Jackson's Valley campaign

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On May 5, Jackson's army camped around Staunton, about 6 miles from Johnson's command. On May 7, Milroy, whose troops were based at McDowell, with pickets east of the mountain (elements of the 32nd Ohio) as an advance picket, and more troops posted around North Mountain, received intelligence that Jackson and Johnson were combining against him and, and skirmishing intensified across the valley between Union and Confederate pickets. Despite wishing for battle, he began to fall back across the Alleghenies due to knowledge of the enemy's numerical superiority, and he dispatched requests to Franklin for reinforcements, which general Schenck obliged and prepared his troops to move southwards to reinforce Milroy at 11:00 AM on May 7. Milroy attempted to stifle the rebel advance over Shenandoah Mountain by posting two artillery pieces along the road, which slowed down Jackson's column. As more Confederate columns continued to cross the mountains, Milroy decided to retreat northwards for McDowell and await arrival of reinforcements. On the morning of May 8, Milroy's command was surprised to see the Confederate troops moving to occupy strong positions atop Bull Pasture Mountain. Milroy immediately decided that a swift attack must be done while the rebel forces had still not consolidated their position, so he ordered his artillery to bombard the rebel positions atop Bull Pasture Mountain. Soon afterwards, at 10:00 AM, Schenck's column arrived and reinforced Milroy.

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for their troops to withdraw at night, Milroy recommended a preemptive assault on the hill and Schenck, his superior officer, approved. At about 4:30 p.m., 2,300 Federal troops crossed the river and assaulted Sitlington Hill. Their initial assault almost broke Johnson's right, but Jackson sent up Taliaferro's infantry and repulsed the Federals. The next attack was at the vulnerable center of the Confederate line, where the 12th Georgia Infantry occupied a salient that was subjected to fire from both sides. The Georgians, the only non-Virginians on the Confederate side, proudly and defiantly refused to withdraw to a more defensible position and took heavy casualties as they stood and fired, silhouetted against the bright sky as easy targets at the crest of the hill. One Georgia private exclaimed, "We did not come all this way to Virginia to run before Yankees." By the end of the day the 540 Georgians suffered 180 casualties, losses three times greater than any other regiment on the field. Johnson was wounded and Taliaferro assumed command of the battle while Jackson brought up additional reinforcements. The fighting continued until about 10 p.m., when the Union troops withdrew.

1617:, and the 1st Maryland Infantry, the latter bitter enemies of Kenly's Union 1st Maryland Infantry. The first shots were fired around 2 p.m. and the Confederates quickly pushed the small Federal detachment out of town. Kenly and his men made a stand on a hill just north of town and Jackson prepared to charge them with the Marylanders in the center and the Louisianians against their left flank. Before the attack could commence, Kenly saw Confederate cavalry approaching the bridges that he needed for his escape route and he immediately ordered his men to abandon their position. They first crossed the South Fork bridges and then the wooden Pike Bridge over the North Fork, which they set afire behind them. Taylor's Brigade raced in pursuit and Jackson ordered them to cross the burning bridge. As he saw the Federals escaping, Jackson was frustrated that he had no artillery to fire at them. His guns were delayed on the Gooney Manor Road detour route the infantry had taken and Ashby's cavalry had failed to deliver Jackson's orders for them to take the direct route after the battle started. 1705:

they did with little opposition, but they were soon subjected to punishing artillery and small arms fire from a second ridge to the southwest—Bower's Hill, the extreme right flank of the Federal line—and their attack stalled. Jackson ordered Taylor's Brigade to deploy to the west and the Louisianians conducted a strong charge against Bower's Hill, moving up the steep slope and over a stone wall. At the same time, Ewell's men were outflanking the extreme left of the Union line. The Union lines broke and the soldiers retreated through the streets of town. Jackson later wrote that Banks's troops "preserved their organization remarkably well" through the town. They did so under unusual pressure, as numerous civilians—primarily women—fired at the men and hurled objects from doorways and windows. Jackson was overcome with enthusiasm and rode cheering after the retreating enemy. When a staff officer protested that he was in an exposed position, Jackson shouted "Go back and tell the whole army to press forward to the Potomac!"

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reached a rise outside of Middletown at about 3 p.m. and began artillery bombardments of the Union column. The chaos that this produced was exacerbated by a charge by the Louisiana Tigers, who began looting and pillaging in the wagon train. When Union artillery and infantry arrived to challenge Jackson at around 4 p.m, Richard Taylor's infantry turned to meet the threat while Jackson sent his artillery and cavalry north to harass the Union column ahead. By the time Taylor's attack started the Union troops had withdrawn and Jackson realized that it was merely the rearguard of Banks's column. He sent word to Ewell to move quickly to Winchester and deploy for an attack south of the town. Jackson's men began a pursuit down the Valley Pike, but they were dismayed to see that Ashby's cavalrymen had paused to loot the wagon train and many of them had become drunk from Federal whiskey. The pursuit continued long after dark and after 1 a.m., Jackson reluctantly agreed to allow his exhausted men to rest for two hours.

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return to the army protecting Richmond if Banks moved eastward to join McDowell at Fredericksburg. Since Shields's division was reported to have left the Valley, Ewell was in a quandary about which orders to follow. He met in person with Jackson on May 18 at Mount Solon and the two generals decided that while in the Valley, Ewell reported operationally to Jackson, and that a prime opportunity existed to attack Banks's army, now depleted to fewer than 10,000 men, with their combined forces. When subsequent peremptory orders came to Ewell from Johnston to abandon this idea and march to Richmond, Jackson was forced to telegraph for help from Robert E. Lee, who convinced President Davis that a potential victory in the Valley had more immediate importance than countering Shields. Johnston modified his orders to Ewell: "The object you have to accomplish is the prevention of the junction of General Banks's troops and those of General McDowell's."

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March 23. Ashby's cavalry skirmished with the Federals on March 22, during which engagement Shields was wounded with a broken arm from an artillery shell fragment. Despite his injury, Shields sent part of his division south of Winchester and one brigade marching to the north, seemingly abandoning the area, but in fact halting nearby to remain in reserve. He then turned over tactical command of his division to Col. Nathan Kimball, although throughout the battle to come, he sent numerous messages and orders to Kimball. Confederate loyalists in Winchester mistakenly informed Turner Ashby that Shields had left only four regiments and a few guns (about 3,000 men) and that these remaining troops had orders to march for

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detachment. The results of the battle were lopsided. Union casualties were 773, of which 691 were captured. Confederate losses were 36 killed and wounded. Jackson's men captured about $ 300,000 of Federal supplies; Banks soon became known as "Commissary Banks" to the Confederates because of the many provisions they won from him during the campaign. Banks initially resisted the advice of his staff to withdraw, assuming the events at Front Royal were merely a diversion. As he came to realize that his position had been turned, at about 3 a.m. he ordered his sick and wounded to be sent from Strasburg to Winchester and his infantry began to march midmorning on May 24.

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determined skirmishers of the 15th Alabama Infantry for over an hour and he was unable to bring up his guns until 10 a.m. His opening artillery barrage was ineffective and did little more than alert Jackson at Port Republic that the battle had started. Frémont's men were arranged in a line running southwest to northeast on the Keezletown Road, facing Ewell's strong position about a mile south on a ridge behind Mill Creek, with both flanks anchored by dense woods. As they advanced, they wheeled left to become roughly parallel with the Confederate line. At about noon the Federal brigade on the left, commanded by Brig. Gen.

7310: 346:, a strategic small promontory but a commanding defensive position astride the Valley Turnpike south of Mt. Jackson. It was at Rude's Hill, which was Jackson's headquarters from April 2–17, that Jackson reorganized his command. Jackson had instructed Hotchkiss to "make me a map of the Valley, from Harper's Ferry to Lexington, showing all the points of offence and defence in those places." The Shenandoah Valley had never been comprehensively mapped before, and Hotchkiss' maps and knowledge of the terrain proved to be a decisive tactical advantage for Jackson throughout the rest of the campaign. 149: 1832:

the afternoon, inviting an attack that never came. As Frémont withdrew his men back to the Keezletown Road, Ewell decided against a counterattack, knowing that his force was seriously outnumbered. Trimble proposed the idea of a night attack to both Ewell and Jackson, but neither general agreed. The Confederates merely advanced to the previous Union position, ending a battle that, considering the percentage of troops engaged, was little more than a skirmish. Union casualties were 684, Confederate only 288, although two of Ewell's brigade commanders, Brig. Gens.

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widely scattered on a perimeter within which his troops could maneuver to concentrate against first one and then another of the Union forces. Lincoln managed very well, personally maneuvering the scattered Union armies. Since neither Lincoln nor his advisers felt that Jackson's small force could truly threaten Washington, they chose an offensive response as they sought to exploit their overwhelming forces and exterior position to overwhelm his army. But Jackson's great ability, celerity of movement, and successful series of small fights determined the outcome.

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positioned to attack and pursue Jackson's column as it passed by, and then to crush Jackson's army against Frémont's position at Harrisonburg. Unfortunately for Lincoln, his plan was complex and required synchronized movements by separate commands. McDowell was unenthusiastic about his role, wishing to retain his original mission of marching against Richmond to support McClellan, but he sent the division of Brig. Gen. James Shields, recently arrived from Banks's army, marching back to the Valley, to be followed by a second division, commanded by Maj. Gen.

661: 884: 906: 1492:, who were resisting the advance toward Staunton of Brig. Gen. Robert H. Milroy, the leading element of Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont's army. If Frémont and Banks were allowed to combine, Jackson's forces could be overwhelmed, so Jackson planned to defeat them in detail. Without waiting for Lee's reply, Jackson executed his plan and on April 30, Ewell's division replaced Jackson's men at Swift Run Gap. Jackson marched south to the town of Port Republic in heavy rains and on May 2, turned his men east in the direction of 1929:

Jackson's piecemeal deployment of troops for his heavy losses and argues that it was a battle that did not need to have been fought—the Confederates could have easily burned the North River bridge and slipped into the Blue Ridge via Brown's Gap Turnpike without losses. Union soldiers were particularly upset with the performance of their commanders, Shields and Frémont, and both of their military careers faded. Frémont resigned his command just weeks later, rather than be subordinated to his rival Maj. Gen.

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division to withdraw under the cover of darkness. They slipped away from Frémont and crossed the North River bridge. A hastily constructed bridge across the South River allowed the Confederates to move into the foggy, flat bottomland below the south bank of the South Fork of the Shenandoah River. The Stonewall Brigade led the advance on the road to Conrad's Store, the direction from which Shields would be approaching. Also that morning, Jackson ordered his trains to begin a march into Brown's Gap.

679: 697: 1531:. Overlooking the scene was a spur of Bullpasture Mountain known as Sitlington Hill, a mile-long plateau that could potentially dominate the Union position. However, there were two disadvantages: the single trail that reached the summit was so difficult that artillery could not be deployed there, and the rugged terrain—densely forested, steep slopes and ravines—offered opportunities for Union attackers to climb the 500 feet to the summit without being subjected to constant Confederate fire. 555:. In contrast, the orientation of the Valley offered little advantage to a Northern army headed toward Richmond. But denying the Valley to the Confederacy would be a significant blow. It was an agriculturally rich area—the 2.5 million bushels of wheat produced in 1860, for example, accounted for about 19% of the crop in the entire state and the Valley was also rich in livestock—that was used to provision Virginia's armies and the Confederate capital of Richmond. If the Federals could reach 1595: 57: 621: 1804: 1591:

building, tore up railroad track, and cut the telegraph wires, isolating Front Royal from Banks at Strasburg. Meanwhile, Jackson led his infantry on a detour over a path named Gooney Manor Road to skirt the reach of Federal guns on his approach to Front Royal. From a ridge south of town, Jackson observed that the Federals were camped near the confluence of the South and North Forks and that they would have to cross two bridges in order to escape from his pending attack.

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the Blue Ridge. Jackson decided to watch the road from Cedarville to Middletown. If Banks moved directly to Winchester, Jackson could hit him in his flank by using that road, but he deemed it unwise to commit his entire force from the Front Royal area until he could rule out the Blue Ridge escape possibility. He sent scouts from Turner Ashby's cavalry on the Strasburg–Front Royal Road and two regiments of cavalry from Ewell's division, commanded by Brig. Gen.

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five days, frequent clashes occurred between Turner Ashby's cavalry (screening the rear of Jackson's march) and lead Union cavalry. Ashby also burned some bridges across the South Fork of the Shenandoah River, delaying the Union pursuit and keeping Shields's and Frémont's forces separated. When contact was reestablished on June 6, Ashby was killed on Chestnut Ridge near Harrisonburg in a skirmish with Frémont's cavalry, commanded by Brig. Gen.

1001: 1759:, he ordered the Stonewall Brigade to demonstrate against Harpers Ferry on May 29–30. On May 30, Shields recaptured Front Royal and Jackson began moving his army back to Winchester. Lincoln's plan continued to unravel as Banks declared his army was too shaken to move in pursuit (and would remain north of the Potomac until June 10), Frémont moved slowly on poor roads (in contrast to Jackson, whose men had the advantage of the 1870: 430: 1306: 1019: 715: 1377:, which was moving south against Richmond in support of McClellan, remain in the vicinity of the capital. McClellan claimed that the loss of these forces prevented him from taking Richmond during his campaign. The strategic realignment of Union forces caused by Jackson's battle at Kernstown—the only battle he lost in his military career—turned out to be a strategic victory for the Confederacy. 1894:

his line with the 7th Louisiana Infantry of Taylor's brigade and ordered Taylor to make another attempt against the Union batteries. Winder perceived that the Federals were about to attack, so he ordered a preemptive charge, but in the face of point-blank volleys and running low on ammunition, the Stonewall Brigade was routed. At this point, Ewell arrived on the battlefield and ordered the

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armies in the field, took aggressive action in response. Not yielding to panic and drawing troops in for the immediate defense of the capital, he planned an elaborate offensive. He ordered Frémont to march from Franklin to Harrisonburg to engage Jackson and Ewell, to "operate against the enemy in such a way as to relieve Banks." He also sent orders to McDowell at Fredericksburg:

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travel 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days of marching and won five significant victories with a force of about 17,000 against a combined force of over 50,000. Jackson had accomplished his difficult mission, causing Washington to withhold over 40,000 troops from McClellan's offensive. Military historians Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones summarized a successful campaign:

1421:, showing all the points of offense and defense." Given Hotchkiss's mapmaking skills, Jackson would have a significant advantage over his Federal opponents in the campaign to come. On April 1, Banks lunged forward, advancing to Woodstock along Stony Creek, where he once again was delayed by supply problems. Jackson took up a new position at 1357:

to his left, but by the time they arrived around 6 p.m., Garnett's Stonewall Brigade had run out of ammunition and he pulled them back, leaving Fulkerson's right flank exposed. Jackson tried in vain to rally his troops to hold, but the entire Confederate force was forced into a general retreat. Kimball organized no effective pursuit.

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to attack Strasburg, where Banks began to be concerned that his 4,476 infantry, 1,600 cavalry, and 16 artillery pieces might be insufficient to withstand Jackson's 16,000 men. However, Jackson's plan was first to defeat the small Federal outpost at Front Royal (about 1,000 men of the 1st Maryland Infantry under Col.

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Explains that casualty figures are difficult to calculate because the Union forces reported combined losses for Front Royal and First Winchester, amounting to 71 killed, 243 wounded, and 1,714 missing or captured; for those same 3 days, May 23–25, the Confederates reported 68 killed, 329 wounded, and

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Jackson's troops were awakened at 4 a.m. on May 25 to fight the second Sunday battle of the campaign. Jackson was pleased to find during a personal reconnaissance that Banks had not properly secured a key ridge south of the town. He ordered Charles Winder's Stonewall Brigade to occupy the hill, which

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While Jackson was at McDowell, Ewell was fidgeting at Swift Run Gap, trying to sort out numerous orders he was receiving from Jackson and Johnston. On May 13 Jackson ordered Ewell to pursue Banks if he withdrew down the Valley from Strasburg, whereas Johnston had ordered Ewell to leave the Valley and

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and began marching over the Blue Ridge. To the surprise of his men and officers, whom Jackson habitually left in the dark as to his intentions, on May 4 they boarded trains that were heading west, not east toward Richmond, as they had anticipated. The movement to the east had been a clever deception.

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During this period, Jackson also faced difficulty within his own command. He arrested Garnett and had a nasty confrontation with Turner Ashby in which Jackson displayed his displeasure at Ashby's performance by stripping him of 10 of his 21 cavalry companies and reassigning them to Charles S. Winder,

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Banks advanced again on April 16, surprising Ashby's cavalry by fording Stony Creek at a place they had neglected to picket, capturing 60 of the horsemen, while the remainder of Ashby's command fought their way back to Jackson's position on Rude's Hill. Jackson assumed that Banks had been reinforced,

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Around 4 p.m, Tyler attacked Fulkerson and Garnett on a narrow front. The Confederates were temporarily able to counter this attack with their inferior numbers by firing fierce volleys from behind the stone wall. Jackson, finally realizing the strength of the force opposing him, rushed reinforcements

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With the success of his Valley campaign, Stonewall Jackson became the most celebrated soldier in the Confederacy (until his reputation was eventually eclipsed by Lee's), and his victories lifted the morale of the public. In a classic military campaign of surprise and maneuver, he pressed his army to

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The Battle of Port Republic had been poorly managed by Jackson and was the most damaging to the Confederates in terms of casualties—816 against a force one half his size (about 6,000 to 3,500). Union casualties were 1,002, with a high percentage representing prisoners. Historian Peter Cozzens blames

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Jackson learned at 7 a.m. that the Federals were approaching his column. Without proper reconnaissance or waiting for the bulk of his force to come up, he ordered Winder's Stonewall Brigade to charge through the thinning fog. The brigade was caught between artillery on its flank and rifle volleys to

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By mid-afternoon, Frémont had sent only five of his 24 regiments into battle and Ewell expected another attack. The impatient Trimble launched his own offensive against a Union battery, which took his brigade a mile in advance of the rest of Ewell's division. He and his men sat there for the rest of

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would be crucial. If he could hold or destroy the bridges in this area at the confluence of the South River and North River with the South Fork of the Shenandoah River, he could prevent the two Union armies from combining against him. He positioned most of his army on the high ground overlooking the

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As the two Union armies converged at the southwestern end of Massanutten Mountain, Jackson had the option of escaping through Brown's Gap towards Charlottesville and marching to Richmond, which was closely threatened by McClellan's army. However, he was determined to finish his work in the Valley by

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Valley Pike), and Shields would not leave Front Royal until Ord's division arrived. Jackson reached Strasburg before either of the Union armies and the only source of concern was that the Stonewall Brigade had been delayed at Harpers Ferry, but it caught up with the rest of Jackson's army after noon

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over Massanutten Mountain, combining with Ewell on May 22, and proceeded down the Luray Valley. Their speed of forced marching was typical of the campaign and earned his infantrymen the nickname of "Jackson's foot cavalry". He sent Ashby's cavalry directly north to make Banks think that he was going

743:, expanded significantly during the campaign as reinforcements were added, starting with a force of a mere 5,000 effectives and reaching an eventual peak of 17,000 men. It remained, however, greatly outnumbered by the various Union armies opposing it, which together numbered 52,000 men in June 1862. 2830:

Cozzens, p. 499; Clark, p. 170, cites 615 Confederate casualties, 1,018 Union, including 558 captured; Kennedy, p. 87, cites 800 Confederate, 800–1,000 Union. Krick, pp. 507–12, presents the detailed casualties for the combined battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic: Confederate 1,263 (239 killed,

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Salmon, p. 38; Cozzens, p. 273, cites Union casualties of 259 (26 killed, 230 wounded, and 3 missing), and Confederate casualties of 532 (146 killed, 382 wounded, and 4 missing); Eicher, p. 259, cites Union casualties of 256 (26 killed, 227 wounded, and 3 missing), and Confederate casualties of 498

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On June 7, Ewell maneuvered in an invitation for Frémont to attack him, but despite receiving a message from his colleague Shields, urging him to "thunder down on rear," Frémont demurred in the face of Ewell's strong position. On Sunday, June 8, Jackson hoped to avoid a fight on the Sabbath, but a

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You are instructed to lay aside for the present the movement on Richmond to put twenty thousand men in motion at once for the Shenandoah, moving on the line or in advance of the Manassas Gap Railroad. Your object will be to capture the forces of Jackson and Ewell, either in cooperation with General

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Early on May 23, Turner Ashby and a detachment of cavalry forded the South Fork of the Shenandoah River and rode northwest to capture a Union depot and railroad trestle at Buckton Station. Two companies of Union infantry defended the structures briefly, but the Confederates prevailed and burned the

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The Union generals realized that they were outnumbered by the 10,000 men that Jackson and Johnson commanded and that their men would be particularly vulnerable to artillery fire from Sitlington Hill. They did not realize that Jackson could not bring up his artillery. Therefore, in order to buy time

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At first light the day after Kernstown, Union forces pursued Jackson and drove Ashby's cavalry in a panic. However, Banks called off the pursuit while supply problems were addressed. For the next three days the Union forces advanced slowly while Jackson retreated to Mount Jackson. It was there that

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Always outnumbered seven to three, every time Jackson engaged he fought with the odds of about four to three in his favor—because, moving rapidly on interior lines, he hit fractions of his enemy with the bulk of his own command. ... Jackson enjoyed the great advantage that the northerners remained

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Jackson sent messages to Richmond requesting that his force be augmented to 40,000 men so that he could assume the offensive down the Valley and across the Potomac. Lee sent him about 14,000 reinforcements, but then revealed his plan to call Jackson to Richmond to counterattack McClellan's Army of

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Taylor attacked the infantry and artillery on the Coaling three times before prevailing, but having achieved their objective, were faced by a new charge from three Ohio regiments. It was only the surprise appearance by Ewell's troops that convinced Tyler to withdraw his men. The Confederates began

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After his assault on the Coaling failed, Jackson ordered the rest of Ewell's division, primarily Trimble's brigade, to cross over the North River bridge and burn it behind them, keeping Frémont's men isolated to the north of the River. While he waited for these troops to arrive, Jackson reinforced

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The enemy poured grape and musketry into Taylor's line as soon as it came in sight. Gen. Taylor rode in front of his brigade, drawn sword in hand, occasionally turning his horse, at other times merely turning in his saddle to see that his line was up. They marched up the hill in perfect order, not

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On May 24, Jackson planned to intercept Banks's retreating army, but it was not clear what route Banks would take. He could either march straight for Winchester or, if the Confederates abandoned Front Royal and raced to Winchester ahead of him, he could slip behind them and escape to the east over

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to the Valley from their intended mission to reinforce George B. McClellan on the Peninsula. At 4 p.m. on May 24, he telegraphed to McClellan, "In consequence of General Banks's critical position I have been compelled to suspend General McDowell's movements to you. The enemy are making a desperate

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was well underway and Joseph E. Johnston had relocated most of his army for the direct protection of Richmond, leaving Jackson's force isolated. Johnston sent new orders to Jackson, instructing him to prevent Banks from seizing Staunton and the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, reinforcing him with

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928 wounded, and 96 missing or captured), Union 1,903 (272 killed, 849 wounded, and 782 missing or captured). Eicher, p. 266, also gives combined casualties: Confederate 1,150 (139 killed, 951 wounded, and 60 missing or captured), Union 1,702 (181 killed, 836 wounded, and 685 missing or captured).

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On June 2, Union forces pursued Jackson—McDowell up the Luray Valley and Frémont up the main Valley (west of Massanutten Mountain). Jackson's men made good time on the Valley Pike, marching more than 40 miles in one 36-hour period, but heavy rains and deep mud delayed their pursuers. For the next

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Union casualties were 590 (118 killed, 450 wounded, 22 captured or missing), Confederate 718 (80 killed, 375 wounded, 263 captured or missing). Despite the Union victory, President Lincoln was disturbed by Jackson's audacity and his potential threat to Washington. He sent Banks back to the Valley

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Jackson's orders from Johnston were to prevent Banks's force from leaving the Valley, which it appeared they were now doing. Jackson turned his men around and, in one of the more grueling forced marches of the war, moved northeast 25 miles on March 22 and another 15 to Kernstown on the morning of

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Frémont moved cautiously to approach Ewell's position on the morning of June 8, assuming that he was outnumbered, although he actually outnumbered the Confederates 11,500 to 5,800. (Richard Taylor's brigade was detached from Ewell's division for service with Jackson.) His men were held up by the

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Word of Banks's ejection from the Valley caused consternation in Washington because of the possibility that the audacious Jackson might continue marching north and threaten the capital. President Lincoln, who in the absence of a general in chief was exerting day to day strategic control over his

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Receiving word from Steuart that the Federals had indeed begun a retreat down the Valley Pike, Jackson began directing forces to Middletown. Although they had to contend with Union cavalry (five companies of the 1st Maine and two companies of the 1st Vermont) and were thus delayed en route, they

1844: 1752:, who had been attacked in southwestern Virginia on May 23.) But as a result, instead of a figurative hammer (Shields) striking at Jackson on an anvil (Frémont), all Lincoln could hope for would be a pincer movement catching Jackson at Strasburg, which would require intricate timing to succeed. 1444:

Though Banks was aware of Jackson's location, he misinterpreted Jackson's intent, thinking that Jackson was heading east of the Blue Ridge to aid Richmond. Without clear direction from Washington as to his next objective, Banks proposed his force also be sent east of the Blue Ridge, telling his

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After Jackson's victories at Cross Keys and Port Republic, the Union forces withdrew. Frémont marched back to Harrisonburg, where he was frustrated to find orders from Lincoln he had not received in time, telling him not to advance beyond that town against Jackson. As the weather became clear,

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Stonewall Jackson's plan for June 9 was to concentrate his forces and overwhelm the outnumbered Shields at Port Republic. He rightly assumed that Frémont would be too shaken to launch a major attack and that he could be held at bay with a mere token force, so he ordered the majority of Ewell's

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The Confederate pursuit was ineffective because Ashby had ordered his cavalry away from the mainstream to chase a Federal detachment. Jackson lamented, "Never was there such a chance for cavalry. Oh that my cavalry was in place!" The Federals fled relatively unimpeded for 35 miles in 14 hours,

1349:)—attacked the Union artillery position on Pritchard Hill. The lead brigade under Fulkerson was repulsed, so Jackson decided to move around the Union right flank, about 2 miles west on Sandy Ridge, which appeared to be unoccupied. Kimball countered the maneuver by moving his brigade under Col. 1739:

Lincoln's plan was to spring a trap on Jackson using three armies. Frémont's movement to Harrisonburg would place him on Jackson's supply line. Banks would recross the Potomac and pursue Jackson if he moved up the Valley. The detachment from McDowell's corps would move to Front Royal and be

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arrived at that moment and Jackson set them off in pursuit of Kenly. The retreating Union troops were forced to halt and make a stand at Cedarville. Although the cavalrymen were outnumbered three to one, they charged the Union line, which broke but reformed. A second charge routed the Union

1543:, Schenck took up a defensive position and Jackson did not attempt to attack him. Union casualties were 259 (34 killed, 220 wounded, 5 missing), Confederate 420 (116 killed, 300 wounded, 4 missing), one of the rare cases in the Civil War where the attacker lost fewer men than the defender. 1882:. Attempting to extricate himself from a potential disaster, Jackson realized that the Union artillery fire was coming from a spur of the Blue Ridge that was known locally as the Coaling, where charcoal was made by a local family for their blacksmith shop. Jackson and Winder sent the 2093:, which happened during the same time period, but involved neither Jackson nor the Shenandoah Valley. The focus of this article is on Jackson's operations in the Valley that influenced the Lincoln Administration to challenge him with forces that could have been used by Maj. Gen. 1781:

town from the south bank of the North River, from where his artillery could command the town and fords across the South River, preventing Shields from crossing. He deployed Ewell's division on a ridge about 7 miles north near the village of Cross Keys, ready to receive Frémont.

1684:, to Newtown, hoping to intercept the vanguard of Banks's column. At the same time, he ordered Ewell to take the bulk of his division on the road to Winchester, but not to get too far away in case he had to be recalled. The remainder of Jackson's army moved north to Cedarville. 1441:. Banks occupied New Market and crossed Massanutten Mountain to seize the bridges across the South Fork in the Luray Valley, once again besting Ashby's cavalry, who failed to destroy the bridges in time. Banks now controlled the valley as far south as Harrisonburg. 1772:. This was a significant loss for the Confederacy since Ashby (the "Black Knight") was one of its most promising cavalry generals (Ashby having been promoted to brigadier general on June 3). Jackson later wrote, "As a partisan officer, I never knew his superior." 3021: 1473:

Garnett's replacement in command of the Stonewall Brigade. Winder mediated between the two officers and the stubborn Jackson uncharacteristically backed down, restoring Ashby's command. More importantly, Jackson received an April 21 letter from Gen.

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Robertson, p. 346; Cozzens, p. 215, cites 737 (139 killed, 312 wounded, 253 captured, and 33 missing); Eicher, p. 211, cites 718 (80 killed, 375 wounded, and 263 missing); Clark, p. 71, Kennedy, p. 78, and Salmon, p. 35, cite 718 total Confederate

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outside Richmond. His audacious campaign elevated him to the position of the most famous general in the Confederacy (until this reputation was later supplanted by Lee) and has been studied ever since by military organizations around the world.

1223:, across the Potomac to protect the canal and railroad from Ashby. Banks moved south against Winchester in conjunction with Shields's division approaching from the direction of Romney. Jackson's command was operating as the left wing of Gen. 1039:

Union forces varied considerably during the campaign as armies arrived and withdrew from the Valley. The forces were generally from three independent commands, an arrangement which reduced the effectiveness of the Union response to Jackson.

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Milroy and Schenck marched their men north from McDowell beginning at 12:30 a.m. on May 9. Jackson attempted to pursue, but by the time his men started the Federals were already 13 miles away. On a high ridge overlooking the road to

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Jackson and his army, in one month, have routed Milroy—annihilated Banks—discomfited Frémont, and overthrown Shields! Was there ever such a series of victories won by an inferior force by dauntless courage and consummate generalship?

492:. However, Jackson's Confederate troops were in "excellent spirits," laying the foundation for his performance in the Valley that spring, which helped derail the Union plans and re-energize Confederate morale elsewhere. 3448: 2030:, under Maj. Gen. John Pope, incorporating the units of Banks, Frémont, McDowell, and several smaller ones from around Washington and western Virginia. This army was soundly defeated by Lee and Jackson in August at the 567:. Stonewall Jackson wrote to a staff member, "If this Valley is lost, Virginia is lost." In addition to Jackson's campaign in 1862, the Valley was subjected to conflict for virtually the entire war, most notably in the 1487:

Jackson's plan was to have Ewell's division move into position at Swift Run Gap to threaten Banks's flank, while Jackson's force marched toward the Allegheny Mountains to assist the detached 2,800 men under Brig. Gen.

2000:, from June 25 to July 1. Jackson delivered an uncharacteristically lethargic performance in many of those battles, perhaps because of the physical strains of the Valley campaign and the exhausting march to Richmond. 2176:

Cozzens, p. 4.: "Greater arguably than the strategic value of Jackson's victories in the Shenandoah Valley was the boost they gave to Southern morale, which in the spring of 1862 was at its nadir." Gallagher, p.

1960:

A star has arisen: his name , the haughty foe has found, to his cost, has been given prophetically, as he proved a wall of granite to them. For four weeks he has kept at bay more than one of the boasted armies."

337:

against Richmond. Following Kernstown, Jackson retreated to form a line at Stony Creek south of Woodstock, making his headquarters at Narrow Passage on Stony Creek. It was there he summoned a local cartographer,

7028: 1744:. But Frémont was the real problem for Lincoln's plan. Rather than marching east to Harrisonburg as ordered, he took note of the exceptionally difficult road conditions on Lincoln's route and marched north to 2509:

Cozzens, p. 307; Salmon, p. 41, estimates 900 Union casualties and fewer than 100 Confederate; Clark, p. 128, cites 904 Union casualties (750 captured) and 35 Confederate; Kennedy, p. 81, cites 904 Union, 56

3434:. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: Being for the Most Part Contributions by Union and Confederate officers: Based upon "The Century War Series". Vol. I. New York: The Century Company. p. 784. 7109: 6765: 1988:

the Potomac and drive it away from Richmond. He needed all of the combat power he could muster and he wanted Jackson to attack the relatively unprotected right flank of McClellan's army, north of the

1330:

in the morning. Jackson marched aggressively north with his 3,000-man division, reduced from its peak as stragglers fell out of the column, unaware that he was soon to be attacking almost 9,000 men.

1145:

Also at the end of May, McDowell was ordered to send troops to the Valley. Thus Shields returned to the Valley with his division consisting of the brigades of Brig. Gen. Nathan Kimball, Brig. Gen.

801:, Jackson commanded two infantry divisions and a cavalry command. "Jackson's Division" consisted of the brigades of Brig. Gen. Charles S. Winder, Col. John A. Campbell (wounded and replaced by Col. 2022:

On the Union side, a command shakeup resulted from the embarrassing defeat by a smaller force. McDowell's corps remained in the defense of Washington, with only one division (under Brig. Gen.

1250:

area to protect Richmond. Without this protective movement, the Federal army under Banks might strike at Johnston through passes in the Blue Ridge Mountains. By March 12, 1862, Banks occupied

535:

to Luray. The Valley offered two strategic advantages to the Confederates. First, a Northern army entering Virginia could be subjected to Confederate flanking attacks pouring through the many

3301: 1906:

bombarding the Union troops on the flat lands, with Ewell himself gleefully manning one of the cannons. More Confederate reinforcements began to arrive, including the brigade of Brig. Gen.

1727:

Frémont or in case want of supplies or of transportation interferes with his movement, it is believed that the force with which you move will be sufficient to accomplish the object alone.

1087:. At the end of April, Shields' division would be transferred from Banks to McDowell's command, leaving Banks with just one division, under Williams, consisting of the brigades of Cols. 395:. Jackson was now threatened by three small Union armies. Withdrawing up the Valley from Winchester, Jackson was pursued by Frémont and Shields. On June 8, Ewell defeated Frémont in the 7452: 2137: 7447: 1820:'s brigade across a clearing and up a hill, only to be surprised by a wave of musket fire. The 500 men of the 8th New York Infantry suffered nearly 50% casualties in the engagement. 6758: 927: 2111: 2026:) able to join McClellan on the Peninsula. Lincoln was disillusioned by the command difficulties of controlling multiple forces in this campaign and created a single new army, the 1286:

to guard the lower (northeastern) Valley, and intelligence indicated that it was withdrawing toward Winchester. Banks made preparations to leave the Valley personally on March 23.

6377: 1373:'s plans for the defenses of Washington while the Peninsula campaign was underway and decided that the forces were insufficient. He eventually ordered that the corps of Maj. Gen. 437:

In the spring of 1862 "Southern morale... was at its nadir" and "prospects for the Confederacy's survival seemed bleak." Following the successful summer of 1861, particularly the

1235:

in March, Jackson's position at Winchester was isolated. He began withdrawing "up" the Valley (to the higher elevations at the southwest end of the Valley) to cover the flank of

6696: 6523: 4238: 1915:

The impetuosity of Jackson had betrayed him into attacking before his troops were sufficiently massed, which was made difficult by the insufficient means of crossing the river.

1755:

Jackson received word of Shields's return march on May 26, but he had been urged by Robert E. Lee to threaten the line of the Potomac. So while the bulk of his army camped near

539:

across the Blue Ridge. Second, the Valley offered a protected avenue that allowed Confederate armies to head north into Pennsylvania unimpeded; this was the route taken by Gen.

3701:. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XII–XXIV–II. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 3676:. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XII–XXIV–I. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1748:. (He also was cognizant of the enormous area his department was required to defend and he was concerned about dividing his force and abandoning his subordinate, Brig. Gen. 6751: 357:, preventing a potential combination of the two Union armies against him. Jackson then headed down the Valley once again to confront Banks. Concealing his movement in the 1902:

regiments to strike the left flank of the advancing Union battle line. Tyler's men fell back, but reorganized and drove Ewell's men into the forest south of the Coaling.

1527:, to find that Allegheny Johnson was deploying his infantry. The Union force of about 6,000 under Milroy and Schenck was camped in the village to the west side of the 1980:. Shields, who complained bitterly about the exhaustion of his division, marched slowly to Front Royal and on June 21 marched across the Blue Ridge to join Maj. Gen. 3175: 6206: 1976:

harassed Frémont's withdrawal, which reached Mount Jackson on June 11, and then unencumbered to Middletown on June 14 where he joined with Banks and Brig. Gen.

97: 5661: 5656: 2686:

Eicher, p. 211: McClellan was relieved of his position as general in chief in March in order to concentrate on the field operations of his Army of the Potomac.

1453:, leaving Banks in the Valley with only a single division. Banks was then instructed to retreat down the valley and assume a defensive position at Strasburg. 5666: 759: 1910:, and the Union army reluctantly began to withdraw. Jackson remarked to Ewell, "General, he who does not see the hand of God in this is blind, sir, blind." 1713:. Union casualties were 2,019 (62 killed, 243 wounded, and 1,714 missing or captured), Confederate losses were 400 (68 killed, 329 wounded, and 3 missing). 1652:

The most significant after effect of Banks's minor loss at Front Royal was a decision by Abraham Lincoln to redirect 20,000 men from the corps of Maj. Gen.

6427: 6316: 6301: 4145: 802: 6093: 6013: 4541: 4275: 1890:

regiments through the thick underbrush up the hill, where they encountered three Union infantry regiments supporting the artillery and were repulsed.

349:

On May 8, after more than a month of skirmishing with Banks, Jackson moved deceptively to the west of the Valley and drove back elements of Maj. Gen.

7218: 7088: 7013: 6859: 6782: 6121: 1088: 6874: 4536: 755: 1789:, almost captured the Confederate trains in Port Republic and Jackson himself narrowly escaped by galloping over a bridge across the North River. 6311: 6286: 6088: 5996: 4546: 4280: 6138: 5781: 5170: 5049: 3791: 1478: 2141: 883: 6962: 6665: 6023: 5776: 5771: 5197: 17: 5029: 4099: 3726:. The Union Army, 1861–1865: Organization and Operations. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 1084. 1694:

firing a shot! About half-way to the Yankees in a loud and commanding voice that I am sure the Yankees heard, he gave the order to charge!

1369:

be detached from McClellan's Army of the Potomac and sent to reinforce Frémont. Lincoln also took this opportunity to re-examine Maj. Gen.

1059:; and on April 4, he assumed command of the Department of the Shenandoah. His force initially consisted of two divisions under Brig. Gens. 593: 1445:

superiors that "such order would electrify our force." Instead, Lincoln decided to detach Shield's division and transfer it to Maj. Gen.

6586: 6116: 5165: 4924: 2115: 1173:

and suddenly a hero at First Manassas, was familiar with the valley terrain, having lived there for many years. His command included the

6680: 6543: 6528: 4959: 4575: 3999: 3749: 2767:

Cozzens, pp. 464–76; Kennedy, p. 84; Krick, pp. 183–275; Salmon, p. 49; Freeman, vol. 1, pp. 445–46; Eicher, pp. 265–66; Clark, p. 164.

1484:, requesting that he and Ewell attack Banks to reduce the threat against Richmond that was being posed by McDowell at Fredericksburg. 6910: 6774: 6533: 6296: 6266: 5904: 5833: 4531: 4526: 601: 442: 300:, Jackson's 17,000 men marched 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days and won several minor battles as they successfully engaged three 6447: 6382: 5084: 5059: 4295: 4270: 4220: 4200: 905: 660: 1878:

its front and fell back in disarray. They had run into two brigades at the vanguard of Shields's army, 3,000 men under Brig. Gen.

6650: 6625: 6341: 6038: 5934: 5786: 5119: 4999: 4210: 3860: 3160:

Operational Leadership Once Beyond the Culminating Point: Perspectives on Calculated Tactical Risk to Achieve Operational Success

2240: 1933:. He resigned his commission in June 1864. Shields received no more combat assignments and resigned from the Army in March 1863. 585: 495:

During the Civil War, the Shenandoah Valley was one of the most strategic geographic features of Virginia. The watershed of the

5009: 6591: 6336: 5079: 5074: 4749: 1209: 858: 597: 7437: 4919: 1361:

along with Alpheus Williams's division. He also was concerned that Jackson might move into western Virginia against Maj. Gen.

6880: 6163: 5155: 5150: 5014: 4914: 4165: 1837: 1681: 1279: 1060: 810: 388: 7407: 1341:

against Kimball's position on the Valley Turnpike while his main force—the brigades of Col. Samuel Fulkerson and Brig. Gen.

805:), and Col. Samuel V. Fulkerson (replaced by Brig. Gen. William B. Taliaferro). The Second Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. 6422: 6126: 6098: 5337: 5145: 5114: 5044: 4904: 4478: 2731:

Eicher, p. 263; Robertson, pp. 428–29; Cozzens, pp. 424–28, 438–40; Salmon, p. 46; Krick, pp. 21, 26–32; Clark, pp. 157–58.

1610: 826: 589: 1469:. Jackson, at a strong defensive position on Rude's Hill, corresponded with Ewell to develop a strategy for the campaign. 6791: 6412: 6402: 6053: 5761: 5124: 5089: 4984: 4562: 4009: 3991: 3822: 1622:

By God, sir, I will not retreat. We have more to fear from the opinions of our friends than the bayonets of our enemies.

866: 5039: 1106:

commanded the Mountain Department, west of the Valley. In early May, part of Frémont's command consisting of Brig. Gen.

7149: 7034: 6832: 6563: 6553: 6538: 6306: 6131: 5160: 5109: 5054: 5019: 5004: 4994: 4979: 4954: 4909: 4894: 4829: 4706: 4155: 3314: 3309:. Military Campaigns of the Civil War (Kindle ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 280. 1184:

and 6,000 troops, but his combined force was insufficient for offensive operations. While Banks remained north of the

7115: 7103: 6675: 6558: 6548: 6276: 5872: 5766: 5643: 5140: 5104: 5024: 4964: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4889: 4320: 4312: 4190: 4134: 3731: 3603: 3576: 3549: 3517: 3482: 3343: 3275: 3205: 3069: 3034: 2972: 2940: 850: 787: 385: 620: 7286: 6904: 5069: 5034: 4974: 4929: 4092: 862: 2336:

Cozzens, p. 215, Eicher, p. 211; Salmon, p. 35, Kennedy, p. 78, and Clark, p. 71, cite 590 total Union casualties.

6635: 6620: 6502: 6462: 6361: 6346: 6331: 6326: 6158: 6063: 5094: 4989: 4949: 4670: 4506: 3361: 2090: 1353:

to the west, but Fulkerson's men reached a stone wall facing a clearing on the ridge before the Union men could.

740: 678: 560: 536: 228: 7334: 6660: 5979: 5743: 5099: 5064: 4969: 4675: 4205: 3654: 3630: 3458: 3403: 3240: 3139: 2999: 2749:

Cozzens, pp. 443–51; Robertson, pp. 431–32; Eicher, p. 265; Krick, pp. 39–86; Salmon, p. 48; Clark, pp. 160–61.

1337:

and arrived before the Union position at Kernstown around 11 a.m., Sunday, March 23. He sent Turner Ashby on a

1262:. On March 21, Jackson received word that Banks was splitting his force, with two divisions (under Brig. Gens. 854: 327: 3333: 7386: 7381: 7345: 7233: 6967: 6018: 5939: 5756: 5222: 4680: 4488: 1388:. Garnett suffered from the humiliation of his court-martial for over a year, until he was finally killed in 696: 466: 167: 3300:; Koeniger, A. Cash; Krick, R. E. L.; Krick, Robert K.; Miller, William J. (2010). Gary W. Gallagher (ed.). 2089:, which is based on the CWSAC work) includes the battles from Kernstown to Port Republic, but also adds the 1657:

push upon Harper's Ferry, and we are trying to throw Frémont's force and part of McDowell's in their rear."

7256: 7204: 7179: 7127: 7040: 6291: 6033: 5823: 5798: 5510: 4290: 4230: 3950: 1930: 512: 4031: 3088: 2409:

Peter S. Carmichael (Gallagher, pp. 156–57); Clark, pp. 89–95; Cozzens, pp. 252–54; Robertson, pp. 361–64.

7281: 7194: 7169: 7164: 6722: 6470: 6221: 6058: 6048: 6043: 6001: 5425: 4724: 4175: 4085: 3845: 2812:

Clark, 169–70; Eicher, p. 266; Cozzens, pp. 491–97; Krick, pp. 419–58; Kennedy, p. 87; Salmon, pp. 53–54.

1756: 1197: 1170: 964: 3674:

Reports, Mar 17–Jun 25; Operations in Northern Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland. Mar 17–Sep 2, 1862

3641: 3590: 3512:. Oxford History of the United States (1st ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 904. 3504: 3469: 7276: 7189: 7121: 7069: 7052: 6952: 6898: 6892: 6808: 6613: 6201: 6028: 5911: 5889: 5818: 5733: 4794: 4595: 4473: 4455: 4026: 4020: 3975: 3960: 3699:

Reports, Jun 26–Sep 2; Operations in Northern Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland. Mar 17–Sep 2, 1862

2035: 1666: 1404: 982: 399:

and on the following day, crossed the North River to join forces with Jackson to defeat Shields in the

370: 3390: 3270:. Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command. Vol. I. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 773. 3262: 3227: 3056: 2231:

This name was derived from the district name (District of the Valley). The official designation of an

1827:

The battle of Cross Keys—Sunday June 7, 1862 —Genl. Fremont and Genl. Jackson, drawing by Edwin Forbes

1776:

defeating the two opposing armies in detail. To accomplish this, he recognized that the small town of

1731: 7442: 7354: 7046: 6989: 6972: 6957: 6802: 6732: 6645: 6601: 6407: 6189: 5991: 5964: 5944: 5845: 5651: 5556: 4854: 4769: 4685: 4335: 4260: 3780: 2758:

Cozzens, pp. 456–64; Krick, pp. 137–81; Eicher, p. 265; Kennedy, p. 84; Salmon, p. 49; Clark, p. 164.

2074: 2031: 1745: 1524: 1493: 1300: 1193: 1048: 747: 642: 312: 3788: 2776:

Cozzens, p. 477, Clark, p. 165, and Kennedy, p. 84; Salmon, p. 49, cites 664 Union, 287 Confederate.

2163: 7144: 6999: 6845: 6608: 6492: 6417: 6392: 6387: 6351: 6271: 5969: 5954: 5535: 4819: 4784: 4719: 4660: 4655: 4385: 3970: 3945: 3922: 3879: 3421: 2436:

Cozzens, pp. 266–72; Keith S. Bohannon (Gallagher, pp. 119–23); Clark, pp. 102–103; Kennedy, p. 80.

2236: 1489: 1466: 1450: 892: 791: 669: 568: 552: 438: 31: 2482:

Cozzens, pp. 297–304; Kennedy, p. 81; Salmon, pp. 40–41; Clark, pp. 123–26; Robertson, pp. 393–97.

2082: 1384:

for retreating from the battlefield before permission was received. He was replaced by Brig. Gen.

1000: 770:, Jackson commanded two units that were putatively armies, although they were smaller than normal 6927: 6596: 6216: 6184: 6179: 5877: 5850: 5242: 4739: 4729: 4501: 4496: 4350: 3815: 3429: 3064:(1993 R. Bemis Pub. ed.). Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 384. 1864: 1777: 1614: 1540: 1259: 1178: 454: 400: 316: 275: 66: 3643:

Stonewall in the Valley: Thomas J. 'Stonewall' Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, Spring 1862

2713:

Cozzens, pp. 408–15; William J. Miller (Gallagher, pp. 65–66); Clark, pp. 146–49; Salmon, p. 45.

2069:, or Robert K. Krick (Gallagher, p. 24), classify it as a one-month campaign that begins at the 2053:

Historians differ in their classification of Jackson's campaign. Some, such as Peter Cozzens in

7266: 7184: 6982: 6932: 6581: 6281: 5855: 5445: 5282: 5257: 4789: 4690: 4605: 4345: 4254: 3902: 3586: 1899: 1895: 1710: 1434: 528: 450: 206: 3870: 2803:

Clark, pp. 168–69; Cozzens, pp. 484–91; Krick, pp. 391–417; Salmon, pp. 51–53; Kennedy, p. 87.

30:"Valley campaign" and "Shenandoah Valley campaign" redirect here. For the 1864 campaigns, see 7261: 7199: 7159: 6937: 6840: 6497: 6397: 6211: 5860: 5813: 5723: 5691: 5398: 5388: 4834: 4824: 4809: 4759: 4714: 4370: 4355: 4248: 4047: 3897: 2648: 2078: 2058: 1921: 1907: 1887: 1883: 1577: 1385: 1254:

just after Jackson had withdrawn from the town, marching at a leisurely pace 42 miles up the

1243: 1135: 798: 783: 705: 687: 462: 366: 333:

reinforced the Union's Valley forces with troops that had originally been designated for the

211: 6743: 3757: 531:. During the 19th century, there was but a single road that crossed over the mountain, from 7271: 7174: 7154: 7074: 6655: 6507: 6480: 5949: 5728: 5711: 5368: 4864: 4849: 4844: 4814: 4799: 4779: 4397: 4301: 4185: 4039: 3425: 3125: 1798: 1645: 1556: 1426: 1393: 1251: 1166: 1084: 1076: 1052: 833:

brigade known as the "Maryland Line"). The cavalry was commanded during the period by Col.

532: 520: 500: 396: 216: 8: 7324: 7239: 6947: 6640: 6432: 6321: 6195: 5840: 5793: 5540: 5500: 5485: 5378: 5227: 4899: 4859: 4734: 4695: 4665: 4620: 4580: 4180: 4170: 4066: 3892: 3297: 2794:

Salmon, p. 51; Clark, pp. 167–68; Cozzens, pp. 480–84; Krick, pp. 355–90; Kennedy, p. 85.

2094: 1418: 1389: 1370: 1334: 1283: 1275: 1267: 1216: 1064: 1056: 779: 771: 544: 524: 504: 473: 469: 392: 278: 2785:

Krick, pp. 277–95; Freeman, vol. 1, p. 448; Salmon, p. 50; Clark, p. 165; Krick, p. 470.

2309:

Salmon, p. 33; Clark, p. 66; Eicher, p. 210; Cozzens, pp. 155–57; Robertson, pp. 338–39.

1437:

on April 18. On April 19, his men marched 20 miles east out of the Shenandoah valley to

714: 6994: 6977: 6942: 6886: 6486: 6356: 5882: 5867: 5748: 5706: 5678: 5515: 5480: 5327: 5287: 4804: 4774: 4764: 4640: 4635: 4615: 4610: 4590: 4340: 4243: 4160: 4108: 3955: 3912: 3808: 3536: 3500: 3386: 3258: 3121: 2232: 2098: 2070: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1628: 1520: 1506: 1457: 1414: 1381: 1342: 1247: 1239: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1115: 1044: 1018: 834: 767: 751: 556: 485: 477: 424: 411: 354: 339: 334: 323: 305: 293: 179: 48: 5460: 2213:

Cozzens, pp. 20–21, 37–38; Gallagher, pp. xiii, 87; Eicher, p. 208; Clark, pp. 21, 84.

1362: 1103: 914: 350: 183: 7412: 7402: 7319: 6728: 5984: 5586: 5520: 5455: 5358: 5277: 5237: 4839: 4645: 4600: 4215: 3965: 3927: 3887: 3855: 3831: 3737: 3727: 3710: 3685: 3660: 3650: 3626: 3609: 3599: 3572: 3555: 3545: 3523: 3513: 3488: 3478: 3454: 3435: 3409: 3399: 3392:

Make Me a Map of the Valley: The Civil War Journal of Stonewall Jackson's Topographer

3374: 3349: 3339: 3320: 3310: 3293: 3281: 3271: 3246: 3236: 3211: 3201: 3167: 3145: 3135: 3105: 3097: 3075: 3065: 3052: 3040: 3030: 3005: 2995: 2978: 2968: 2946: 2936: 2740:

Salmon, pp. 46–47; Robertson, pp. 430–31; Freeman, vol. 1, p. 444; Clark, pp. 158–59.

2062: 1973: 1786: 1586:

Front Royal Va.—The Union Army under Banks entering the town, drawing by Edwin Forbes

1528: 1346: 1205: 1201: 1181: 1174: 1150: 1107: 973: 838: 775: 629: 564: 489: 285: 281: 192: 90: 62: 3365: 523:

soared 2,900 feet and separated the Valley into two halves for about 50 miles, from

7329: 5596: 5465: 5435: 5430: 5363: 5302: 5297: 5252: 4754: 4744: 4650: 4630: 4625: 4375: 4365: 4325: 3850: 3706: 3702: 3681: 3677: 2027: 2023: 1879: 1848: 1817: 1769: 1632: 1603: 1565: 1561: 1462: 1350: 1271: 1204:

of early January 1862, Jackson fought inconclusively with two small Union posts at

1139: 1111: 1092: 1080: 1009: 991: 822: 806: 651: 496: 458: 446: 362: 2455:

Clark, pp. 114–20; Salmon, pp. 38–40; Eicher, p. 260; Cozzens, pp. 276–82, 284–86.

1807:

Sketch of the battle-field of Cross Keys, Va., June 8, 1862, Julius Bien & Co.

311:

Jackson suffered an initial tactical defeat (his second defeat of the war) at the

6670: 5959: 5808: 5701: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5561: 5530: 5440: 5383: 5373: 5332: 4360: 4330: 4150: 4014: 3795: 3373:. Vol. I (1st ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 648. 3117: 2959: 2927: 2300:

Clark, pp. 65–66; Eicher, pp. 208–10; Salmon, pp. 28–30, 33; Cozzens, pp. 140–52.

1641: 1481: 1278:'s Peninsula campaign against Richmond. The remaining division, under Brig. Gen. 1162: 1118:. At the end of May, Fremont entered the Valley with a division under Brig. Gen. 818: 809:, consisted of the brigades commanded by Col. W.C. Scott (replaced by Brig. Gen. 736: 330: 224: 3235:. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 1. New York: Random House. p. 288. 5738: 5686: 5525: 5490: 5450: 5342: 5322: 5317: 5272: 4551: 4392: 4380: 4004: 3158: 2722:

Clark, pp. 150–56; Eicher, p. 263; Kennedy, p. 82; Cozzens, pp. 23–25, 395–402.

2244: 1981: 1653: 1446: 1422: 1374: 1146: 1127: 1072: 1027: 936: 548: 481: 343: 319: 297: 187: 3664: 3613: 3559: 3492: 3378: 3285: 3250: 3044: 3029:. Civil War America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. 7431: 7309: 6006: 5606: 5601: 5591: 5566: 5475: 5470: 5312: 5307: 5292: 5262: 5232: 4570: 4195: 3741: 3413: 3353: 3324: 3149: 3017: 3009: 2894:

Freeman, vol. 1, pp. 485–86; Eicher, p. 266; Salmon, p. 64; Gallagher, p. xi.

1992:. Shortly after midnight on June 18, Jackson's men began to march toward the 1813: 1474: 1438: 1366: 1327: 1263: 1236: 1220: 1185: 1123: 1119: 1096: 1068: 540: 516: 508: 407: 374: 154: 112: 99: 3439: 3215: 3171: 2950: 1594: 1138:, Brig. Gen. Robert H. Milroy, Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck, and Brig. Gen. 56: 6475: 6452: 6442: 6437: 5974: 5916: 5828: 5803: 5716: 5696: 5495: 5393: 3527: 3223: 3109: 3079: 2982: 2929:

Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign: From November 4, 1861 to June 17, 1862

2885:

Cozzens, pp. 504–12; Salmon, p. 64; Robert E. L. Krick (Gallagher, p. 204).

1833: 1803: 1749: 1189: 1131: 814: 763: 723: 406:

Jackson followed up his successful campaign by forced marches to join Gen.

3714: 3689: 1582: 373:, Jackson defeated Banks and pursued him until the Union Army crossed the 5247: 4285: 4265: 3195: 1977: 1823: 1671: 1511: 1255: 794:, consisted of the brigades of Cols. Zephaniah T. Conner and W.C. Scott. 774:: his own "Army of the Valley", consisting of the brigades of Brig. Gen. 358: 2373:

Cozzens, pp. 215–20, 227–34; ; Clark, pp. 82–83; Robertson, p. 348.

484:'s large corps was poised to hit Richmond from the north, and Maj. Gen. 6630: 5505: 5267: 4468: 4463: 3157:

Emberton, Keith D. (1996). Joint Military Operations Department (ed.).

3101: 2427:

Kennedy, p. 79; Cozzens, pp. 264–66; Martin, p. 83; Clark, pp. 101–102.

1741: 1177:

and a variety of militia units. In December, Jackson was reinforced by

429: 301: 3696: 3571:(1st ed.). Washington, DC: Elliott & Clark Pub. p. 176. 2464:

Clark, pp. 120–21; Salmon, p. 40; Eicher, p. 260; Cozzens, pp. 288–98.

2355:

Clark, p. 71; Eicher, p. 211; Cozzens, pp. 215, 227–30; Salmon, p. 35.

441:(First Manassas), its prospects declined quickly. Union armies in the 326:'s army), but it proved to be a strategic Confederate victory because 5894: 4077: 3671: 1606: 3800: 1417:, "I want you to make me a map of the Valley, from Harpers Ferry to 1309:

Actions at the First Battle of Kernstown, 11 a.m. to 4:45 p.m.

369:

on May 23, causing Banks to retreat to the north. On May 25, in the

5899: 2618: 2273:

Cozzens, pp. 228, 515–17; Eicher, pp. 211–12; Welcher, pp. 1009–16.

1843: 1519:

As Milroy withdrew north of McDowell On May 8, Jackson arrived at

830: 378: 342:, who recommended he withdraw from the indefensible Stony Creek to 289: 1433:

so he abandoned his position and marched quickly up the Valley to

837:, Brig. Gen. George H. Steuart, Brig. Gen. Turner Ashby, and Col. 3292: 1760: 3750:"2 NPS Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign (Eastern Theater)" 3477:(1st ed.). New York: William Morrow & Co. p. 594. 1869: 1399: 1305: 7106:(May–Oct): Lynchburg, Early's B&O raid, Sheridan's campaign 6697:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

3428:(1887). Robert Underwood Johnson; Clarence Clough Buel (eds.). 3166:. Alexandria, VA: United States Naval War College. p. 28. 2327:

Cozzens, pp. 176–209; Clark, 70; Eicher, 210–11; Salmon, 34–35.

1816:, chased a group of North Carolina skirmishers from Brig. Gen. 2418:

Salmon, p. 36; Cozzens, pp. 248–49, 255–59; Clark, pp. 95–101.

391:

recaptured Front Royal and planned to link up with Frémont in

6773: 3569:

Mapping for Stonewall: The Civil War Service of Jed Hotchkiss

2318:

Cozzens, pp. 168–75; Clark, pp. 67–70; Robertson, pp. 340–42.

1675:

Actions from Front Royal to First Winchester, May 24–25, 1862

1338: 4419: 3398:. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. p. 352. 1274:, freeing up other Union troops to participate in Maj. Gen. 296:. Employing audacity and rapid, unpredictable movements on 7453:

Campaigns of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War

2582: 2543: 1602:

The center of Jackson's line of battle were the ferocious

1043:

Initially, the Valley was the responsibility of Maj. Gen.

7448:

Military operations of the American Civil War in Virginia

3471:

Conquering the Valley: Stonewall Jackson at Port Republic

2519:

Salmon, p. 42; Clark, p. 128; Hattaway and Jones, p. 179.

3116: 2649:

NPS report on battlefield conditions at First Winchester

2606: 2570: 2382:

Clark, pp. 86–87; Welcher, p. 1011; Cozzens, pp. 237–46.

384:

Bringing in Union reinforcements from eastern Virginia,

2630: 2560: 2558: 3544:(1st ed.). New York: Gallery Books. p. 184. 3335:

How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War

3131:

The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War

2665: 2391:

Eicher, p. 212; Clark, pp. 86–89; Cozzens, pp. 237–46.

3420: 3338:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 762. 2653: 1161:

On November 4, 1861, Jackson accepted command of the

3598:. London: Prentice Hall International. p. 950. 3538:

Jackson's Valley Campaign: November 1861 – June 1862

3023:

Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

2961:

The Memoirs of General Turner Ashby and His Compeers

2594: 2555: 2531: 507:

to the west, extending 140 miles southwest from the

3592:

Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend

1640:A detachment of 250 Confederate cavalry under Col. 559:in the upper Valley, they would threaten the vital 476:was approaching Richmond from the southeast in the 304:(52,000 men), preventing them from reinforcing the 2994:. The Civil War. Alexandria, VA: Time Life Books. 2967:. Baltimore, MD: Selby & Dulany. p. 408. 1568:that would make the Strasburg position untenable. 1071:. At Kernstown, Shields' division was led by Col. 797:In late May and June, for the battles starting at 3623:The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide 2400:Salmon, p. 35; Cozzens, p. 244; Clark, pp. 83–86. 1555:On May 21, Jackson marched his command east from 1546: 7429: 6383:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 1613:brigade in Ewell's division), commanded by Col. 1365:, so he ordered that the division of Brig. Gen. 69:forces in the Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862 2935:. New York: Smithmark Publishers. p. 284. 1699:Rev. Major Robert L. Dabney, Jackson's chaplain 1067:, with an independent brigade under Brig. Gen. 750:, Jackson commanded the brigades of Brig. Gen. 6207:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 1966:Diary of Confederate Army nurse, Kate Cummings 1735:Front Royal (May 23) to Port Republic (June 9) 1716: 1380:After the battle, Jackson arrested Brig. Gen. 6759: 4093: 3861:Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia 3816: 3789:Animated history of Jackson's Valley Campaign 3453:(2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 3331: 2992:Decoying the Yanks: Jackson's Valley Campaign 1785:raid by Shields's cavalry, commanded by Col. 1400:Retreating from the Valley (March 24 – May 7) 1294: 3367:Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War 3296:; Berkey, Jonathan M.; Bohannon, Keith S.; 2364:Cozzens, pp. 221–22; Robertson, pp. 349–50. 2269: 2267: 2265: 829:, and Brig. Gen. George H. Steuart (an all- 6766: 6752: 4100: 4086: 3823: 3809: 2255: 2253: 610:Confederate Commander and Key Subordinates 6775:Eastern theater of the American Civil War 3585: 3499: 3385: 3360: 2065:). Others, such as Hattaway and Jones in 1949:"S" (anonymous newspaper correspondent), 1858: 1515:A map of the battle by Jedediah Hotchkiss 1270:) returning to the immediate vicinity of 1227:'s army, and when Johnston withdrew from 1095:, and a cavalry brigade under Brig. Gen. 453:territory and won significant battles at 4296:Treatment of slaves in the United States 3506:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 3332:Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer (1983). 3193: 3156: 3090:A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion 2500:Cozzens, pp. 304–307; Clark, pp. 126–28. 2262: 1868: 1842: 1822: 1802: 1730: 1670: 1593: 1581: 1510: 1408:Kernstown (March 23) to McDowell (May 8) 1403: 1304: 1219:ordered Banks, reinforced by Brig. Gen. 1149:, Brig. Gen. Erastus B. Tyler, and Col. 428: 6039:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 4211:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 3846:Instructor, Virginia Military Institute 3756:. National Park Service. Archived from 3721: 3446: 3257: 3181:from the original on September 28, 2012 3051: 3016: 2957: 2912:Eicher, pp. 317–18; Salmon, pp. 126–31. 2671: 2659: 2624: 2588: 2549: 2250: 2241:Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia 1571: 1461:the 8,500-man division under Maj. Gen. 1122:, consisting of brigades of Brig. Gen. 849:Further information: Orders of battle: 584:Further information: Orders of battle: 361:, Jackson joined forces with Maj. Gen. 27:1862 campaign in the American Civil War 14: 7430: 6024:Modern display of the Confederate flag 4107: 3781:Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862 in 3639: 3625:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 3620: 3566: 3534: 3303:The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862 2636: 2564: 1792: 1660: 6747: 6242: 5631: 5195: 4418: 4221:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 4119: 4081: 3830: 3804: 3467: 3222: 2989: 2925: 2612: 2600: 2576: 2537: 2073:on May 8, omitting Jackson's loss at 2057:, include Jackson's campaign against 365:and captured the Federal garrison at 3086: 2473:Clark, p. 123; Cozzens, pp. 307–309. 1188:, Jackson's cavalry commander, Col. 1156: 1047:. In March 1862, at the time of the 403:, bringing the campaign to a close. 6378:Committee on the Conduct of the War 6054:United Daughters of the Confederacy 4010:Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar 3389:(1973). Archie P. MacDonald (ed.). 2083:Civil War Sites Advisory Commission 2041: 1500: 1169:. Jackson, recently a professor at 24: 6448:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 6243: 5787:impeachment managers investigation 4166:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 3200:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. 3134:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2014:Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, 1289: 1075:with brigades under Kimball, Col. 746:In March 1862, at the time of the 574: 272:Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862 25: 7464: 5873:Reconstruction military districts 4321:Abolitionism in the United States 4276:Plantations in the American South 4191:Origins of the American Civil War 3774: 3447:Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). 3197:West Point Atlas of American Wars 2239:, as an alternative name for the 1134:, as well as brigades under Col. 735:Stonewall Jackson's command, the 563:, which ran from Richmond to the 284:spring 1862 campaign through the 7344: 7308: 6727: 6718: 6717: 5856:Enforcement Act of February 1871 5829:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 3869: 3362:Henderson, George Francis Robert 3096:. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co. 2528:Cozzens, p. 345; Kennedy, p. 81. 1709:crossing the Potomac River into 1114:'s brigade faced Jackson at the 1017: 999: 981: 963: 926: 904: 882: 713: 695: 677: 659: 641: 619: 306:Union offensive against Richmond 160: 147: 55: 6823:Potomac blockade (Oct–Jan 1862) 6641:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 6503:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 6064:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 3450:The Civil War Battlefield Guide 2918: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2849:Salmon, p. 54; Cozzens, p. 500. 2843: 2834: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2642: 2522: 2513: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2449: 2439: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2225: 2216: 2091:Battle of Princeton Court House 954: 873: 741:Department of Northern Virginia 608: 561:Virginia and Tennessee Railroad 282:Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's 229:Department of Northern Virginia 6963:Garnett's & Golding's Farm 5744:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 3649:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 2958:Avirett, James Battle (1867). 2222:Eicher, p. 208; Salmon, p. 32. 2207: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2170: 2156: 2130: 2104: 2047: 1996:. They fought with Lee in the 1547:Conflicting orders (May 10–22) 1242:'s army, withdrawing from the 941:Department of the Rappahannock 579: 217:Department of the Rappahannock 18:Jackson's Valley Campaign 13: 1: 6814:Carolina coast blockade (Aug) 6799:Chesapeake blockade (May–Jun) 6159:Ladies' Memorial Associations 5861:Enforcement Act of April 1871 5757:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 5632: 3194:Esposito, Vincent J. (1959). 1972:Jackson's cavalry under Col. 1609:(150 men, part of Brig. Gen. 418: 168:Confederate States of America 63:Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson 6292:Confederate revolving cannon 6034:Sons of Confederate Veterans 5905:South Carolina riots of 1876 5883:Indian Council at Fort Smith 5834:South Carolina riots of 1876 5799:Knights of the White Camelia 4291:Slavery in the United States 3697:U.S. War Department (1885). 3672:U.S. War Department (1885). 2627:, pp. 349–368, 373–377. 2446:(75 killed and 423 wounded). 1936: 1598:"Action at Front Royal, Va." 1215:In late February, Maj. Gen. 897:Department of the Shenandoah 874:Union Department Commanders 488:'s army was threatening the 207:Department of the Shenandoah 7: 7110:Operations against Plymouth 6646:New York City riots of 1863 6471:Battle Hymn of the Republic 6222:United Confederate Veterans 6059:Children of the Confederacy 6049:United Confederate Veterans 6044:Southern Historical Society 5196: 4676:Price's Missouri Expedition 4146:Timeline leading to the War 4120: 3567:Miller, William J. (1993). 2903:Hattaway and Jones, p. 176. 2087:Civil War Battlefield Guide 1717:Union armies pursue Jackson 1198:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 1171:Virginia Military Institute 1165:, with his headquarters at 543:to invade the North in the 10: 7469: 7408:Gettysburg-Newark Lowlands 6614:Confederate Secret Service 6202:Grand Army of the Republic 6094:Grand Army of the Republic 5912:Southern Claims Commission 3976:Battle of Chancellorsville 3961:Northern Virginia Campaign 3722:Welcher, Frank J. (1989). 3087:Dyer, Frederick H (1908). 2291:Cozzens, pp. 70–74, 80–83. 2036:northern Virginia campaign 1862: 1796: 1667:First Battle of Winchester 1664: 1575: 1504: 1490:Edward "Allegheny" Johnson 1456:By this time, McClellan's 1298: 1295:Kernstown (March 23, 1862) 1110:'s brigade and Brig. Gen. 848: 792:Edward "Allegheny" Johnson 790:, commanded by Brig. Gen. 670:Edward "Allegheny" Johnson 583: 433:Shenandoah River watershed 422: 371:First Battle of Winchester 29: 7438:Jackson's Valley campaign 7395: 7374: 7367: 7343: 7306: 7299: 7249: 7226: 7217: 7137: 7096: 7087: 7062: 7021: 7012: 6920: 6867: 6858: 6830: 6790: 6781: 6713: 6689: 6602:Confederate States dollar 6574: 6516: 6461: 6413:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 6408:Emancipation Proclamation 6370: 6302:Medal of Honor recipients 6259: 6255: 6238: 6190:Confederate Memorial Hall 6172: 6151: 6109: 6081: 6072: 5992:Confederate Memorial Hall 5965:Confederate History Month 5945:Civil War Discovery Trail 5925: 5846:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 5677: 5652:Reconstruction Amendments 5642: 5638: 5627: 5549: 5418: 5411: 5351: 5215: 5208: 5204: 5191: 5133: 4880: 4873: 4704: 4560: 4519: 4487: 4454: 4447: 4443: 4414: 4311: 4261:Emancipation Proclamation 4229: 4130: 4126: 4115: 4059: 3984: 3936: 3911: 3878: 3867: 3851:Colonel, Virginia Militia 3838: 3640:Tanner, Robert G (1976). 3535:Martin, David G. (1988). 3468:Krick, Robert K. (1996). 3422:Johnson, Robert Underwood 3259:Freeman, Douglas Southall 3229:Fort Sumter to Perryville 2032:Second Battle of Bull Run 1333:Jackson moved north from 1301:First Battle of Kernstown 1194:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 1083:, and cavalry under Col. 762:, and cavalry under Col. 322:(part of Union Maj. Gen. 315:(March 23, 1862) against 313:First Battle of Kernstown 268:Jackson's Valley campaign 248: 235: 198: 173: 140: 73: 54: 46: 42:Jackson’s Valley campaign 41: 7150:Spotsylvania Court House 6875:Burnside's NC Expedition 6676:U.S. Sanitary Commission 6587:Battlefield preservation 6493:Marching Through Georgia 6418:Hampton Roads Conference 6393:Confiscation Act of 1862 6388:Confiscation Act of 1861 6164:U.S. national cemeteries 5970:Confederate Memorial Day 5955:Civil War Trails Program 5824:New Orleans riot of 1866 3971:Battle of Fredericksburg 3946:First Battle of Manassas 3923:Great Train Raid of 1861 3621:Salmon, John S. (2001). 3264:Manassas to Malvern Hill 2243:, commanded by Lt. Gen. 2237:Valley campaigns of 1864 2138:"Jackson at Rude's Hill" 844: 569:Valley campaigns of 1864 553:Valley campaigns of 1864 547:of 1863 and by Lt. Gen. 439:First Battle of Bull Run 155:United States of America 32:Valley campaigns of 1864 6597:Confederate war finance 6217:Southern Cross of Honor 6185:1938 Gettysburg reunion 6180:1913 Gettysburg reunion 5878:Reconstruction Treaties 5851:Enforcement Act of 1870 5734:Freedman's Savings Bank 4351:Lane Debates on Slavery 4176:Lincoln–Douglas debates 4027:Stonewall Jackson's arm 4021:Stonewall Jackson's Way 4000:Winchester Headquarters 3993:Thomas Jonathan Jackson 3707:2027/coo.31924077728222 3682:2027/coo.31924077725921 3587:Robertson, James I. Jr. 2926:Allen, William (1995). 1873:Battle of Port Republic 1865:Battle of Port Republic 1425:near Mount Jackson and 955:Key Union Subordinates 766:. In early May, at the 401:Battle of Port Republic 7287:Appomattox Court House 6818:McClellan's operations 6656:Richmond riots of 1863 6582:Baltimore riot of 1861 6362:U.S. Military Railroad 6282:Confederate Home Guard 6014:Historiographic issues 5980:Historical reenactment 4479:Revenue Cutter Service 4346:William Lloyd Garrison 4255:Dred Scott v. Sandford 3903:Battle for Mexico City 3794:July 10, 2015, at the 2020: 1963: 1946: 1917: 1900:58th Virginia Infantry 1874: 1859:Port Republic (June 9) 1851: 1840:, were badly wounded. 1828: 1808: 1736: 1729: 1711:Williamsport, Maryland 1696: 1676: 1624: 1599: 1587: 1516: 1477:, military adviser to 1409: 1322: 434: 174:Commanders and leaders 6621:Great Revival of 1863 6498:Maryland, My Maryland 6287:Confederate railroads 5950:Civil War Roundtables 5819:Meridian riot of 1871 5814:Memphis riots of 1866 4371:George Luther Stearns 4356:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 4249:Crittenden Compromise 3939:battles and campaigns 3916:raids and expeditions 3898:Battle of Chapultepec 3783:Encyclopedia Virginia 3426:Buel, Clarence Clough 3126:McPherson, James Alan 3058:I Rode with Stonewall 2990:Clark, Champ (1984). 2876:Cozzens, pp. 502–504. 2079:National Park Service 2059:Romney, West Virginia 2006: 1958: 1941: 1922:William B. Taliaferro 1913: 1908:William B. Taliaferro 1888:4th Virginia Infantry 1872: 1863:Further information: 1846: 1826: 1806: 1797:Further information: 1734: 1724: 1691: 1674: 1665:Further information: 1620: 1597: 1585: 1578:Battle of Front Royal 1576:Further information: 1514: 1505:Further information: 1407: 1308: 1299:Further information: 788:Army of the Northwest 784:William B. Taliaferro 688:William B. Taliaferro 449:and others, captured 432: 423:Further information: 249:Casualties and losses 7029:Tidewater operations 6911:Goldsboro Expedition 6508:Daar kom die Alibama 6423:National Union Party 6099:memorials to Lincoln 6019:Lost Cause mythology 5724:Eufaula riot of 1874 5712:Confederate refugees 4925:District of Columbia 4552:Union naval blockade 4398:Underground Railroad 4186:Nullification crisis 3880:Mexican–American War 3298:Carmichael, Peter S. 2704:Cozzens, pp. 345–46. 2259:Cozzens, pp. 518–19. 2164:"Jedediah Hotchkiss" 2144:on December 29, 2022 1799:Battle of Cross Keys 1646:6th Virginia Cavalry 1572:Front Royal (May 23) 1394:Battle of Gettysburg 1085:Thornton F. Brodhead 1077:Jeremiah C. Sullivan 521:Massanutten Mountain 503:on the east and the 501:Blue Ridge Mountains 397:Battle of Cross Keys 270:, also known as the 6666:Supreme Court cases 6433:Radical Republicans 6212:Old soldiers' homes 6196:Confederate Veteran 6122:artworks in Capitol 5841:Reconstruction acts 5702:Colfax riot of 1873 4666:Richmond-Petersburg 4271:Fugitive slave laws 4201:Popular sovereignty 4181:Missouri Compromise 4171:Kansas-Nebraska Act 3893:Battle of Contreras 3724:The Eastern Theater 3501:McPherson, James M. 3431:The Opening Battles 3387:Hotchkiss, Jedediah 3122:McPherson, James M. 2615:, pp. 133–135. 2591:, pp. 320–339. 2579:, pp. 129–133. 2552:, pp. 310–319. 2118:on December 7, 2021 2095:George B. McClellan 1793:Cross Keys (June 8) 1661:Winchester (May 25) 1631:, speaking to Col. 1371:George B. McClellan 1282:, was stationed at 1276:George B. McClellan 1268:Alpheus S. Williams 1217:George B. McClellan 1136:Gustave P. Cluseret 1065:Alpheus S. Williams 1057:Army of the Potomac 1051:, he commanded the 1049:Battle of Kernstown 919:Mountain Department 760:Samuel V. Fulkerson 748:Battle of Kernstown 545:Gettysburg campaign 505:Allegheny Mountains 499:passed between the 474:Army of the Potomac 470:George B. McClellan 212:Mountain Department 193:“Stonewall” Jackson 132:Confederate victory 109: / 65:, commander of the 7205:Boydton Plank Road 6943:Seven Days Battles 6487:A Lincoln Portrait 6428:Politicians killed 6352:U.S. Balloon Corps 6347:Union corps badges 6127:memorials to Davis 5997:Disenfranchisement 5868:Reconstruction era 5749:Timber Culture Act 5707:Compromise of 1877 4671:Franklin–Nashville 4341:Frederick Douglass 4244:Cornerstone Speech 4161:Compromise of 1850 4109:American Civil War 3956:Seven Days Battles 3937:American Civil War 3913:American Civil War 3294:Gallagher, Gary W. 3053:Douglas, Henry Kyd 2233:Army of the Valley 2195:Henderson, p. 162. 2186:McPherson, p. 454. 2112:"Stony Creek Line" 2099:Peninsula campaign 2071:Battle of McDowell 1998:Seven Days Battles 1994:Virginia Peninsula 1990:Chickahominy River 1875: 1852: 1829: 1809: 1737: 1677: 1642:Thomas S. Flournoy 1629:Nathaniel P. Banks 1600: 1588: 1517: 1507:Battle of McDowell 1458:Peninsula campaign 1415:Jedediah Hotchkiss 1413:he directed Capt. 1410: 1382:Richard B. Garnett 1343:Richard B. Garnett 1323: 1240:Joseph E. Johnston 1225:Joseph E. Johnston 1116:Battle of McDowell 1045:Nathaniel P. Banks 893:Nathaniel P. Banks 835:Thomas S. Flournoy 817:(replaced by Col. 803:John M. Patton Jr. 768:Battle of McDowell 752:Richard B. Garnett 486:Nathaniel P. Banks 478:Peninsula campaign 435: 425:Peninsula campaign 412:Seven Days Battles 355:Battle of McDowell 340:Jedediah Hotchkiss 335:Peninsula campaign 324:Nathaniel P. Banks 294:American Civil War 241:52,000 (June 1862) 180:Nathaniel P. Banks 49:American Civil War 7425: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7413:Shenandoah Valley 7403:Cumberland Valley 7363: 7362: 7355:Northern Virginia 7295: 7294: 7213: 7212: 7165:Trevilian Station 7083: 7082: 7008: 7007: 6893:Northern Virginia 6854: 6853: 6741: 6740: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6539:Italian Americans 6524:African Americans 6481:John Brown's Body 6234: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6147: 6146: 5985:Robert E. Lee Day 5729:Freedmen's Bureau 5692:Brooks–Baxter War 5623: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5407: 5406: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5178: 4596:Northern Virginia 4542:Trans-Mississippi 4515: 4514: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4302:Uncle Tom's Cabin 4239:African Americans 4075: 4074: 4050:Stonewall Jackson 3966:Maryland Campaign 3928:Romney Expedition 3888:Siege of Veracruz 3856:Stonewall Brigade 3832:Stonewall Jackson 2858:Gallagher, p. xv. 2639:, pp. 42–44. 2101:against Richmond. 2067:How the North Won 2063:Romney Expedition 2016:How the North Won 1974:Thomas T. Munford 1838:George H. Steuart 1787:Samuel S. Carroll 1682:George H. Steuart 1529:Bullpasture River 1465:, left behind at 1386:Charles S. Winder 1347:Stonewall Brigade 1314: Confederate 1206:Hancock, Maryland 1202:Romney Expedition 1182:William W. Loring 1175:Stonewall Brigade 1157:Initial movements 1151:Samuel S. Carroll 1130:, and Brig. Gen. 1108:Robert C. Schenck 1037: 1036: 974:Robert C. Schenck 950: 949: 839:Thomas T. Munford 811:George H. Steuart 782:, and Brig. Gen. 776:Charles S. Winder 733: 732: 706:Charles S. Winder 630:Stonewall Jackson 565:Mississippi River 490:Shenandoah Valley 286:Shenandoah Valley 265: 264: 136: 135: 91:Shenandoah Valley 16:(Redirected from 7460: 7443:1862 in Virginia 7372: 7371: 7348: 7313: 7312: 7304: 7303: 7224: 7223: 7104:Valley campaigns 7094: 7093: 7070:Chancellorsville 7035:Chancellorsville 7019: 7018: 6968:Savage's Station 6953:Beaver Dam Creek 6881:Jackson's Valley 6865: 6864: 6803:Western Virginia 6788: 6787: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6745: 6744: 6731: 6721: 6720: 6544:Native Americans 6529:German Americans 6322:Partisan rangers 6317:Official Records 6257: 6256: 6240: 6239: 6132:memorials to Lee 6079: 6078: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5628: 5416: 5415: 5213: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5193: 5192: 5166:Washington, D.C. 4960:Indian Territory 4920:Dakota Territory 4878: 4877: 4795:Chancellorsville 4586:Jackson's Valley 4576:Blockade runners 4452: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4416: 4415: 4376:Thaddeus Stevens 4366:Lysander Spooner 4326:Susan B. Anthony 4128: 4127: 4117: 4116: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4079: 4078: 3873: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3760:on April 9, 2005 3745: 3718: 3693: 3668: 3648: 3636: 3617: 3597: 3582: 3563: 3543: 3531: 3511: 3496: 3476: 3464: 3443: 3417: 3397: 3382: 3372: 3357: 3328: 3308: 3289: 3269: 3254: 3234: 3219: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3180: 3165: 3153: 3118:Eicher, David J. 3113: 3095: 3083: 3063: 3048: 3028: 3013: 2986: 2966: 2954: 2934: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2867:Cozzens, p. 507. 2865: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2840:Cozzens, p. 499. 2838: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2821:Cozzens, p. 480. 2819: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2260: 2257: 2248: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2140:. Archived from 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2114:. Archived from 2108: 2102: 2051: 2042:Notes/references 2028:Army of Virginia 2024:George A. McCall 2018: 1967: 1954: 1924: 1880:Erastus B. Tyler 1849:Isaac R. Trimble 1818:Isaac R. Trimble 1770:George D. Bayard 1742:Edward O. C. Ord 1700: 1636: 1633:George H. Gordon 1611:Richard Taylor's 1604:Louisiana Tigers 1566:turning movement 1501:McDowell (May 8) 1463:Richard S. Ewell 1390:Pickett's Charge 1351:Erastus B. Tyler 1319: 1313: 1272:Washington, D.C. 1140:George D. Bayard 1124:Julius H. Stahel 1112:Robert H. Milroy 1093:George H. Gordon 1081:Erastus B. Tyler 1021: 1010:Erastus B. Tyler 1003: 992:John Reese Kenly 985: 967: 952: 951: 930: 908: 886: 871: 870: 859:First Winchester 823:Isaac R. Trimble 807:Richard S. Ewell 780:John A. Campbell 724:Turner Ashby Jr. 717: 699: 681: 663: 652:Richard S. Ewell 645: 623: 606: 605: 594:First Winchester 497:Shenandoah River 447:Ulysses S. Grant 363:Richard S. Ewell 166: 164: 163: 153: 151: 150: 124: 123: 121: 120: 119: 114: 110: 107: 106: 105: 102: 75: 74: 59: 39: 38: 21: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7417: 7391: 7359: 7339: 7307: 7291: 7257:2nd Fort Fisher 7245: 7209: 7180:2nd Deep Bottom 7133: 7116:Bermuda Hundred 7079: 7058: 7004: 6973:White Oak Swamp 6916: 6850: 6826: 6777: 6772: 6742: 6737: 6701: 6685: 6570: 6534:Irish Americans 6512: 6457: 6366: 6357:U.S. Home Guard 6297:Field artillery 6251: 6250: 6226: 6168: 6143: 6105: 6074: 6068: 5960:Civil War Trust 5927: 5921: 5809:Ethnic violence 5794:Kirk–Holden war 5673: 5634: 5611: 5545: 5403: 5347: 5200: 5175: 5129: 4882: 4869: 4700: 4681:Sherman's March 4661:Bermuda Hundred 4556: 4511: 4483: 4439: 4438: 4402: 4361:J. Sella Martin 4331:James G. Birney 4307: 4225: 4151:Bleeding Kansas 4139: 4122: 4111: 4106: 4076: 4071: 4067:Lee–Jackson Day 4055: 4015:Monument Avenue 3980: 3951:Valley Campaign 3938: 3932: 3915: 3907: 3874: 3865: 3834: 3829: 3796:Wayback Machine 3777: 3772: 3763: 3761: 3748: 3734: 3657: 3646: 3633: 3606: 3595: 3579: 3552: 3541: 3520: 3509: 3485: 3474: 3461: 3406: 3395: 3370: 3346: 3317: 3306: 3278: 3267: 3243: 3232: 3208: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3163: 3142: 3093: 3072: 3061: 3037: 3026: 3002: 2975: 2964: 2943: 2932: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282:Cozzens, p. 16. 2281: 2277: 2272: 2263: 2258: 2251: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2171: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2085:(and Kennedy's 2055:Shenandoah 1862 2052: 2048: 2044: 2019: 2013: 1969: 1965: 1956: 1948: 1939: 1926: 1919: 1867: 1861: 1801: 1795: 1719: 1702: 1698: 1669: 1663: 1638: 1626: 1615:Roberdeau Wheat 1580: 1574: 1549: 1525:Highland County 1523:, a village in 1509: 1503: 1494:Charlottesville 1482:Jefferson Davis 1402: 1363:John C. Frémont 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1303: 1297: 1292: 1290:Valley campaign 1163:Valley District 1159: 1104:John C. Frémont 1089:Dudley Donnelly 1031: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1004: 995: 994: 990: 986: 977: 976: 972: 968: 944: 943: 935: 931: 922: 921: 915:John C. Frémont 913: 909: 900: 899: 891: 887: 869: 847: 819:James A. Walker 737:Valley District 727: 726: 722: 718: 709: 708: 704: 700: 691: 690: 686: 682: 673: 672: 668: 664: 655: 654: 650: 646: 637: 636: 628: 624: 604: 582: 577: 575:Opposing forces 443:Western Theater 427: 421: 353:'s army in the 351:John C. Frémont 331:Abraham Lincoln 225:Valley District 186: 184:John C. Frémont 182: 161: 159: 148: 146: 117: 115: 113:38.65°N 78.67°W 111: 108: 103: 100: 98: 96: 95: 94: 81:March–June 1862 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7466: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7378: 7376: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7351: 7349: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7314: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7282:Sailor's Creek 7279: 7277:3rd Petersburg 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7237: 7230: 7228: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7195:Chaffin's Farm 7192: 7190:3rd Winchester 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7170:2nd Petersburg 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7130:(Jun–Mar 1865) 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7100: 7098: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7025: 7023: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 7000:Fredericksburg 6997: 6992: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6908: 6905:Fredericksburg 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6871: 6869: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6837: 6835: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6815: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6796: 6794: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6771: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6748: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6725: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6681:Women soldiers 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6636:Naming the war 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6272:Campaign Medal 6269: 6263: 6261: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247:Related topics 6244: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6085: 6083: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5994: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5975:Decoration Day 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5931: 5929: 5928:Reconstruction 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5782:second inquiry 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5746: 5739:Homestead Acts 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5687:Alabama Claims 5683: 5681: 5679:Reconstruction 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5667:15th Amendment 5664: 5662:14th Amendment 5659: 5657:13th Amendment 5648: 5646: 5636: 5635: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5420: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5288:J. E. Johnston 5285: 5283:A. S. Johnston 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5223:R. H. Anderson 5219: 5217: 5210: 5202: 5201: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5085:South Carolina 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5060:North Carolina 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4785:Fredericksburg 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4725:Wilson's Creek 4722: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4537:Lower Seaboard 4534: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4393:Harriet Tubman 4390: 4389: 4388: 4381:Charles Sumner 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4216:States' rights 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4124: 4123: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4037: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4005:Stone Mountain 4002: 3997: 3988: 3986: 3985:Historic items 3982: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3884: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3786: 3776: 3775:External links 3773: 3771: 3770: 3746: 3732: 3719: 3694: 3669: 3655: 3637: 3631: 3618: 3604: 3583: 3577: 3564: 3550: 3532: 3518: 3497: 3483: 3465: 3459: 3444: 3418: 3404: 3383: 3358: 3344: 3329: 3316:978-0807857687 3315: 3290: 3276: 3255: 3241: 3220: 3206: 3191: 3154: 3140: 3114: 3084: 3070: 3049: 3035: 3018:Cozzens, Peter 3014: 3000: 2987: 2973: 2955: 2941: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2695:Clark, p. 146. 2688: 2679: 2674:, pp. 377 2672:Cozzens (2013) 2664: 2660:Kennedy (1998) 2652: 2641: 2629: 2625:Cozzens (2013) 2617: 2605: 2603:, p. 135. 2593: 2589:Cozzens (2013) 2581: 2569: 2554: 2550:Cozzens (2013) 2542: 2540:, p. 129. 2530: 2521: 2512: 2502: 2493: 2491:Clark, p. 128. 2484: 2475: 2466: 2457: 2448: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2348: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2261: 2249: 2245:Jubal A. Early 2224: 2215: 2206: 2204:Cozzens, p. 4. 2197: 2188: 2179: 2169: 2155: 2129: 2103: 2077:in March. The 2045: 2043: 2040: 2011: 1982:Irvin McDowell 1957: 1953:, June 6, 1862 1940: 1938: 1935: 1912: 1860: 1857: 1794: 1791: 1718: 1715: 1690: 1662: 1659: 1654:Irvin McDowell 1635:, May 24, 1862 1619: 1573: 1570: 1548: 1545: 1502: 1499: 1467:Brandy Station 1451:Fredericksburg 1447:Irvin McDowell 1401: 1398: 1375:Irvin McDowell 1316: 1310: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1158: 1155: 1147:Orris S. Ferry 1128:John A. Koltes 1073:Nathan Kimball 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1028:Nathan Kimball 1024: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1006: 1005: 998: 996: 988: 987: 980: 978: 970: 969: 962: 957: 956: 948: 947: 946: 945: 937:Irvin McDowell 933: 932: 925: 923: 911: 910: 903: 901: 889: 888: 881: 876: 875: 846: 843: 827:Richard Taylor 821:), Brig. Gen. 813:), Brig. Gen. 756:Jesse S. Burks 731: 730: 729: 728: 720: 719: 712: 710: 702: 701: 694: 692: 684: 683: 676: 674: 666: 665: 658: 656: 648: 647: 640: 638: 626: 625: 618: 613: 612: 581: 578: 576: 573: 549:Jubal A. Early 482:Irvin McDowell 420: 417: 320:Nathan Kimball 298:interior lines 263: 262: 257: 251: 250: 246: 245: 242: 238: 237: 233: 232: 231: 221: 220: 219: 214: 209: 201: 200: 199:Units involved 196: 195: 190: 188:Irvin McDowell 176: 175: 171: 170: 157: 143: 142: 138: 137: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 89: 87: 83: 82: 79: 71: 70: 52: 51: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7465: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7342: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250:Major battles 7248: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138:Major battles 7136: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063:Major battles 7061: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6928:Hampton Roads 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921:Major battles 6919: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6764: 6762: 6757: 6755: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6724: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6651:Photographers 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6626:Gender issues 6624: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6453:War Democrats 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6443:Union Leagues 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6342:Turning point 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6312:Naval battles 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6075:and memorials 6071: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5935:Commemoration 5933: 5932: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5777:first inquiry 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697:Carpetbaggers 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5626: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5120:West Virginia 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5040:New Hampshire 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000:Massachusetts 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740:Hampton Roads 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4730:Fort Donelson 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4626:Morgan's Raid 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4571:Anaconda Plan 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4547:Pacific Coast 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4281:Positive good 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4196:Panic of 1857 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4156:Border states 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3733:9780253364531 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3605:9780028646855 3601: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3578:9781880216118 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3551:9780914373148 3547: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3519:9780195038637 3515: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3484:9780688112820 3480: 3473: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3345:9780252062100 3341: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3277:9780684187488 3273: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3224:Foote, Shelby 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3207:9780805033915 3203: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3071:9780891760405 3067: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3036:9781469605234 3032: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2974:9780608347080 2970: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2942:9780831714321 2938: 2931: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2673: 2668: 2662:, p. 82. 2661: 2656: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2637:Salmon (2001) 2633: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2567:, p. 42. 2566: 2565:Salmon (2001) 2561: 2559: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2525: 2516: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2361: 2352: 2342: 2333: 2324: 2315: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2183: 2173: 2165: 2159: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1962: 1955: 1952: 1951:Richmond Whig 1945: 1934: 1932: 1925: 1923: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1866: 1856: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1814:Julius Stahel 1805: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1778:Port Republic 1773: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1714: 1712: 1706: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1673: 1668: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1562:John R. Kenly 1558: 1553: 1544: 1542: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1513: 1508: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1475:Robert E. Lee 1470: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1439:Swift Run Gap 1436: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1406: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:Louis Blenker 1364: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1328:Harpers Ferry 1307: 1302: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1280:James Shields 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:John Sedgwick 1261: 1260:Mount Jackson 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:John Sedgwick 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1192:, raided the 1191: 1187: 1186:Potomac River 1183: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:Louis Blenker 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1097:John P. Hatch 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069:John W. Geary 1066: 1062: 1061:James Shields 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1029: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1002: 997: 993: 984: 979: 975: 966: 961: 960: 959: 958: 953: 942: 938: 929: 924: 920: 916: 907: 902: 898: 894: 885: 880: 879: 878: 877: 872: 868: 867:Port Republic 864: 860: 856: 852: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 825:, Brig. Gen. 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 725: 716: 711: 707: 698: 693: 689: 680: 675: 671: 662: 657: 653: 644: 639: 635: 631: 622: 617: 616: 615: 614: 611: 607: 603: 602:Port Republic 599: 595: 591: 587: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 541:Robert E. Lee 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 517:Harpers Ferry 514: 513:Shepherdstown 510: 509:Potomac River 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 468: 464: 461:. And in the 460: 456: 455:Fort Donelson 452: 448: 444: 440: 431: 426: 416: 413: 409: 408:Robert E. Lee 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:James Shields 387: 382: 380: 376: 375:Potomac River 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 336: 332: 329: 325: 321: 318: 314: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280: 277: 273: 269: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 247: 243: 240: 239: 234: 230: 226: 223: 222: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 203: 202: 197: 194: 191: 189: 185: 181: 178: 177: 172: 169: 158: 156: 145: 144: 139: 131: 128: 127: 122: 118:38.65; -78.67 92: 88: 85: 84: 80: 77: 76: 72: 68: 64: 58: 53: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7267:Fort Stedman 7185:Globe Tavern 6990:2nd Bull Run 6983:Malvern Hill 6958:Gaines' Mill 6933:Williamsburg 6846:1st Bull Run 6592:Bibliography 6575:Other topics 6517:By ethnicity 6485: 6438:Trent Affair 6337:Signal Corps 6194: 5917:White League 5804:Ku Klux Klan 5717:Confederados 5644:Constitution 5516:D. D. Porter 5369:Breckinridge 5080:Rhode Island 5075:Pennsylvania 4830:Spotsylvania 4790:Stones River 4770:2nd Bull Run 4720:1st Bull Run 4606:Stones River 4585: 4507:Marine Corps 4474:Marine Corps 4313:Abolitionism 4300: 4253: 4049: 4041: 4033: 3992: 3782: 3762:. Retrieved 3758:the original 3753: 3723: 3698: 3673: 3642: 3622: 3591: 3568: 3537: 3505: 3470: 3449: 3430: 3391: 3366: 3334: 3302: 3263: 3228: 3196: 3183:. Retrieved 3159: 3130: 3089: 3057: 3022: 2991: 2960: 2928: 2919:Bibliography 2908: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2667: 2655: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2613:Clark (1984) 2608: 2601:Clark (1984) 2596: 2584: 2577:Clark (1984) 2572: 2545: 2538:Clark (1984) 2533: 2524: 2515: 2510:Confederate. 2505: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2235:came in the 2227: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2172: 2158: 2146:. Retrieved 2142:the original 2132: 2120:. Retrieved 2116:the original 2106: 2086: 2066: 2054: 2049: 2021: 2015: 2007: 2002: 1986: 1970: 1964: 1959: 1950: 1947: 1942: 1927: 1918: 1914: 1904: 1892: 1876: 1853: 1834:Arnold Elzey 1830: 1810: 1783: 1774: 1766: 1757:Charles Town 1754: 1750:Jacob D. Cox 1738: 1725: 1720: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1692: 1686: 1678: 1651: 1639: 1625: 1621: 1601: 1589: 1554: 1550: 1537: 1533: 1518: 1486: 1471: 1455: 1443: 1435:Harrisonburg 1431: 1411: 1379: 1359: 1355: 1332: 1324: 1214: 1190:Turner Ashby 1160: 1144: 1132:Henry Bohlen 1101: 1042: 1038: 940: 918: 896: 815:Arnold Elzey 796: 764:Turner Ashby 745: 734: 633: 609: 529:Harrisonburg 494: 480:, Maj. Gen. 436: 405: 383: 359:Luray Valley 348: 310: 302:Union armies 271: 267: 266: 259: 254: 141:Belligerents 47:Part of the 36: 7387:Susquehanna 7382:Monongahela 7375:Departments 7262:Bentonville 7200:Cedar Creek 7160:Cold Harbor 7041:Gettysburg 6938:Seven Pines 6841:Fort Sumter 6398:Copperheads 6110:Confederate 6002:Black Codes 5328:E. K. Smith 5209:Confederate 5156:New Orleans 5151:Chattanooga 5015:Mississippi 4915:Connecticut 4883:territories 4874:Involvement 4835:Cold Harbor 4825:Fort Pillow 4815:Chattanooga 4810:Chickamauga 4760:Seven Pines 4750:New Orleans 4715:Fort Sumter 4656:Valley 1864 4489:Confederacy 4286:Slave Power 4266:Fire-Eaters 3995:(sculpture) 2346:casualties. 2034:during the 1978:Franz Sigel 1920:Brig. Gen. 1847:Brig. Gen. 1764:on June 1. 1761:macadamized 1423:Rude's Hill 1320: Union 1256:Valley Pike 1244:Centreville 799:Front Royal 580:Confederate 472:'s massive 367:Front Royal 344:Rude's Hill 292:during the 276:Confederate 116: / 67:Confederate 7432:Categories 7335:Shenandoah 7272:Five Forks 7240:Appomattox 7234:Wilmington 7155:North Anna 7145:Wilderness 7128:Petersburg 7075:Gettysburg 6631:Juneteenth 6152:Cemeteries 6029:Red Shirts 5940:Centennial 5890:Red Shirts 5298:Longstreet 5228:Beauregard 5171:Winchester 5146:Charleston 5115:Washington 5050:New Mexico 5045:New Jersey 4905:California 4881:States and 4865:Five Forks 4850:Mobile Bay 4820:Wilderness 4800:Gettysburg 4780:Perryville 4765:Seven Days 4696:Appomattox 4621:Gettysburg 4581:New Mexico 4448:Combatants 4423:Combatants 4336:John Brown 3839:Leadership 3665:1036885979 3656:0385121482 3632:0811728684 3614:1151321680 3560:1194435392 3493:1148596552 3460:0395740126 3405:0870741373 3379:1085324715 3286:1035890441 3251:1106011847 3242:0394495179 3141:0743218469 3102:B01BUFJ76Q 3045:1100952647 3001:080944724X 2677:3 missing. 1746:Moorefield 1627:Maj. Gen. 1557:New Market 1427:New Market 1252:Winchester 1179:Brig. Gen. 1167:Winchester 1102:Maj. Gen. 1007:Brig. Gen. 989:Brig. Gen. 971:Brig. Gen. 863:Cross Keys 703:Brig. Gen. 685:Brig. Gen. 667:Brig. Gen. 634:Commanding 598:Cross Keys 533:New Market 419:Background 386:Brig. Gen. 93:, Virginia 61:Maj. Gen. 7396:Landforms 7368:Geography 7242:(Mar–Apr) 7236:(Dec–Feb) 7227:Campaigns 7124:(May–Jun) 7112:(Apr–May) 7097:Campaigns 7055:(Nov–Dec) 7049:(Oct–Nov) 7043:(Jun–Jul) 7037:(Apr–May) 7031:(Mar–Apr) 7022:Campaigns 6948:Oak Grove 6907:(Nov–Dec) 6895:(Jul-Sep) 6889:(Mar–Jul) 6887:Peninsula 6883:(Mar–Jun) 6877:(Feb–Jun) 6868:Campaigns 6820:(Oct–Dec) 6805:(Jun–Dec) 6792:Campaigns 6609:Espionage 6403:Diplomacy 6371:Political 6327:POW camps 6073:Monuments 5900:Scalawags 5895:Redeemers 5633:Aftermath 5582:Pinkerton 5521:Rosecrans 5486:McClellan 5389:Memminger 5125:Wisconsin 5090:Tennessee 5010:Minnesota 4985:Louisiana 4860:Nashville 4805:Vicksburg 4735:Pea Ridge 4686:Carolinas 4641:Red River 4636:Knoxville 4616:Tullahoma 4611:Vicksburg 4591:Peninsula 4563:campaigns 4429:Campaigns 4206:Secession 4048:USS 4042:Stonewall 4040:USS 4034:Stonewall 3742:799063447 3414:462213398 3354:924976443 3325:929629850 3261:(1970) . 3226:(1974) . 3185:August 4, 3150:892938160 3020:(2013) . 3010:473681924 2148:March 20, 2122:March 20, 2075:Kernstown 1937:Aftermath 1931:John Pope 1607:battalion 1479:President 1419:Lexington 1335:Woodstock 1284:Strasburg 1200:. In the 934:Maj. Gen. 912:Maj. Gen. 890:Maj. Gen. 851:Kernstown 772:divisions 649:Maj. Gen. 627:Maj. Gen. 586:Kernstown 537:wind gaps 525:Strasburg 467:Maj. Gen. 393:Strasburg 328:President 279:Maj. Gen. 7330:Virginia 7122:Overland 7053:Mine Run 6995:Antietam 6978:Glendale 6899:Maryland 6809:Manassas 6723:Category 6564:Seminole 6554:Cherokee 6307:Medicine 6260:Military 6173:Veterans 6007:Jim Crow 5772:timeline 5567:Ericsson 5550:Civilian 5531:Sheridan 5491:McDowell 5451:Farragut 5436:Burnside 5426:Anderson 5419:Military 5399:Stephens 5359:Benjamin 5352:Civilian 5238:Buchanan 5216:Military 5161:Richmond 5110:Virginia 5055:New York 5030:Nebraska 5020:Missouri 5005:Michigan 4995:Maryland 4980:Kentucky 4955:Illinois 4930:Delaware 4910:Colorado 4895:Arkansas 4855:Franklin 4775:Antietam 4646:Overland 4601:Maryland 4520:Theaters 4426:Theaters 3792:Archived 3764:April 9, 3589:(1997). 3503:(1988). 3440:48764702 3364:(1898). 3307:(Kindle) 3216:60298522 3176:Archived 3172:38196522 3128:(2001). 3055:(1940). 3027:(Kindle) 2951:33418359 2012:— 1541:Franklin 1521:McDowell 1248:Manassas 1233:Culpeper 1229:Manassas 1196:and the 855:McDowell 831:Maryland 590:McDowell 557:Staunton 451:Southern 445:, under 410:for the 379:Maryland 290:Virginia 236:Strength 86:Location 7325:Potomac 7047:Bristoe 6833:battles 6690:Related 6559:Choctaw 6549:Catawba 6332:Rations 6277:Cavalry 6139:Removal 5767:efforts 5751:of 1873 5597:Stevens 5592:Stanton 5577:Lincoln 5536:Sherman 5471:Halleck 5461:Frémont 5446:Du Pont 5384:Mallory 5343:Wheeler 5278:Jackson 5258:Forrest 5198:Leaders 5141:Atlanta 5105:Vermont 5025:Montana 4965:Indiana 4940:Georgia 4935:Florida 4900:Arizona 4890:Alabama 4840:Atlanta 4755:Corinth 4707:battles 4651:Atlanta 4631:Bristoe 4532:Western 4527:Eastern 4432:Battles 4231:Slavery 4135:Origins 4121:Origins 4060:Related 3528:7577667 3110:8697590 3080:6619133 2983:3184269 2933:(eBook) 1644:of the 1392:at the 1126:, Col. 1079:, Col. 1055:of the 1053:V Corps 778:, Col. 758:, Col. 754:, Col. 739:of the 551:in the 104:78°40′W 101:38°39′N 7300:Armies 7175:Crater 6831:Major 6733:Portal 6671:Tokens 5607:Welles 5587:Seward 5572:Hamlin 5541:Thomas 5476:Hooker 5441:Butler 5394:Seddon 5379:Hunter 5364:Bocock 5338:Taylor 5333:Stuart 5323:Semmes 5303:Morgan 5263:Gorgas 5243:Cooper 5134:Cities 5070:Oregon 5035:Nevada 4975:Kansas 4945:Hawaii 4845:Crater 4745:Shiloh 4705:Major 4691:Mobile 4561:Major 4435:States 4386:Caning 3740: 3730: 3715:427057 3713: 3690:427057 3688: 3663: 3653: 3629: 3612: 3602: 3575: 3558: 3548: 3526: 3516: 3491: 3481: 3457: 3438: 3412: 3402: 3377: 3352: 3342: 3323: 3313: 3284: 3274: 3249: 3239: 3214: 3204: 3170: 3148: 3138: 3108: 3100: 3078: 3068: 3043: 3033: 3008: 2998: 2981: 2971: 2949: 2939: 1318: 1312: 1208:, and 786:; the 459:Shiloh 274:, was 255:~7,000 244:17,000 165: 152: 129:Result 7320:James 7118:(May) 6913:(Dec) 6901:(Sep) 6811:(Jul) 6476:Dixie 6463:Music 6082:Union 5926:Post- 5762:trial 5562:Chase 5557:Adams 5526:Scott 5501:Meigs 5496:Meade 5466:Grant 5456:Foote 5431:Buell 5412:Union 5374:Davis 5318:Price 5308:Mosby 5253:Ewell 5248:Early 5233:Bragg 5095:Texas 4990:Maine 4950:Idaho 4456:Union 3647:(PDF) 3596:(PDF) 3542:(PDF) 3510:(PDF) 3475:(PDF) 3396:(PDF) 3371:(PDF) 3268:(PDF) 3233:(PDF) 3179:(PDF) 3164:(PDF) 3094:(PDF) 3062:(PDF) 2965:(PDF) 2061:(the 1564:), a 1345:(the 1339:feint 845:Union 377:into 260:2,677 7219:1865 7089:1864 7014:1863 6860:1862 6783:1861 6661:Salt 6267:Arms 6117:List 6089:List 5602:Wade 5511:Pope 5481:Hunt 5313:Polk 5273:Hood 5268:Hill 5100:Utah 5065:Ohio 4970:Iowa 4502:Navy 4497:Army 4469:Navy 4464:Army 4032:CSS 3766:2005 3738:OCLC 3728:ISBN 3711:OCLC 3686:OCLC 3661:OCLC 3651:ISBN 3627:ISBN 3610:OCLC 3600:ISBN 3573:ISBN 3556:OCLC 3546:ISBN 3524:OCLC 3514:ISBN 3489:OCLC 3479:ISBN 3455:ISBN 3436:OCLC 3410:OCLC 3400:ISBN 3375:OCLC 3350:OCLC 3340:ISBN 3321:OCLC 3311:ISBN 3282:OCLC 3272:ISBN 3247:OCLC 3237:ISBN 3212:OCLC 3202:ISBN 3187:2009 3168:OCLC 3146:OCLC 3136:ISBN 3106:OCLC 3098:ASIN 3076:OCLC 3066:ISBN 3041:OCLC 3031:ISBN 3006:OCLC 2996:ISBN 2979:OCLC 2969:ISBN 2947:OCLC 2937:ISBN 2150:2021 2124:2021 1898:and 1896:44th 1886:and 1836:and 1266:and 1237:Gen. 1210:Bath 1091:and 1063:and 1025:Col. 721:Col. 515:and 463:East 457:and 317:Col. 78:Date 5506:Ord 5293:Lee 3754:NPS 3703:hdl 3678:hdl 2097:'s 2081:'s 1884:2nd 1449:at 1258:to 1231:to 527:to 511:at 288:in 7434:: 3752:. 3736:. 3709:. 3684:. 3659:. 3608:. 3554:. 3522:. 3487:. 3424:; 3408:. 3348:. 3319:. 3280:. 3245:. 3210:. 3174:. 3144:. 3124:; 3120:; 3104:. 3074:. 3039:. 3004:. 2977:. 2945:. 2557:^ 2264:^ 2252:^ 2177:x. 2038:. 1984:. 1429:. 1396:. 1212:. 1153:. 1142:. 1099:. 939:, 917:, 895:, 865:, 861:, 857:, 853:, 841:. 632:, 600:, 596:, 592:, 588:, 571:. 465:, 381:. 308:. 227:, 6767:e 6760:t 6753:v 4101:e 4094:t 4087:v 4023:" 4019:" 3824:e 3817:t 3810:v 3768:. 3744:. 3717:. 3705:: 3692:. 3680:: 3667:. 3635:. 3616:. 3581:. 3562:. 3530:. 3495:. 3463:. 3442:. 3416:. 3381:. 3356:. 3327:. 3288:. 3253:. 3218:. 3189:. 3152:. 3112:. 3082:. 3047:. 3012:. 2985:. 2953:. 2247:. 2166:. 2152:. 2126:. 1246:– 34:. 20:)

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Knowledge

Jackson's Valley campaign

Index