Jacobite rising of 1745

983: 1216: 1666: 1333: 608: 1734: 113: 5647: 1099: 926: 789: 1497: 1452: 1416: 860: 702: 1244:, an important border fortress before the 1707 Union but whose defences were now in poor condition, held by a garrison of 80 elderly veterans. However, without siege artillery the Jacobites would still have to starve it into submission, an operation for which they had neither the equipment nor time. Despite this, the castle capitulated on 15 November, after learning Wade's relief force was delayed by snow. Success reinvigorated the Jacobite cause, and when he retook the town in December, Cumberland wanted to execute those responsible. 1590: 1371: 125: 1165: 48: 917:, but were reinforced by his trusted advisors, most of whom were long-term English or Irish Catholic exiles. They differed sharply from the Scottish Protestant nationalists who formed the bulk of the Jacobite army in 1745, and opposed the Union, Catholicism and "arbitrary" rule. At the same time, Jacobite exiles failed to appreciate the extent to which English Tory support derived from policy differences with the Whigs, not Stuart loyalism. 979:, liaison between the Stuarts and their supporters in Scotland. Murray subsequently claimed to have advised against it, but that Charles was "determined to come though with a single footman." When Murray returned to Edinburgh with this news, his colleagues reiterated their opposition to a rising without substantial French backing, but Charles gambled once in Scotland, the French would have to support him. 1283: 1930:, which had recently surrendered to the French. Released after agreeing not to fight against France for the next 18 months, they were available for use elsewhere. In September, around 4,500 Dutch troops arrived in England, but they were in poor condition. By November, disease had reduced their number to 2,500, and the remainder saw no action before returning home in May 1746. 1448:. Charles held his position, expecting Cumberland to attack, but he refused to do so and unable to respond to the fire, Charles ordered his front line to charge. As they did so, boggy ground in front of the Jacobite centre forced them over to the right, where they became entangled with the right wing regiments and where movement was restricted by an enclosure wall. 1362:, crossing back into Scotland on 20 December. Cumberland's army arrived outside Carlisle on 22 December, and seven days later the garrison was forced to surrender, ending the Jacobite military presence in England. Much of the garrison came from the Manchester Regiment and several of the officers were later executed, including Francis Towneley. 1076:. Aware of the likely penalties for defeat, they felt that by arriving without French military support, Charles had failed to keep his commitments and were unconvinced by his personal qualities. Sleat and MacLeod may also have been especially vulnerable to government sanctions, due to their involvement in illegally selling tenants into 1095:, previously pardoned for participation in the 1715 and 1719 risings. O'Sullivan initially organised the Jacobite army along conventional military lines, but when Murray took over as chief of staff, he reverted to traditional Highland military structures and customs familiar to the majority of his recruits. 1691:

One example of how this influenced historical perspectives is the tendency to portray the Jacobite Army as composed largely of Gaelic-speaking Highlanders. As recently as 2013, the Culloden Visitors Centre listed Lowland regiments such as Lord Elcho's and Balmerino's Life Guards, Baggot's Hussars and

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Arguments over the suitability of the ground at Culloden stem from post-war disputes between supporters of Murray and O'Sullivan, who was largely responsible for the choice, but defeat was a combination of factors. In addition to superior numbers and equipment, Cumberland's troops had been drilled in

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Hawley's forces were largely intact, and resumed their advance once Cumberland arrived in Edinburgh on 30 January, while many Highlanders had gone home after Falkirk; on 1 February, the Jacobite army abandoned the siege, and retreated to Inverness. Cumberland marched up the coast, allowing his forces

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using Scots vernacular for the first time. After the Rising, reconciling the Jacobite past with a Unionist present meant focusing on a shared cultural identity, made easier by the fact it did not imply sympathy for the Stuarts; Ramsay was one of those who left Edinburgh when it fell to the Jacobites

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Troops that held together, like the French regulars, were far less vulnerable in retreat, but many Highlanders were cut down in the pursuit. Government casualties are estimated as 50 killed, plus 259 wounded; many Jacobite wounded remaining on the battlefield were reportedly killed afterwards, their

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Summarised in a British intelligence report of 1755; "...'tis not in the interest of France that the House of Stuart should ever be restored, as it would only unite the three Kingdoms against Them; England would have no exterior to mind, and prevent any of its Descendants (the Stuarts) attempting

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After 1745, the popular perception of Highlanders changed from that of "wyld, wykkd Helandmen", who were racially and culturally distinct from other Scots, to members of a noble warrior race. For a century before 1745, rural poverty drove increasing numbers to enlist in foreign armies, such as the

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on 16 April, often cited as the last pitched battle on British soil, lasted less than an hour and ended in a decisive government victory. Exhausted by a night march carried out in a failed attempt to surprise Cumberland's troops, many Jacobites missed the battle, leaving fewer than 5,000 to face a

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later claimed his fellow Scots were already concerned by Charles' autocratic style and fears he was overly influenced by his Irish advisors. A "Prince's Council" of 15 to 20 senior leaders was established; Charles resented it as an imposition by the Scots on their divinely appointed monarch, while

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and many felt they had gone too far already. The invasion route had been selected to cross areas considered strongly Jacobite in sympathy, but the promised English support failed to materialise. With several government armies marching on their position, they were outnumbered and in danger of being

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and Catholic meeting houses. The brutality of these measures was partly driven by a widespread perception on both sides that another landing was imminent. Regular soldiers in French service were treated as prisoners of war and exchanged regardless of nationality, but 3,500 captured Jacobites were

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While the decision has been debated ever since, contemporaries did not believe the Hanoverian regime would collapse, even had the Jacobites reached London. It was driven by lack of external support, not proximity to the capital, and its wisdom is supported by many modern historians. Lack of heavy

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The Jacobite cause did not entirely disappear after 1746, but the conflicting objectives of its participants ended the movement as a serious political threat. Many Scots were disillusioned by Charles' leadership while the decline in English Jacobitism was demonstrated by the lack of support from

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on 20 September; he never returned to Scotland but the collapse of his relationship with the Scots always made this unlikely. Even before Derby, he had accused Murray and others of treachery; these outbursts became more frequent due to disappointment and heavy drinking, while the Scots no longer

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on 5th to discuss next steps. Despite the large crowds that turned out to see them on the march south, only Manchester provided a significant number of recruits; Preston, a Jacobite stronghold in 1715, supplied three. Murray argued they had gone as far as possible and now risked being cut off by

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to help defend it against the "English armies" they expected to be sent against them. Charles argued an invasion of England was critical for attracting French support, and ensuring an independent Scotland by removing the Hanoverians. He was supported by the Irish exiles, for whom a Stuart on the

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In his Diary, Lord Elcho later wrote that "...the majority of the Council was not in favour of a march to England and urged that they should remain in Scotland to watch events and defend their own land. This was also the opinion in secret of the Marquis d'Éguilles; but the wishes of the Prince

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in 1745, Stuart loyalism being the least important. These divisions became increasingly apparent during the Rising, exacerbated because Charles himself was largely ignorant of the kingdoms he hoped to regain. In addition, many of his senior advisors were Irish exiles, who wanted an autonomous,

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The retreat badly damaged the relationship between Charles and the Scots, both sides viewing the other with suspicion and hostility. Elcho later wrote that Murray believed they could have continued the war in Scotland "for several years", forcing the Crown to agree to terms as its troops were

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At the same time, by the late 1730s French statesmen had come to see British commercial strength as a threat to the European balance of power, and the exiled Stuarts a potential option for weakening it. However, financing a low-level insurgency was far more cost-effective than an expensive

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claimed "...the accepted idea of the Forty-Five in the minds of most people is a hazy and picturesque combination of a picnic and a crusade ... in cold reality, Charles was unwanted and unwelcomed." Modern commentators argue the focus on "Bonnie Prince Charlie" obscures the fact that many

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superior forces, with Cumberland advancing north from London, and Wade moving south from Newcastle. Charles admitted he had not heard from the English Jacobites since leaving France; this meant he lied when claiming otherwise and his relationship with the Scots was irretrievably damaged.

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Lord Elcho later claimed to have told Charles he should "put himself at the head of the men that remained to him, and live and die with them," but he was determined to leave for France. After evading capture in the Western Highlands, Charles was picked up by a French ship commanded by

1117:, the government commander in Scotland, were untrained recruits, and while he lacked information on Jacobite intentions, they were well-informed on his, as Murray had been one of his advisors. Forbes instead relied on his relationships to keep people loyal; he failed with Lochiel and 1470:

fired into their flank from behind the wall. Unable to return fire, the Highlanders broke and fell back in confusion; the north-eastern regiments and Irish and Scots regulars in the second line retired in good order, allowing Charles and his personal retinue to escape northwards.

879:, head of the Jacobite White Rose society. He met with Stuart agents several times between 1740 and 1744 and promised support "if the Prince brought a French army"; in the end, he spent the Rebellion in London, with participation by the Welsh gentry limited to two lawyers, 717:

were an ideal location for launching such an attempt, while the feudal nature of clan society made it relatively easy to raise troops. However, even Jacobite sympathisers were reluctant to support an uprising they recognised could be devastating for the local populace.

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to be resupplied by sea, and entered Aberdeen on 27 February; both sides halted operations until the weather improved. When Cumberland left Aberdeen on 8 April, the Jacobites were short of food and money, and the leadership agreed giving battle was their best option.

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Most English Jacobite sympathisers were Tories who resented their exclusion from power since 1714, and viewed Hanover as a liability which involved them in expensive Continental wars of minimal benefit to Britain. These sentiments were particularly strong in the

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Fighting began with an artillery exchange: that of the government was vastly superior in training and coordination, particularly as James Grant, an officer in the Irish Brigade who served as head of the Jacobite artillery, was absent, having been wounded at the

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British throne was the only way to achieve an autonomous, Catholic Ireland. Charles also claimed he was in contact with English supporters, who were simply waiting for their arrival, while d'Éguilles assured the council a French landing in England was imminent.

1153:, was recalled to London, along with 12,000 troops. To consolidate his support in Scotland, Charles published two "Declarations" on 9 and 10 October: the first dissolved the "pretended Union," the second rejected the Act of Settlement. He also instructed the 1613:

In June 1747, D'Éguilles produced a report on the Rising that was critical of the Jacobite leadership in general, while his opinion of Charles was so negative that he concluded France might be better served by supporting a Scottish Republic. Soon after this,

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desperately needed for the war on the Continent. This seems unlikely since despite their victories in Flanders, in early 1746 Finance Minister Machault warned Louis that the British naval blockade had reduced the French economy to a "catastrophic state."

964:'s squadron left Brest on 26 January 1744, the Royal Navy refused to follow. French naval operations against Britain often took place in the winter, when poor weather made it harder to enforce a blockade. Unfortunately, this worked both ways, and as in 894:, those who refused to swear allegiance to the Hanoverian regime. By 1745, Non-Jurists had largely disappeared in England, but continued to be a significant element in Scotland; many of those who participated in the Rising came from Non-Jurist 1709:

in August 1688. Foreign service was banned in 1745 and recruitment into the British Army accelerated as deliberate policy. Victorian imperial administrators accentuated this by recruiting from the so-called "martial races," with Highlanders,

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made the first comprehensive survey of the Highlands. Additional measures were taken to weaken the traditional clan system, which even before 1745 had been under severe stress due to changing economic conditions. The most significant was the

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The Forfeited Estates Papers, 1745: a study of the work of the Commissioners for the Forfeited Annexed Estates, 1755–1784, with particular reference to their contribution to the development of communications in Scotland in the eighteenth

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is an Englishman who fights for the Stuarts, rescues a Hanoverian Colonel and finally rejects a romantic Highland beauty for the daughter of a Lowland aristocrat. Scott's reconciliation of Unionism and the '45 allowed Cumberland's nephew

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participants in the Rising did so because they opposed the Union, not the Hanoverians. As a result, this nationalist aspect makes it part of an ongoing political idea, rather than the last act of a doomed Highland cause and culture.

1622:; Charles viewed this as tacit acceptance that the Stuart cause was finished and never forgave him. For both leaders, the Rebellion was to be the highlight of their careers. Charles was forcibly deported from France after the 1748 1351:, while Dunkirk was a major privateer base and always busy. Threatening an invasion was a far more cost-effective means of consuming British resources than actually doing so and these plans were formally cancelled in January 1746. 902:, whose loss of political control was not matched by perceived economic benefit. This was particularly marked in Edinburgh, former location of the Scottish Parliament, and among Highland chiefs, many of whom were heavily in debt. 1520:

indicted for treason. Of these, 120 were executed, primarily deserters from government forces and members of the Manchester Regiment. Some 650 died awaiting trial, 900 were pardoned and the rest transported to the colonies.

968:, the invasion force was wrecked by storms. Several French ships were sunk and many others severely damaged, Roquefeuil himself being among the casualties. In March, Louis cancelled the invasion and declared war on Britain. 1432:

countering the Highland charge, which relied on speed and ferocity to break the enemy lines. When successful it resulted in quick victories like Prestonpans and Falkirk, but if it failed, they could not hold their ground.

1091:, witnessed by what O'Sullivan estimated as around 700 Highlanders. This small Jacobite force used the new government-built roads to reach Perth on 4 September, where they were joined by more sympathisers. They included 1140:

itself remained in government hands; James was proclaimed King of Scotland the next day and Charles his Regent. On 21 September, the Jacobites intercepted and scattered Cope's army in less than 20 minutes at the

941:, agreed to co-operate against Britain, including an invasion to restore the Stuarts. In November 1743, Louis advised James this was planned for February 1744 and began assembling 12,000 troops and transports at 1762:

cycle which was a best-seller throughout Europe. The claim that it was a translation from the original Gaelic has been disputed ever since but the post-1746 sense of a culture under threat led to an upsurge in

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In his novels, Scott provided a highly romanticised view of both English and Scottish history, which one contemporary described as "crude, uncertain and often false", but which still inform modern perspectives

844:, although diplomats observed opposition to foreign entanglements was true "only so long as English commerce does not suffer." However, even this group was far more concerned to ensure the primacy of the 737:, contrary to an understanding their service was restricted to Scotland, causing a short-lived mutiny. However, mutinies over pay and conditions were not unusual and the worst riots in 1725 took place in 1696:

Perthshire Horse as "Highland Horse." Although a significant proportion were Highlanders, the army included many Lowland units, limited numbers of English, and several hundred French and Irish regulars.

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Once north of Edinburgh or inland from ports like Aberdeen, the movement of government troops was hampered by lack of roads or accurate maps of the Highlands. To remedy this, new forts were built, the

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The invasion itself had little strategic effect, but reaching Derby and returning was a considerable military achievement. Morale was high, while reinforcements from Aberdeenshire and Banffshire under

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Such concessions were firmly opposed by Protestants who were the overwhelming majority in England, Wales and Scotland, while estimates of English support in particular confused indifference to the

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Despite their doubts, the Council agreed to the invasion, on condition the promised English and French support was forthcoming. Previous Scottish incursions into England had crossed the border at

836:, unofficial head of the English Catholic community. Sentenced to death in 1716, he was reprieved and remained in London during the 1745 rebellion, visiting George II to confirm his loyalty. 5682: 1343:

The British government was concerned by reports of an invasion fleet being prepared at Dunkirk but it is unclear how serious these plans were. Over the winter of 1745 to 1746, Maréchal

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These internal tensions were highlighted by the meetings held on 30 and 31 October to discuss strategy. Most of the Scots wanted to consolidate their position and revive the pre-1707

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committed himself only after Charles provided "security for the full value of his estate should the rising prove abortive," while MacLeod and Sleat helped him escape after Culloden.

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Before 1707, Scots writers were part of a wider and often uniform European literary culture. The creation of a uniquely Scottish style began as a reaction to Union, with poets like

1479:. On 20 April, Charles ordered them to disperse, arguing French assistance was required to continue the fight and they should return home until he returned with additional support. 1329:, who was with Cumberland's army, listed five possible options for the Jacobites, of which retreating to Scotland was by far the best for them, and the worst for the government. 1271:. At previous Council meetings, many Scottish members argued for withdrawal. They agreed to continue only after Charles assured them Sir Watkin Williams Wynn would meet them at 975:

had proposed a landing in Scotland, which had been rejected by the French, and James himself. Seeking to revive this plan, in August Charles travelled to Paris where he met Sir

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Corp, Edward (2014). "The Scottish Jacobite Community at Saint-Germain after the Departure of the Stuart Court". In Macinnes, Allan I.; German, Kieran; Graham, Lesley (eds.).

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The government limited confiscations of Jacobite property, since the experience of doing so after 1715 and 1719 showed the cost often exceeded the sales price. Under the

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This increased the distance to the government lines and slowed the momentum of the charge, lengthening their exposure to the government artillery, which now switched to

1705:, but while many Highlanders had military experience, the military aspects of clanship had been in decline for many years, the last significant inter-clan battle being 1176: 1535:

were beheaded in April 1747, but public opinion was against further trials and the remaining prisoners were pardoned under the Act of Indemnity 1747. They included

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losses being 1,200 to 1,500 dead and 500 prisoners. Several thousand armed Jacobites remained at large, and over the next two days, an estimated 1,500 assembled at

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weapons or equipment allowed the small Jacobite army to out-march their opponents, but made a set-piece battle extremely hazardous. In a letter of 30 November, the

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cut off. The decision to retreat was supported by the vast majority, but caused an irretrievable split between Charles and his Scots supporters. Despite victory at

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and the North-West of England, areas strongly Jacobite in 1715. The last elements of the Jacobite army left Edinburgh on 4 November and government forces under

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Charles continued his attempts to reignite the cause, including making a secret visit to London in 1750, when he met supporters and briefly converted to the

1606:. Irish Jacobite societies increasingly reflected opposition to the existing order rather than affection for the Stuarts and were eventually absorbed by the 1388:

The Jacobite army now shifted to a more conventional form of warfare, for which they were arguably less well suited. Many troops were occupied suppressing a

1547:, responsible for recruiting the Cameron regiment in 1745, was allegedly betrayed by his own clansmen on returning to Scotland and executed on 7 June 1753. 5691: 4727: 4619: 4060: 686:

both failed, the latter so badly its planners concluded that it might "ruin the King's Interest and faithful subjects in these parts". Senior exiles like

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refused to recognise him as Charles III after their father died in 1766. He died of a stroke in Rome in January 1788, a disappointed and embittered man.

666:, the primary source of support for the exiled Stuarts, died in 1715 and his successors needed peace with Britain in order to rebuild their economy. The 4284: 5023: 4461:

Mearns, Alasdair B. (2007). "Catriona Nic Fhearghais (Christiana Fergusson)". In Ewan, Elizabeth; Pipes, Rose; Rendall, Jane; Reynolds, Siân (eds.).

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Scots made up less than five per cent of the Jacobite court in 1696 and 1709: by far the largest element were English, followed by Irish and French.

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helped maintain public interest in the Stuarts, but by 1737, James was "living tranquilly in Rome, having abandoned all hope of a restoration."

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but others avoided recent divisions within Scottish society by looking back to a far more distant and largely mythical past. These included

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Letter from Prince Charles Edward Stuart to the Scottish Chiefs, justifying his reasons for leaving Scotland after the Battle of Culloden

1579: 1122: 772:, chief minister since 1723, viewed the Jacobites as unreliable fantasists, an opinion shared by most French ministers. An exception was 563:

in September. At a council in October, the Scots agreed to invade England after Charles assured them of substantial support from English

1321:. While less than 200 in total, Drummond allegedly claimed another 10,000 were preparing to follow, "greatly influencing" the decision. 678:

pension, making him even less attractive to the Protestants who formed the vast majority of his British support. Jacobite rebellions in

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in April ended the rebellion. Charles escaped to France, but was unable to win support for another attempt, and died in Rome in 1788.

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Gold, John R; Gold, Margaret M (2007). "'The Graves of the Gallant Highlanders': Memory, Interpretation and Narratives of Culloden".

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Jacobite morale was further boosted in mid-October when the French landed supplies of money and weapons, together with an envoy, the

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Replacing a complex and divisive historical past with a simplified but shared cultural tradition led to the Victorian inventions of

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The Albemarle papers; being the correspondence of William Anne, second earl of Albemarle, commander-in-chief in Scotland, 1746–1747

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in 1745. However, the study of Scottish history itself was largely ignored by schools and universities until the mid-20th century.

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restoration, especially since the Stuarts were unlikely to be any more pro-French than the Hanoverians. The remote and undeveloped

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an elderly 64-gun warship captured from the British in 1704, which carried the weapons and 100 volunteers from the French Army's

687: 5876: 5737: 4002: 3791: 1771:, generally credited as author of the first secular works in Gaelic in the early 1740s, was followed by Gaelic poets including 1646: 1528: 848:, which meant defending it from Charles and his Catholic advisors, the Scots Presbyterians who formed the bulk of his army, or 286: 1566:

in 1755. Under the 1784 Disannexing Act, their heirs were allowed to buy them back, in return for a total payment of £65,000.

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When they reached Derby on 4 December, there was no sign of any reinforcements or French landing, and the Council convened at

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History of the 42nd Royal Highlanders: The Black Watch, Now The First Battalion The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) 1729–1893

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outlawed Highland dress unless worn in military service, although its impact is debated and the law was repealed in 1782.

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asked for French help in restoring James to the British throne. While war with Britain was clearly only a matter of time,

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excluded Catholics from the succession, when Anne became queen in 1702, her heir was the distantly related but Protestant

1665: 1562:, of which 41 were confiscated. As happened previously, most were either purchased or claimed by creditors, with 13 made 1220: 321: 4249:(April 1997). "'The Strange Death of Scottish History' Revisited: Constructions of the Past in Scotland, c. 1790–1914". 708:, chief minister of France 1723 to 1743; he viewed the Jacobites as an ineffective weapon for dealing with British power 5809: 5576: 5117: 5089: 5045: 5012: 4993: 4946: 4869: 4820: 4801: 4782: 4763: 4715: 4696: 4653: 4607: 4536: 4501: 4470: 4403: 4350: 4331: 4312: 4175: 4153: 4134: 4115: 4094: 3991: 3972: 3944: 3902: 3880: 3844: 3825: 3803: 3736: 3710: 3619: 1806: 1393: 1336: 1146: 833: 144: 4617:

Pittock, Murray (2004). "Charles Edward Stuart; styled Charles; known as the Young Pretender, Bonnie Prince Charlie".

5586: 5511: 3586: 1940: 281: 271: 195: 5861: 5366: 1768: 1623: 1466:. Despite heavy losses, the Highlanders crashed into Cumberland's left, which gave ground but did not break, while 1306: 1130: 1114: 757: 463: 306: 256: 190: 149: 5784: 5606: 1802: 1397: 1073: 381: 301: 4204: 5871: 5866: 5747: 5561: 5531: 5214: 4194: 1570: 1256: 749: 637:, who ruled as joint monarchs of England, Ireland and Scotland. Neither Mary, who died in 1694, nor her sister 529: 266: 4939:

Highland Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745–46: 'Forcing Out,' Traditional Documentation and Gaelic Poetry

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After Culloden, government forces spent several weeks searching for rebels, confiscating cattle and burning

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Szechi, Daniel; Sankey, Margaret (2001). "Elite Culture and the Decline of Scottish Jacobitism 1716–1745".

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congregations. However, the most powerful single driver for Scottish support in 1745 was opposition to the

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Stephen, Jeffrey (January 2010). "Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism: The Edinburgh Council, 1745".

1400:, one of the most powerful forts in Scotland. On 17 January, the Jacobites dispersed a relief force under 1005:

in April encouraged the French authorities to provide him with two transport ships. These were the 16-gun

813:. His grandfather James II had promised these concessions in return for Irish support in the 1689 to 1691 5825: 5769: 5275: 4226: 1972: 960:

James remained in Rome while Charles made his way in secret to join the invasion force, but when Admiral

611: 525: 3638: 5712: 5307: 5231: 1944: 1764: 1607: 1113:, forwarded confirmation of the landing to London on 9 August. Many of the 3,000 soldiers available to 841: 291: 769: 705: 5814: 5799: 5596: 5571: 5521: 5481: 5351: 5302: 4511: 1484: 1255:

on 28th. Here they received the first notable intake of English recruits, which were formed into the

1081: 1038:, an Irish exile and former French officer who acted as chief of staff. The two vessels left for the 972: 895: 814: 741:, a town Charles noted in 1746 as one "where I have no friends and who are not at pains to hide it." 657: 521: 458: 366: 316: 4976: 4416:(October 1980). "An Eighteenth-Century Scots Republic? An Unlikely Project from Absolutist France". 905:

In summary, Charles wanted to reclaim the throne of a united Great Britain and rule on the basis of

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Military Recruiting in the Scottish Highlands 1739–1815: the Political, Social and Economic Context

1948: 1858: 1849: 1733: 1650: 1583: 1540: 1180: 976: 117: 112: 1563: 1423:; boggy ground in front of the Jacobite centre forced them to the right; Ballimore's battalion of 1385:

along with Scottish and Irish regulars in French service brought Jacobite strength to over 8,000.

532:, when the bulk of the British Army was fighting in mainland Europe, and proved to be the last in 5794: 5496: 5431: 5386: 5371: 5341: 4831: 4515: 1923: 1906:

Should the invasion fail, it was also a convenient spot to assemble troops for a campaign in the

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entered England in early November, but neither of these assurances proved accurate. On reaching

5819: 5591: 5406: 5292: 5261: 1405: 1318: 1314: 1188: 1105:, senior government legal officer in Scotland, tirelessly organised opposition to the Jacobites 1019: 1010: 852:

in general; many "Jacobite" demonstrations in Wales stemmed from hostility to the 18th century

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Oates, Jonathan (2007). "Dutch Forces in Eighteenth-Century Britain; A British Perspective".

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Memorials of John Murray of Broughton: Sometime Secretary to Prince Charles Edward, 1740–1747

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being grouped together as those who were arbitrarily identified as sharing military virtues.

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Episcopalianism in Nineteenth-Century Scotland: Religious Responses to a Modernizing Society

4547: 19:"The Forty-Five" redirects here. For the bodyguard of Henry III and Henry IV of France, see 5536: 5321: 5317: 3912: 1964: 1907: 1825: 1772: 1706: 1171:; while competent, poor relationships with Charles and O'Sullivan reduced his effectiveness 1031: 788: 642: 568: 4582:. T. and A. Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Scottish History Society. 3919:. T. and A. Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Scottish History Society. 3685:. T. and A. Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Scottish History Society. 1828:

and Bonnie Prince Charlie. These continue to shape modern perspectives on the Scots past.

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made ostentatious preparations for putting to sea, in hopes of luring away their patrols.

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Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914

1377:; the Jacobites spent two months unsuccessfully besieging the strongest fort in Scotland 1267:

officer, whose elder brother Richard had narrowly escaped execution for his part in the

5696: 5687: 5646: 5601: 5446: 5421: 5356: 5265: 5236: 5221: 5068: 4964: 4952: 4925: 4917: 4888: 4857: 4672: 4449: 4425: 4262: 4046: 1436: 1420: 1196: 1002: 899: 821: 777: 714: 690:

accepted pardons and returned home or took employment elsewhere. The birth of his sons

630: 596: 556: 361: 351: 1653:, but the latter dismissed him as incapable through drink. Despite Charles's urgings, 1496: 5461: 5411: 5391: 5376: 5297: 5113: 5085: 5041: 5008: 4989: 4942: 4929: 4865: 4816: 4797: 4778: 4759: 4711: 4692: 4649: 4603: 4583: 4532: 4522: 4497: 4466: 4399: 4382: 4365: 4346: 4327: 4308: 4211: 4190: 4171: 4163: 4149: 4130: 4111: 4090: 4050: 3987: 3968: 3940: 3932: 3920: 3898: 3876: 3859: 3840: 3821: 3799: 3732: 3725: 3706: 3686: 3662: 3615: 1654: 1389: 1264: 1200: 938: 910: 845: 653: 346: 336: 5332: 5246: 5060: 4909: 4838: 4732: 4624: 4254: 4065: 4038: 1791: 1755: 1743: 1638: 1551: 1516: 1476: 1455: 1260: 1232:

Murray divided the army into two columns to conceal their destination from General

1137: 1087:

On 19 August, the rebellion was launched with the raising of the Royal Standard at

934: 891: 817:, and only a Stuart on the throne of Great Britain could ensure their fulfillment. 533: 439: 39: 5155:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Murray Pittock, Stana Nenadic & Allan Macinnes ( 4744: 4636: 4077: 859: 3612:

No Quarter Given: The Muster Roll of Prince Charles Edward Stuart's Army, 1745–46

1536: 1504: 1374: 1344: 1310: 1225: 1043: 987: 396: 4736: 1408:, but insufficient heavy artillery meant the siege itself made little progress. 867:

in Edinburgh reflected opposition to the loss of political power following Union

5722: 4595: 4069: 3727:

Crowded with Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment: Edinburgh's Moment of the Mind

1919: 1817: 1599: 1589: 1204: 864: 825: 753: 726: 722: 701: 483: 4937:

Stewart, James A. Jr. (2001). "Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium".

4628: 3895:

Clanship to Crofters' War: The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands

1415: 1347:

was assembling troops in Northern France in preparation for an offensive into

5855: 5204: 5033: 4892: 4587: 4386: 4258: 3924: 3917:

The Jacobite Attempt of 1719: Letters of James Butler, second Duke of Ormonde

3863: 1813: 1783: 1702: 1684: 1603: 1039: 1027: 954: 804:

identifies seven different ideological drivers behind continuing support for

761: 656:. Sophia died in June 1714, two months before Anne, and her son succeeded as 311: 5152: 5064: 4369: 4042: 1305:

The Council voted overwhelmingly to retreat, especially after learning from

828:

tried to bind English Catholics closer to the regime by refusing to enforce

4437: 4413: 3813: 3720: 3690: 1787: 1751: 1631: 1401: 1298: 946: 872: 801: 391: 326: 154: 58: 4277:

From Jacobitism to the SNP: the Crown, the Union and the Scottish Question

3937:

The '45: Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Untold Story of the Jacobite Rising

1451: 567:

and a simultaneous French landing in Southern England. On that basis, the

205: 3873:

The Wandering Army; The Campaigns that transformed the British way of war

1738: 1574: 1233: 1053:

After a four-hour battle, both were forced to return to port; losing the

929:

Charles Edward Stuart as European royalty, painted at Holyrood, late 1745

159: 47: 4956: 4921: 4676: 4548:"Historical Account of His Majesty's Visit to Scotland, Edinburgh, 1822" 4453: 4429: 4266: 764:, who then excluded their partners from government. Furious Tories like 5241: 5193: 5072: 4755:

The Jacobite Wars: Scotland and the Military Campaigns of 1715 and 1745

4489: 4246: 4127:

The Emergence of Britain's Global Naval Supremacy: The War of 1739–1748

3890: 1627: 1370: 1252: 1126: 1088: 950: 805: 587: 564: 552: 129: 4842: 4775:

Culloden; Scotland's Last Battle and the Forging of the British Empire

1824:

and the adoption by a largely Protestant nation of the Catholic icons

1775:, who participated in the Rising as part of a government militia, and 1927: 1555: 1543:, Lord Murray and Lochiel were excluded from this and died in exile; 1508: 1463: 1240:, and entered England on 8 November unopposed. On 10th, they reached 1164: 1006: 650: 614:, the 'Old Pretender,' or 'Chevalier de St George' portrait from 1748 3682:

Origins of the 'Forty-Five, and Other Papers Relating to That Rising

721:

Opposition to taxes levied by the London government led to the 1725

5672: 4913: 1348: 1241: 1150: 1068:

Many of those contacted advised him to return to France, including

734: 623: 579: 407: 81: 4879:

Sroka, Kenneth M. (1980). "Education in Walter Scott's Waverley".

3299: 1582:, which ended the feudal power of chiefs over their clansmen. The 4813:

Britain and Colonial Maritime War in the Early Eighteenth Century

2315: 2313: 1276: 1062: 942: 738: 85: 3837:

Living with Jacobitism, 1690–1788: The Three Kingdoms and Beyond

3203: 3023: 2252: 2250: 1750:

The vernacular style was continued after 1745, most famously by

1392:

in the Highlands, led by clansmen loyal to the government under

1109:

The senior government legal officer in Scotland, Lord President

3965:

A Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland in the Years 1744–46

3773:"The seized Jacobite money and land that helped build Scotland" 2999: 1821: 1796:

presented it as part of a shared Unionist history. The hero of

1759: 1719: 1715: 1358:

The fast-moving Jacobite army evaded pursuit with only a minor

1184:

the daily meetings accentuated divisions between the factions.

1136:

On 17 September, Charles entered Edinburgh unopposed, although

809:

Catholic Ireland and the return of lands confiscated after the

4146:

Revolution: the Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685–1720

2310: 1458:, where over 1,500 Jacobite survivors assembled after Culloden 1282: 1179:, which seemed to validate claims of French backing. However, 1157:

to publish minutes of the 1695 Parliamentary enquiry into the

641:, had surviving children, leaving their Catholic half-brother 5162: 4440:(1982). "Issues and Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745". 4205:"The Inventory of Historic Battlefields – Battle of Culloden" 3455: 3083: 2247: 1711: 1539:, whose aristocratic admirers collected over £1,500 for her. 1286: 1272: 783: 572: 4663:

Quynn, Dorothy Mackay (1941). "Flora MacDonald in History".

3215: 2785: 2783: 2325: 1994:

Lovat was the last person executed by this method in Britain

1396:. At the same time, much of their resources were focused on 1228:; soldiers mustered to defend London against Jacobite forces 1001:

He spent the first months of 1745 purchasing weapons, while

5312: 3155: 2975: 2951: 2213: 2211: 1247:

Leaving a small garrison, the Jacobites continued south to

832:

against them. Many became government supporters, including

675: 671: 16:

Attempt by the House of Stuart to regain the British throne

3527: 3371: 3335: 3323: 3059: 2499: 2025: 1939:

Elcho reported that besides himself, the Council included

1080:. Enough were persuaded but the choice was rarely simple; 5110:

The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1749–1759

3539: 3359: 3179: 3167: 3035: 2987: 2939: 2843: 2831: 2807: 2780: 2756: 2708: 2552: 2528: 2378: 2376: 2286: 2235: 2196: 2078: 2076: 1888:

anything against the Libertys or Religion of the People."

997:

to return to port with most of the weapons and volunteers

744:

Trade disputes between Spain and Britain led to the 1739

3563: 2855: 2744: 2274: 2208: 2184: 1782:

The Rising has been a popular topic for writers such as

1313:. They included small detachments of regulars from the " 1309:

that French ships had landed men, supplies and money at

1293:

commemorates the Jacobite army reaching the town in 1745

1057:

and its volunteers and weapons was a major setback, but

756:

was forced to resign in February 1742 by an alliance of

3748:"Myth Buster: Was Tartan Really Banned After Culloden?" 3503: 3443: 3407: 3263: 3251: 3143: 3095: 2927: 2879: 2576: 2564: 2487: 2463: 2451: 2262: 2223: 2160: 2148: 2136: 2100: 2088: 1809:

and tartans, previously symbols of Jacobite rebellion.

575:

on 4 December, they halted to discuss future strategy.

4343:

The Stuarts' Secret Army: English Jacobites, 1689–1752

3856:

The Act of Union: Death or Reprieve for the Highlands?

3479: 3467: 3311: 3239: 2819: 2636: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2393: 2391: 2373: 2361: 2073: 2049: 3585: 3515: 3419: 3305: 3275: 3191: 3131: 3071: 2903: 2891: 2867: 2720: 2672: 2648: 2600: 2415: 2349: 2124: 2112: 2061: 1427:

positioned behind Culwhiniac enclosure, extreme right

4531:. Proceedings of the British Academy. Vol. 78. 4225: 4058:

Gooch, Leo (2004). "Towneley, Francis (1709–1746)".

3491: 3431: 3287: 3119: 3029: 2963: 2915: 2768: 2732: 2696: 2684: 2660: 2588: 2540: 2439: 2427: 2403: 2298: 2172: 1683:

Writing in the mid-20th century, Scottish historian

1511:, on his way to London for trial and later execution 1275:, while the Duke of Beaufort was preparing to seize 1161:, often used as an example of post-1688 oppression. 551:

Charles launched the rebellion on 19 August 1745 at

5129:

Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research

4725:Robb, Steven (2013). "Gordon, Robert (1703–1779)". 3383: 3227: 3047: 2624: 2612: 2511: 2475: 2388: 2037: 5080:Wemyss, Alice (2003). Gibson, John Sibbald (ed.). 3724: 3107: 2337: 1767:, much of it related to the events of the Rising. 1440:well-rested and equipped force of 7,000 to 9,000. 4203: 3395: 3347: 3089: 3011: 2795: 1042:on 15 July but were intercepted four days out by 5853: 4482:A selection of Scottish forfeited estates papers 945:, selected because it was possible to reach the 913:. Both principles had been rejected by the 1688 796:(1692–1749); his blue coat was a Jacobite symbol 5040:(First ed.). Manchester University Press. 953:was well aware of this, the French squadron in 3637: 3551: 3065: 1779:, who allegedly lost her husband at Culloden. 1573:network started by Wade finally completed and 5178: 4463:The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women 3614:(3rd rev. ed.). Neil Wilson Publishing. 824:with enthusiasm for the Stuarts. After 1720, 423: 221: 5054: 5038:The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788 4731:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4708:Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion 4623:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4516:"Victorian Values in Scotland & England" 4494:Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788 4168:Under Another Sky: Journeys in Roman Britain 4064:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3209: 2319: 1558:for their role in 1745 were surveyed by the 670:forced James to leave France; he settled in 5148:1745 Rebellion on the UK Parliament website 5101:Memoirs of the Chevalier de Johnstone, v. I 3853: 2331: 1863: 1580:Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 235: 5185: 5171: 5098: 4324:Horace Walpole's Correspondence; Volume 19 4227:"Jacobite Stories: the Battle of Culloden" 3839:. Pickering & Chatto. pp. 27–38. 2861: 1758:, who between 1760 and 1765 published the 1121:but succeeded with many others, including 784:Post-1715; Jacobitism in the British Isles 752:. The long-serving British prime minister 430: 416: 228: 214: 46: 5276:"James III & VIII", The Old Pretender 5107: 4648:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 4359: 4305:The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689–1746 3461: 3449: 3365: 3101: 2166: 2106: 1598:areas strongly Jacobite in 1715, such as 875:landowner and Tory Member of Parliament, 5022:Stuart, Charles Edward (28 April 1746), 4856: 4810: 4484:. Scottish History Society; Volume LVII. 4187:Glencoe and the end of the Highland Wars 4028: 3854:Cruikshanks, Lauchlin Alexander (2008). 3790: 3628: 3149: 3041: 2981: 2957: 2268: 2256: 2031: 2003:He later returned to the Catholic church 1732: 1672:A History of Scotland for Boys and Girls 1664: 1588: 1495: 1450: 1414: 1369: 1331: 1281: 1214: 1163: 1097: 981: 949:from there in a single tide. Since the 924: 858: 787: 776:, who was appointed Foreign Minister by 774:René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson 729:. In March 1743, the Highland-recruited 700: 606: 4983: 4936: 4899: 4791: 4751: 4728:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4643: 4620:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4616: 4594: 4184: 4162: 4124: 4061:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3981: 3911: 3820:(3rd ed.). Yale University Press. 3770: 3745: 3697: 3675: 3473: 3413: 3377: 3293: 3269: 3257: 3161: 3005: 2873: 2825: 2750: 2726: 2666: 2654: 2522: 2505: 2421: 2382: 2367: 2355: 2217: 2082: 2067: 1805:to be painted less than 70 years later 688:Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke 645:as the closest natural heir. Since the 578:Similar discussions had taken place at 5854: 5079: 5032: 5021: 5002: 4705: 4570: 4558:from the original on 12 September 2014 4510: 4479: 4460: 4436: 4412: 4396:The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815 4376: 4302: 4143: 4103: 4084: 4000: 3958:(1st ed.). Milne & Hutchison. 3889: 3870: 3812: 3719: 3659:Britain as a Military Power, 1688–1815 3609: 3587:"The '45 in Northumberland and Durham" 3569: 3533: 3521: 3485: 3437: 3425: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3281: 3245: 3197: 3137: 3113: 3077: 2993: 2969: 2945: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2849: 2837: 2813: 2789: 2762: 2738: 2714: 2702: 2678: 2606: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2409: 2304: 2292: 2241: 2229: 2202: 2190: 2178: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2055: 2043: 1634:in 1757 and died of a stroke in 1765. 1210: 1123:William Sutherland, Earl of Sutherland 920: 871:The most prominent Welsh Jacobite was 559:, capturing Edinburgh and winning the 5166: 5126: 4941:. Vol. 20/21. pp. 141–173. 4878: 4829: 4772: 4662: 4488: 4393: 4379:The Organisation of the Jacobite Army 4321: 4057: 3962: 3956:Lord George Murray and the Forty-five 3931: 3818:Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837 3758:from the original on 21 November 2017 3656: 3545: 3497: 3233: 3221: 3185: 3173: 3125: 3053: 2933: 2921: 2801: 2774: 2690: 2642: 2630: 2618: 2594: 2397: 2280: 2094: 1857: 1630:, while Cumberland resigned from the 766:Henry Scudamore, 3rd Duke of Beaufort 411: 209: 4908:(1, Scotland Special Issue): 47–72. 4724: 4683: 4665:The North Carolina Historical Review 4340: 4273: 4245: 4087:Bonnie Prince Charlie: Truth or Lies 3953: 3834: 3509: 3401: 3389: 3353: 3017: 2343: 1669:Charles Stuart, romantic icon; from 437: 54:An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745 4862:Queen Anne; the Politics of Passion 3746:Campsie, Alison (31 October 2017). 3597:from the original on 9 October 2015 1365: 1263:, a Lancashire Catholic and former 1221:The March of the Guards to Finchley 1149:, commander of the British army in 780:after Fleury died in January 1743. 13: 5281:"Charles III", The Young Pretender 4290:from the original on 25 March 2017 3796:History of the Rebellion of 1745–6 3771:Campsie, Alison (8 January 2020). 1394:John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun 1199:, but Murray selected a route via 1147:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 1034:," the most notable being Colonel 14: 5888: 5683:Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715 5141: 5099:Winchester, Charles, ed. (1870). 4837:(PhD). University of St Andrews. 4545: 4480:Millar, Alexander Hastie (1907). 3591:The Northumbrian Jacobite Society 3557: 1488:trusted his promises of support. 1022:. In early July, Charles boarded 5728:Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1746 5645: 4794:A History of the Ordnance Survey 2006: 1997: 1988: 1769:Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair 1593:Charles Edward Stuart in old age 1554:, the estates of 51 individuals 1131:Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose 890:, new laws imposed penalties on 123: 111: 5607:Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore 4988:. Manchester University Press. 4283:(Speech). The Stenton Lecture. 4003:"Sir Walter Scott as historian" 3897:. Manchester University Press. 1978: 1933: 1912: 1900: 1891: 1859:[ˈpliən̪ˠəˈhjaːrˠl̪ˠɪç] 5748:Old military roads of Scotland 5562:War of the Austrian Succession 5532:Capture of Eilean Donan Castle 5215:Independent Highland Companies 5192: 4881:Studies in Scottish Literature 4758:. Edinburgh University Press. 4496:. Cambridge University Press. 4465:. Edinburgh University Press. 4418:The Scottish Historical Review 4364:(PhD). University of Glasgow. 4189:. John Donald Publishers Ltd. 4170:. Random House Vintage Books. 3984:The Jacobite Rebellion 1745–46 3703:Corsairs and Navies, 1600–1760 1881: 1838: 834:Edward Howard, Duke of Norfolk 750:War of the Austrian Succession 530:War of the Austrian Succession 72:19 August 1745 – 20 April 1746 1: 5877:Scottish invasions of England 5743:Traitors Transported Act 1746 5507:War of the Quadruple Alliance 4398:(First ed.). Routledge. 4381:(PHD). Edinburgh University. 4274:Kidd, Colin (November 2013). 2019: 1941:James Drummond, Duke of Perth 1737:"Disbanded", illustration by 1641:. In 1759, he met to discuss 1639:Non-Juring Anglican Communion 748:, followed in 1740–41 by the 629:with his Protestant daughter 602: 5298:Sophie, Electress of Hanover 5028:(letter), RA SP/MAIN/273/117 4745:UK public library membership 4637:UK public library membership 4552:National Library of Scotland 4078:UK public library membership 1918:These included men from the 1773:Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir 1491: 1103:Duncan Forbes, Lord Culloden 7: 5738:Treason Outlawries Act 1748 5007:. Oxford University Press. 4706:Riding, Jacqueline (2016). 4231:National Trust for Scotland 4110:. W. & A. K. Johnston. 1626:and rapidly descended into 1419:Initial deployments at the 612:James Francis Edward Stuart 595:in January 1746, defeat at 528:. It took place during the 526:James Francis Edward Stuart 10: 5893: 5232:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 4902:Journal of British Studies 4830:Smith, Annette M. (1975). 4811:Shinsuke, Satsuma (2013). 4360:Mackillop, Andrew (1995). 4251:Scottish Historical Review 3629:Anderson, BJ, ed. (1902). 3610:Aikman, Christian (2001). 3578: 1765:Scottish Gaelic literature 1608:Society of United Irishmen 1236:, government commander in 1145:, just outside Edinburgh. 937:, Louis XV and his uncle, 668:1716 Anglo-French alliance 540:, with major outbreaks in 96:British government victory 18: 5760: 5705: 5665: 5656: 5643: 5615: 5550: 5495: 5430: 5352:Williamite War in Ireland 5340: 5331: 5200: 5108:Zimmerman, Doron (2003). 4984:Streets, Heather (2010). 4326:. Yale University Press. 4125:Harding, Richard (2013). 4085:Graham, Roderick (2014). 3982:Fremont, Gregory (2011). 3875:. Yale University Press. 1660: 1624:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1398:besieging Stirling Castle 1207:retook the city on 14th. 1082:Donald Cameron of Lochiel 973:John Gordon of Glenbucket 896:Scottish Episcopal Church 815:Williamite War in Ireland 449: 247: 135: 104: 64: 45: 37: 32: 5718:Act of Proscription 1746 5517:Marquess of Tullibardine 4644:Pittock, Murray (2016). 4259:10.3366/shr.1997.76.1.86 4001:French, Richard (1967). 3967:. Kessinger Publishing. 3210:Szechi & Sankey 2001 3030:Jacobite stories: Battle 3008:, pp. 58–98 passim. 2320:Szechi & Sankey 2001 1949:John Murray of Broughton 1831: 1651:Chief minister of France 1584:Act of Proscription 1746 1360:skirmish at Clifton Moor 1181:David Wemyss, Lord Elcho 1119:Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat 977:John Murray of Broughton 794:Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn 5862:Jacobite rising of 1745 5522:General Joseph Wightman 5387:Battle of Killiecrankie 4792:Seymour, W. A. (1980). 4737:10.1093/ref:odnb/105934 4689:British Redcoat 1740–93 4646:Great Battles; Culloden 4377:McCann, Jean E (1963). 4322:Lewis, William (1977). 4253:. lxxvi (100): 86–102. 4104:Groves, Percy (2017) . 4043:10.2979/his.2007.19.1.5 3954:Duke, Winifred (1927). 3939:(1st ed.). Orion. 3858:. Wesleyan University. 1777:Catriona Nic Fhearghais 1741:in the 1893 edition of 1517:non-juring Episcopalian 888:Jacobite rising of 1719 854:Welsh Methodist revival 514:Jacobite rising of 1745 239:Jacobite rising of 1745 33:Jacobite rising of 1745 5592:Battle of Falkirk Muir 5407:Declaration of Finglas 5293:Act of Settlement 1701 5153:The Jacobite Rebellion 5112:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5003:Strong, Rowan (2002). 4773:Royle, Trevor (2016). 4752:Roberts, John (2002). 4602:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4442:The Eighteenth Century 4307:. Methuen Publishing. 4303:Lenman, Bruce (1980). 4185:Hopkins, Paul (1998). 4089:. Saint Andrew Press. 4070:10.1093/ref:odnb/27603 3963:Elcho, David (2010) . 3677:Blaikie, Walter Biggar 3657:Black, Jeremy (1999). 3633:. Aberdeen University. 3224:, pp. 7, 380–382. 1943:, Lord George Murray; 1853: 1807:wearing Highland dress 1747: 1694:Viscount Strathallan's 1680: 1594: 1512: 1459: 1428: 1406:Battle of Falkirk Muir 1378: 1340: 1294: 1259:. Their commander was 1229: 1189:Parliament of Scotland 1172: 1106: 998: 930: 868: 811:Irish Confederate Wars 797: 709: 647:Act of Settlement 1701 633:and her Dutch husband 615: 382:Lochaber and Shiramore 136:Commanders and leaders 5872:1746 in Great Britain 5867:1745 in Great Britain 5582:Battle of Prestonpans 5542:Battle of Coille Bhan 5527:Anglo-French Alliance 5487:Battle of Sheriffmuir 5452:1715 general election 5065:10.1093/past/173.1.90 4691:. Osprey Publishing. 4629:10.1093/ref:odnb/5145 4394:McKay, Derek (1983). 4341:Lord, Evelyn (2004). 3986:. Osprey Publishing. 3913:Dickson, William Kirk 3306:'45 in Northumberland 3090:Inventory of Historic 2259:, pp. 37 passim. 1736: 1668: 1620:Roman Catholic priest 1616:Henry Benedict Stuart 1592: 1499: 1454: 1446:Siege of Fort William 1418: 1373: 1335: 1285: 1251:on 26 November, then 1218: 1167: 1143:Battle of Prestonpans 1101: 985: 928: 907:divine right of kings 883:and William Vaughan. 862: 791: 731:42nd Regiment of Foot 704: 610: 561:Battle of Prestonpans 518:Charles Edward Stuart 21:The forty-five guards 5770:"James III and VIII" 5537:Battle of Glen Shiel 5322:Royal Stuart Society 5318:Neo-Jacobite Revival 5262:William III & II 4576:Bell, Robert Fitzroy 4144:Harris, Tim (2006). 3871:Davies, Huw (2022). 3639:"Battle of Culloden" 3042:Gold & Gold 2007 1908:Austrian Netherlands 1846:Forty-five Rebellion 1826:Mary, Queen of Scots 1468:Loudon's Highlanders 1425:Loudon's Highlanders 1078:indentured servitude 1032:Seven Men of Moidart 1030:accompanied by the " 877:Watkin Williams-Wynn 643:James Francis Edward 5762:Jacobite succession 5402:Battle of the Boyne 5397:Massacre of Glencoe 5382:General Hugh Mackay 5271:Jacobite succession 5257:Glorious Revolution 5227:Union of the Crowns 5084:. Saltire Society. 3798:. Forgotten Books. 3705:. Hambledon Press. 3548:, pp. 140–162. 3536:, pp. 163–164. 3464:, pp. 103–148. 3344:, pp. 496–497. 3332:, pp. 177–181. 3212:, pp. 110–111. 3188:, pp. 236–258. 3176:, pp. 287–288. 3164:, pp. 196–197. 2996:, pp. 377–378. 2984:, pp. 353–354. 2960:, pp. 329–333. 2948:, pp. 328–329. 2852:, pp. 304–305. 2840:, pp. 299–300. 2816:, pp. 298–299. 2792:, pp. 209–216. 2765:, pp. 200–201. 2717:, pp. 175–176. 2561:, pp. 123–125. 2537:, pp. 465–467. 2508:, pp. 152–153. 2295:, pp. 234–235. 2283:, pp. 197–199. 2244:, pp. 102–103. 2205:, pp. 439–444. 2097:, pp. 138–140. 2034:, pp. 532–535. 1873:The Year of Charles 1854:Bliadhna Theàrlaich 1790:, whose 1814 novel 1523:The Jacobite lords 1257:Manchester Regiment 1211:Invasion of England 1003:victory at Fontenoy 921:Charles in Scotland 915:Glorious Revolution 746:War of Jenkins' Ear 664:Louis XIV of France 620:Glorious Revolution 534:a series of revolts 5697:Indemnity Act 1717 5688:Disarming Act 1715 5602:Battle of Culloden 5597:Siege of Inverness 5577:Duke of Cumberland 5567:Lord George Murray 5482:Siege of Inverness 5422:Treaty of Limerick 5362:King William's War 5252:James II & VII 5057:Past & Present 4490:Monod, Paul Kleber 4233:. 22 February 2017 4164:Higgins, Charlotte 4031:History and Memory 3933:Duffy, Christopher 3512:, pp. 86–102. 3066:Battle of Culloden 2936:, pp. 97–100. 2322:, pp. 90–128. 2193:, pp. 97–133. 1844:Also known as the 1748: 1681: 1618:was ordained as a 1595: 1560:Court of Exchequer 1513: 1460: 1437:Battle of Culloden 1429: 1421:Battle of Culloden 1379: 1341: 1337:Duke of Cumberland 1295: 1230: 1197:Berwick-upon-Tweed 1177:Marquis d'Éguilles 1173: 1169:Lord George Murray 1155:Caledonian Mercury 1107: 1093:Lord George Murray 1070:MacDonald of Sleat 1061:landed Charles at 999: 931: 869: 798: 715:Scottish Highlands 710: 627:James II & VII 616: 557:Scottish Highlands 516:was an attempt by 145:Duke of Cumberland 5849: 5848: 5810:"Robert I and IV" 5756: 5755: 5733:Sheriffs Act 1747 5651:a Jacobite banner 5641: 5640: 5587:Siege of Carlisle 5477:Battle of Preston 5417:Siege of Limerick 5412:Battle of Aughrim 5392:Battle of Dunkeld 5377:Patrick Sarsfield 4864:. HarperCollins. 4815:. Boydell Press. 4777:. Little, Brown. 4743:(Subscription or 4635:(Subscription or 4212:Historic Scotland 4129:. Boydell Press. 4076:(Subscription or 3731:. HarperCollins. 3668:978-1-85728-772-1 3572:, pp. 37–39. 3380:, p. Ixxxvi. 3044:, pp. 11–12. 2888:, pp. 72–79. 2753:, pp. 60–61. 2585:, pp. 95–97. 2573:, pp. 93–94. 2496:, pp. 83–84. 2472:, pp. 57–58. 2460:, pp. 55–56. 2334:, pp. 96–97. 2232:, pp. 96–98. 2220:, pp. 55–58. 2157:, pp. 19–20. 2145:, pp. 94–95. 2058:, pp. 93–95. 1655:Pope Clement XIII 1545:Archibald Cameron 1390:counterinsurgency 1265:French Royal Army 1205:General Handasyde 939:Philip V of Spain 846:Church of England 760:and anti-Walpole 654:Sophia of Hanover 507: 506: 405: 404: 322:2nd Fort Augustus 287:1st Fort Augustus 204: 203: 100: 99: 5884: 5780:"Henry IX and I" 5663: 5662: 5659:and later events 5649: 5372:Sir Ewen Cameron 5338: 5337: 5333:Jacobite risings 5247:The Killing Time 5187: 5180: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5136: 5123: 5104: 5095: 5082:Elcho of the '45 5076: 5051: 5029: 5018: 4999: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4933: 4896: 4875: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4826: 4807: 4788: 4769: 4748: 4740: 4721: 4702: 4680: 4659: 4640: 4632: 4613: 4591: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4542: 4528:Victorian Values 4520: 4507: 4485: 4476: 4457: 4433: 4424:(168): 177–181. 4409: 4390: 4373: 4356: 4337: 4318: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4289: 4282: 4270: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4181: 4159: 4140: 4121: 4100: 4081: 4073: 4054: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4010:Dalhousie Review 4007: 3997: 3978: 3959: 3950: 3928: 3908: 3886: 3867: 3850: 3831: 3809: 3792:Chambers, Robert 3787: 3785: 3783: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3742: 3730: 3716: 3694: 3672: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3634: 3625: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2645:, p. 36-38. 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2386: 2380: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2332:Cruikshanks 2008 2329: 2323: 2317: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1937: 1931: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1842: 1756:James Macpherson 1679:, published 1906 1643:another invasion 1552:Vesting Act 1747 1477:Ruthven Barracks 1456:Ruthven Barracks 1366:Road to Culloden 1327:Duke of Richmond 1261:Francis Towneley 1159:Glencoe Massacre 1138:Edinburgh Castle 1049:, which engaged 986:The battle with 935:Pacte de Famille 524:for his father, 444: 442: 441:Jacobite risings 432: 425: 418: 409: 408: 242: 240: 230: 223: 216: 207: 206: 128: 127: 126: 116: 115: 66: 65: 50: 40:Jacobite risings 30: 29: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5752: 5713:Jurors Act 1745 5701: 5658: 5652: 5650: 5637: 5611: 5553: 5546: 5498: 5491: 5433: 5426: 5367:Viscount Dundee 5357:Nine Years' War 5343: 5327: 5196: 5191: 5144: 5139: 5120: 5092: 5059:(173): 90–128. 5048: 5015: 4996: 4972: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4949: 4872: 4847: 4845: 4823: 4804: 4785: 4766: 4742: 4718: 4699: 4656: 4634: 4610: 4596:Pittock, Murray 4561: 4559: 4546:Mudie, Robert. 4539: 4518: 4504: 4473: 4406: 4353: 4334: 4315: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4236: 4234: 4216: 4214: 4207: 4197: 4178: 4156: 4137: 4118: 4097: 4075: 4019: 4017: 4005: 3994: 3975: 3947: 3905: 3883: 3847: 3828: 3806: 3781: 3779: 3761: 3759: 3739: 3713: 3669: 3647: 3645: 3643:British Battles 3622: 3600: 3598: 3581: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3272:, pp. 4–9. 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2862:Winchester 1870 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2521: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2389: 2381: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2121:, pp. 3–4. 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2085:, p. xlix. 2081: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1938: 1934: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1850:Scottish Gaelic 1843: 1839: 1834: 1663: 1537:Flora MacDonald 1505:William Hogarth 1494: 1375:Stirling Castle 1368: 1345:Maurice de Saxe 1311:Montrose, Angus 1226:William Hogarth 1213: 1036:John O'Sullivan 933:Under the 1743 923: 786: 770:Cardinal Fleury 706:Cardinal Fleury 605: 510: 509: 508: 503: 445: 440: 438: 436: 406: 401: 243: 238: 236: 234: 200: 186:John O'Sullivan 169: 124: 122: 110: 88: 51: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5890: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5723:Dress Act 1746 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5706:The Forty-Five 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5552:The Forty-Five 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5512:Earl Marischal 5509: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5268: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5205:Scottish clans 5201: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5159:, May 8, 2003) 5150: 5143: 5142:External links 5140: 5138: 5137: 5124: 5119:978-1403912916 5118: 5105: 5096: 5091:978-0854110803 5090: 5077: 5052: 5047:978-0719037740 5046: 5034:Szechi, Daniel 5030: 5019: 5014:978-0199249220 5013: 5000: 4995:978-0719069635 4994: 4981: 4973:|journal= 4948:978-0674023833 4947: 4934: 4914:10.1086/644534 4897: 4876: 4871:978-0007203765 4870: 4858:Somerset, Anne 4854: 4827: 4822:978-1843838623 4821: 4808: 4803:978-0712909792 4802: 4789: 4784:978-1408704011 4783: 4770: 4765:978-1902930299 4764: 4749: 4722: 4717:978-1408819128 4716: 4710:. Bloomsbury. 4703: 4698:978-1855325548 4697: 4681: 4671:(3): 236–258. 4660: 4655:978-0199664078 4654: 4641: 4614: 4609:978-0333667989 4608: 4592: 4568: 4543: 4538:978-0197261194 4537: 4508: 4503:978-0521447935 4502: 4486: 4477: 4472:978-0748632930 4471: 4458: 4448:(2): 177–181. 4434: 4410: 4405:978-0582485549 4404: 4391: 4374: 4357: 4352:978-0582772564 4351: 4338: 4333:978-0300007039 4332: 4319: 4314:978-0413396501 4313: 4300: 4271: 4243: 4223: 4201: 4195: 4182: 4177:978-0099552093 4176: 4160: 4155:978-0141016528 4154: 4141: 4136:978-1843838234 4135: 4122: 4117:978-1376269482 4116: 4101: 4096:978-0861537839 4095: 4082: 4055: 4026: 3998: 3993:978-1846039928 3992: 3979: 3974:978-1163535240 3973: 3960: 3951: 3946:978-0304355259 3945: 3929: 3915:, ed. (1895). 3909: 3904:978-0719034824 3903: 3887: 3882:978-0300217162 3881: 3868: 3851: 3846:978-1848934702 3845: 3832: 3827:978-0300152807 3826: 3810: 3805:978-1333574420 3804: 3788: 3768: 3743: 3738:978-0060558888 3737: 3717: 3712:978-0907628774 3711: 3699:Bromley, J. S. 3695: 3673: 3667: 3654: 3635: 3626: 3621:978-1903238028 3620: 3607: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3488:, p. 311. 3478: 3466: 3462:Mackillop 1995 3454: 3450:Mackillop 1995 3442: 3430: 3418: 3416:, p. 135. 3406: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3368:, p. 273. 3366:Zimmerman 2003 3358: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3320:, p. 133. 3310: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3260:, p. 138. 3250: 3248:, p. xii. 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3154: 3152:, p. 332. 3142: 3140:, p. 493. 3130: 3128:, p. 207. 3118: 3106: 3102:Zimmerman 2003 3094: 3082: 3080:, p. 427. 3070: 3058: 3046: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2924:, p. 201. 2914: 2912:, p. 354. 2902: 2900:, p. 256. 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2828:, p. 115. 2818: 2806: 2794: 2779: 2777:, p. 223. 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2693:, p. 289. 2683: 2681:, p. 185. 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2609:, p. 195. 2599: 2597:, p. 198. 2587: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2527: 2510: 2498: 2486: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2387: 2385:, p. 233. 2372: 2370:, p. 171. 2360: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2273: 2271:, p. 166. 2261: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2207: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2167:Zimmerman 2003 2159: 2147: 2135: 2133:, p. 337. 2123: 2111: 2109:, p. 133. 2107:Zimmerman 2003 2099: 2087: 2072: 2070:, p. 273. 2060: 2048: 2036: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1977: 1932: 1911: 1899: 1890: 1880: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1818:Highland Games 1677:H. E. Marshall 1662: 1659: 1600:Northumberland 1503:, sketched by 1493: 1490: 1485:Richard Warren 1367: 1364: 1315:Royal Écossais 1291:Charles Stuart 1289:; a statue of 1212: 1209: 1074:Norman MacLeod 1040:Outer Hebrides 922: 919: 865:Porteous riots 850:Nonconformists 842:City of London 826:Robert Walpole 785: 782: 754:Robert Walpole 733:was posted to 727:Porteous riots 604: 601: 536:that began in 522:British throne 520:to regain the 505: 504: 502: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 459:War in Ireland 456: 450: 447: 446: 435: 434: 427: 420: 412: 403: 402: 400: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 267:Culloden House 264: 259: 254: 248: 245: 244: 233: 232: 225: 218: 210: 202: 201: 199: 198: 196:James Drummond 193: 188: 183: 178: 176:Charles Stuart 172: 170: 168: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 141: 138: 137: 133: 132: 120: 107: 106: 102: 101: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 80: 78: 74: 73: 70: 62: 61: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5889: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5775:"Charles III" 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5678:Clan Act 1715 5676: 5674: 5673:Riot Act 1714 5671: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5655: 5648: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5472:Baronet Munro 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222:The Highlands 5220: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5135:(341): 20–39. 5134: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4517: 4513: 4512:Morris, R. J. 4509: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4438:McLynn, Frank 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4414:McLynn, Frank 4411: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4286: 4279: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3891:Devine, T. M. 3888: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3814:Colley, Linda 3811: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3721:Buchan, James 3718: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3661:. Routledge. 3660: 3655: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3524:, p. 69. 3523: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3500:, p. 25. 3499: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3476:, p. 52. 3475: 3470: 3463: 3458: 3451: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3428:, p. 93. 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3392:, p. 66. 3391: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3284:, p. 16. 3283: 3278: 3271: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3200:, p. 27. 3199: 3194: 3187: 3182: 3175: 3170: 3163: 3158: 3151: 3150:Anderson 1902 3146: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3110: 3104:, p. 25. 3103: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3056:, p. 87. 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2982:Chambers 2018 2978: 2972:, p. 18. 2971: 2966: 2959: 2958:Chambers 2018 2954: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2911: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2876:, p. 63. 2875: 2870: 2864:, p. 50. 2863: 2858: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2741:, p. 85. 2740: 2735: 2729:, p. 53. 2728: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2705:, p. 81. 2704: 2699: 2692: 2687: 2680: 2675: 2668: 2663: 2657:, p. 26. 2656: 2651: 2644: 2639: 2633:, p. 32. 2632: 2627: 2621:, p. 29. 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2549:, p. 13. 2548: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2507: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2448:, p. 93. 2447: 2442: 2436:, p. 29. 2435: 2430: 2424:, p. 48. 2423: 2418: 2412:, p. 27. 2411: 2406: 2400:, p. 43. 2399: 2394: 2392: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2369: 2364: 2358:, p. 49. 2357: 2352: 2346:, p. 29. 2345: 2340: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2307:, p. 15. 2306: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2270: 2269:Somerset 2012 2265: 2258: 2257:Shinsuke 2013 2253: 2251: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2204: 2199: 2192: 2187: 2181:, p. 20. 2180: 2175: 2169:, p. 51. 2168: 2163: 2156: 2151: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2046:, p. 91. 2045: 2040: 2033: 2032:Somerset 2012 2028: 2024: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1981: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1925: 1922:garrisons of 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1894: 1884: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1837: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814:Burns Suppers 1810: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1784:D. K. Broster 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1703:Scots Brigade 1698: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1685:Winifred Duke 1678: 1674: 1673: 1667: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1604:County Durham 1601: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1571:military road 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1376: 1372: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1322: 1320: 1319:Irish Brigade 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:Lord Drummond 1303: 1300: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1190: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:Duncan Forbes 1104: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028:Saint-Nazaire 1025: 1021: 1020:Irish Brigade 1017: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1004: 996: 992: 991: 984: 980: 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 927: 918: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 866: 861: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 807: 803: 795: 790: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 762:Patriot Whigs 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 716: 707: 703: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 659: 655: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 625: 622:replaced the 621: 613: 609: 600: 598: 594: 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 570: 569:Jacobite army 566: 562: 558: 554: 549: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 451: 448: 443: 433: 428: 426: 421: 419: 414: 413: 410: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 367:Loch nan Uamh 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 246: 241: 231: 226: 224: 219: 217: 212: 211: 208: 197: 194: 192: 191:John Drummond 189: 187: 184: 182: 181:George Murray 179: 177: 174: 173: 171: 166: 165:Duncan Forbes 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 140: 139: 134: 131: 121: 119: 118:Great Britain 114: 109: 108: 103: 95: 92: 91: 87: 84:and Northern 83: 79: 76: 75: 71: 68: 67: 63: 60: 56: 55: 49: 44: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5820:"Francis II" 5785:"Charles IV" 5657:Consequences 5551: 5497:The Nineteen 5442:…in Cornwall 5342:First rising 5156: 5132: 5128: 5109: 5100: 5081: 5056: 5037: 5024: 5004: 4985: 4938: 4905: 4901: 4884: 4880: 4861: 4846:. Retrieved 4832: 4812: 4793: 4774: 4754: 4726: 4707: 4688: 4685:Reid, Stuart 4668: 4664: 4645: 4618: 4599: 4579: 4572:Murray, John 4560:. Retrieved 4551: 4527: 4523:Smout, T. C. 4493: 4481: 4462: 4445: 4441: 4421: 4417: 4395: 4378: 4361: 4342: 4323: 4304: 4292:. Retrieved 4276: 4250: 4235:. Retrieved 4230: 4215:. Retrieved 4186: 4167: 4145: 4126: 4106: 4086: 4059: 4034: 4030: 4018:. Retrieved 4016:(2): 159–172 4013: 4009: 3983: 3964: 3955: 3936: 3916: 3894: 3872: 3855: 3836: 3817: 3795: 3780:. Retrieved 3777:The Scotsman 3776: 3760:. Retrieved 3752:The Scotsman 3751: 3726: 3702: 3681: 3658: 3646:. Retrieved 3642: 3630: 3611: 3599:. Retrieved 3590: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3474:Streets 2010 3469: 3457: 3452:, p. 2. 3445: 3440:, p. 2. 3433: 3421: 3414:Pittock 2016 3409: 3397: 3385: 3378:Blaikie 1916 3373: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3294:Campsie 2017 3289: 3277: 3270:Seymour 1980 3265: 3258:Higgins 2014 3253: 3241: 3236:, p. 7. 3229: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3181: 3169: 3162:Roberts 2002 3157: 3145: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3097: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3020:, p. 9. 3013: 3006:Pittock 2016 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2874:Stephen 2010 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2826:Pittock 1998 2821: 2809: 2797: 2770: 2758: 2751:Stephen 2010 2746: 2734: 2727:Stephen 2010 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2669:, p. 1. 2667:Hopkins 1998 2662: 2655:Pittock 2016 2650: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2530: 2523:Pittock 2004 2506:Stewart 2001 2501: 2489: 2484:, p. 2. 2477: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2422:Fremont 2011 2417: 2405: 2383:Bromley 1987 2368:Harding 2013 2363: 2356:Stephen 2010 2351: 2339: 2327: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2237: 2225: 2218:Stephen 2010 2198: 2186: 2174: 2162: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2083:Blaikie 1916 2068:Dickson 1895 2063: 2051: 2039: 2027: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1980: 1935: 1914: 1902: 1893: 1883: 1845: 1840: 1811: 1797: 1792: 1788:Walter Scott 1781: 1752:Robert Burns 1749: 1742: 1727:Allan Ramsay 1724: 1699: 1690: 1682: 1670: 1636: 1632:British Army 1612: 1596: 1568: 1549: 1522: 1514: 1481: 1473: 1461: 1442: 1434: 1430: 1410: 1402:Henry Hawley 1387: 1383:Lewis Gordon 1380: 1357: 1353: 1342: 1323: 1304: 1299:Exeter House 1296: 1246: 1231: 1219: 1194: 1186: 1174: 1154: 1135: 1108: 1086: 1067: 1065:on 23 July. 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1023: 1015: 1009: 1000: 994: 989: 970: 959: 932: 904: 885: 881:David Morgan 873:Denbighshire 870: 838: 819: 802:Frank McLynn 799: 743: 720: 711: 662: 617: 593:Falkirk Muir 577: 550: 513: 511: 493: 392:Appin Murder 342:Fort William 332:Blair Castle 282:2nd Carlisle 272:1st Carlisle 237: 155:Henry Hawley 105:Belligerents 59:David Morier 52: 25: 5800:"Francis I" 5457:Earl of Mar 5447:…in England 5432:The Fifteen 5242:Covenanters 5237:Restoration 5157:In Our Time 5103:. D. Wylie. 4345:. Pearson. 4247:Kidd, Colin 4237:19 December 4217:16 November 4148:. Penguin. 3648:16 November 3570:Morris 1992 3534:French 1967 3522:Mearns 2007 3486:Buchan 2003 3438:Devine 1994 3426:Aikman 2001 3342:Riding 2016 3330:McLynn 1980 3318:Szechi 1994 3282:Devine 1994 3246:Millar 1907 3198:Lenman 1980 3138:Riding 2016 3114:Stuart 1746 3078:Riding 2016 2994:Riding 2016 2970:Davies 2022 2946:Riding 2016 2910:Riding 2016 2898:Riding 2016 2886:Colley 2009 2850:Riding 2016 2838:Riding 2016 2814:Riding 2016 2790:Riding 2016 2763:Riding 2016 2739:Wemyss 2003 2715:Riding 2016 2703:Wemyss 2003 2679:Riding 2016 2607:Riding 2016 2583:Riding 2016 2571:Riding 2016 2559:Riding 2016 2547:McCann 1963 2535:Riding 2016 2494:Riding 2016 2482:Graham 2014 2470:Riding 2016 2458:Riding 2016 2446:Murray 1898 2434:Riding 2016 2410:Riding 2016 2305:Strong 2002 2293:Riding 2016 2242:McLynn 1982 2230:Szechi 1994 2203:Harris 2006 2191:McLynn 1982 2179:Riding 2016 2155:Riding 2016 2143:Szechi 1994 2131:Riding 2016 2119:Groves 2017 2056:Szechi 1994 2044:Szechi 1994 1985:prevailed." 1955:, Lochiel, 1739:John Pettie 1575:William Roy 1269:1715 Rising 1234:George Wade 892:Non-Jurists 822:Hanoverians 792:Welsh Tory 660:in August. 372:Loch Ailort 357:Littleferry 307:2nd Ruthven 262:Prestonpans 257:1st Ruthven 160:George Wade 5856:Categories 5805:"Mary III" 5467:Lord Lovat 5288:Queen Anne 5210:Clan chief 5194:Jacobitism 4843:10023/2923 4796:. Dawson. 4747:required.) 4639:required.) 4600:Jacobitism 4562:7 November 4196:0859764907 4080:required.) 3762:7 November 3546:Sroka 1980 3498:Royle 2016 3234:Smith 1975 3222:Smith 1975 3186:Quynn 1941 3174:Lewis 1977 3126:Elcho 2010 3054:Royle 2016 2934:Black 1999 2922:Elcho 2010 2802:Gooch 2004 2775:Duffy 2003 2691:Elcho 2010 2643:Oates 2007 2631:Oates 2007 2619:Oates 2007 2595:Duffy 2003 2398:Duffy 2003 2281:Monod 1993 2095:McKay 1983 2020:References 1961:Clanranald 1953:O'Sullivan 1707:Maol Ruadh 1628:alcoholism 1564:crown land 1541:Lord Elcho 1525:Kilmarnock 1317:" and the 1253:Manchester 1127:Clan Munro 1089:Glenfinnan 1059:Du Teillay 1051:Elizabeth. 1024:Du Teillay 1016:Elizabeth, 1011:Du Teillay 962:Roquefeuil 951:Royal Navy 911:absolutism 900:1707 Union 886:After the 806:Jacobitism 800:Historian 603:Background 588:Manchester 553:Glenfinnan 538:March 1689 252:Highbridge 5795:"Mary II" 5308:George II 4975:ignored ( 4965:cite book 4930:144730991 4893:0039-3770 4588:879747289 4387:646764870 4051:154655376 4020:5 October 3925:652345728 3864:705142720 3794:(2018) . 3510:Kidd 1997 3402:Kidd 2013 3390:Duke 1927 3354:Robb 2013 3018:Reid 1996 2344:Corp 2014 1973:Lochgarry 1928:Oudenarde 1803:George IV 1556:attainted 1529:Balmerino 1509:St Albans 1492:Aftermath 1464:grapeshot 1339:, ca 1757 1238:Newcastle 1115:John Cope 1055:Elizabeth 1007:privateer 995:Elizabeth 971:In 1738, 863:The 1737 725:and 1737 651:Electress 618:The 1688 565:Jacobites 317:Inverness 292:Inverurie 150:John Cope 130:Jacobites 5616:Abortive 5303:George I 5036:(1994). 4957:41219594 4922:27752690 4860:(2012). 4848:10 March 4687:(1996). 4677:23516055 4598:(1998). 4574:(1898). 4556:Archived 4514:(1992). 4492:(1993). 4454:41467263 4430:25529380 4370:59608677 4294:14 April 4285:Archived 4267:25530740 4166:(2014). 4037:(1): 5. 3935:(2003). 3893:(1994). 3816:(2009). 3782:10 March 3756:Archived 3723:(2003). 3701:(1987). 3679:(1916). 3601:13 April 3595:Archived 1969:Ardsheal 1945:Sheridan 1798:Waverley 1793:Waverley 1786:and Sir 1744:Waverley 1647:Choiseul 1349:Flanders 1242:Carlisle 1201:Carlisle 1151:Flanders 778:Louis XV 735:Flanders 723:malt tax 658:George I 624:Catholic 597:Culloden 580:Carlisle 362:Culloden 302:Stirling 82:Scotland 77:Location 38:Part of 5572:Lochiel 5462:Rob Roy 5313:Toryism 5266:Mary II 5073:3600841 4834:century 4578:(ed.). 4525:(ed.). 3691:2974999 3579:Sources 1965:Glencoe 1957:Keppoch 1924:Tournai 1867: 1822:tartans 1720:Gurkhas 1649:, then 1404:at the 1277:Bristol 1249:Preston 1063:Eriskay 993:forced 943:Dunkirk 739:Glasgow 692:Charles 635:William 584:Preston 555:in the 397:Rannoch 377:Arisaig 347:Dornoch 297:Falkirk 277:Clifton 86:England 5840:Joseph 5833:Sophie 5815:Albert 5790:Victor 5554:(1745) 5499:(1719) 5434:(1715) 5344:(1689) 5116: 5088: 5071: 5044: 5011: 4992: 4955: 4945: 4928: 4920: 4891: 4868: 4819: 4800: 4781: 4762: 4741: 4714: 4695: 4675: 4652: 4633: 4606: 4586: 4535: 4500: 4469: 4452: 4428: 4402: 4385: 4368: 4349: 4330: 4311: 4265: 4193: 4174: 4152: 4133: 4114: 4093: 4074: 4049: 3990: 3971: 3943: 3923: 3901: 3879: 3862: 3843: 3824: 3802: 3735: 3709: 3689: 3665: 3618: 1760:Ossian 1716:Dogras 1701:Dutch 1661:Legacy 947:Thames 758:Tories 387:Killin 352:Tongue 327:Atholl 93:Result 5666:Early 5069:JSTOR 4953:JSTOR 4926:S2CID 4918:JSTOR 4889:eISSN 4887:(1). 4673:JSTOR 4521:. 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