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2089:(1690), he denied the thesis of the explicit or implicit contract between the prince and his subjects, which Jurieu supported, and formulated the famous sentence: "To condemn this state , it would not only be condemn the law of nations, where servitude is admitted, as it appears by all the laws; but that would be to condemn the Holy Spirit, who commands slaves, through the mouth of St. Paul, to remain in their state, and does not oblige their masters to free them.
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states that "only public enemies make a separation between the interest of the prince and the interest of the state." As far as the duties of royalty, the primary goal is the preservation of the state. Bossuet describes three ways that this can be achieved: by maintaining a good constitution, making good use of the state's resources, and protecting the state from the dangers and difficulties that threaten it.
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1927:" ("the king, Jesus Christ, and the Church, God in His three names"), he says in a characteristic letter. The object of his books was to provide authority with a rational basis. Bossuet's worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason- what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself.
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with a view to reunion, but negotiations broke down precisely at this point. Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines, but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today. We prefer, he said, a church eternally variable
1911:
is a code of rights and duties drawn up in the light thrown by those dealings. Bossuet's conclusions are only drawn from Holy
Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness
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Throughout his essay, Bossuet emphasizes the fact that royal authority comes directly from God and that the person of the king is sacred. In the third book, Bossuet asserts that "God establishes kings as his ministers, and reigns through them over the people." He also states that "the prince must be
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controversy interesting or even intelligible. His argument is simple enough. Without rules, an organized society cannot hold together, and rules require an authorized interpreter. The
Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that, the longer they
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was the greatest achievement of the second
Constantine. The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war; the France of his adulthood, brought together under an absolute sovereign, had suddenly burgeoned into a splendour comparable only with ancient Rome. Why not, then,
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In Paris, the congregations had no mercy on purely clerical logic or clerical taste; if a preacher wished to catch their ear, he had to manage to address them in terms they would agree to consider sensible and well-bred. Having very stern ideas of the dignity of a priest, Bossuet refused to descend
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In books nine and ten, Bossuet outlines the various resources of royalty (arms, wealth, and counsel) and how they should be used. In regards to arms, Bossuet explains that there are just and unjust grounds for war. Unjust causes include ambitious conquest, pillage, and jealousy. As far as wealth is
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In books six and seven, Bossuet describes the duties of the subjects to the prince and the special duties of royalty. For
Bossuet, the prince was synonymous with the state, which is why, according to him, the subjects of the prince owe the prince the same duties that they owe their country. He also
1872:. The choice was scarcely fortunate. Bossuet unbent as far as he could, but his genius was by no means fitted to enter into the feelings of a child; and the dauphin was a choleric, ungainly, sullen boy. Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to
1720:
became his dream, and for this purpose, he began to train himself carefully for the pulpit, an all-important centre of influence in a land where political assemblies were unknown and novels and newspapers scarcely born. His youthful imagination was unbridled, and his ideas ran easily into a kind of
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might refer to the rise and fall of empires to
Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors' veins, Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes. It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before
1560:. Bossuet was already showing signs of the oratorical brilliance which served him so well throughout his life. On one celebrated occasion at the Hôtel de Rambouillet, during a dispute about extempore preaching, the 16-year-old Bossuet was called on to deliver an impromptu sermon at 11 pm.
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The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple. Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs. History shows that this governance is, for the most part, indirect, exercised through certain venerable corporations, as well civil and
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obeyed on principle, as a matter of religion and of conscience." While he declares the absolute authority of rulers, he emphasizes the fact that kings must use their power only for the public good and that the king is not above the law "for if he sins, he destroys the laws by his example."
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preaching. He preached with a simple eloquence that eschewed the grandiose extravagances of earlier preaching. He focused on ethical rather than doctrinal messages, often drawing from the lives of saints or saintly contemporaries as examples. He preached, for example, on St.
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concerned, he then lays out the types of expenditures that a king has and the various sources of wealth for the kingdom. He emphasizes that the true wealth of a kingdom is its men and says that it is important to improve the people's lot and that there would be no more poor.
1744:. (He did not entirely sever his connections with the cathedral of Metz, though: he continued to hold his benefice, and in 1664, when his widowed father was ordained as a priest and became a canon of the Metz cathedral chapter, Bossuet was named chapter's
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like any other book. Bossuet denounced him again and again; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more. Another
Oratorian proved more dangerous still. Simon had endangered miracles by applying to them lay rules of evidence, but
2276:, which condemned Mme Guyon's ideas very briefly and provided a short treatise on the orthodox, Catholic conception of prayer. Fénelon, who had been attracted to Mme Guyon's ideas, signed off on the Articles, and Mme Guyon submitted to the judgment.
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The work consists of several books which are divided into articles and propositions which lay out the nature, characteristics, duties, and resources of royalty. To justify his propositions, Bossuet quotes liberally from the Bible and various psalms.
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137 of
Bossuet's sermons preached in the period from 1659 to 1669 are extant, and it is estimated that he preached more than a hundred more that have since been lost. Apart from state occasions, Bossuet seldom appeared in a Paris pulpit after 1669.
2303:. He explained his view that the goal of human life should be to have love of God as its perfect object, with neither fear of punishment nor desire for the reward of eternal life having anything to do with this pure love of God. King
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Bossuet possessed the full equipment of the orator: voice, language, flexibility, and strength. He never needed to strain for effect; his genius struck out at a single blow the thought, the feeling, and the word. What he said of
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to the Israel of
Solomon. Then, too, the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed, to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights.
1813:, as its name betokened, stood midway between the sermon proper and what would nowadays be called a biographical sketch. At least that was what Bossuet made it; for on this field, he stood not merely first, but alone.
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in the margins of his book and urge Fénelon to attack them; Malebranche politely met his threats by saying that to be refuted by such a pen would do him too much honor. These repeated checks soured
Bossuet's temper.
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began questioning the orthodoxy of Mme Guyon's opinions, an ecclesiastical commission of three members, including
Bossuet, was appointed to report on the matter. The commission issued 34 articles known as the
1359:, where he honed his skills in oratory and politics, before returning to Paris and establishing his reputation as a great preacher. By the early 1660s, Bossuet was preaching regularly before the court of King
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paradoxical subtlety, redolent of divinity faculties. Nevertheless, his time at Metz was an important time for developing his pulpit oratory and for allowing him to continue his study of Scripture and the
2022:; to oppose the Pope was to play into the hands of Louis XIV, who was eager to subject the Church to the will of the State. Therefore, Bossuet attempted to steer a middle course. In 1682, before the
1879:
Bossuet's tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction, including not just handwriting samples, but also manuals of philosophy, history, and religion fit for a future
1489:, Bossuet was left in Dijon under the care of his uncle Claude Bossuet d'Aiseray, a renowned scholar. At the Collège des Godrans, he gained a reputation for hard work: fellow students nicknamed him
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Bossuet was always best when at work on a large canvas; besides, here no conscientious scruples intervened to prevent him from giving much time and thought to the artistic side of his subject. The
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applied peculiarly to himself: he could fling his fury into theses and thus unite the dry light of argument with the fire and heat of passion. These qualities reached their highest point in the
3137:
Because of his work on Biblical chronology, Bossuet has been described as one of the last great practicitioners of a biblically inspired view of history. Cited by Berthoud in his paper on
2127:, but Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still. Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions, such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux, he claimed his right to interpret the
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by the King on 2 May 1681, which was approved by Pope Innocent XI on 17 November. But before he could take possession of his see, he was drawn into a violent quarrel between Louis XIV and
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For the moment, the Protestants were pulverized; but before long, they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil. Between 1691 and 1701, Bossuet corresponded with
2054:("Exposition of the Catholic Faith"), so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste.
2034:, only published after his death. Throughout this controversy, unlike the court bishops, Bossuet constantly resided in his diocese and took an active interest in its administration.
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ecclesiastical, all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God. Thus all revolt, whether civil or religious, is a direct defiance of the Almighty.
1774:. He would not write out his discourses in full, much less learn them off by heart: of the two hundred printed in his works, all but a fraction are rough drafts. Ladies such as
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it. Bossuet, accordingly, made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes, and in this way, his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories.
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lawyers – on both his paternal and maternal sides, his ancestors had held legal posts for at least a century. He was the fifth son born to Beneigne Bossuet, a judge of the
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within his Diocese of Meaux, but now his patience was waning. A dissertation by one Father Caffaro, an obscure Italian monk, became his excuse for writing certain, violent
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abrogated miracles altogether. It was blasphemous, he argued, to suppose that the Author of nature would violate the law He had Himself established. Bossuet might scribble
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over the love of God. Fénelon, 24 years his junior, was an old pupil who had suddenly become a rival; like Bossuet, Fénelon was a bishop who served as a royal tutor.
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2395:. Bossuet's funeral orations in particular had lasting importance and were translated early into many languages, including English. Such was their power that even
1700:
He spent the next seven years at Metz, where he now had the office of archdeacon. He was plunged at once into the thick of controversy; nearly half of Metz was
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When Bossuet was chosen to be the tutor of the Dauphin, oldest child of Louis XIV, he wrote several works for the edification of his pupil, one of which was
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reproached Bossuet for failing to warn him that his grandsons' tutor had such unorthodox opinions and instructed Bossuet and other bishops to respond to the
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2097:, noted that in the 19th century, Catholic theology had varied to the point of expressing ideas on slavery diametrically opposed to those of Bossuet.
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2026:, he preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise. As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an
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selected 23 specific passages for condemnation. Bossuet triumphed in the controversy and Fénelon submitted to Rome's determination of the matter.
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2061:("History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches"), perhaps the most brilliant of all his works, appeared. Few writers could have made the
2030:, Bossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could, and when the Pope declared it null and void, he set to work on a gigantic
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Oraison funèbre de Henriette-Anne d’Angleterre, duchesse d’Orléans. Oraison funèbre de Henriette-Marie de France, reine de la Grand’Bretagne.
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1712:(1655). During the rest of his time at Metz he frequently engaged in religious controversies with Protestants (and, less regularly, with
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in greater depth. Fénelon refused to endorse this treatise, however, and instead composed his own explanation as to the meaning of the
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to finish his classical studies and to begin the study of philosophy and theology. His mentor there was the college's president,
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includes busts of the eight greatest orators of all time – they include a bust of Bossuet alongside such giants of oratory as
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The narrative element in Bossuet's sermons grew shorter with each year. He never drew satirical pictures like his great rival
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Next, Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Rome's own variations; and here, they were backed up by
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1923:, with a Christian philosopher on the throne. That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms: "
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Bossuet, Jacques-Benigne (1987), "Politics Derived from the Words of Holy Scripture", in Baker, Keith Michael (ed.),
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2010:. Here he found himself in a quandary: to support the Pope meant supporting the Jesuits, and he hated their supposed
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2346:. Two years later he was a hopeless invalid, and on 12 April 1704 he died quietly. His funeral oration was given by
1550:
For the time being, however, Cornet and Arnaud were still on good terms. In 1643, Arnaud introduced Bossuet to the
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The Gallican storm a little abated, he turned back to a project very near his heart. Ever since the early days at
1493:, an "ox accustomed to the plough". His father's influence at Metz allowed him to obtain for the young Bossuet a
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1732:, mother of Louis XIV. As a result, he received the honorific title of "Counselor and Preacher to the King".
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Bossuet quickly gained a reputation as a great preacher, and by 1660, he was preaching regularly before the
1725:. He also gained political experience through his participation in the local Assembly of the Three Orders.
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Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697–1699 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the
1957:
was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world. He totally ignores the history of
1406:
The works of Bossuet best known to English speakers are three great orations delivered at the funerals of
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2046:, he had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church. In 1668, he converted
1899:("Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture") (1679, published 1709). The three books fit into each other. The
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strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time? Bossuet's own
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Bossuet was one of several co-editors on the "Ad usum Delphini" book series (commonly known as the
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in Paris, where he studied philosophy and theology. In 1652, he was ordained a priest and became a
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2814:, a discourse on the principles of royal absolutism. The work was published posthumously in 1709.
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Avertissements aux protestants sur les lettres du ministre Jurieu contre l'Histoire des variations
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An edition of Bossuet's sermons was edited by Abbé Lebarq in 6 vols. (Paris, 1890, 1896), as the
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Delamarre, Louis, and Ferdinand Brunetière. "Jacques-Benigne Bossuet." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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1462:(a provincial high court) at Dijon, and Marguerite Mouchet. His parents decided on a career in
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3259:"Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne (27 September 1627 - 12 April 1704): Geographicus Rare Antique Maps"
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might have furnished an answer, for there the fall of many empires is detailed; but then the
1883:. Among the books written by Bossuet during this period are three classics. First came the
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In 1657, St. Vincent de Paul convinced Bossuet to move to Paris and give himself entirely to
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Warnings to Protestants on the letters of Minister Jurieu against the History of Variations
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on 18 March 1652. A few weeks later, he defended his brilliant doctoral work and became a
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Until he was over 70 years, Bossuet enjoyed good health, but in 1702 he developed chronic
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With the period of the Dauphin's formal education ending in 1681, Bossuet was appointed
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2896:(1913) calls Bossuet the greatest pulpit orator of all time, ranking him even ahead of
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1759:. In 1662, he preached his famous sermon "On the Duties of Kings" to Louis XIV at the
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Jacoebee, W. Pierre (1982), "The Classical Sermon and the French Literary Tradition",
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Bossuet was quoted and mentioned in the song 'Un poison violent, c'est ça l'amour' by
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2120:, Bossuet's own special master, of having corrupted the primitive doctrine of grace.
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Edwards, O. C. Jr., "Varieties of Sermon: A Survey", in Eijnatten, Joris van (ed.),
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Exposition de la doctrine de l'église catholique sur les matières de controverse
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3512:, vol. 4 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 287–289
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H.L. Sidney Lear, 'Bossuet and His Contemporaries' (1874, Rivingtons), p.10
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2437:. His complete works were edited by Lachat in 31 vols. (Paris, 1862–1864).
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Worcester, Thomas, "The Classical Sermon", in Eijnatten, Joris van (ed.),
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on 21 September 1670, but he resigned the see when he was elected to the
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2932:, being from Meaux and an orator, is nicknamed Bossuet by his friends.
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2776: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2739:
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The controversy concerned their different reactions to the opinions of
2202: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1701:
1682:
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1649: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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famously quipped: "I never heard anybody preach so early nor so late".
1379:, a position he held until his death. Bossuet was a strong advocate of
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1554:, a great centre of aristocratic culture and the original home of the
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2011:
1887:("Treatise on the Knowledge of God and of Oneself") (1677), then the
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is a general sketch of the nature of God and the nature of man. The
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1387:. Later in his life, he was also involved in the controversies over
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Preaching, Sermon and Culture Change in the Long Eighteenth Century
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Preaching, Sermon and Culture Change in the Long Eighteenth Century
3229:, 5th warning, § 50. Complete Works of Bossuet, t. 3, 1879, p. 610.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1704:, and Bossuet's first appearance in print was a refutation of the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2971:
Bossuet and His Contemporaries, Lear, H. L. Sidney, London, 1874.
2908:
2375:
1915:
The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties, but his son,
1864:
On 18 September 1670 he was appointed tutor to the nine-year-old
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1876:. Still, Bossuet's nine years at court were by no means wasted.
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came in 1649, after which he began to preach his first sermons.
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Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 15 August 2019
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Bossuet is widely considered to be one of the most influential
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3369:, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 31–47
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In his earlier controversies, he had borne himself with great
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lived, the more they varied on increasingly important points.
1907:
is a history of God's dealings with humanity in the past. The
1677:
In January 1652, Bossuet returned to public life, being named
1328:, addresses and literary works, he is regarded as a brilliant
5620:
5109:
5044:
3565:
Discours sur l'Histoire universelle ( French text – 1681 PDF)
3146:
Heinrich Bullinger and the Reformation. A comprehensive faith
3117:. Cambridge University Press. pp. introduction pg xiii.
3114:
Bossuet: Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture
2968:
Jacques Benigne Bossuet; a study, E.K. Sanders, London, 1921.
2128:
1958:
1790:, two much sounder critics, refused to follow their example.
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Protestant minority. Bossuet died in 1704 at the age of 76.
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and the father of biblical criticism in France. He accused
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Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet: A Study by ... with Two Portraits
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3436:
Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667–1730)
2863:
any relevant information into other sections or articles.
1580:) in theology on 25 January 1648, in the presence of the
1473:
The boy was sent to school at the Collège des Godrans, a
3343:
3063:, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1921, p. 14
1925:
le roi, Jesus-Christ et l'Eglise, Dieu en ces trois noms
3183:
3067:
2727:(manual for Protestant converts to Catholicism) (1701)
1825:
A favourite of the court, in 1669 Bossuet was gazetted
2366:
of all time. He is one of the preachers, along with
1973:, he only touched insofar as they formed part of the
3303:
2806:
Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture
2741:
Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture
2564:
Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture
1860:(1638–1715). Bossuet served as his tutor 1670–1681.
1767:
to the usual devices for arousing popular interest.
1603:) on 9 November 1650. Then, in preparation for the
3111:Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne; Bossuet, Jacques (1990).
2160:(1694), wherein he made an attack on the memory of
2037:
1820:
1418:(1670), and of the outstanding military commander
1316:; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704) was a French
3291:
2812:Politics Derived from the Words of Holy Scripture
1584:. Later in 1648, he was ordained a subdeacon by
7090:
3613:
2628:Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes
2523:Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même
2059:Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes
1885:Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même
1481:of Dijon. When his father was appointed to the
3439:, Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio, p. 263
2241:Three years later, he was battling with Bishop
1981:is far more than a theological pamphlet. While
1833:without being obliged to reside there. He was
6907:
3110:
1856:(1661–1711), only surviving legitimate son of
6893:
5000:
3599:
3432:
3177:
2514:Sermon pour la Profession de Mademoiselle de
1989:
1395:, and supported the king's revocation of the
1285:
5506:
3536:, vol. 4 (9th ed.), pp. 70–72
3433:Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952),
2725:Instructions pastorales pour les Protestants
2422:20th-century statue of Bossuet, sculpted by
1950:was composed with a single purpose in mind.
1782:dawned on the Paris horizon in 1669, though
5442:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2670:Défense de la Tradition et des Saints Pères
2167:
7119:18th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
7109:17th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
6900:
6886:
5007:
4993:
3606:
3592:
3467:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3382:
2995:The Library of the World's Best Literature
2993:Cohn, Adolphe. "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet",
1895:") (1679, published 1682), and lastly the
1728:In 1657, in Metz, Bossuet preached before
1292:
1278:
200:
44:
3541:Works by or about Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
3497:
3204:
3098:
3054:
3052:
2792:Learn how and when to remove this message
2218:Learn how and when to remove this message
1665:Learn how and when to remove this message
1576:in 1643. He sustained his first thesis (
7159:17th-century French Catholic theologians
5014:
3452:
3399:
3367:The Old Regime and the French Revolution
3333:
3285:
3011:
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2278:
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1993:
1848:
1735:
1716:). Reconciling the Protestants with the
1567:
1503:
1375:a year later. In 1681, he was appointed
16:French bishop and theologian (1627–1704)
6590:Reflections on the Revolution in France
3364:
3349:
2604:Oraison funèbre de Mme du Blé d'Uxelles
1535:, the theologian whose denunciation of
50:Portrait of Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet by
7091:
4607:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler
3419:
3049:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2959:Bossuet has a school named after him.
2454:Oraison funèbre de Yolande de Monterby
2448:Réfutation du catéchisme de Paul Ferry
1452:. He came from a family of prosperous
6881:
4988:
3587:
3453:Voltaire (1957), Pomeau, Rene (ed.),
3443:
3337:
3321:
3309:
2387:as well as funeral orations on Queen
2024:general Assembly of the French Clergy
1311:
6972:Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu
3524:Connell, Archibald Browning (1878),
3402:Australian Journal of French Studies
3395:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3142:
2837:
2774:adding citations to reliable sources
2745:
2706:Instructions sur les états d'oraison
2688:Maximes et réflexions sur la comédie
2655:Défense de l'Histoire des variations
2588:Anne de Gonzague, princesse Palatine
2559:Politique tirée de l'Écriture sainte
2442:Méditation sur la brièveté de la vie
2289:Instructions sur les états d'oraison
2200:adding citations to reliable sources
2171:
2085:, 1689–1691). In the fifth of these
1897:Politique tirée de l'Écriture Sainte
1647:adding citations to reliable sources
1618:
1501:when the boy was just 13 years old.
1399:, which abolished the rights of the
6700:The End of History and the Last Man
6610:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3498:Northcote, Stafford Henry (1911), "
3373:
3297:
2981:
2547:Discours sur l'histoire universelle
1944:Discours sur l'histoire universelle
1889:Discours sur l'histoire universelle
1543:in 1649 was a major episode in the
1426:Discours sur l'histoire universelle
1355:. He spent the next seven years at
13:
6924:Daniel Hay du Chastelet de Chambon
3216:I Cor, VII, 24; Ephes., VI, 7 seq.
2411:19th-century statue of Bossuet in
2301:Explication des Maximes des Saints
2237:(1651–1715), Bossuet's final rival
14:
7220:
7164:Members of the Académie Française
3517:
3383:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
3152:, www.elib.org.uk, archived from
2997:, (C.D. Warner et al. comp.) 1917
2854:list of miscellaneous information
2541:Conférence avec le pasteur Claude
2475:Oraison funèbre de Nicolas Cornet
2338:Bossuet's tomb in Meaux cathedral
1953:To Bossuet, the establishment of
1939:revocation of the Edict of Nantes
1937:becomes a moral monster, and the
1614:
1523:In 1642, Bossuet enrolled in the
7189:17th-century French male writers
6670:The Open Society and Its Enemies
4967:
3569:
3557:
3550:Works by Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
3485:
3026:
2999:
2842:
2750:
2460:Oracion funebre e Valeria Slazar
2374:, who began the transition from
2252:: her ideas were similar to the
2176:
1623:
1599:He sustained his second thesis (
1367:. He was appointed tutor to the
1258:
1246:
254:
246:
238:
213:
7204:French male non-fiction writers
5477:Family as a model for the state
3925:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
3527:"Jacques Bénigne Bossuet"
3386:"Jacques-Benigne Bossuet"
3336:, pp. 10005–1006 cited in
3327:
3315:
3251:
3232:
3219:
3210:
2761:needs additional citations for
2735:(An English translation) (1900)
2537:(1677 – published only in 1828)
2187:needs additional citations for
2164:, dead more than twenty years.
2152:stopped far short of approving
2052:Exposition de la foi catholique
2038:Efforts to combat Protestantism
1821:Tutor to the Dauphin, 1670–1681
1634:needs additional citations for
1466:for their fifth son, so he was
1347:school before enrolling in the
7124:18th-century Christian mystics
7114:17th-century Christian mystics
7004:Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol
6827:Separation of church and state
6725:Collectivism and individualism
6680:The Origins of Totalitarianism
3638:History of the Catholic Church
3131:
3104:
3038:
2649:Avertissements aux Protestants
2643:Avertissements aux Protestants
2571:Sermon sur l'unité de l'Église
2552:Discourse on Universal History
1893:Discourse on Universal History
1443:
1431:Discourse on Universal History
1305:Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet
1:
6867:Category:Political philosophy
6740:Critique of political economy
4287:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
3684:History of Christian theology
3358:
2105:and forever moving forwards.
1416:Henriette, Duchess of Orléans
117:Henri-Pons de Thiard de Bissy
6765:Institutional discrimination
6760:History of political thought
5492:Negative and positive rights
3615:History of Catholic theology
3457:, Paris, pp. 10005–1006
2357:
2291:, a work that explained the
2057:Finally, in 1688, his great
1438:
1343:, Bossuet was educated at a
1332:and literary stylist of the
7:
6775:Justification for the state
6560:Two Treatises of Government
3556:(public domain audiobooks)
2962:
2700:Élévations sur les mystères
2435:Œuvres oratoires de Bossuet
2050:; in 1670, he published an
1515:, where Bossuet was made a
1371:in 1670 and elected to the
10:
7225:
7209:Deaths from kidney disease
7184:University of Paris alumni
5445:Bellum omnium contra omnes
4713:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
4703:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
3988:Transubstantiation dispute
2803:
2676:Traité de la concupiscence
2567:) (1679 – published 1709)
1990:Bishop of Meaux, 1681–1704
1611:at Saint Lazare in Paris.
301:Principle of Double Effect
83:Cathedral of Saint Stephen
7194:17th-century French poets
6918:
6862:
6712:
6481:
6129:
5862:
5742:
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5564:
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4295:
4174:
4031:
3938:
3798:
3692:
3630:
3621:
3577:Livre audio mp3 gratuit:
3238:Extracts from Flaubert's
3178:Ritzler & Sefrin 1952
2942:Bossuet was the uncle of
2939:) of the Latin classics.
2893:The Catholic Encyclopedia
2833:
2694:Méditation sur l'Evangile
2492:Henriette Marie de France
2393:Henrietta Anne of England
2389:Henrietta Maria of France
2260:, which was condemned by
2123:Bossuet set to work on a
1424:(1687). He published his
196:
180:
172:
152:
127:
122:
112:
104:
96:
88:
78:
68:
58:
43:
36:
23:
7154:French religious writers
6650:The Revolt of the Masses
4627:Matthias Joseph Scheeben
3820:Athanasius of Alexandria
3712:First Epistle of Clement
3242:in the Folio edition of
2975:
2851:This article contains a
2402:
2329:
2168:Controversy with Fénelon
2077:, Bossuet published the
2073:having responded to the
2069:The Protestant Minister
2032:Defensio Cleri Gallicani
1414:(1669), of her daughter
6932:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
6630:The Communist Manifesto
5556:Tyranny of the majority
5467:Consent of the governed
4738:Dietrich von Hildebrand
4602:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi
4476:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
4456:Mary of Jesus of Ágreda
3998:Paulinus II of Aquileia
3993:Predestination disputes
3533:Encyclopædia Britannica
3509:Encyclopædia Britannica
3500:Bossuet, Jaques Bénigne
3422:Jacques-Benigne Bossuet
2732:The Sermon on the Mount
2543:(1678 – published 1682)
2529:Traité du libre arbitre
2350:, SJ. He was buried at
2125:Defense de la tradition
2075:Histoire des variations
1592:. His ordination as a
1509:St. Etienne's Cathedral
417:Theological determinism
31:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
7174:Roman Catholic mystics
6980:Mathieu de Montmorency
6964:Antoine-Marin Lemierre
5507:
5457:Clash of civilizations
5443:
4974:Catholicism portal
4823:Hans Urs von Balthasar
4622:Tommaso Maria Zigliara
4562:Félicité de La Mennais
4241:The Cloud of Unknowing
3742:The Shepherd of Hermas
2888:
2651:(IV, V, VI) (1690–91)
2501:Henriette d'Angleterre
2430:
2415:
2339:
2318:finally condemned the
2284:
2238:
2158:Maximes sur la comédie
2028:anti-papal declaration
1999:
1975:Praeparatio Evangelica
1861:
1520:
1253:Catholicism portal
605:Gregory (of Nazianzus)
469:Christian Neoplatonism
5472:Divine right of kings
4748:Marie-Dominique Chenu
4667:Marie-Joseph Lagrange
4652:Désiré-Joseph Mercier
4536:Clement Mary Hofbauer
4531:Johann Michael Sailer
3958:Maximus the Confessor
3650:History of the papacy
3414:10.3828/AJFS.19.3.227
3392:Catholic Encyclopedia
3227:Warngs to Protestants
3143:Berthoud, Jean-Marc,
2883:
2804:Further information:
2421:
2410:
2337:
2287:Bossuet now composed
2282:
2233:
1997:
1852:
1736:Early career in Paris
1568:Early clerical career
1507:
1408:Queen Henrietta Maria
1385:divine right of kings
1265:Philosophy portal
176:Bishop, writer, tutor
63:Roman Catholic Church
7060:Ambroise-Marie Carré
6940:Melchior de Polignac
6620:Democracy in America
5999:political philosophy
5982:political philosophy
5797:political philosophy
5626:political philosophy
5536:Separation of powers
5497:Night-watchman state
5482:Monopoly on violence
5016:Political philosophy
4924:Raniero Cantalamessa
4894:Alice von Hildebrand
4843:Edward Schillebeeckx
4521:Maria Gaetana Agnesi
4406:Lawrence of Brindisi
4336:Francisco de Vitoria
4126:Beatrice of Nazareth
4101:Hugh of Saint Victor
4081:Bernard of Clairvaux
4061:Anselm of Canterbury
4023:John Scotus Eriugena
4018:Paschasius Radbertus
3865:Gregory of Nazianzus
3759:Epistle to Diognetus
3263:www.geographicus.com
2770:improve this article
2682:Lettre au P. Caffaro
2661:Correspondence avec
2645:(I, II, III) (1689)
2196:improve this article
1643:improve this article
1552:Hôtel de Rambouillet
1448:Bossuet was born at
1412:Charles I of England
1381:political absolutism
501:Second scholasticism
7020:Paul Thureau-Dangin
6996:Jean-Jacques Ampère
6810:Right-wing politics
6690:A Theory of Justice
6660:The Road to Serfdom
6580:The Social Contract
5287:Christian democracy
4899:Carlo Maria Martini
4863:Johann Baptist Metz
4833:Frederick Copleston
4657:Friedrich von Hügel
4617:Joseph Hergenröther
4597:Gaetano Sanseverino
4577:Ignaz von Döllinger
4501:Nicolas Malebranche
4341:Thomas of Villanova
4302:Counter-Reformation
4282:Girolamo Savonarola
4096:Hildegard of Bingen
3905:Cyril of Alexandria
3748:Aristides of Athens
3735:Epistle of Barnabas
3724:Ignatius of Antioch
3662:Ecumenical councils
3455:Oeuvres historiques
3448:, pp. 134, 154
3288:, pp. 227–242.
3245:Bouvard et Pécuchet
2610:Oraison funèbre du
2595:Oraison funèbre de
2586:Oraison funèbre d'
2577:Oraison funèbre de
2424:Ernest Henri Dubois
1874:a Bavarian princess
1324:. Renowned for his
331:Liberation Theology
232:Catholic philosophy
7149:French monarchists
7036:Maurice de Broglie
7028:Pierre de La Gorce
6909:Académie française
6822:Political violence
6817:Political theology
6800:Left-wing politics
6795:Political spectrum
4914:Alasdair MacIntyre
4793:Nouvelle théologie
4682:Thérèse of Lisieux
4526:Alfonso Muzzarelli
4466:Jean-Jacques Olier
4436:Tommaso Campanella
4351:Francisco de Osuna
4346:Ignatius of Loyola
4215:Catherine of Siena
4111:Robert Grosseteste
4008:Benedict of Aniane
3948:Isidore of Seville
3890:Augustine of Hippo
3855:Cyril of Jerusalem
3850:Hilary of Poitiers
3139:Heinrich Bullinger
2923:, and Chrysostom.
2889:
2499:Oraison funèbre d'
2490:Oraison funèbre d'
2481:Oraison funèbre d'
2431:
2416:
2340:
2322:on 12 March 1699.
2320:Maximes des Saints
2309:Maximes des Saints
2285:
2239:
2112:, a priest of the
2018:almost as much as
2000:
1868:, eldest child of
1862:
1843:Académie française
1695:Doctor of Divinity
1525:Collège de Navarre
1521:
1373:Académie Française
1353:Doctor of Divinity
1349:College of Navarre
610:Gregory (of Nyssa)
338:Christian Humanism
187:College of Navarre
108:Dominique de Ligny
7199:French male poets
7169:Clergy from Dijon
7144:Bishops of Troyes
7134:Bishops of Condom
7086:
7085:
6988:Alexandre Guiraud
6875:
6874:
6785:Philosophy of law
6730:Conflict theories
6570:The Spirit of Law
6477:
6476:
5526:Original position
4982:
4981:
4909:Gustavo Gutiérrez
4904:Pope Benedict XVI
4889:Pope John Paul II
4788:Josemaría Escrivá
4778:Henri Daniel-Rops
4662:Vladimir Solovyov
4642:Neo-scholasticism
4582:John Henry Newman
4516:Louis de Montfort
4511:Alphonsus Liguori
4506:Giambattista Vico
4441:Pierre de Bérulle
4427:French Revolution
4396:Robert Bellarmine
4376:John of the Cross
4262:Julian of Norwich
4220:Bridget of Sweden
4210:John of Ruusbroec
4200:William of Ockham
4116:Francis of Assisi
4106:Dominic de Guzmán
4076:Decretum Gratiani
4051:Berengar of Tours
3940:Early Middle Ages
3910:Peter Chrysologus
3860:Basil of Caesarea
3845:Ephrem the Syrian
3785:Antipope Novatian
3352:, pp. 31–47.
3124:978-0-521-36807-0
2878:
2877:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2634:Explication de l'
2597:Michel Le Tellier
2348:Charles de la Rue
2324:Pope Innocent XII
2228:
2227:
2220:
2138:nova, mira, falsa
1917:the Petit Dauphin
1854:The Grand Dauphin
1800:Oraisons funèbres
1778:forsook him when
1675:
1674:
1667:
1590:Bishop of Langres
1572:Bossuet became a
1519:at age 13 in 1640
1499:cathedral of Metz
1491:Bos suetus aratro
1302:
1301:
1235:
1234:
1120:Garrigou-Lagrange
429:Divine Attributes
208:
207:
138:27 September 1627
7216:
7139:Bishops of Meaux
7129:Canons (priests)
7079:
7071:
7063:
7055:
7047:
7044:Eugène Tisserant
7039:
7031:
7023:
7015:
7007:
6999:
6991:
6983:
6975:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6948:Odet-Joseph Giry
6943:
6935:
6927:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6879:
6878:
6790:Political ethics
6780:Machiavellianism
6720:Authoritarianism
6705:
6695:
6685:
6675:
6665:
6655:
6645:
6635:
6625:
6615:
6605:
6595:
6585:
6575:
6565:
6555:
6545:
6535:
6525:
6515:
6505:
6495:
5571:
5570:
5512:
5448:
5438:Balance of power
5412:Social democracy
5407:Social Darwinism
5382:Multiculturalism
5327:Environmentalism
5302:Communitarianism
5009:
5002:
4995:
4986:
4985:
4972:
4971:
4813:Emmanuel Mounier
4808:Bernard Lonergan
4733:Georges Bernanos
4718:Jacques Maritain
4698:G. K. Chesterton
4587:Henri Lacordaire
4486:Cornelius Jansen
4481:François Fénelon
4411:Francis de Sales
4401:Francisco Suárez
4272:Nicholas of Cusa
4156:Siger of Brabant
4141:Boetius of Dacia
4121:Anthony of Padua
4066:Joachim of Fiore
4046:Gregory of Narek
4033:High Middle Ages
3978:John of Damascus
3870:Gregory of Nyssa
3608:
3601:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3573:
3561:
3560:
3545:Internet Archive
3537:
3529:
3513:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3472:
3466:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3429:
3416:
3396:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3255:
3249:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3151:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3020:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2955:Anna (1967 film)
2951:Serge Gainsbourg
2937:Delphin Classics
2907:The exterior of
2873:
2870:
2864:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2754:
2746:
2716:Relation sur le
2621:diocèse de Meaux
2426:, on display in
2385:Francis de Sales
2372:Louis Bourdaloue
2266:Mme de Maintenon
2262:Pope Innocent XI
2243:François Fénelon
2223:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2180:
2172:
2008:Pope Innocent XI
1827:bishop of Condom
1804:Funeral Orations
1772:Louis Bourdaloue
1670:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1627:
1619:
1475:classical school
1315:
1310:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1250:
640:John of Damascus
548:
547:
378:Moderate realism
286:Cardinal virtues
258:
257:
253:
250:
249:
245:
242:
241:
217:
210:
209:
204:
159:
137:
135:
123:Personal details
92:17 November 1681
52:Hyacinthe Rigaud
48:
21:
20:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7074:
7066:
7058:
7050:
7042:
7034:
7026:
7018:
7012:Camille Rousset
7010:
7002:
6994:
6986:
6978:
6970:
6962:
6956:Charles Batteux
6954:
6946:
6938:
6930:
6922:
6914:
6906:
6876:
6871:
6858:
6847:Totalitarianism
6708:
6703:
6693:
6683:
6673:
6663:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6603:
6593:
6583:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6543:
6533:
6523:
6520:Treatise on Law
6513:
6503:
6493:
6473:
6131:
6125:
5864:
5858:
5744:
5738:
5657:
5560:
5546:State of nature
5541:Social contract
5521:Ordered liberty
5509:Noblesse oblige
5426:
5260:
5189:
5018:
5013:
4983:
4978:
4966:
4958:
4939:Jean-Luc Marion
4877:
4828:Marcel Lefebvre
4753:Romano Guardini
4708:Joseph Maréchal
4686:
4677:Maurice Blondel
4572:Antonio Rosmini
4567:Luigi Taparelli
4545:
4471:Louis Thomassin
4446:Pierre Gassendi
4429:
4425:
4415:
4366:Teresa of Ávila
4304:
4300:
4291:
4277:Marsilio Ficino
4267:Thomas à Kempis
4257:Devotio Moderna
4230:Johannes Tauler
4225:Meister Eckhart
4195:Dante Alighieri
4170:
4136:Albertus Magnus
4027:
3934:
3880:John Chrysostom
3808:
3804:
3794:
3707:Clement of Rome
3688:
3626:
3617:
3612:
3574:
3558:
3523:
3520:
3486:
3484:
3460:
3459:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3248:, 2006, p. 468.
3237:
3233:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3068:
3059:Sanders, E.K.,
3057:
3050:
3043:
3039:
3027:
3021:
3012:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2965:
2926:A character in
2913:Sanders Theater
2874:
2868:
2865:
2858:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2808:
2798:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2767:
2755:
2744:
2612:prince de Condé
2483:Anne d'Autriche
2466:Panégyrique de
2428:Meaux Cathedral
2413:Meaux Cathedral
2405:
2360:
2352:Meaux Cathedral
2332:
2297:Articles d'Issy
2293:Articles d'Issy
2283:Bossuet in 1702
2264:in 1687. When
2224:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2193:
2181:
2170:
2150:Edict of Nantes
2040:
2004:Bishop of Meaux
1992:
1935:Oliver Cromwell
1823:
1738:
1730:Anne of Austria
1718:Catholic Church
1671:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1640:
1628:
1617:
1609:Vincent de Paul
1586:Sébastien Zamet
1582:Prince de Condé
1570:
1562:Vincent Voiture
1537:Antoine Arnauld
1446:
1441:
1397:Edict of Nantes
1377:Bishop of Meaux
1334:French language
1313:[bɔsɥɛ]
1308:
1298:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1054:
874:
866:
865:
864:
684:
676:
675:
674:
554:
545:
535:
534:
442:
434:
433:
363:
353:
352:
326:Social teaching
281:
271:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
161:
157:
148:
139:
133:
131:
54:
38:Bishop of Meaux
32:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7222:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7179:Sermon writers
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7072:
7064:
7056:
7048:
7040:
7032:
7024:
7016:
7008:
7000:
6992:
6984:
6976:
6968:
6960:
6952:
6944:
6936:
6928:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6905:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6882:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6837:Social justice
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6745:Egalitarianism
6742:
6737:
6735:Contractualism
6732:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6696:
6686:
6676:
6666:
6656:
6646:
6636:
6626:
6616:
6606:
6596:
6586:
6576:
6566:
6556:
6546:
6536:
6526:
6516:
6506:
6496:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5991:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5531:Overton window
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5362:Libertarianism
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4768:Henri de Lubac
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4743:Gabriel Marcel
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4723:Étienne Gilson
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4672:George Tyrrell
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4632:Émile Boutroux
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4612:Giuseppe Pecci
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4461:António Vieira
4458:
4453:
4451:René Descartes
4448:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4422:Baroque period
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4386:Luis de Molina
4383:
4381:Peter Canisius
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:Francis Xavier
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4316:Thomas Cajetan
4313:
4307:
4305:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4247:Heinrich Seuse
4244:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4151:Thomas Aquinas
4148:
4146:Henry of Ghent
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:Anselm of Laon
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4013:Rabanus Maurus
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3930:Pope Gregory I
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3806:Pope Gregory I
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3677:Biblical canon
3674:
3667:Catholic Bible
3664:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3567:
3562:
3547:
3538:
3519:
3518:External links
3516:
3515:
3514:
3504:Chisholm, Hugh
3476:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3441:
3430:
3417:
3408:(3): 227–242,
3397:
3380:
3371:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3340:, p. 151.
3326:
3314:
3312:, p. 134.
3302:
3290:
3275:
3250:
3231:
3218:
3209:
3207:, p. 289.
3205:Northcote 1911
3182:
3180:, p. 263.
3170:
3159:on 16 May 2005
3130:
3123:
3103:
3101:, p. 288.
3099:Northcote 1911
3066:
3048:
3037:
3010:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2929:Les Misérables
2876:
2875:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2800:
2799:
2758:
2756:
2749:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2713:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2631:
2625:
2619:Catéchisme du
2616:
2607:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2404:
2401:
2368:John Tillotson
2359:
2356:
2331:
2328:
2226:
2225:
2208:September 2016
2184:
2182:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2087:Avertissements
2039:
2036:
2016:dévotion aisée
1998:Bishop Bossuet
1991:
1988:
1881:King of France
1822:
1819:
1776:Mme de Sévigné
1737:
1734:
1723:Church Fathers
1673:
1672:
1655:September 2016
1631:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1615:Priest at Metz
1613:
1574:Master of Arts
1569:
1566:
1533:Nicolas Cornet
1470:at age eight.
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1421:le Grand Condé
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1255:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
531:
530:
525:
515:
510:
509:
508:
503:
493:
488:
483:
478:
477:
476:
474:Friends of God
466:
461:
456:
455:
454:
447:Augustinianism
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
426:
425:
424:
419:
412:Predestination
409:
404:
399:
385:
380:
375:
370:
364:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
348:Works of mercy
345:
340:
335:
334:
333:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
277:
276:
273:
272:
259:
235:
234:
228:
227:
219:
218:
206:
205:
198:
194:
193:
184:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
160:(aged 76)
154:
150:
149:
140:
129:
125:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
49:
41:
40:
34:
33:
30:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7221:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7052:Jean Daniélou
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6903:
6898:
6896:
6891:
6889:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6770:Jurisprudence
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6602:
6601:
6600:Rights of Man
6597:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6562:
6561:
6557:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6541:
6537:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6512:
6511:
6510:De re publica
6507:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6130:20th and 21st
6128:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5863:18th and 19th
5861:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5719:Nizam al-Mulk
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5402:Republicanism
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5005:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Aidan Nichols
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Michał Heller
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Walter Kasper
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4848:Thomas Merton
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:Jean Daniélou
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:Joseph Görres
4555:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4541:Bruno Lanteri
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:Blaise Pascal
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:John of Ávila
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
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4332:
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4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
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4303:
4299:
4294:
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4285:
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4280:
4278:
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4270:
4268:
4265:
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4260:
4258:
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4248:
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4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:Walter Hilton
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Richard Rolle
4203:
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4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
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4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:Peter Lombard
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:Peter Abelard
4069:
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3989:
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3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3963:Monothelitism
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:John Climacus
3951:
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3866:
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3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:Monophysitism
3838:
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3753:Justin Martyr
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3665:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3655:Papal primacy
3653:
3652:
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3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
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3539:
3535:
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3522:
3521:
3511:
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3505:
3501:
3495:
3494:public domain
3483:
3482:
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3470:
3464:
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3387:
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3377:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3351:
3346:
3339:
3335:
3334:Voltaire 1957
3330:
3324:, p. 152
3323:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3300:, p. 11.
3299:
3294:
3287:
3286:Jacoebee 1982
3282:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3241:
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3085:
3083:
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3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3033:public domain
3024:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3007:
3006:public domain
2998:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2944:Louis Bossuet
2940:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2869:December 2019
2862:
2857:
2855:
2849:
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2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2796:
2793:
2785:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2759:This section
2757:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2708:(replying to
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
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2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
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2617:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:Marie Thérèse
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2542:
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2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2494:
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2470:
2469:
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2436:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2344:kidney stones
2336:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2211:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2185:This section
2183:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:Paris Oratory
2111:
2110:Richard Simon
2106:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:Pierre Jurieu
2067:
2064:
2063:Justification
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:Martin Luther
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1669:
1666:
1658:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1632:This section
1630:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:controversy.
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
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1350:
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1327:
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1306:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1275:
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1272:
1266:
1256:
1254:
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1244:
1243:
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1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
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1176:
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1168:
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1136:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
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1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
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1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:Chateaubriand
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
870:
869:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
790:Gundissalinus
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
680:
679:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
550:
549:
544:
539:
538:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
514:
511:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
496:Scholasticism
494:
492:
489:
487:
486:Ressourcement
484:
482:
479:
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
453:
450:
449:
448:
445:
444:
438:
437:
430:
427:
423:
422:Compatibilism
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
397:
393:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
368:Conceptualism
366:
365:
362:
357:
356:
349:
346:
344:
343:Virtue ethics
341:
339:
336:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
280:
275:
274:
270:
266:
262:
237:
236:
233:
230:
229:
225:
221:
220:
216:
212:
211:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
156:12 April 1704
155:
151:
147:
143:
130:
126:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:12 April 1704
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
35:
27:
22:
19:
6931:
6851:
6750:Elite theory
6698:
6688:
6678:
6668:
6658:
6648:
6638:
6628:
6618:
6608:
6598:
6588:
6578:
6568:
6558:
6548:
6538:
6528:
6518:
6508:
6498:
6488:
5787:Guicciardini
5761:
5743:Early modern
5566:Philosophers
5516:Open society
5452:Body politic
5322:Distributism
5312:Conservatism
5307:Confucianism
5226:Gerontocracy
5216:Dictatorship
5170:Sovereignty
5160:Ruling class
5050:Emancipation
5035:Citizenship
4934:Peter Kreeft
4882:21st century
4873:Henri Nouwen
4783:Jean Guitton
4763:Fulton Sheen
4691:20th century
4592:Jaime Balmes
4550:19th century
4475:
4371:Luis de León
4252:Geert Groote
4239:
4056:Peter Damian
3895:John Cassian
3835:Nestorianism
3757:
3740:
3733:
3716:
3694:Early Church
3531:
3507:
3479:Attribution:
3478:
3477:
3454:
3445:
3435:
3421:
3405:
3401:
3390:
3378:, p. 11
3375:
3366:
3350:Bossuet 1987
3345:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3266:. Retrieved
3262:
3253:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3226:
3221:
3212:
3173:
3161:, retrieved
3154:the original
3145:
3133:
3113:
3106:
3060:
3040:
2994:
2958:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2906:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2866:
2852:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2788:
2779:
2768:Please help
2763:verification
2760:
2740:
2730:
2724:
2715:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2513:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2380:Neoclassical
2361:
2341:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2270:
2250:Jeanne Guyon
2247:
2240:
2214:
2205:
2194:Please help
2189:verification
2186:
2157:
2143:
2137:
2124:
2122:
2118:St Augustine
2107:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2015:
2001:
1978:
1955:Christianity
1952:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1863:
1841:
1824:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1769:
1765:
1757:Chapel Royal
1750:
1739:
1727:
1699:
1676:
1661:
1652:
1641:Please help
1636:verification
1633:
1600:
1598:
1577:
1571:
1555:
1549:
1522:
1490:
1482:
1472:
1457:
1447:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1405:
1339:A native of
1338:
1304:
1303:
1165:John Paul II
1090:Benedict XVI
1063:Contemporary
904:
543:Philosophers
464:Cartesianism
407:Quinque Viae
158:(1704-04-12)
18:
7104:1704 deaths
7099:1627 births
7076:Michel Zink
7068:René Girard
6624:(1835–1840)
6504:(c. 350 BC)
6494:(c. 375 BC)
6111:Tocqueville
6076:Saint-Simon
6041:Montesquieu
5892:Bolingbroke
5824:Machiavelli
5704:Ibn Khaldun
5669:Alpharabius
5662:Middle Ages
5487:Natural law
5462:Common good
5387:Nationalism
5347:Imperialism
5317:Corporatism
5292:Colonialism
5272:Agrarianism
5251:Technocracy
5231:Meritocracy
5211:Bureaucracy
5201:Aristocracy
4944:Tomáš Halík
4868:Jean Vanier
4853:René Girard
4838:Alfred Delp
4803:Yves Congar
4798:Karl Rahner
4773:Dorothy Day
4758:Edith Stein
4728:Ronald Knox
4326:John Fisher
4321:Thomas More
4298:Reformation
4190:Duns Scotus
4185:Ramon Llull
4178:and reforms
4166:Roger Bacon
4131:Bonaventure
4041:Roscellinus
3830:Pelagianism
3801:Constantine
3624:Key figures
3575:(in French)
2917:Demosthenes
2516:La Vallière
2316:Inquisition
2271:Articles d'
2154:dragonnades
2146:magnanimity
2134:Malebranche
1835:consecrated
1477:run by the
1444:Early years
1410:, widow of
1389:Gallicanism
980:Malebranche
840:Roscellinus
785:Grosseteste
745:Bonaventure
565:Athenagoras
361:Metaphysics
321:Personalism
316:Natural law
311:Probabilism
105:Predecessor
7093:Categories
6832:Separatism
6640:On Liberty
6540:The Prince
6269:Huntington
5772:Campanella
5699:al-Ghazali
5648:Thucydides
5606:Lactantius
5551:Statolatry
5377:Monarchism
5357:Liberalism
5282:Capitalism
5265:Ideologies
5246:Plutocracy
5194:Government
5150:Revolution
5135:Propaganda
5085:Legitimacy
5060:Government
4954:Scott Hahn
4331:Johann Eck
3983:Iconoclasm
3915:Pope Leo I
3775:Tertullian
3427:New Advent
3359:References
2902:Chrysostom
2636:Apocalypse
2468:saint Paul
1977:. Yet his
1788:La Bruyère
1780:Bourdaloue
1710:Paul Ferry
1702:Protestant
1683:Sarrebourg
1679:Archdeacon
1605:priesthood
1557:Précieuses
1464:the Church
1454:Burgundian
1365:Versailles
1322:theologian
1160:Hildebrand
1100:Chesterton
965:La Mennais
895:Bellarmine
890:Azpilcueta
835:Paschasius
715:Autrecourt
670:Tertullian
630:Chrysostom
570:Athanasius
452:Victorines
383:Nominalism
291:Just price
182:Alma mater
173:Occupation
134:1627-09-27
97:Term ended
6550:Leviathan
6530:Monarchia
6524:(c. 1274)
6359:Oakeshott
6304:Mansfield
6299:Luxemburg
6284:Kropotkin
6179:Bernstein
6132:centuries
6046:Nietzsche
5989:Jefferson
5917:Condorcet
5865:centuries
5844:Pufendorf
5709:Marsilius
5596:Confucius
5581:Aristotle
5574:Antiquity
5502:Noble lie
5422:Third Way
5417:Socialism
5342:Feudalism
5297:Communism
5277:Anarchism
5256:Theocracy
5241:Oligarchy
5221:Democracy
5206:Autocracy
5120:Pluralism
5105:Obedience
5070:Hierarchy
5030:Authority
4858:Hans Küng
4647:Léon Bloy
4637:Modernism
4490:Jansenism
4176:Mysticism
3770:Montanism
3338:Worcester
3322:Worcester
3310:Worcester
3240:Sottisier
3225:Bossuet,
2898:Augustine
2782:July 2017
2718:quiétisme
2712:) (1697)
2702:(1694–95)
2696:(1694–95)
2690:(1694–95)
2684:(1694–95)
2678:(1691–93)
2672:(1691–93)
2666:(1691–93)
2657:(1690–91)
2555:) (1681)
2364:homilists
2358:Preaching
2305:Louis XIV
2095:Sottisier
2093:, in his
2012:casuistry
1909:Politique
1870:Louis XIV
1858:Louis XIV
1846:in 1671.
1742:preaching
1685:. He was
1601:sorbonica
1578:tentativa
1545:Jansenist
1483:parlement
1459:parlement
1439:Biography
1435:in 1681.
1361:Louis XIV
1180:MacIntyre
1140:Gutiérrez
1110:Copleston
1080:Balthasar
935:Descartes
795:Hildegard
780:Gregory I
755:Catherine
705:Alexander
655:Dionysius
575:Augustine
528:Salamanca
402:Haecceity
306:Casuistry
197:Signature
113:Successor
89:Installed
26:His Grace
6805:Centrism
6500:Politics
6490:Republic
6459:Voegelin
6439:Spengler
6424:Shariati
6399:Rothbard
6354:Nussbaum
6254:Habermas
6229:Fukuyama
6219:Foucault
6144:Ambedkar
6121:Voltaire
6091:de Staël
6066:Rousseau
5947:Franklin
5922:Constant
5882:Beccaria
5714:Muhammad
5694:Gelasius
5679:Averroes
5653:Xenophon
5633:Polybius
5586:Chanakya
5431:Concepts
5397:Populism
5367:Localism
5352:Islamism
5337:Feminism
5236:Monarchy
5140:Property
5130:Progress
5095:Monopoly
5065:Hegemony
4390:Molinism
3968:Ecthesis
3920:Boethius
3825:Arianism
3815:Eusebius
3765:Irenaeus
3729:Polycarp
3643:Timeline
3554:LibriVox
3463:citation
3268:27 March
2963:See also
2861:relocate
2397:Voltaire
2254:Quietism
2091:Flaubert
1979:Discours
1948:Discours
1905:Discours
1706:Huguenot
1687:ordained
1541:Sorbonne
1468:tonsured
1401:Huguenot
1393:Quietism
1383:and the
1195:Maritain
1170:Lonergan
1150:Guardini
1075:Anscombe
1050:Caramuel
960:Krasicki
955:Kołłątaj
910:Brentano
770:Eriugena
735:Berengar
683:Medieval
635:Climacus
615:Irenaeus
585:Boethius
580:Benedict
523:Analytic
491:Occamism
481:Molinism
459:Llullism
388:Quiddity
296:Just war
224:a series
222:Part of
6912:seat 37
6842:Statism
6755:Elitism
6713:Related
6514:(51 BC)
6444:Strauss
6419:Scruton
6414:Schmitt
6404:Russell
6324:Michels
6319:Maurras
6314:Marcuse
6274:Kautsky
6244:Gramsci
6239:Gentile
6209:Dworkin
6199:Du Bois
6194:Dmowski
6189:Chomsky
6184:Burnham
6169:Benoist
6139:Agamben
6106:Thoreau
6096:Stirner
6086:Spencer
6031:Mazzini
6021:Maistre
6016:Madison
6011:Le Play
5942:Fourier
5907:Carlyle
5887:Bentham
5877:Bastiat
5872:Bakunin
5849:Spinoza
5839:Müntzer
5809:Leibniz
5782:Grotius
5762:Bossuet
5729:Plethon
5674:Aquinas
5643:Sun Tzu
5611:Mencius
5601:Han Fei
5372:Marxism
5332:Fascism
5165:Society
5090:Liberty
5075:Justice
5055:Freedom
4311:Erasmus
4161:Thomism
3900:Orosius
3875:Ambrose
3790:Cyprian
3718:Didache
3672:Vulgate
3631:General
3543:at the
3506:(ed.),
3496::
3298:Edwards
3163:11 July
2909:Harvard
2885:Oeuvres
2859:Please
2710:Fénelon
2663:Leibniz
2535:Logique
2376:Baroque
2258:Molinos
2235:Fénelon
2162:Molière
2102:Leibniz
2048:Turenne
1866:Dauphin
1831:Gascony
1811:Oraison
1784:Fénelon
1755:in the
1708:pastor
1539:at the
1497:in the
1495:canonry
1479:Jesuits
1369:Dauphin
1326:sermons
1309:French:
1205:Mounier
1200:McLuhan
1155:Haldane
1095:Blondel
1045:Vitoria
1020:Rosmini
995:Mercado
990:Meinong
985:Mariana
975:Maistre
970:Liguori
950:Gracián
945:Fénelon
940:Erasmus
920:Cajetan
905:Bossuet
880:Arnauld
860:Thierry
815:Lombard
805:Isidore
765:Eckhart
750:Buridan
740:Bernard
720:Aquinas
690:Abelard
650:Maximus
625:Cassian
595:Cyprian
590:Clement
560:Ambrose
553:Ancient
518:Thomism
513:Scotism
441:Schools
392:essence
373:Realism
261:Aquinas
69:Diocese
7078:(2017)
7070:(2005)
7062:(1975)
7054:(1972)
7046:(1961)
7038:(1934)
7030:(1914)
7022:(1893)
7014:(1871)
7006:(1865)
6998:(1847)
6990:(1826)
6982:(1825)
6974:(1803)
6966:(1780)
6958:(1761)
6950:(1741)
6942:(1704)
6934:(1671)
6926:(1635)
6704:(1992)
6694:(1971)
6684:(1951)
6674:(1945)
6664:(1944)
6654:(1929)
6644:(1859)
6634:(1848)
6614:(1820)
6604:(1791)
6594:(1790)
6584:(1762)
6574:(1748)
6564:(1689)
6554:(1651)
6544:(1532)
6534:(1313)
6464:Walzer
6454:Taylor
6409:Sartre
6374:Popper
6369:Pareto
6364:Ortega
6349:Nozick
6339:Mouffe
6289:Laclau
6249:Guénon
6234:Gandhi
6174:Berlin
6164:Bauman
6159:Badiou
6149:Arendt
6116:Tucker
6006:Le Bon
5967:Herder
5957:Haller
5952:Godwin
5937:Fichte
5932:Engels
5927:Cortés
5897:Bonald
5854:Suárez
5829:Milton
5819:Luther
5792:Hobbes
5777:Filmer
5767:Calvin
5752:Boétie
5745:period
5724:Ockham
5591:Cicero
5392:Nazism
5180:Utopia
5155:Rights
5145:Regime
5115:People
5100:Nation
4003:Alcuin
3885:Jerome
3780:Origen
3502:", in
3490:
3121:
2921:Cicero
2887:, 1852
2834:Trivia
2721:(1698)
2639:(1689)
2630:(1688)
2624:(1687)
2615:(1687)
2606:(1686)
2600:(1686)
2591:(1685)
2582:(1683)
2573:(1682)
2531:(1677)
2525:(1677)
2519:(1675)
2510:(1671)
2504:(1670)
2495:(1669)
2486:(1667)
2477:(1663)
2471:(1659)
2462:(1657)
2456:(1656)
2450:(1655)
2444:(1648)
2299:, his
2020:Pascal
1983:Pascal
1967:Greece
1921:Utopia
1901:Traité
1838:bishop
1761:Louvre
1691:priest
1594:deacon
1345:Jesuit
1330:orator
1318:bishop
1225:Taylor
1215:Rahner
1210:Pieper
1190:Marion
1185:Marcel
1145:Dávila
1135:Girard
1130:Gilson
1115:Finnis
1105:Congar
1085:Barron
1035:Suárez
1015:Pascal
1010:Newman
1000:Molina
930:Cortés
915:Botero
900:Bonald
873:Modern
855:Symeon
845:Scotus
830:Oresme
825:Ockham
820:Martin
710:Anselm
700:Alcuin
695:Albert
660:Origen
645:Justin
620:Jerome
396:nature
279:Ethics
269:Ockham
267:, and
265:Scotus
252:
244:
167:France
146:France
59:Church
6853:Index
6482:Works
6469:Weber
6434:Spann
6429:Sorel
6394:Röpke
6389:Rawls
6344:Negri
6334:Mosca
6329:Mises
6294:Lenin
6264:Hoppe
6259:Hayek
6224:Fromm
6214:Evola
6204:Dugin
6101:Taine
6081:Smith
6061:Renan
6056:Paine
5977:Iqbal
5962:Hegel
5912:Comte
5902:Burke
5814:Locke
5804:James
5757:Bodin
5689:Dante
5684:Bruni
5638:Shang
5621:Plato
5175:State
5125:Power
5110:Peace
5045:Elite
5023:Terms
3157:(PDF)
3150:(PDF)
2976:Notes
2403:Works
2330:Death
2129:Bible
1965:; on
1959:Islam
1753:court
1529:Paris
1517:canon
1450:Dijon
1341:Dijon
1220:Stein
1175:Lubac
1125:Geach
1070:Adler
1025:Sales
885:Ávila
850:Siger
810:Llull
775:Giles
725:Bacon
600:Cyril
191:Paris
163:Paris
142:Dijon
73:Meaux
6384:Rand
6379:Qutb
6279:Kirk
6154:Aron
6071:Sade
6051:Owen
6036:Mill
6026:Marx
5994:Kant
5972:Hume
5834:More
5734:Wang
5616:Mozi
5040:Duty
3973:Bede
3702:Paul
3469:link
3270:2022
3165:2006
3119:ISBN
2900:and
2391:and
2370:and
2273:Issy
2044:Metz
2014:and
1971:Rome
1969:and
1963:Asia
1961:and
1786:and
1746:dean
1714:Jews
1513:Metz
1487:Metz
1391:and
1357:Metz
1320:and
1040:Vico
1030:Soto
1005:More
800:Hugh
760:Cusa
730:Bede
665:Paul
153:Died
128:Born
6449:Sun
6309:Mao
5185:War
5080:Law
3552:at
3410:doi
3141:, (
2953:in
2911:'s
2772:by
2378:to
2256:of
2198:by
1829:in
1806:).
1748:.)
1681:of
1645:by
1527:in
1511:in
1485:at
1363:at
506:Neo
165:,
79:See
7095::
4424:to
3803:to
3530:,
3465:}}
3461:{{
3425:,
3406:19
3404:,
3389:.
3278:^
3261:.
3185:^
3168:).
3069:^
3051:^
3013:^
2983:^
2946:.
2919:,
2904:.
2354:.
2311:.
1891:("
1763:.
1697:.
1689:a
1588:,
1336:.
394:/
263:,
226:on
189:,
144:,
6901:e
6894:t
6887:v
5008:e
5001:t
4994:v
4492:)
4488:(
4392:)
4388:(
3607:e
3600:t
3593:v
3471:)
3412::
3272:.
3127:.
3035:.
3008:.
2871:)
2867:(
2856:.
2795:)
2789:(
2784:)
2780:(
2766:.
2561:(
2549:(
2221:)
2215:(
2210:)
2206:(
2192:.
2081:(
1802:(
1668:)
1662:(
1657:)
1653:(
1639:.
1433:)
1429:(
1307:(
1293:e
1286:t
1279:v
398:)
390:(
136:)
132:(
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