Jacobins - Knowledge

8479: 8414: 8346: 65: 3405: 3580:, which promoted "the rights of man". Robespierre particularly favored the rights of the broader population to eat, for example, over the rights of individual merchants. "I denounce the assassins of the people to you and you respond, 'let them act as they will.' In such a system, all is against society; all favors the grain merchants." Robespierre famously elaborated this conception in his speech on 2 December 1792: "What is the first goal of society? To maintain the imprescribable rights of man. What is the first of these rights? The right to exist." 8220: 1888: 7878: 3416:. The Jacobins became targets of Thermidorian and anti-Jacobin papers, with Jacobins lamenting counterrevolutionary pamphlets "poisoning public opinion". The Jacobins disavowed the support they gave Robespierre on 9 Thermidor, yet supported an unpopular return to the Terror. Meanwhile, the society's finances fell into disarray and membership dipped to 600. Further, they were linked to ongoing trials of prominent members of the Terror involved in atrocities in 2460: 1820: 3355:. In March 1794, the Montagnard Hébert and some followers were sentenced to death; in April the Montagnard Danton and 13 of his followers were sentenced to death; in both cases after insinuation by Robespierre in the Convention that those "internal enemies" were promoting 'the triumph of tyranny'. Meanwhile, the Montagnard-dominated government resorted also to harsh measures to repress what they considered counter-revolution, conspiracy and " 4291: 2951: 8444: 3489:. But public opinion was now preponderantly moderate or royalist, and the club was violently attacked in the press and in the streets. The suspicions of the government were aroused; it had to change its meeting-place from the Tuileries to the church of the Jacobins (Temple of Peace) in the Rue du Bac, and in August it was suppressed, after barely a month's existence. Its members avenged themselves on the Directory by supporting 2884: 8389: 2472: 3972: 3928: 1808: 3312:: Barère was in it since April 1793 until at least October 1793, Danton served there from April until July 1793, Couthon and Saint-Just had entered the Committee in May, Robespierre entered it in July, Collot d'Herbois in September and Billaud-Varenne also around September 1793. Robespierre for his steadfast adherence to and defence of his views received the nickname and reputation of 3672:

society emerging. Jacobin rhetoric would lead to increasing secularization and skepticism towards the governments of Europe throughout the 1800s. This complex and complete revolution in political, societal and cultural structure, caused in part by the Jacobins, had lasting impact throughout Europe, with such societal revolutions throughout the 1800s culminating in the

3010:, and the bourgeoisie formed the mass of the members. The club further included people like "père" Michel Gérard, a peasant proprietor from Tuel-en-Montgermont, in Brittany, whose rough common sense was admired as the oracle of popular wisdom, and whose countryman's waistcoat and plaited hair were later on to become the model for the Jacobin fashion. 4254:

bureaucracy, equality among citizens guaranteed by uniformity of the law, regeneration through education in republican schools, or simply an anxious concern for national independence. This vague range of meanings is still dominated, however, by the central figure of a sovereign and indivisible public authority with power over civil society .

3080:. The Jacobins finally rid itself of Feuillants in its midst; the number of clubs increased considerably, convening became a nationwide fad. In March 1792, in retaliation for their opposition to war with Austria the Feuillant ministers were forced out by the Girondins. The Assembly in April 1792 finally decided for war, thus following the ' 3435:, who harassed and attacked Jacobin members, even assailing the Jacobin Club hall in Paris. On 21 Brumaire, the Convention refused to support enforcement of protection of the club. The Committee of General Security decided to close the Jacobins' meeting hall late that night, resulting in it being padlocked at four in the morning. 3227:

representatives of the nation, I declare, in the name of France, that all of Paris will be obliterated". The next day, Robespierre said in the Jacobin Club that the people should "rise up against the corrupted deputies" in the convention. On 27 May, both Girondins and Montagnards accused the other party of propagating civil war.

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protection of personal freedom and social progress within French society. The cultural influence of the Jacobin movement was effective in reinforcing these rudiments, developing a milieu for revolution. The Constitution was admired by most Jacobins as the foundation of the emerging republic and of the rise of citizenship.

3188:(Committee of Public Prosperity, also translated as Committee of Public Safety) as sort of executive government of nine, later twelve members, always accountable to the National Convention. Initially, it counted no Girondins and only one or two Montagnards, but gradually the influence of Montagnards in the Committee grew. 2654:, succeeded in sidelining the Girondin faction and controlled the government until July 1794. Their time in government featured high levels of political violence, and for this reason the period of the Jacobin/Mountain government is identified as the Reign of Terror. In October 1793, 21 prominent Girondins were 2750:. It can be used to denote supporters of a role of the state in the transformation of society. It is, in particular, used as a self-identification by proponents of a state education system that strongly promotes and inculcates civic values. It is more controversially used by or for proponents of a strong 3159:

Some historians prefer to identify a parliamentary group around Robespierre as Jacobins, which can be confusing because not all Montagnards were Jacobin and their primal enemies, the Girondins, were originally also Jacobins. By September 1792, Robespierre indeed had also become the dominant voice in

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At the same time the rules of order of election were settled, and the constitution of the club determined. There was to be a president, elected every month, four secretaries, a treasurer, and committees elected to superintend elections and presentations, the correspondence, and the administration of

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The semantic elasticity of the term in late twentieth-century French politics attests to the work of time. 'Jacobinism' or 'Jacobin' can now refer to a wide range of predilections: indivisible national sovereignty, a state role in the transformation of society, centralization of the government and

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Most Ministries were manned by friends or allies of the Girondins, but while the Girondins were stronger than the Montagnards outside Paris, inside Paris the Montagnards were much more popular, implying that the public galleries of the convention were always loudly cheering for Montagnards, while

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The Jacobins saw themselves as constitutionalists, dedicated to the Rights of Man and in particular, to the declaration's principle of "preservation of the natural rights of liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" (Article II of the Declaration). The constitution reassured the

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were increasingly dominating French political life. Numbers of men were members of two or more of such clubs. Women were not accepted as members of the Jacobin Club (nor of most other clubs), but they were allowed to follow the discussions from the balconies. The rather high subscription of the

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led to a great increase of their number in the spring of 1791, and by the close of the year the Jacobins had a network of branches all over France. At the peak there were at least 7,000 chapters throughout France, with a membership estimated at a half-million or more. It was this widespread yet

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of 'preaching plunder and murder' and trying 'to destroy the sovereignty of the people'. A majority of the Convention agreed to put Marat on trial, but the court of justice quickly acquitted Marat. This apparent victory of the Montagnards intensified their antipathies of the Girondins, and more

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was seen as the revolutionary successor to the Jacobins. The undercurrent of radical and populist tendencies espoused and enacted by the Jacobins would create a complete cultural and societal shock within the traditional and conservative governments of Europe, leading to new political ideas of

3386:'. Later and modern scholars explain that high level of repressive violence occurred at a time when France was menaced by civil war and by a coalition of foreign hostile powers, requiring the discipline of the Terror to mold France into a united Republic capable of resisting this double peril. 3076:, also a Jacobin, strongly pleaded against war with Prussia and Austria – but in the Jacobin Club, not in the Assembly where he was not seated. Disdainfully, Robespierre addressed those Jacobin war promoters as 'the faction from the Gironde'; some, not all of them, were indeed from department 3226:

On both 18 and 25 May 1793, the acting president of the convention, Isnard, a Girondin, warned that the disturbances and disorder on the galleries and around the convention would finally lead the country to anarchy and civil war, and he threatened on 25 May: "If anything should befall to the

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Jacobin populism and complete structural destruction of the old order led to an increasingly revolutionary spirit throughout Europe and such changes would contribute to new political foundations. Leftist organizations would take different elements from Jacobin's core foundation.

3576:. Robespierre was viewed as the quintessential political force of the Jacobin Movement, thrusting ever deeper the dagger of liberty within the despotism of the Monarchy. As a disciple of Rousseau, Robespierre's political views were rooted in Rousseau's notion of the 3098:, governing France from October 1791 until September 1792, was dominated by men like Brissot, Isnard and Roland: Girondins. But after June 1792, Girondins visited less and less the Jacobin Club, where Robespierre, their fierce opponent, grew more and more dominant. 3347:

against the politicians and Parisians, mainly Montagnards, that had seized power over the Republic. The government in Paris called such revolts 'federalist' which was not accurate: most did not strive for regional autonomy but for a different central government.

3516:, located the effectiveness of the revolutionary movement not "in the force and 1789 bayonets of soldiers, guns, cannons and shells but by the marks of political power". Ultimately, the Jacobins were to control several key political bodies, in particular the 3596:

to consolidate new citizen armies. They instituted the Terror as a means of combating those they perceived as enemies within: Robespierre declared, "the first maxim of your policy ought to be to lead the people by reason and the people's enemies by terror."

3091:' or 'Montagne', in English 'the Mountain' – and the Girondins. These groups never had any official status, nor official memberships. The Mountain was not even very homogenous in their political views: what united them was their aversion to the Girondins. 3170:

Those parliamentary groups, Montagnards and Girondins, never had any official status, but historians estimate the Girondins in the Convention at 150 men strong, the Montagnards at 120. The remaining 480 of the 750 deputies of the convention were called

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The next meeting day, 22 Brumaire (12 November 1794), without debate the National Convention passed a decree permanently closing the Jacobin Club by a nearly unanimous vote. Within a year 93% of the Jacobin clubs were closed throughout the country.

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By the 7th article the club decided to admit as associates similar societies in other parts of France and to maintain with them a regular correspondence. By 10 August 1790 there were already one hundred and fifty-two affiliated clubs; the

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Probably because of the high level of repressive violence – but also to discredit Robespierre and associates as solely responsible for it – historians have taken up the habit to roughly label the period June 1793–July 1794 as

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by a crowd of around 80,000 armed soldiers, clamorously on the hand of the Montagnards. In a chaotic session a decree was adopted that day by the convention, expelling 22 leading Girondins from the convention, including

3696:. The Jacobin philosophy of a complete dismantling of an old system, with completely radical and new structures, is historically seen as one of the most revolutionary and important movements throughout modern history. 3583:

The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic. The Committee instituted

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was an old library room of the convent which hosted the Jacobins, and it was suggested that the Fraternal Society grew out of the regular occupants of a special gallery allotted to women at the Jacobin Club.

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Jacobin Club confined its membership to well-off men. The Jacobins claimed to speak on behalf of the people but were themselves not of 'the people': contemporaries saw the Jacobins as a club of the

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and the sense of nationhood that have marked all French republican regimes to this day. However, their ruthless and unjudicial methods discredited the Revolution in the eyes of many. The resulting

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in late January, though by this time, their opponents had already concisely dubbed them "Jacobins", a nickname originally given to French Dominicans because their first house in Paris was in the

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Kennedy, Michael L. “The Best and the Worst of Times: The Jacobin Club Network from October 1791 to June 2, 1793.” The Journal of Modern History 56, no. 4 (1984): 640, 644-646, 648.

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joined the club in this manner on 18 January 1790. Jacobin Club meetings soon became a place for radical and rousing oratory that pushed for republicanism, widespread education,

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and the Jacobin Club itself where members had been gathering every Saturday evening. Robespierre and 21 associates including the Jacobin Saint-Just and the Montagnard Couthon

3301:. In 'culture wars' and history writing after 1793 however, the group around Robespierre dominating French politics in June 1793–July 1794 was often designated as 'Jacobins'. 2891:

Once in Paris, the club soon extended its membership to others besides deputies. All citizens were allowed to enter, and even foreigners were welcomed: the English writer

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movement with a membership estimated at a half million or more. The Jacobin Club was heterogeneous and included both prominent parliamentary factions of the early 1790s:

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became opponents of Robespierre, taking their place on the right side of the session room of the convention. By this time, they stopped visiting the Jacobin Club.

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and other associates they took places on the left side on the highest seats of the session room: therefore that group around and led by Robespierre was called

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progressives likewise as a pejorative denoting the violent excesses of the revolution, whereas they associated its positive features and principles with the

8483: 9273: 4338: 5453:"Robespierre," by Mazauric, C., in "Dictionnaire historique de la Revolution francaise," ed. Albert Soboul. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris: 1989. 9505: 6595: 5310: 3719: 3175:' (French: la Plaine) and managed to keep some speed in the debates while Girondins and Montagnards were mainly occupied with nagging the opposite side. 2922: 8895: 7796: 7751: 7658: 7605: 7536: 7406: 7380: 7297: 7194: 7121: 6335: 4697:

Routledge, London/New York, 2014.) Chapter 7 (p. 271–312) : The federalist revolts, the Vendée and the beginning of the Terror (summer–fall 1793).

3366:– Billaud-Varenne, Collot d'Herbois and Carnot – called Robespierre a dictator. On 10 Thermidor, Year II (28 July 1794), at some time in the evening, 3113: 3107: 3087:

From then on, a polarization process started among the members of the Jacobin Club, between a group around Robespierre – after September 1792 called '

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that at the time of their rise to power threatened the very existence of the Revolution. Once in power, the Jacobins completed the overthrow of the

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Routledge, London/New York, 2014.) Chapter 4 (p. 141–186): The flight of the king and the decline of the French monarchy (summer 1791–summer 1792).

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shuttered all of the Jacobin clubs, removed all Jacobins from power and condemned many, well beyond the ranks of the Mountain, to death or exile.

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movements throughout the 19th and 20th century, with Jacobinism being the political foundation of almost all leftist schools of thought including

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the club. Any member who by word or action showed that his principles were contrary to the constitution and the rights of man was to be expelled.

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representatives attending those Estates General. Deputies from other regions throughout France soon joined. Early members included the dominating

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was used in an extended sense to denote political positions perceived as similar to those of the historical Jacobins and the Mountain in the

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Friend of the People, Enemy to the Cause: Jean Paul Marat, Charlotte Corday, and the Consolidation of Jacobin Power in Revolutionary France

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The Jacobin movement encouraged sentiments of patriotism and liberty amongst the populace. The movement's contemporaries, such as the King

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The cultural influence of the Jacobin movement during the French Revolution revolved around the creation of the Citizen. As commented in

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and successfully defended the Revolution from military defeat. They consolidated republicanism in France and contributed greatly to the

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Routledge, London/New York, 2014.) Chapter 5 (p. 187–221) : The end of the monarchy and the September Murders (summer–fall 1792).

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functions. The Jacobins as a political force were seen as "less selfish, more patriotic, and more sympathetic to the Paris Populace."

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that had been formally decided 4 August 1789 but had been held in check by a clause requiring compensation for the abrogation of the

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Routledge, London/New York, 2014.) Chapter 6 (p. 223–269) : The new French republic and its enemies (fall 1792–summer 1793).

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Routledge, London/New York, 2014.) Chapter 3 (p. 95–139) : The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (summer 1790–spring 1791).

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and some of his associates (Montagnards) gained greater power in France. Many of them, like Robespierre himself, were Jacobin:

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On 8 February 1790, the society became formally constituted on this broader basis by the adoption of the rules drawn up by

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Engraving "Closing of the Jacobin Club, during the night of 27–28 July 1794, or 9–10 Thermidor, year 2 of the Republic"

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Robespierre entered the political arena at the very beginning of the Revolution, having been elected to represent

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in accordance with the spirit of the preamble (that is, of respect for legally constituted authority and the

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Seal of the Jacobin Club from 1789 to 1792, during the transition from absolutism to constitutional monarchy

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Sternhell, Zeev (1976). "Anatomie d'un mouvement fasciste en France : le faisceau de Georges Valois".

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in October 1789, the club, still entirely composed of deputies, reverted to being a provincial caucus for

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Gendron, François (1993). "1. The Awakening of Moderate Opinion: The Closure of the Jacobin Club".

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were enrolled as members, including many notable ex-Jacobins. It published a newspaper called the

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In October 1793, 21 former Girondin Convention deputies were sentenced to death for supporting an

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Draft regulation for the Society of Friends of the Constitution: meeting at the Jacobins of Paris

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Routledge, London/New York, 2014.) Chapter 8 (p. 313–356) :The Terror (fall 1793–summer 1794).

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Projet de réglement pour la Société des amis de la Constitution: séante aux Jacobins de Paris

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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

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the title assumed by the Jacobin Club after the promulgation of the constitution of 1791 (

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To accommodate growing membership, the group rented for its meetings the refectory of the

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History of France § Bloodbath in Paris and the Republic established (September 1792)

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As far as the central society in Paris was concerned, it was composed almost entirely of

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The Jacobins rejected both the church and atheism. They set up new religious cults, the

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With the execution of Robespierre and other leading Montagnards and Jacobins, began the

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To correspond with other societies of the same kind which should be formed in the realm.

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made his comeback in the center of French power. Together with his 25-year-old protégé

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generally denotes a position of more equal formal rights, centralization, and moderate

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that the 22 leaders of the Girondins should be banned. Later that month, the Girondin

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In the beginning every two months, later every two weeks a new president was chosen:

3726:, then immediately suspend that constitution and all ordinary legality and institute 2635: 2615: 2600: 2464: 2213: 2111: 2046: 2041: 1989: 1964: 1824: 1204: 1127: 1097: 710: 642: 620: 527: 477: 432: 108: 9010: 8709: 6999: 6899: 6846: 4234:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (published 1989). p. 710. 4217: 4213: 4183: 3332: 3294: 2806: 2355: 735: 9520: 9380: 9173: 9168: 9158: 8890: 8817: 8754: 8724: 8496: 8466: 8361: 8064: 7914: 7839: 7576: 7560: 7515: 7451: 7422: 7217: 7096: 6979: 6486: 6437: 6430: 6089: 5822: 5754: 5713: 5601: 5531: 4972: 4441: 4397: 4343: 3689: 3550: 3482: 3470: 3231: 2999: 2747: 2554: 2319: 2146: 2131: 2116: 1974: 1959: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1463: 1319: 1152: 845: 785: 770: 745: 740: 532: 502: 472: 183: 9299: 6402: 4807: 4365: 3827: 3792: 3754: 3266: 2126: 161: 78: 9445: 9233: 8910: 8905: 8870: 8620: 8224: 8219: 8121: 8044: 7934: 7904: 7263: 7139: 6864: 6810: 6611: 6339: 6215:. "'Constitutional Amazons': Jacobin Women's Clubs in the French Revolution." in 5550: 5095: 4221: 4187: 3816: 3810: 3714:, "Citizenship is the expression of a sublime reciprocity between individual and 3577: 3383: 3356: 3298: 3278: 3252: 3219: 3137: 3124:(Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality). In the newly elected 2903: 2861: 2604: 2591: 2520: 2152: 2056: 1887: 790: 700: 665: 583: 482: 454: 301: 271: 259: 191: 9090: 5315:. The Story of Civilization Part XI. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 83. 3028:

The departure of the conservative members of the Jacobin Club to form their own

2857:

of London to the Assembly congratulating the French on regaining their liberty.

9515: 9457: 9263: 9085: 8865: 8585: 8448: 8443: 8393: 8388: 8208: 7396: 6630: 6224:

The Jacobin Republic Under Fire: The Federalist Revolt in the French Revolution

5197:

Marie-Claude Baron; Corinne Gomez-Le Chevanton; Françoise Brunel, eds. (2005).

4347: 3742: 3608: 3585: 3367: 3282: 3141: 3063: 2177: 2031: 1812: 1433: 1371: 1056: 870: 860: 830: 750: 725: 675: 637: 615: 539: 522: 507: 313: 5758: 5718: 5701: 3042:

History of France § War and internal uprisings (October 1791–August 1792)

2136: 9585: 9529: 9500: 9370: 9188: 8965: 8807: 8703: 8595: 8156: 8099: 6260:

Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution

6212: 6101: 5958: 5834: 5727: 5641: 5535: 4934: 4855: 4829: 4803: 4736: 4722:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 734–736. 4707: 4401: 4319:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–119. 4310: 4297: 4035: 3668: 3628: 3545: 3370:

was sent out with troops to arrest leading members of the Montagnards at the

2688: 2670:

pushed the administration of Robespierre and his allies out of power and had

2619: 2476: 2218: 2208: 2051: 2013: 2000: 1686: 1586: 1581: 1573: 1366: 1189: 610: 588: 573: 297: 8995: 4818:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 397–398. 4751:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 993–994. 2630:. In 1792–93, the Girondins were more prominent in leading France when they 970: 9536: 9481: 9395: 9350: 9178: 9060: 8852: 8009: 7994: 7964: 6135: 4833: 4122:

Brown, Charles Brockden (2009) . Barnard, Philip; Shapiro, Stephen (eds.).

3715: 3651:

ideas espoused by the Jacobins would lead to the development of the modern

3593: 3145: 3088: 3021:, but instead published their own petition calling for replacement of King 2942:

highly centralized organization that gave to the Jacobin Club great power.

2751: 2623: 2275: 2086: 1172: 1036: 933: 835: 800: 720: 376: 5100:. Translated by James Cookson. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 3623:

movement. This is disputed as the Jacobin's were socially and politically

3304:

Many of these Montagnards (and Jacobins) entered, or were already, in the

3249:

History of France § Counter-revolution subdued (July 1793–April 1794)

1912: 9390: 9248: 9138: 8915: 8885: 8034: 7354: 7147: 5500: 3521: 2987: 2972: 2777: 2687:. It was popular among conservative publicists as a pejorative to deride 2438: 2397: 2385: 2167: 2141: 1381: 1269: 1224: 1184: 977: 865: 730: 578: 321: 9488: 4844:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 167. 3002:, a future king of France, aristocrats such as the duc d'Aiguillon, the 2849:

deputies from Brittany. The club was re-founded in November 1789 as the

2794: 2062: 9294: 9133: 8749: 8104: 6579: 6109: 6077: 5766: 5742: 5312:

The Age of Napoleon – A History of European Civilization from 1789-1815

4949:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 694. 4870:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 337. 4859: 4479: 4453: 4429: 3995: 3758: 3681: 3624: 3540: 3102:

Opposition between Montagnards and Girondins in the National Convention

2979: 2960: 2707:

political movement that faded out decades earlier tied to deposed King

2700: 2692: 2655: 1117: 965: 960: 780: 705: 598: 593: 336: 9001: 5842: 5810: 4546: 3050:

advocated war with Prussia and Austria. Most prominent among them was

1682:

Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes

1671: 9128: 8774: 8685: 8268: 7637: 6219:

ed. Bryant T. Ragan, Jr., and Elizabeth Williams. (Rutgers UP, 1992).

5466:

Secret Societies: The Complete Guide to Histories, Rites, and Rituals

5199:"Archives Parlementaires de 1787 à 1860 – Première série (1787-1799)" 4192:. Champs (in French). Vol. 267. Paris: Flammarion. p. 243. 4151: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3632: 3589: 3529: 3513: 3458: 3447:

An attempt to reorganize Jacobin adherents was the foundation of the

3432: 3172: 3164: 3081: 3022: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2643: 2627: 2459: 2370: 2290: 1819: 556: 381: 6345: 5241:"The National Convention as Reflected in the Parliamentary Archives" 3035: 2950: 9476: 9471: 9410: 9163: 7929: 6093: 5826: 5605: 4445: 3648: 3644: 3612: 3490: 3198:

History of France § Showdown in the Convention (May–June 1793)

3191: 2867:, adjacent to the seat of the Assembly. They changed their name to 2782: 2696: 2375: 2187: 625: 561: 444: 179: 6473: 5309:

Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1975). "Chapter IV. The Convention".

3830:, 11 July; Nicolas Francois Vivier, 27 July; abolished in November 3376:

were sentenced to death by the National Convention and guillotined

2883: 6277:

Twelve who ruled: the year of the Terror in the French Revolution

3652: 3616: 3319:

Several deposed Girondin-Jacobin Convention deputies, among them

3077: 2722: 1994: 1167: 647: 5496:

Glimpses of the French Revolution: Myths, Ideals, and Realities

3569: 3562: 3520:

and, through it, the National Convention, which was not only a

3417: 3118:

Société des amis de la constitution séants aux Jacobins à Paris

2818: 2699:. In Britain, the term faintly echoed negative connotations of 2350: 1641: 1138:

International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties

1107: 223: 8544:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

4284: 4282: 3289:. Three other powerful Montagnards were not known as Jacobin: 8478: 6235:

Goodness beyond Virtue: Jacobins during the French Revolution

4342:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 239–40. 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 2603:

of 1789. The period of its political ascendancy includes the

211: 5239:

Gomez-Le Chevanton, Corinne; Brunel, Françoise (July 2015).

2650:. In May 1793, the leaders of the Mountain faction, led by 2569: 8518: 4259: 4079:. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France. 1 January 2021. 3032:

in July 1791 to some extent radicalized the Jacobin Club.

3013:

The Jacobin Club supported the monarchy up until the very

2560: 8358: 5415:

The Consequences of Radical Reform: the French Revolution

5324: 5322: 5063:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 260–61. 3768: 2575: 2563: 5895:

From Jacobin to Liberal: Marc-Antoine Jullien, 1775-1848

5238: 5132: 5130: 4998:'Principal Dates and Time Line of the French Revolution' 3122:

Société des Jacobins, amis de la liberté et de l'égalité

3019:

the petition of 17 July 1791 for the king's dethronement

2677:

In the years and decades after the revolution, the term

2534:

Société des Jacobins, amis de la liberté et de l'égalité

2529:

Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality

5178: 4953: 4189:

Dictionnaire critique de la Révolution française: Idées

2754:

capable of resisting undesirable foreign interference.

919:

Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe

5743:"Ideology and Motivation in the Paris Commune of 1871" 5702:"The Intellectual Origins of French Jacobin Socialism" 5319: 4649:"Historic Figures: Maximilien Robespierre (1758–1794)" 6246:

The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution, 1793–1795

5912: 5435: 5344: 5285:

The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution, 1793-1795

5263: 5166: 5154: 5142: 5127: 5115: 5034: 2910:

To discuss in advance questions to be decided by the

2899:, separation of church and state, and other reforms. 2578: 2566: 9274:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

5549:

Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017).

3535:

The Jacobin Club developed into a bureau for French

2887:

The Jacobin Club was in the Rue Saint-Honoré, Paris.

2572: 9506:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

6596:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

5228:(23). Paris: Tallien and a Societe de Patriotes: 8. 5226:

L'Ami des Citoyens: Journal du Commerce et des Arts

4896: