:'s innocence that there were some women he had met and not killed—there was no sense on Rushton's part that all of Garrett's assertions, whether or not "objective," were utterly irrelevant to constitutional guarantees, which are not predicated on scientific demonstrations of intellectual equality. 389:

among parents after the death of a child. They found that children perceived as more physically similar to their parents were grieved for more intensely than less similar children. Russell, Wells, and Rushton (1985) reanalyzed several previous studies on similarities between spouses and concluded

942:

Corporate criminals, after all, are usually highly educated, and probably would score highly on just about any standardized test you chose to give them. And what of it? Virtually all the stock manipulators, unethical derivatives traders and shady money managers on Wall Street, whose actions have

791:

Despite its deeply flawed assumptions and methodologies, Rushton's work and other so-called "race science" (currently under the pseudonym of "race realism") continues to be misused by white supremacists and promoted by eugenic organizations. Thus, Rushton's legacy shows that the impact of flawed

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model he proposed, but nonetheless praised the book for its proposing of a theoretical model that makes testable predictions about differences between human groups. He concludes that "Perhaps there will ultimately be some serious contribution from the traditional smoke-and-mirrors social science

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had made other statements about black inferiority that were, according to Rushton, "quite objective in tone and backed by standard social science evidence." Quite apart from the questionable logic in defending a blatant call to deprive citizens of their rights by citing Garrett's less offensive

972:

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993, p. 31). "Racism," then, is the use of racialist assumptions to promote social or political ends, a course that Todorov regards as leading to "particularly catastrophic results." Perpetuating catastrophe is not the stated aim of Rushton's book, but

629:

are required "to participate in approved surveys as a condition of their studies. If they choose not to, they must write one research paper. Also, many students feel subtle pressure to participate in order not to offend professors who may later be grading their work. However, if a study is not

865:

argued in 1990 that Rushton "selectively cites and misrepresents his sources to support his conclusions. Far from being an 'honest attempt' to follow the Truth wherever it leads, Rushton seems to be putting a ring through Truth's nose and leading it toward his own barn...He has used, abused,

624:

First-year psychology students who took Rushton's classes said that he had conducted a survey of students' sexual habits in 1988, asking "such questions as how large their penises are, how many sex partners they have had, and how far they can ejaculate". First-year psychology students at the

410:

In a 2020 statement, his former department at the University of Western Ontario stated: "Rushton's works linking race and intelligence are based on an incorrect assumption that fuels systemic racism, the notion that racialized groups are concordant with patterns of human ancestry and genetic

1145:

criticized the science of Rushton's "Race Differences in Sexual Behavior: Testing an Evolutionary Hypothesis". He cited Weizmann, Wiener, Wiesenthal, & Ziegle, which argued that Rushton's theory relied on flawed science. McGreal faulted Rushton and his use of Nobile's penis size study.

800:

summarized Rushton's scholarly reception as follows: "Rushton's work was heavily criticized by psychologists, evolutionary biologists, anthropologists, and geneticists for severe scientific inadequacies, fundamental errors, inappropriate conceptualization of race, inappropriate statistical

466:

in the middle. He first published this theory in 1984. Rushton argued that East Asians and their descendants average a larger brain size, greater intelligence, more sexual restraint, slower rates of maturation, and greater law abidingness and social organization than do Europeans and their

630:

approved, these requirements do not apply at all." For his failing to tell students they had the option not to participate in his studies without incurring additional work, the university barred Rushton for two years from using students as research subjects. He had tenure at UWO.

1172:

retracted two Rushton articles about intelligence and race. Review of the articles, which were originally published in the 1990s, "found that the research was unethical, scientifically flawed, and based on racist ideas and agenda". On 23 August 2021, it retracted three more.

639:

article, Rushton stated that the public perceives disproportionately negative effects caused by black residents "in every bloody city in Canada where you have black people." In the same article, Rushton suggested that equalizing outcomes across groups was "impossible". The

774:, think that Rushton has developed one of the more controversial biosocial theories related to race and crime; he says that it has been criticized for failing to explain all of the data and for its potential to support racist ideologies. The criminologist 778:

has defended Rushton, claiming that none of Rushton's critics has supplied data indicating anything other than the racial gradient he identifies, and that it is unscientific to dismiss Rushton's ideas on the basis of their political implications.

486:

selection theory to explain differences among racial groups has been widely criticized. Differential K theory in particular was described in a 2020 statement by Rushton's former department at Western Ontario University as "thoroughly debunked."

406:

differences between racial groups are due to genetic causes, a view that was controversial at the time and is now broadly rejected by the scientific consensus. His research areas included studying brain size and the effects of racial admixture.

1130:

in 2006, Steven Cronshaw and colleagues wrote that psychologists need to critically examine the science used by Rushton in his "race-realist" research. Their re-analysis of the validity criteria for test bias, using data reported in the

411:

population structure." Furthermore, they stated that Rushton's work on the topic is "characterized by a complete misunderstanding of population genetic measures, including fundamental misconceptions about the nature of heritability."

925:

selection theory to crime rates and IQ, charging that Rushton ignored things such as systematic/institutional discrimination, racial profiling, economic disparities and unequal access to judicial defense in his attempt to apply

962:

Virtually every kind of anthropologist may be put in the position of being asked to comment on what is contained in this book, so, whatever our individual specialty, we should all be prepared to discuss what it represents.

1013:, said: "It is in a way personal and political propaganda. There is no basis to his scientific research." Rushton responded, "It's not racist; it's a matter of science and recognizing variation in all groups of people." 889:

wrote: "some of Rushton's references to scientific literature with respects to racial differences in sexual characteristics turned out to be references to a nonscientific semi-pornographic book and to an article by

845:, criticized Rushton's research on methodological grounds, observing that more variation exists in personality traits within racial groups than between them and arguing that Rushton selectively cited data from the 3761: 331:

He published more than 250 articles and six books, including two on altruism, and one on scientific excellence, and co-authored an introductory psychology textbook. He was a signatory of the opinion piece

518:

he gathered in support of his hypothesis, and that much of his social science data was collected by dubious means. Other scholars have argued against Rushton's hypothesis on the basis that the concept of

560:-selection as a Procrustean bed, doing what he can to make the available data fit ... Bad science and virulent racial prejudice drip like pus from nearly every page of this despicable book." 4251: 1894: 825:

criticizing a study by Rushton & Bogaert that had been published in the same journal two years earlier. Lynn cited four reasons he considered Rushton & Bogaert's study to be flawed:

858:

argued that Rushton's "substantial success and influence in the discipline" and use of "accepted usage of empirical mainstream methods" pointed to broader problems in academic psychology.

907:

concluding that racial differences in behavior were accounted for entirely by environmental factors, which contradicts Rushton's evolutionary theory for the origin of such differences.

1940: 4127:

Cronshaw, Steven F.; Hamilton, Leah K.; Onyura, Betty R.; Winston, Andrew S. (2006). "Case for Non-Biased Intelligence Testing Against Black Africans Has Not Been Made: A Comment".

2005: 4466: 1009:

In 2000, after Rushton mailed a booklet on his work to psychology, sociology, and anthropology professors across North America, Hermann Helmuth, a professor of anthropology at

690:, Rushton had already begun a long correspondence with Wilson. The letters became particularly extensive between 1987 and 1995 (Wilson's letters have now been archived by the 210:

Rushton's work has been heavily criticized by the scientific community for the questionable quality of its research, with many academics arguing that it was conducted under a

3401: 1005:

party. If you have any question about the validity of the "science" of Rushton's trash you should read any one of his articles and the many rebuttals by ashamed scientists.

680:

batted an eye. ... hen it comes to racial differences, especially in the inflamed situation in this country, special safeguards and conventions need to be developed.

315:

and was made full professor (with tenure) in 1985. He received a D.Sc. from the University of London in 1992. His controversial research has sparked political debates, and

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On 22 June 2020, the Department of Psychology at the University of Western Ontario issued a statement regarding their former faculty member, which read in part:

621:

Rushton prompted controversy for years, attracting coverage from the press as well as comments and criticism by scientists of his books and journal articles.

2101: 876:

A 1993 study reanalyzed data from a study Rushton had published on the relationship between race and crime and found no strong relationship between the two.

755:, describing Rushton's work as rigorous and impressive. However, many of these researchers are themselves controversial and they all received money from the 4386: 4069: 529:

Later studies by Rushton and other researchers have argued that there is empirical support for the theory, though these studies too have been criticized.

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Theory and IQ theories to explain racial disparities in American crime rates. He also criticized Rushton and others like him of ignoring things like

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publications and graced their conferences with his presence but also offered praise and support for the "scholarly" work on racial differences of

3944: 3894: 1020:. Tax records show that in 2002 his Charles Darwin Research Institute was awarded $ 473,835, or 73% of the fund's total grants that year. The 4026: 3361: 3921: 1846: 4441: 4381: 4376: 3874: 2441: 1833:"Into the Mainstream; An array of right-wing foundations and think tanks support efforts to make bigoted and discredited ideas respectable" 4229: 3006: 4416: 4396: 552:

traits. "But this is a pan-human phenomenon, a flexible, adaptive response to changed environmental conditions ... Rushton wields

2909:

Wicherts, Jelte M.; Borsboom, Denny; Dolan, Conor V. (2010). "Why national IQs do not support evolutionary theories of intelligence".

644:

called the piece "yet another attack" by Rushton, and it criticized those who published his work and that of other "race scientists".

4446: 3272: 252: 4333: 2638: 1163:. The article falsely claimed that there was scientific evidence that skin color was related to aggression and sexuality in humans. 4471: 4084: 572:. Over about a dozen papers, he argued that variation in personality can be explained by variation in a single underlying "general 3170: 879:

Rushton's work was criticized in the scholarly literature; he generally responded, sometimes in the same journal. In 1995, in the

3851: 3632: 3728:"Lack of racial differences in behavior: A quantitative replication of Rushton's (1988) review and an independent meta-analysis" 1123:

racial hierarchy. He did not change his position on this matter for 30 years. Rushton replied in the same issue of the journal.

4426: 2079: 1159: 3528:; Brody, Nathan (January 1988). "Oysters, rabbits and people: A critique of "race differences in behaviour" by J.P. Rushton". 2060: 467:

descendants, whom he argued average higher scores on these measures than Africans and their descendants. He hypothesized that

4252:"Psychology journal retracts two articles for being "unethical, scientifically flawed, and based on racist ideas and agenda"" 3834: 3381: 3347: 3326: 3305: 1895:"Psychology journal retracts two articles for being "unethical, scientifically flawed, and based on racist ideas and agenda"" 1815: 1757: 1725: 1598: 1571: 1552: 1525: 1506: 1487: 1468: 1415: 1396: 3928:, Southern Poverty Law Center. Quote: "In publication after publication, hate groups are using this 'science' to legitimize 3445: 1373: 973:

current promoters of racist agendas will almost certainly regard it as a welcome weapon to apply for their noxious purposes.

830:

they provided no evidence that these race differences had significant effects on reproduction or that sexual restraint is a

4436: 4421: 1912: 1880: 4451: 4431: 4411: 200: 3790:(1996). "Racialism and Racist Agendas: Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective. J. Philippe Rushton". 770:

theory as one of several possible explanations for racial disparities in crime rates. Others, such as the criminologist

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genes and found that sexually interacting couples had more similar blood group genes than randomly paired individuals.

333: 248: 3490:(1990). "Some dubious premises in research and theory on racial differences: Scientific, social, and ethical issues". 2721:

Graves, J. L. (2002). "What a tangled web he weaves Race, reproductive strategies and Rushton's life history theory".

1637:

From Student Resistance to Embracing the Sociological Imagination: Unmasking Privilege, Social Conventions, and Racism

4461: 3406: 2811:

Kanazawa, S. (2008). "Temperature and evolutionary novelty as forces behind the evolution of general intelligence☆".

1660: 846: 1326: 3973: 1941:"Journal retracts more articles for being "unethical, scientifically flawed, and based on racist ideas and agenda"" 1741: 1064: 454:

to explain what he described as an evolutionary scale of characteristics indicative of nurturing behavior in which

2098: 522:

is not supported by genetic evidence about the diversity of human populations, and that his research was based on

3140: 1767:

Diane B. Paul (Winter 2003). "The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund (review)".

1038: 686: 519: 240: 3990:

Peregrine, P (September 2003). "Cross-cultural evaluation of predicted associations between race and behavior".

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This is an insidious attempt to legitimize Rushton's racist propaganda and is tantamount to publishing ads for

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noting that Rushton ignored evidence that failed to support his position that IQ test score gaps represent a

1042:

magazine, a monthly white supremacist magazine, in which he had also published a number of general articles.

809: 775: 626: 439: 373: 312: 192: 176: 127: 2286:

Tooby, John; Cosmides, Leda (1989). "Kin selection, genic selection, and information-dependent strategies".

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Russell, R.; Wells, P.; Rushton, J. (1985). "Evidence for genetic similarity detection in human marriage".

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treatment of IQ, but for now Rushton's framework is essentially the only game in town." In their 2009 book

2872:

Rushton, J.; Bons, T.; Hur, Y. (2008). "The genetics and evolution of the general factor of personality".

3882: 1336:

Anderson, Judith L. (1991). "Rushton's racial comparisons: An ecological critique of theory and method".

1254:(2002). "What a tangled web he weaves: Race, reproductive strategies and Rushton's life history theory". 1021: 641: 235: 204: 195:

until the early 1990s, and became known to the general public during the 1980s and 1990s for research on

3145: 2690:"Race and IQ: A Theory-Based Review of the Research in Richard Nisbett's Intelligence and How to Get It" 4325: 4162:

Rushton, J. Philippe (2006). "In Defense of a Disputed Study of Construct Validity from South Africa".

2179:

Anderson, Judith (1989). "A methodological critique of the evidence for genetic similarity detection".

284: 97: 3762:"Race, Intelligence and the Limits of Science: Reflections on the Moral Absurdity of "Racial Realism"" 4046: 3029: 2486: 2036: 1676:

Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). "'The American Breed': Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund".

1231:"Statement from the Department of Psychology regarding research conducted by Dr. J. Philippe Rushton" 720: 391: 238:. He also published articles in and spoke at conferences organized by the white supremacist magazine 4104: 3941: 3898: 2886: 2735: 1854: 1230: 834:

characteristic. Finally, they did not adequately rule out environmental explanations for their data.

4196:

Scott A. McGreal (2012), "The Pseudoscience of Race Differences in Penis Size", "Psychology Today"

3607: 3038: 2780: 2658: 2152: 881: 577: 3446:"Race differences in sexual behavior: A critique of Rushton and Bogaert's evolutionary hypothesis" 2165: 2153:"Mainstream Science on Intelligence: An Editorial With 52 Signatories, History, and Bibliography," 3918: 3141:""The Last Refuge of Scoundrels": New Evidence of E. O. Wilson's Intimacy with Scientific Racism" 3051: 2439:

Littlefield, C. H.; Rushton, J. P. (1986). "When a child dies: The sociobiology of bereavement".

2139: 989: 948: 698:

have reassessed how Wilson's thinking on issues of race and evolution was influenced by Rushton.

3871: 3236: 3111: 4099: 4041: 2881: 2775: 2730: 2653: 842: 748: 601: 545: 3826: 3819: 3003: 1590: 1544: 1460: 1388: 1067:, a professor of psychology and expert on the history of scientific racism, observed in 2002: 191:(December 3, 1943 – October 2, 2012) was a Canadian psychologist and author. He taught at the 4063: 3373: 1805: 1715: 1697: 1187: 1168: 428: 403: 308: 196: 172: 137: 133: 1582: 1536: 1452: 1380: 1106:

found no evidence to support Rushton's hypothesized relationship between race and behavior.

4371: 4366: 3999: 3558:(Fall 2011). "Empirical Race Psychology and the Hermeneutics of Epistemological Violence". 2766:

Sternberg, Robert J.; Grigorenko, Elena L.; Kidd, Kenneth K. (2005). "Race, and Genetics".

2601: 2553: 896: 869:

According to Charles Lane, in 1988, Rushton conducted a survey at the Eaton Centre mall in

491: 444: 390:

there is higher similarity on the more heritable characteristics. In 1988 Rushton examined

292: 276: 116: 107: 3269: 8: 4347: 4330: 4027:"The Cultural Malleability of Intelligence and Its Impact on the Racial/Ethnic Hierarchy" 2671: 1110: 852: 691: 548:, whereby economic development characteristically leads to reduced family size and other 4003: 3200:

Gottfredson, L. S. (1996). "Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective".

2605: 2557: 4179: 4144: 3689: 3583: 3575: 3217: 3167: 2953: 2748: 2466: 2421: 2373: 2338: 2321:

Economos, Judith (1989). "Altruism, nativism, chauvinism, racism, schism, and jizzum".

2303: 2268: 2233: 2198: 1784: 1621: 1361: 1311: 1279: 935: 762:

Some criminologists who study the relationship between race and crime regard Rushton's

324: 4011: 3848: 3707:

Nobile, August Philip (1982). "Penis Size, The Difference Between Blacks and Whites".

4183: 4175: 4140: 3830: 3743: 3541: 3507: 3463: 3377: 3343: 3322: 3301: 3221: 3089: 3086:

A Mirror to Nature: Reflections on Science, Scientists, and Society; Rushton on Race,

3068: 2793: 2752: 2619: 2571: 2526: 2499: 2458: 2425: 2377: 2342: 2307: 2272: 2237: 2202: 1983: 1811: 1807:

The Republican party and immigration politics: from Proposition 187 to George W. Bush

1753: 1721: 1693: 1685: 1656: 1625: 1594: 1583: 1567: 1548: 1537: 1521: 1502: 1483: 1464: 1453: 1440: 1411: 1392: 1381: 1353: 1283: 1271: 1192: 1058: 771: 744: 600:

heritage and European identity" from immigrants, Muslims, and African Americans. The

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A Mirror to Nature: Reflections on Science, Scientists, and Society; Rushton on Race

2470: 2076: 1788: 1639:, Haddad, Angela T.; Lieberman, Leonard, Teaching Sociology, v30 n3 p328 41 Jul 2002 1365: 694:). After Wilson's death at the end of 2021, historians of science Mark Borrello and 4307: 4282: 4171: 4136: 4109: 4051: 4007: 3799: 3739: 3681: 3644: 3567: 3537: 3525: 3499: 3487: 3467: 3459: 3369: 3251: 3209: 2984: 2957: 2945: 2918: 2891: 2854: 2820: 2785: 2740: 2701: 2663: 2609: 2561: 2522: 2513:

Rushton, J. P. (1988). "Genetic similarity, mate choice, and fecundity in humans".

2495: 2450: 2413: 2365: 2330: 2295: 2260: 2225: 2190: 2057: 1973: 1776: 1617: 1345: 1303: 1263: 1251: 1141: 1084: 1010: 862: 838: 706: 494: 91: 87: 4294:

Weizmann, F.; Wiener, N. I.; Wiesenthal, D. L.; Ziegler, M. (1990). "Differential

3803: 1307: 4337: 3948: 3925: 3878: 3855: 3787: 3503: 3276: 3174: 3010: 2989: 2972: 2824: 2216:

Archer, John (1989). "Why help friends when you can help sisters and brothers?".

2124:

Roediger, H. L. III., Rushton, J. P., Capaldi, E. D., & Paris, S. G. (1984).

2105: 2083: 2064: 1330: 1291: 998: 951: 725: 605: 597: 593: 573: 533: 316: 304: 256: 227: 168: 67: 2744: 2706: 2689: 2542:"Should scientists study race and IQ? YES: The scientific truth must be pursued" 1267: 1057:(2002), that Rushton was part of the revival in the 1980s of public interest in 4351: 4286: 4113: 4055: 3727: 3685: 3662: 3628: 3255: 3107: 2922: 2858: 2838: 2667: 2454: 2251:

Daly, Martin (1989). "On distinguishing evolved adaptation from epiphenomena".

2111: 1867: 1154: 984: 977: 886: 797: 695: 635: 319: 3571: 3213: 2895: 2841:(2008). "Correlational and factor analytic support for Rushton's differential 2789: 2614: 2589: 2417: 2369: 2334: 2299: 2264: 2229: 2194: 2137:

Gottfredson, Linda (December 13, 1994). "Mainstream Science on Intelligence".

4360: 4209:"Personality and Individual Differences Retracts Rushton and Templer Article" 3962:

The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism

3929: 3667:"On the similarities of American blacks and whites": A reply to J.P. Rushton" 2006:"Philippe Rushton, professor who pushed limits with race studies, dead at 68" 1978: 1961: 1629: 1608:

Fairchild, Halford H. (1991). "Scientific Racism: The Cloak of Objectivity".

1357: 1275: 1055:

The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism

904: 891: 732: 728:

later described Rushton as one of the researchers to whom they are indebted.

523: 379: 365: 361: 158: 3648: 3441: 2949: 2797: 2623: 2575: 1987: 1689: 1088: 1080: 1079:, who spent the last two decades of his life opposing the extension of the 1025: 1017: 981: 816: 805: 759:, which had funded much of Rushton's work when these reviews were written. 756: 740: 736: 664: 463: 459: 215: 3511: 2462: 1780: 1083:

to blacks on the basis that the "normal" black resembled a European after

675:

selection theory which Rushton uses) was quoted as having said about him:

1323: 1050: 970:

On Human Diversity: Nationalism, Racism, and Exoticism in French Thought,

910: 569: 268: 48: 3579: 3188:

The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilizations Accelerated Human Evolution

3555: 3052:"Into the Mainstream: Academic Racists' Work Inching Toward Legitimacy" 3033: 2031: 1746:

The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund

1711: 1029: 993:, explained why the journal did not accept ads for Rushton's 1998 book: 855: 808:

criticized Rushton's racial theories in a live televised debate at the

801:

comparisons, misuse of sources, and serious logical errors and flaws."

506: 231: 154: 3472: 2356:

Gangestad, Steven W (1989). "Uncompelling theory, uncompelling data".

1315: 604:

described the conference attendees as "racist academics, conservative

4311: 4273:

Gottfredson, L. S. (2012). "Resolute ignorance on race and Rushton".

2166:"John Philippe Rushton - Obituaries - London, ON - Your Life Moments" 1349: 1093: 661: 596:

for the stated purpose of "addressing the need" to defend "America's

328:

described Rushton as the most famous university professor in Canada.

2566: 2541: 2404:

Hartung, John (1989). "Testing genetic similarity: Out of control".

1636: 259:, and for advancing a racist agenda despite contradictory evidence. 3757: 3603:"Genetic Indexing Of Race Groups Is Irresponsible And Unscientific" 3397: 2639:"Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability" 1437:

A Mirror to Nature: Reflections on Science, Scientists, and Society

1150: 1120: 1033: 1002: 914: 353: 288: 219: 1717:

Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred

4230:"Elsevier journal to retract 2012 paper widely derided as racist" 2936:

Barash D.P (1995). "Book review: Race, Evolution, and Behavior".

870: 658: 544:-selection may have some validity when considering the so-called 3872:"Academic Racism: Key race scientist takes reins at Pioneer Fund 214:

agenda. From 2002 until his death, he served as the head of the

4293: 3004:"Racists Gather in Maryland to 'Preserve' Western Civilization" 866:

distorted, and in some cases virtually falsified his sources."

356:. He theorized a heritable component in altruism and developed 211: 4342: 414: 4126: 1046: 386: 339:

Rushton died of cancer on October 2, 2012, at the age of 68.

709:

expressed doubt as to whether all of Rushton's data fit the

3342:. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers, pp. 15-17. 2590:"Intelligence research should not be held back by its past" 3296:

Theory", in Gabbidon, Shaun L.; Greene, Helen T. (Eds.),

1501:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 95. 111: 101: 1153:

announced it was retracting an article that Rushton and

684:

Three years after the publication of Wilson's 1975 book

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Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario

1053:

into the United States. Stefan Kühl wrote in his book,

568:

Beginning in 2008, Rushton researched the structure of

563: 4467:

People involved in race and intelligence controversies

3319:

Criminological Perspectives on Race and Crime, 2nd ed.

1294:(March 1996). "Review: Racialism and Racist Agendas". 402:

Rushton spent much of his career arguing that average

2908: 2540:

Ceci, Stephen; Williams, Wendy M. (1 February 2009).

1520:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 16. 4085:"Wanted: More Race Realism, Less Moralistic Fallacy" 1956: 1954: 1136:

valid, and why he thought the criticisms incorrect.

4392:

Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario

4343:

Memorial site with free copies of most of his work.

3279:. The Hamilton (Ontario) Spectator, April 17, 2000. 3139:Farina, Stacy; Gibbons, Matthew (1 February 2022). 2483: 954:criticized Rushton in his 1996 review of the book, 3818: 2438: 1499:The White Separatist Movement in the United States 1028:organization, characterizes the Pioneer Fund as a 385:Littlefield and Rushton (1984) examined degree of 4164:International Journal of Selection and Assessment 4129:International Journal of Selection and Assessment 3362:"Scientific Racism and North American Psychology" 3300:. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, pp. 713–716. 1951: 1128:International Journal of Selection and Assessment 4358: 4083:Rushton, J. Philippe; Jensen, Arthur R. (2005). 4068:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3105: 2688:Rushton, J. Philippe; Jensen, Arthur R. (2010). 1183:History of the race and intelligence controversy 903:In 1995, two researchers published a review and 382:study and for ignoring contradictory evidence. 3980:, Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. 3524: 3186:Cochran, Gregory and Herny Harpending (2009). 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 2871: 1157:had published in 2012 in the Elsevier journal 592:conference in Baltimore. It was organized by 4082: 4024: 3138: 3045: 2687: 2636: 2285: 2155:Linda S. Gottfredson, University of Delaware. 1766: 1410:. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. p. 104. 475:selection theory explains these differences. 352:Early in his career, Rushton did research on 218:, an organization founded in 1937 to promote 2973:"Obituary: John Philippe Rushton, 1943-2012" 2539: 2442:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2390:Hallpike, C. R. 1989. "Green beard theory", 2128:. Boston: Little, Brown. (1987, 2nd Edition) 1999: 1997: 1016:From 2002, Rushton was the president of the 347: 16:Canadian psychologist and author (1943–2012) 4387:Academic staff of the University of Toronto 4272: 4058:. Archived from the original on 2015-02-26. 3234: 3199: 3016: 2131: 1539:Ethical Issues and Guidelines in Psychology 1374:Book Review of Race, Evolution and Behavior 1109:In 2005, Lisa Suzuki and Joshua Aronson of 705:, anthropologist and population geneticist 262: 3726:Gorey, Kevin M.; Cryns, Arthur G. (1995). 3725: 3633:"Re-Analyses of J.P. Rushton's Crime Data" 2935: 1166:On 24 December 2020, the academic journal 1045:Rushton published articles on the website 804:In 1989, geneticist and media personality 291:in children. He continued his work at the 4103: 4045: 3989: 3821:Race in Mind: Race, IQ, and Other Racisms 3661: 3627: 3486: 3471: 3366:Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Psychology 2988: 2885: 2779: 2734: 2705: 2657: 2613: 2565: 2355: 1994: 1977: 1734: 1607: 253:John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation 4407:Alumni of the London School of Economics 4402:Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London 3396: 3237:"Resolute Ignorance on Race and Rushton" 2929: 2810: 2320: 2178: 2094: 2092: 2003: 1675: 1515: 1439:; Rushton on Race, Stoddart Publishing ( 1335: 497:, who has done extensive testing of the 397: 298: 4161: 3862:, Volume 93, Issue 68, February 1, 2000 3359: 2837: 2512: 2403: 2058:J. Philippe Rushton, Ph.D. - Bio Sketch 1669: 1534: 1496: 1450: 4359: 4275:Personality and Individual Differences 4025:Suzuki, Lisa; Aronson, Joshua (2005). 3895:"SPLCenter.org: "Into the Mainstream"" 3816: 3732:Personality and Individual Differences 3706: 3530:Personality and Individual Differences 3374:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.516 3244:Personality and Individual Differences 2911:Personality and Individual Differences 2847:Personality and Individual Differences 2720: 2637:Rushton, J. P.; Jensen, A. R. (2005). 2215: 1830: 1824: 1740: 1405: 1378: 1250: 1160:Personality and Individual Differences 509:flies. Graves argues that not only is 3786: 3600: 2089: 2077:J. Philippe Rushton: Curriculum Vitae 1935: 1933: 1650: 1585:Biopolitics: an Advanced Introduction 1580: 1477: 1290: 3756: 3440: 3340:Race and Crime: A Biosocial Analysis 2970: 2250: 1803: 1710: 1653:Superior: The Return of Race Science 1561: 1408:Reclaiming a Scientific Anthropology 1383:New Horizons in Medical Anthropology 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1149:On 17 June 2020, academic publisher 1071:Rushton has not only contributed to 1036:several times at conferences of the 917:criticized Rushton's application of 564:Dimensional structure of personality 342: 307:in Canada from 1974 to 1976 and the 279:in 1970, and, in 1973, his Ph.D. in 4442:English expatriates in South Africa 4382:21st-century Canadian psychologists 4377:20th-century Canadian psychologists 3842: 3554: 3353: 3042:, Vol. 42, Number 5, March 23, 1995 2086:, Charles Darwin Research Institute 2004:Allemang, John (November 2, 2012). 1769:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 667:(one of the two co-founders of the 647: 13: 4092:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 4034:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 3451:Journal of Research in Personality 3360:Winston, Andrew S. (29 May 2020). 3321:. New York: Routledge, pp. 41-44. 3190:. New York: Basic Books, page xii. 2874:Journal of Research in Personality 2646:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 1930: 1887: 1622:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01825.x 1482:. New York: Praeger. p. 112. 1116:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 1092:writing—as if it were evidence of 822:Journal of Research in Personality 334:Mainstream Science on Intelligence 322:called Rushton a racist. In 2005, 249:Canadian Psychological Association 14: 4483: 4417:Canadian people of French descent 4397:Academic staff of York University 4319: 3407:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3034:Response to Daniel R. Vining, Jr. 2099:Andrew Duffy, "Rushton Revisited" 1919:. Center for Scientific Integrity 1566:. New York: Praeger. p. 18. 1210: 847:Eysenck Personality Questionnaire 616: 505:selection theory with species of 4447:English people of French descent 4298:theory and racial hierarchies". 4176:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00359.x 4141:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00346.x 3978:The Funding of Scientific Racism 3964:, Oxford University Press, 2002, 3601:Allen, Garland E. (1990-05-14). 1972:(3): NP3–NP4. 24 December 2020. 1831:Berlet, Chip (August 14, 2003). 751:had a high opinion of Rushton's 4472:Proponents of scientific racism 4244: 4222: 4201: 4190: 4155: 4120: 4076: 4018: 3983: 3967: 3954: 3935: 3912: 3887: 3865: 3825:, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 3810: 3780: 3750: 3719: 3700: 3655: 3637:Canadian Journal of Criminology 3621: 3594: 3548: 3518: 3480: 3434: 3421: 3390: 3332: 3311: 3282: 3262: 3228: 3193: 3180: 3160: 3132: 3099: 3078: 3057: 2997: 2964: 2902: 2865: 2831: 2804: 2759: 2714: 2681: 2630: 2582: 2533: 2506: 2477: 2432: 2397: 2384: 2349: 2314: 2279: 2244: 2209: 2172: 2158: 2146: 2118: 2115:. Ottawa: Oct 1, 2005. pg. A.1. 2070: 2067:, University of Western Ontario 2051: 2024: 1905: 1873: 1861: 1839: 1543:. New York: Routledge. p. 1459:. New York: Routledge. p. 1387:. New York: Routledge. p. 1324:Resurrecting Racism, Chapter 10 968:rated in hierarchical fashion ( 687:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis 608:and anti-immigrant activists". 590:Preserving Western Civilization 490:One of his many critics is the 3849:"Psych prof accused of racism" 3298:Encyclopedia of Race and Crime 3202:Politics and the Life Sciences 2600:(7655): 385–386. 22 May 2017. 1835:. Southern Poverty Law Center. 1797: 1704: 1644: 1426: 1241: 1049:, which advocates for reduced 841:, psychology professor of the 782: 701:In a 1995 review of Rushton's 222:, which has been described as 1: 4427:Deaths from cancer in Ontario 4012:10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00040-0 3951:, Southern Poverty Law Center 3804:10.1525/aa.1996.98.1.02a00250 3054:, Southern Poverty Law Center 2406:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2392:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2358:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2323:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2288:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2253:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2218:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2182:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1308:10.1525/aa.1996.98.1.02a00250 1198: 965:Race, Evolution, and Behavior 956:Race, Evolution, and Behavior 810:University of Western Ontario 703:Race, Evolution, and Behavior 627:University of Western Ontario 588:In 2009 Rushton spoke at the 440:Race, Evolution, and Behavior 374:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 313:University of Western Ontario 193:University of Western Ontario 177:University of Western Ontario 128:Race, Evolution, and Behavior 3992:Evolution and Human Behavior 3744:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00050-g 3542:10.1016/0191-8869(88)90136-5 3504:10.1037/0003-066X.45.12.1297 3464:10.1016/0092-6566(89)90029-9 3117:The New York Review of Books 2990:10.1016/j.intell.2012.10.005 2825:10.1016/j.intell.2007.04.001 2527:10.1016/0162-3095(88)90025-8 2500:10.1016/0162-3095(85)90030-5 1750:University of Illinois Press 1655:. Beacon Press. p. 64. 1103:Evolution and Human Behavior 753:Race, Evolution and Behavior 652: 611: 458:consistently averaged high, 371:Articles in a 1989 issue of 311:until 1977. He moved to the 251:and a onetime Fellow of the 247:Rushton was a Fellow of the 7: 4437:English emigrants to Canada 4422:Canadian white supremacists 3883:Southern Poverty Law Center 3402:"The Rushton-Suzuki debate" 3317:Gabbidon, Shaun L. (2010). 3235:Gottfredson, L. S. (2013). 2745:10.1177/1469962002002002627 2707:10.2174/1874350101003010009 2694:The Open Psychology Journal 1913:"Retraction Watch Database" 1589:. City: NYU PRESS. p. 1268:10.1177/1469962002002002627 1176: 1022:Southern Poverty Law Center 987:and the editor-in-chief of 642:Southern Poverty Law Center 583: 360:, which is an extension of 236:Southern Poverty Law Center 10: 4488: 4452:Evolutionary psychologists 4432:Differential psychologists 4412:British white supremacists 4287:10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.021 4114:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.328 4056:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.320 3817:Alland, Alexander (2002), 3686:10.1177/002193479502500602 3410:. Queen in Right of Canada 3256:10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.021 2923:10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.028 2859:10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.010 2668:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235 2455:10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.797 2012:. Toronto, Ontario, Canada 426: 285:London School of Economics 98:London School of Economics 4457:Human evolution theorists 3572:10.1007/s10746-011-9179-8 3214:10.1017/s0730938400019985 3168:Evolutionary Anthropology 3084:from Knudtson P. (1991), 3063:from Knudtson P. (1991), 2896:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.002 2790:10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.46 2615:10.1038/nature.2017.22021 2515:Ethology and Sociobiology 2487:Ethology and Sociobiology 2418:10.1017/s0140525x00057460 2370:10.1017/s0140525x00057411 2335:10.1017/s0140525x0005737x 2300:10.1017/s0140525x00057605 2265:10.1017/s0140525x00057356 2230:10.1017/s0140525x00057344 2195:10.1017/s0140525x00057332 2037:Social Psychology Network 2021:updated November 3, 2012. 1451:Neubeck, Kenneth (2001). 1406:Kuznar, Lawrence (1997). 949:biological anthropologist 819:published a paper in the 721:The 10,000 Year Explosion 478:Rushton's application of 358:Genetic Similarity Theory 348:Genetic similarity theory 182: 164: 150: 143: 122: 83: 75: 56: 30: 23: 4462:Intelligence researchers 4350:publications indexed by 3942:" 'Science' at the Mall" 3674:Journal of Black Studies 3288:Goodison, Sean (2009), " 3270:The Race-Research Funder 3039:New York Review of Books 3013:, ADL, February 13, 2009 1979:10.1177/0033294120982774 1810:. Springer. p. 81. 1720:. ABC-CLIO. p. 18. 1610:Journal of Social Issues 1535:Banyard, Philip (2005). 1379:Leslie, Charles (2002). 1372:Douglas Wahlsten (2001) 1139:Scott McGreal (2012) in 1032:. Rushton had spoken on 882:Journal of Black Studies 443:(1995) attempted to use 423:selection theory to race 263:Early life and education 3792:American Anthropologist 3338:Walsh, Anthony (2004). 3129:(registration required) 3067:, Stoddart Publishing ( 2140:The Wall Street Journal 1881:"Jean-Philippe Rushton" 1516:Spickard, Paul (2000). 1497:Dobratz, Betty (2000). 1478:Perry, Barbara (2009). 1296:American Anthropologist 990:American Anthropologist 3649:10.3138/cjcrim.35.1.31 3146:Science for the People 2950:10.1006/anbe.1995.0143 2845:life history theory". 2723:Anthropological Theory 1651:Saini, Angela (2019). 1581:Lemke, Thomas (2011). 1256:Anthropological Theory 1098: 1007: 975: 945: 843:University of Delaware 836: 794: 682: 602:Anti-Defamation League 546:demographic transition 492:evolutionary biologist 203:, and other purported 3492:American Psychologist 3112:"Ideology as Biology" 3088:Stoddart Publishing ( 2768:American Psychologist 2032:"J. Philippe Rushton" 1966:Psychological Reports 1804:Wroe, Andrew (2008). 1781:10.1353/bhm.2003.0186 1322:Francisco Gil-White, 1188:Race and intelligence 1169:Psychological Reports 1113:wrote an article for 1069: 995: 960: 940: 853:Critical psychologist 827: 789: 677: 398:Race and intelligence 309:University of Toronto 299:Later life and career 197:race and intelligence 189:John Philippe Rushton 173:University of Toronto 138:Differential K theory 134:Race and intelligence 35:John Philippe Rushton 3768:on December 18, 2012 1562:Falk, Avner (2008). 1435:Knudtson P. (1991), 1073:American Renaissance 1039:American Renaissance 657:In a 1991 work, the 293:University of Oxford 277:University of London 267:Rushton was born in 241:American Renaissance 230:in nature, and as a 117:University of Oxford 108:University of London 4348:J. Philippe Rushton 4300:Canadian Psychology 4258:. 29 December 2020. 4004:2003EHumB..24..357P 3919:"Race and 'Reason'" 3760:(August 27, 2011). 3166:Harpending, Henry. 3110:(5 February 2022). 2606:2017Natur.545R.385. 2558:2009Natur.457..788C 1962:"Retraction notice" 1901:. 29 December 2020. 1338:Canadian Psychology 1126:In a paper for the 1111:New York University 900:magazine's Forum." 692:Library of Congress 25:J. Philippe Rushton 4336:2016-01-21 at the 3947:2006-12-31 at the 3924:2007-03-02 at the 3877:2010-02-02 at the 3854:2011-05-15 at the 3429:A Mirror to Nature 3275:2016-03-03 at the 3173:2011-08-17 at the 3009:2009-11-06 at the 2839:Templer, Donald I. 2394:(1989) 12:3 p. 528 2104:2016-03-04 at the 2082:2005-05-18 at the 2063:2008-04-20 at the 2010:The Globe and Mail 1742:Tucker, William H. 1432:See, for example: 1329:2012-06-18 at the 1247:See, for example: 936:white-collar crime 731:The psychologists 580:of psychometrics. 576:," similar to the 325:The Ottawa Citizen 303:Rushton taught at 3836:978-0-312-23838-4 3526:Zuckerman, Marvin 3498:(12): 1297–1303. 3488:Zuckerman, Marvin 3383:978-0-19-023655-7 3348:978-1-59033-970-1 3327:978-0-415-87424-3 3306:978-1-4129-5085-5 2552:(7231): 788–789. 1947:. 25 August 2021. 1851:www.splcenter.org 1817:978-0-230-61108-5 1759:978-0-252-07463-9 1727:978-0-313-35384-0 1678:Albany Law Review 1600:978-0-8147-5242-5 1573:978-0-313-35384-0 1554:978-0-415-26881-3 1527:978-1-56639-723-0 1508:978-0-8018-6537-4 1489:978-0-275-99569-0 1470:978-0-415-92340-8 1417:978-0-7619-9114-4 1398:978-0-415-27793-8 1193:Scientific racism 1065:William H. Tucker 1059:scientific racism 772:Shaun L. Gabbidon 745:Linda Gottfredson 724:, Harpending and 456:East Asian people 343:Work and opinions 281:social psychology 228:white supremacist 186: 185: 145:Scientific career 4479: 4326:Remembrance page 4315: 4312:10.1037/h0078934 4290: 4260: 4259: 4256:Retraction Watch 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4205: 4199: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4107: 4089: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4067: 4059: 4049: 4047:10.1.1.1022.3693 4031: 4022: 4016: 4015: 3987: 3981: 3971: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3939: 3933: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3897:. Archived from 3891: 3885: 3869: 3863: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3824: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3798:(1): 1 176–177. 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3764:. 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Barash 524:folk taxonomies 437:Rushton's book 435: 425: 415:Application of 400: 350: 345: 317:Ontario Premier 305:York University 301: 265: 175: 171: 169:York University 136: 132: 115: 106: 96: 95: 71: 68:London, Ontario 65: 61: 60:October 2, 2012 52: 46: 40: 38: 37: 36: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4485: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4355: 4354: 4352:Google Scholar 4345: 4340: 4328: 4321: 4320:External links 4318: 4317: 4316: 4291: 4281:(3): 218–223. 4262: 4261: 4243: 4232:. 17 June 2020 4221: 4200: 4189: 4170:(4): 381–384. 4154: 4135:(3): 278–287. 4119: 4098:(2): 328–336. 4075: 4040:(2): 320–327. 4017: 3998:(5): 357–364. 3982: 3966: 3953: 3934: 3911: 3886: 3864: 3841: 3835: 3809: 3779: 3749: 3738:(3): 345–353. 3718: 3699: 3680:(6): 672–679. 3654: 3620: 3593: 3566:(3): 237–255. 3547: 3517: 3479: 3444:(March 1989). 3433: 3420: 3400:(1989-02-08). 3389: 3382: 3352: 3331: 3310: 3281: 3268:Buist, Steve. 3261: 3250:(3): 218–223. 3227: 3192: 3179: 3159: 3131: 3098: 3077: 3056: 3044: 3015: 2996: 2963: 2928: 2901: 2864: 2853:(6): 440–444. 2830: 2803: 2781:10.1.1.174.313 2758: 2713: 2680: 2677:on 2012-07-22. 2659:10.1.1.186.102 2629: 2581: 2532: 2521:(6): 329–333. 2505: 2494:(3): 183–187. 2476: 2449:(4): 797–802. 2431: 2396: 2383: 2348: 2313: 2278: 2243: 2208: 2171: 2157: 2145: 2130: 2117: 2112:Ottawa Citizen 2088: 2069: 2050: 2023: 1993: 1950: 1929: 1904: 1886: 1872: 1860: 1857:on 2006-12-31. 1838: 1823: 1816: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1775:(4): 972–974. 1758: 1733: 1726: 1703: 1684:(3): 743–830. 1668: 1661: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1616:(3): 101–115. 1605: 1599: 1578: 1572: 1559: 1553: 1532: 1526: 1513: 1507: 1494: 1488: 1475: 1469: 1455:Welfare Racism 1448: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1403: 1397: 1376: 1370: 1333: 1320: 1298:. 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H. 3970: 3963: 3960:Stefan Kühl, 3957: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3930:racial hatred 3927: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3901:on 2006-12-31 3900: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3822: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3610: 3609: 3608:The Scientist 3604: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3560:Human Studies 3557: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3442:Lynn, Michael 3437: 3430: 3424: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2819:(2): 99–108. 2818: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2364:(3): 525–26. 2363: 2359: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2329:(3): 521–23. 2328: 2324: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294:(3): 542–44. 2293: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2175: 2167: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2127: 2121: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2027: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1934: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1882: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847:"40 to Watch" 1842: 1834: 1827: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1800: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1729: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1664: 1662:9780807076910 1658: 1654: 1647: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1565: 1564:Anti-Semitism 1560: 1556: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1419: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252:Graves, J. L. 1249: 1248: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:Henry Garrett 1074: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1006: 1004: 1000: 994: 992: 991: 986: 983: 979: 974: 971: 966: 959: 957: 953: 950: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 906: 905:meta-analysis 901: 899: 898: 893: 892:Philip Nobile 888: 884: 883: 877: 874: 872: 867: 864: 859: 857: 854: 850: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 826: 824: 823: 818: 813: 811: 807: 802: 799: 793: 788: 780: 777: 776:Anthony Walsh 773: 769: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 733:Arthur Jensen 729: 727: 723: 722: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 688: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 663: 660: 645: 643: 638: 637: 631: 628: 622: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 581: 579: 575: 571: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 532:Psychologist 530: 527: 525: 521: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 493: 488: 485: 481: 476: 474: 470: 465: 461: 457: 453: 451: 447: 442: 441: 434: 432: 429:Differential 422: 418: 412: 408: 405: 395: 393: 388: 383: 381: 380:control group 376: 375: 369: 367: 366:kin selection 364:'s theory of 363: 362:W.D. Hamilton 359: 355: 340: 337: 335: 329: 327: 326: 321: 318: 314: 310: 306: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 260: 258: 254: 250: 245: 243: 242: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 208: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 181: 178: 174: 170: 167: 163: 160: 159:psychometrics 156: 153: 149: 146: 142: 139: 135: 130: 129: 125: 121: 118: 113: 109: 103: 99: 93: 89: 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 59: 55: 50: 33: 29: 22: 19: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4265: 4255: 4246: 4234:. Retrieved 4224: 4212:. Retrieved 4203: 4192: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4095: 4091: 4078: 4064:cite journal 4037: 4033: 4020: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3977: 3969: 3961: 3956: 3937: 3914: 3903:. Retrieved 3899:the original 3889: 3867: 3859: 3844: 3820: 3812: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3770:. Retrieved 3766:the original 3752: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3677: 3673: 3657: 3643:(1): 31–36. 3640: 3636: 3623: 3612:. Retrieved 3606: 3596: 3563: 3559: 3550: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3495: 3491: 3482: 3455: 3449: 3436: 3428: 3423: 3412:. 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Wilson 656: 634: 632: 623: 620: 589: 587: 567: 557: 553: 549: 541: 537: 531: 528: 514: 510: 502: 498: 489: 483: 479: 477: 472: 468: 464:white people 460:black people 449: 445: 438: 436: 430: 420: 416: 409: 401: 384: 372: 370: 357: 351: 338: 330: 323: 302: 295:until 1974. 287:for work on 266: 246: 239: 216:Pioneer Fund 209: 188: 187: 165:Institutions 144: 126: 62:(2012-10-02) 18: 4372:2012 deaths 4367:1943 births 3860:UWO Gazette 3772:December 2, 3556:Teo, Thomas 3208:: 141–143. 1868:CPA Fellows 1712:Falk, Avner 1480:Hate Crimes 1447:) pp 6, 168 1051:immigration 911:Anti-racism 783:Unfavorable 570:personality 392:blood group 387:bereavement 269:Bournemouth 76:Nationality 49:Bournemouth 4361:Categories 3905:2007-03-17 3614:2018-04-17 3473:1813/72077 3458:(1): 1–6. 3414:2009-11-02 3152:8 February 3123:8 February 3094:0773724672 3073:0773724672 2652:(2): 235. 2412:(3): 529. 2259:(3): 520. 2224:(3): 519. 2189:(3): 518. 2126:Psychology 2016:2012-11-25 1923:2021-09-08 1445:0773724672 1199:References 1030:hate group 861:Biologist 856:Thomas Teo 633:In a 2005 507:Drosophila 257:replicable 232:hate group 155:Psychology 41:1943-12-03 4184:141815748 4100:CiteSeerX 4042:CiteSeerX 3758:Wise, Tim 3431:, pg 187 3222:151876759 2882:CiteSeerX 2776:CiteSeerX 2753:144377864 2731:CiteSeerX 2654:CiteSeerX 2426:144642600 2378:146530234 2343:143647523 2308:144834722 2273:144824187 2238:145551892 2203:145652857 1630:0022-4537 1358:1878-7304 1284:144377864 1276:1463-4996 1094:Ted Bundy 913:activist 897:Penthouse 662:biologist 653:Favorable 612:Reception 462:low, and 283:from the 84:Education 51:, England 4334:Archived 4306:: 1–13. 4149:91179275 3976:(2002). 3945:Archived 3922:Archived 3875:Archived 3852:Archived 3715:: 21–28. 3694:59065836 3665:(1995). 3631:(1993). 3588:53580412 3580:41478664 3398:CBC News 3273:Archived 3171:Archived 3096:) pg 190 3007:Archived 2798:15641921 2700:: 9–35. 2624:28541341 2576:19212385 2471:39489212 2143:, p A18. 2102:Archived 2080:Archived 2061:Archived 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