Jagannath - Knowledge

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chieftain would leave the house every evening, and only return the following noon. At his urging, Lalita revealed to him that these were her father's visits to the shrine of Nilamadhava, whose location was held secret within the community. Vidyapati persuaded his wife to ask Vishvavasu to take him along to see the image of the deity. The chieftain agreed to take Vidyapati with him, but on the condition that he be blindfolded during the journey so that the shrine's location remained undisclosed. Lalita helped her husband devise a plan: Vidyapati brought a bag of mustard seeds with him, scattering them all along the path to the shrine present in a cave, bearing witness to the deep blue image of Nilamadhava. Returning to Avanti, he reported his discovery of the shrine to Indradyumna. After a few months, following the mustards seeds that had since germinated into plants, the king and his retinue travelled to the shrine, unable to locate the image. After praying to Vishnu for three days and nights, they heard the deity's voice thunder from the heavens, rebuking them for their scheme and informing them of his omnipresence. He announced that he would manifest as a

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unfinished; the images were without hands and feet. The king was very perturbed by this development and appealed to Brahma for help. Brahma promised the King that the images which were carved would be deified as carved and would become famous. Following this promise, Indradyumna organized a function to formally deify the images and invited all gods to be present for the occasion. Brahma presided over the religions function as the chief priest and brought life (soul) to the image and fixed (opened) its eyes. This resulted in the images becoming famous and worshipped at Jagannath Puri in the well-known Jagannath Temple as a Kshetra (pilgrimage centre). It is, however, believed that the original images are in a pond near the temple.

3711: 2861: 3702: 3415: 1390: 9988: 2003: 3784: 3741:(Five chariots) type consisting of two anurathas, two konakas and one ratha. Jagannath temple is a pancharatha with well-developed pagas. 'Gajasimhas' (elephant lions) carved in recesses of the pagas, the 'Jhampasimhas' (Jumping lions) are also placed properly. The perfect pancharatha temple developed into a Nagara-rekha temple with unique Oriya style of subdivisions like the Pada, Kumbha, Pata, Kani and Vasanta. The Vimana or the apsidal structure consists of several sections superimposed one over other, tapering to the top where the 3427: 2445: 1979: 3245: 1895: 9408: 3459:, or the "worship of false god". Between 1856 and 1863, the British government accepted the missionary demand and handed over the Jagannath temples to the Hindus. According to Cassels and Mukherjee, the British rule documents suggest that the handing over was more motivated by the growing Hindu agitation against the Pilgrim Tax that they considered as discriminatory targeting based on religion, and rising corruption among the British officials and their Indian assistants, in the handling of collected tax. 3236: 3387:

missionaries who followed Buchanan in India for most of the 19th century. According to William Gribbin and other scholars, Buchanan's Juggernaut metaphor is a troublesome example of intercultural misunderstanding and constructed identity. Ujaan Ghosh, however, argues that these misrepresentations of "Juggernaut" and the deity's demonization were not homogeneous throughout the nineteenth century. Gradually global perception of the deity were more humanized. Several European authors, such as

3382:, published in 1811, Buchanan built on this theme and added licentiousness to it. He called hymns in language he did not know nor could read as "obscene stanzas", art works on temple walls as "indecent emblems", and described "Juggernaut" and Hinduism to his American readers as the religion of disgusting Moloch and false gods. Buchanan writings formed the "first images of Indian religions" to the American evangelical audience in early 19th-century, was promoted by American magazines such as 3547: 1580:, the Vaishnava U-shaped mark on his forehead. His dark color and other facial features are an abstraction of the cosmic form of the Hindu god Krishna, states Starza. In some contemporary Jagannath temples, two stumps pointing forward in hug-giving position represent his hands. In some exceptional medieval and modern era paintings in museums outside India, such as in Berlin states Starza, Jagannath is shown "fully anthropomorphised" but with the traditional abstract mask face. 1616:

compared to semi-circular carved heads of the other two. They are accompanied by the Sudarshana Chakra, the iconic weapon of Vishnu. It is approximately the same height as Balabhadra, is red in colour, carved from a wooden pillar and clothed, unlike its traditional representation as a chakra in other Vishnu temples. Jagannath iconography, when he is depicted without companions, shows only his face, neither arms nor torso. This form is sometimes called Patita Pavana, or

1545: 49: 9876: 2771:, when Krishna ended the purpose of his Avatar with the illusionary death by Jara and his "mortal" remains were left to decay, some pious people saw the body, collected the bones and preserved them in a box. They remained in the box till it was brought to the attention of Indradyumna by Lord Vishnu himself who directed him to create the image or a murti of Jagannath from a log and consecrate the bones of Krishna in its belly. Then King Indradyumna appointed 3329: 1608: 2626: 1536: 2317: 179: 2359: 10474: 2436: 10462: 1381:(located at a distance of nearly 3 km or 1.9 mi). They stay there for eight days, and on the 9th day they are returned to the main temple. Coinciding with the Ratha Yatra festival at Puri, similar processions are organized at Jagannath temples throughout the world. During the festive public procession of Jagannath in Puri lakhs of devotees visit Puri to see Jagganath in chariot. 2468:. This hypothesis relies on the unusual flat head, curved mouth and large eyes of Jagannath, which may be an attempt to abstract an image of a lion's head ready to attack. While the tribal Narasimha theory is attractive states Starza, a weakness of this proposal is that the abstract Narasimha representation in the form does not appear similar to the images of Narasimha in nearby 3364:– the place where Jesus Christ was crucified, but with the difference that the "Juggernaut tradition" was of endless meaningless bloodshed, fabricating allegations that children were sacrificed in the "valley of idolatrous blood shed to false gods". In his letters, states Altman, Buchanan "constructed an image of Juggernaut as the diametric opposite of Christianity". 2775:, the architect of gods and a divine carpenter, to carve the murti of the deity from a log that would eventually wash up on the shore at Puri. Indradyumna commissioned Vishwakarma, who is also said to be the divine god himself in disguise. Vishwakarma accepted the commission on the condition that he could complete the work undisturbed and in private. 2396:). They continue to have special privileges such as being the first to view the new replacement images of Jagannath carved from wood approximately every 12 years. Further, this group is traditionally accepted to have the exclusive privilege of serving the principal meals and offerings to Jagannath and his associate deities. 3214:

among the earliest to declare independence and break away. According to Starza, the Jagannath images were the targets of the invaders, and a key religious symbol that the rulers would protect and hide away in forests from the aggressors. However, the Muslims were not always destructive. For example, during the rule of

2125:. This assimilation and the consequent disingenuous interpretation or rationale for his inclusion aptly articulate the considerable ambivalence characteristic of Hindu attitudes towards Buddhism, undermining his historicity, to make him an appendage of the Vaisnava mythic hierarchy. But in the opening chapter of his 2193:, that he would be in a distant future time a Buddha under the name of Padmaprabha, and that his place of enlightenment would be Viraja. Padmasambhava and Tārā, along with other deities are invoked in an inscription of 25 lines incised in nail-headed characters of the late 8th-9th century on the back of an image of 2666:, Balabhadra and Subhadra find the earliest known mention in the Pataleshwara inscription of 1237 CE. According to the German Indologist Kulke, Anangibhima III was the originator of the triad of Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra suggesting that Balabhadra was added after Lakshmi's transformation into Subhadra. 3168:(Bimala) is worshipped as the presiding goddess of the Purushottama (Puri) Shakti Pitha by Shaktas.Jagannath, is worshipped as the Bhairava, traditionally always a form of Shiva. Jagannath-Vishnu equated with Shiva, is interpreted to convey the oneness of God. Also, in this regard, Vimala is also considered as 3221:

The local Hindu rulers evacuated and hid the images of Jagannath and other deities many times between 1509 and 1734 CE, to "protect them from Muslim zeal" for destruction. During Aurangzeb's time, an image was seized, shown to the emperor and then destroyed in Bijapur, but it is unclear if that image

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In the war between the army of Kalinga inspired by the Divine support of Jagannath and of the army of Kanchi, Purushottam Deva led his army to victory. King Purusottam brought back the Princess Padmavati of Kanchi to Puri. To avenge his humiliation, he ordered his minister to get the princess married

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of Puri. When the Kanchi King witnessed the Gajapati King sweeping the area in front of where the chariots of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were kept during Ratha yatra, he was aghast. Considering the act of sweeping unworthy of a King, the King of Kanchi declined the marriage proposal, refusing

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The Vaishnava origin theories rely on the iconographic details and the typical presence of the triad of deities, based on original scriptures of Hinduism. The colors, state the scholars of the Vaishnava origin theory, link to black-colored Krishna and white-colored Balarama. They add that the goddess

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was set up on that very spot. The stupa is believed to have contained the relics of Padmasambhava. Though the site is only partially excavated, at least one stupa has been unearthed. According to Nabin Kumar Sahu, this mass of evidence, supports the belief that Indrabhuti was the king of Odisha which

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When shown with Balabhadra and Subhadra, he is identifiable from his circular eyes compared to the oval or almond shape of the other two abstract icons. Further, his icon is dark, while Balabhadra's face is white, and Subhadra's icon is yellow. The third difference is the flat head of Jagannath icon,

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Jagannath became an influential figure and icon for power and politics during the 19th-century colonialism and Christian missionary activity, states Osuri. The British government initially took over the control and management of major Jagannath temples, to collect fees and Pilgrim Tax from Hindu who

2378:, which may be an adopted grandfathered practice with tribal roots. The use of wood as a construction material for the Jagannath icons may also be a tribal practice that continued when Hindus adopted prior practices and merged them with their Vedic abstractions. The practice of using wood for making 2165:. Shakyamuni Buddha is also worshipped as Jagannath in Nepal. Abhinav Patra argues that it has not been historically ascertained whether the deity Jagannath as worshipped by Indrabhuti was just a coincidental homonym with the present Jagannath or referred to the same deity. The 10th century era text 1969:

According to Bijoy Misra, Puri natives do call Jagannatha as Purushottama, consider driftwood a savior symbol, and later Hindu texts of the region describe the Supreme Being as ever present in everything, pervasive in all animate and inanimate things. Therefore, while the Vedic connection is subject

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The English traveller William Burton visited the Jagannath temple. According to Avinash Patra, Burton made absurd observations in 1633 that are inconsistent with all historical and contemporary records, such as the image of Jagannatha being "a serpent, with seven heads". Burton described it as "the

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popularly called Shrila Prabhupada, the founder of ISKCON, selected Jagannath as one of the chosen forms of Krishna installing a deity of Jagannath in ISKCON temples around the world. ISKCON has promoted Jagannath throughout the world. Annual Ratha Yatra festival is now celebrated by ISKCON in many

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This myth has been recounted by Mohanty. J.P. Das notes that this story is mentioned in a Madala panji chronicle of the Jagannath Temple of Puri, in relation to Gajapati Purushottama. At any rate, the story was popular soon after Purushottama's reign, as a text of the first half of the 16th century

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The medieval era Odia scholars such as Ananta, Achyutananda and Chaitanya described the theology of Jagannath as the "personification of the Shunya, or the void", but not entirely in the form of Shunyata of Buddhism. They state Jagannath as "Shunya Brahma", or alternatively as "Nirguna Purusha" (or

2304:. It mentions the worship of a relic memorial in Khandagiri-Udayagiri, on the Kumara hill. This location is stated to be same as the Jagannath temple site. However, states Starza, a Jain text mentions the Jagannath shrine was restored by Jains, but the authenticity and date of this text is unclear. 1930:

to inaugurate the temple. With the passage of time, a king named Gala claimed to have been the temple's real architect, but with the return of Indradyumna to earth, he withdrew this claim. After Brahma had inaugurated the temple, Indradyumna returned to Brahmaloka, entrusting the upkeep of the site

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are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is approximately 14 metres (45 ft) high and 3.3 square metres (35 sq ft) and takes about 2 months to construct. The artists and painters of Puri decorate the

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On the road, Jagannath and Balabhadra grew thirsty and chanced upon a milkmaid Manika, who gave them butter-milk/yogurt to quench their thirst. Instead of paying her dues, Balabhadra gave her a ring telling her to claim her dues from King Purushottam. Later, Purushottam Deva himself passed by with

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in Kannada language by Rudrabhatta is a mixed prose and poetry style text which is predominantly about Krishna. It includes a canto that explains that "Hari (Vishnu), Hara (Shiva) and Brahma" are aspects of the same supreme soul. Its theology, like the Odia text, centers around supreme light being

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from the capital even though there were intermediate harbors from which it would have been easier to set out on his voyage. Buddhism anciently prevailed in Odisha as appears from the Buddhist remains still existing. The idols of Jagannatha is believed to contain the bones of Krishna even though it

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era, Jagannath temples were one of the targets of the Muslim armies. Firuz Tughlaq, for example raided Odisha and desecrated the Jagannath temple according to his court historians. Odisha was one of the last eastern regions to fall into the control of Sultanates and Mughal invasion, and they were

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Everyone was anxious about the divine work, including King Indradyumna. After a fortnight of waiting, the king, anxious to see the deity, could not control his eagerness and visited the site where Vishwakarma was working. Soon enough, Vishwakarma became very upset and left the carving of the idol

2651:(1078–1147) for Vishnu and Lakshmi. These sources are silent on the existence of Balabhadra and Subhadra. Such state of affairs has led to arguments that Purushottama was the original deity and Balabhadra and Subhadra were subsequently drawn in as additions to a unitary figure and formed a triad. 1882:

region. Regional folklore states that the priest was welcomed by Vishvavasu, the chieftain of the Savara people. During the duration of his stay in the chieftain's house, the latter's daughter, Lalita, fell in love with him. Upon the chieftain's request, Vidyapati married her. He noticed that the

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The idol of Jagannath is a carved and decorated wooden stump with large round eyes and a symmetric face, and the idol has a conspicuous absence of hands or legs. The worship procedures, sacraments and rituals associated with Jagannath are syncretic and include rites that are uncommon in Hinduism.

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and his book on "Juggernaut" attracted enough reader demand that it was republished in numerous editions. Buchanan's writings on "Juggernaut" influenced the American imagination of Indian religions for another 50 years, formed the initial impressions and served as a template for reports by other

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Under the rule of the Eastern Gangas, Vaishnavism became the predominant faith in Odisha. Odia Vaishnavism gradually centred on Jagannath as the principal deity. Sectarian differences were eliminated by assimilating deities of Shaivism, Shaktism, and Buddhism in the Jagannath Pantheon. The Ganga

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lake, the milkmaid Manika halted the King pleading for the unpaid cost of yogurt consumed by His army's two leading soldiers riding on black and white horses. She produced the gold ring as evidence. King Purusottam Deva identified the ring as that of Jagannath. Considering this a sign of divine

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It is certainly true that the Vaishnava Hindus in the eastern region of India worshipped the triad of Balarama, Ekanamsa and Krishna. There are many scriptural references to support the same. Further, in many Jagannath temples of central and eastern regions of India, the Shiva icons such as the

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and nearby regions), built the extant Puri temple. Kanungo states that this endeavor was an attempt by him to establish his agency, and he extrapolates this practice into late medieval and modern era developments. According to him, Muslim rulers attempted to control it for the same motivation,

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to a sweeper. The minister waited for the annual Ratha Yatra when the King ceremonially sweeps Jagannath's chariot. He offered the princess in marriage to King Purusottam, calling the King a Royal sweeper of God. The King then married the Princess. The Gajapati King also brought back images of

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before planning a second campaign to Kanchi. Moved by his prayers, Jagannath and Balabhadra, left their temple in Puri and started an expedition to Kanchi on horseback. It is said that Jagannath rode on a white horse and Balabhadra on a black horse. The legend has such a powerful impact on the

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According to the Jain version, the image of Jagannath (black colour) represents sunya, Subhadra symbolises creative energy and Balabhadra (white colour) represents the phenomenal universe. All these images have evolved from the Nila Madhava, the ancient Kalinga Jina. The "Sudarshana Chakra" is

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Some scholars such as Kulke and Tripathi have proposed tribal deities such as Stambhesveri or Kambhesvari to be a possible contributor to the Jagannath triad. However, according to Starza, these are not really tribal deities, but Shaiva deities adopted by tribes in eastern states of India. Yet

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consider Jagannath as Shiva-Bhairava, rather than a form of Vishnu. While Lakshmi is the traditional (orthodox tradition) consort of Jagannath, Vimala is the Tantric (heterodox) consort. Vimala is also considered the guardian goddess of the temple complex, with Jagannath as the presiding god.

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Another circumstantial evidence supporting the Jain origins proposal is the discovery of Jain images inside as well as near the massive Puri temple complex, including those carved into the walls. However, this could also be a later addition, or suggestive of tolerance, mutual support or close

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and the Natamandapa and Bhogamandapa were constructed subsequently during the reign of Gajapati Purushottama Deva (1462–1491) and Prataprudra Deva (1495–1532) respectively. According to Madala Panji, the outer prakara was built by Gajapati Kapilendradeva (1435–1497). The inner

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Some scholars argue that evidences of Jagannatha's Buddhist nature are found from Medieval Odia Literature. Many medieval Odia poets suggest to their readers, that they wrote their books on the commands of a formless god-like personality, identifying the Buddhist principles of

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forms no part of the Brahmanical religion to collect and adore dead men's bones while it is a most meritorious act among the Buddhists to collect and preserve the relics of departed saints, and the places that contain them are esteemed peculiarly holy. In Buddhism, preserving

3604:(Sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati king cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati king has been considered the most exalted person in the 2133:

claims that Vishnu reincarnated as the Buddha to condemn the animal sacrifices prevalent in Vedic times. In the Jagannath cult, Jagannath is sometimes represented as the ninth avatar of Vishnu substituting Buddha, when it could have been substituted for any other avatar.

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thereafter the Marathas, then East India Company and then the British crown over the colonial era sought to legitimize its influence and hegemonic control in the region by appropriating control over the Jagannath temple and affiliating themselves with the deities.

3124:. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu emphasised bhakti and encouraged the identification of Jagannath with Krishna. He spent the last 20 years of his life in Puri dedicating it to the ecstatic worship of Jagannath, whom he considered a form of Krishna. Mahaprabhu propagated the 5679: 6288: 2093:

There is no distinction of caste inside the Jagganath temple, many day-to-day services (Vidhis) of Lord Jagannatha owe their origin either to Jainism or to Buddhism or the combination of both, the local legends link the idols with aborginal tribes and the

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dynasty on the site of the present shrine. However, the historians question the veracity and historicity of the Madala Panji. As per historians, the Deula and the Mukhashala were built in the 12th century by Ganga King Anangabheemadeva, the grandson of

1906:, by the time Vidyapati returned to inform the king of the site of the shrine, a great storm had buried the image of Nilamadhava under the sand. Despite his best attempts, the king was unable to locate the image. Upon the counsel of the sage divinity 3157:

cities in the West where they are popular attractions. ISKCON devotees worship Jagannath and take part in the Ratha Yatra in memory of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu spending 18 years in Puri worshipping Jagannath and taking an active part in the Ratha Yatra.

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cars and paint flower petals etc. on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne. The huge chariot of Jagannath pulled during Ratha Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word

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relationship between the Jains and the Hindus. According to Starza, the Jain influence on the Jagannath tradition is difficult to assess given the sketchy uncertain evidence, but nothing establishes that the Jagannath tradition has a Jain origin.

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The tribal origin theories rely on circumstantial evidence and inferences such as the Jagannath icon is non-anthropomorphic and non-zoomorphic. The hereditary priests in the Jagannath tradition of Hinduism include non-Brahmin servitors, called

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are reverentially incorporated, since Lord Shiva is a Vaishnav according to the conclusion of Srimad Bhagavatam, he protects Sri Jagannath Temple from external calamities, just like he does so in his form of Hanuman for the palace of Sri Ram.

1643:. The idol of Jagannatha, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshana is re-painted every week in the Jagannatha Temple, Puri. It is replaced with a newly carved image every 12 or 19 years approximately, or more precisely according to the luni-solar 3348:, was through Buchanan's letters the initial introduction in America of Hinduism, which he spelled as "Hindoo". According to Michael J. Altman, a professor of Religious Studies, Buchanan presented Hinduism to the American audience, through 2561:

mentions Jagannatha as one of the 108 names of Shiva. The Tantric literary texts identify Jagannath with Mahabhairava. Another evidence that supports syncretism thesis is the fact that Jagannath sits on the abstract tantric symbols of the

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worship associated with Jagannatha, a concept integral to Buddhism but alien to Hinduism. For example, there exists an unexamined relic in the Jagannath shrine in Puri, and the local legends state that the shrine relic contains a tooth of

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The observance of the Ratha Yatra of Jagannath dates back to the period of the Puranas. Vivid descriptions of this festival are found in Brahma Purana, Padma Purana and Skanda Purana. Kapila Samhita also refers to Ratha Yatra. During the

1694:(Jagannath) manifest from him and after their cosmic play dissolute (bilaya) in him (Jagannath). According to them Jagannath is Sunnya Purusa, Nirakar and Niranjan who is ever present in Nilachala to do cosmic play ... The five 1583:

The typical icon of Jagannath is unlike other deities found in Hinduism who are predominantly anthropomorphic. However, aniconic forms of Hindu deities are not uncommon. For example, Shiva is often represented in the form of a Shiva

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To colonial era Hindu nationalists in the late 19th-century and 20th-century, Jagannath became a unifying symbol which combined their religion, social and cultural heritage into a political cause of self-rule and freedom movement.

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observes that Nila Madhava transformed into Jagannath and was worshipped alone as a unitary figure, not as the part of a triad. It is significant to note that the early epigraphic and literary sources refer only to a unitary deity

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was of Jagannath. Muslim rulers did not destroy the Jagannath temple complex because it was a source of substantial treasury revenue through the collection of pilgrim tax collected from Hindus visiting it on their pilgrimage.

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kingdom, still he renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign, the Gajapati king, and the most humble devotee.

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to marry his daughter to a 'Sweeper'. Gajapati Purushottam Deva, felt deeply insulted at this and attacked the Kingdom of Kanchin to avenge his honour. His attack was unsuccessful and his army defeated by the Kanchi Army.

2979:, the great Vaishnav reformer, visited Puri between 1107 and 1111 converting the King Ananatavarman Chodaganga from Shaivism to Vaishnavism. At Puri he founded the Ramanuja Math for propagating Vaishnavism in Odisha. The 1720:

In the Jagannath tradition, he has the attributes of all the avatars of Krishna/Vishnu. This belief is celebrated by dressing him and worshipping him as different avatars on special occasions. The Puranas relate that the

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wood log being an inspiration for Jagannath, thus placing the origin of Jagannath in 2nd millennium BCE. Other scholars refute this interpretation stating that the correct context of the hymn is "Alaxmi Stava" of Arayi.

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In the Ratha Yatra, the three deities are taken from the Jagannath Temple in the chariots to the Gundicha Temple, where they stay for seven days. Thereafter, the deities again ride the chariots back to Shri Mandir in

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with no references to Blabhadra and Subhadra. The Dasgoba copper plated inscription dating to 1198 also mentions only Purushottama Jagannath in the context that the Puri temple had been originally built by Ganga king

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or skeletal parts such as "Buddha's tooth" or relics of dead saints is a thriving tradition. The existence of these legends, state some scholars such as Stevenson, suggests that Jagannath may have a Buddhist origin.

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by Dina Krushna opens with a praise to Jagannath, then recites the story of Krishna with an embedded theology urging the pursuit of knowledge, love and devotion to realize the divine in everything. The 13th-century

2226:(The formless one) with Jagannath himself. The idols of Jagannath triad are not anthropomorphic like hindu idols, but instead are stumps of wood with crude symbolic facial features and stumpy obtrusions for limbs. 2086:(c. 400 CE), the ancient Chinese pilgrim and visitor to India wrote about a Buddhist procession in his memoir, and this has very close resemblances with the Jagannath festivities. Further the season in which the 1565:

wood. The image consists of a square flat head, a pillar that represents his face merging with the chest. The icon lacks a neck, ears, and limbs, is identified by a large circular face symbolizing someone who is

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arrived from all over the Indian subcontinent to visit. In contrast, Christian missionaries strongly opposed the British government association with Jagannath temple because its connected the government with

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Claudius Buchanan mentions the Pilgrim Tax was collected from Hindus after they had walked very long distances, for many weeks, to visit the Puri temple. Anyone refusing to pay would be denied entry to the

2542:-centric) tradition of Hinduism. The conglomerate of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra, and Sudarshana Chakra worshipped together on a common platform are called the Chaturdhamurti or the "four-fold form". 8385:

This falls in the month of Chaitra. On this day, the deities pay a visit to the garden of the celebrated Jagannath Vallabha Matha where they pick-up the tender leaves of the Dayanaa unnoticed by anybody.

7370:"All of the above-mentioned incarnations are either plenary portions or portions of the plenary portions of the Lord, but Lord Shri Krishna is the original Personality of Godhead." Bhagavat Purana 1:3:28 1574:(without end). Within this face are two big symmetric circular eyes with no eyelids, one eye symbolizing the sun and the other the moon, features traceable in 17th-century paintings. He is shown with an 3802:

temple architecture where all the chambers like Jagamohana, Bhogamandapa and Natyamandapa were built along with the main temple. There are miniature shrines on the three outer sides of the main temple.

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or Sankarsana bears testimony to the influence of Shaivism on the cult of Jagannath. The third deity, Devi Subhadra, who represents the Sakti element is still worshipped with the Bhuvaneshvari Mantra.

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originally was Ekanamsa (Durga of Shaiva-Shakti tradition, sister of Krishna through his foster family). She was later renamed to Shubhadra (Lakshmi) per Vaishnava terminology for the divine feminine.

8444: 1514:(Savaras). This hypothesis states that the Vedic people as they settled into tribal regions adopted the tribal words and called the deity Jagannath. According to O.M. Starza, this is unlikely because 3218:, the Jagannath tradition flourished. However, states Starza, "Muslim attacks on the Puri temple became serious after the death of Akbar, continued intermittently throughout the reign of Jahangir". 1353:

celebrated in June or July every year in eastern states of India is dedicated to Jagannath. His image, along with the other two associated deities, is ceremoniously brought out of the sacrosanctum (

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At another part in Adi Parva he also says: Glory be to Rama Krsna Brahmaa as Subhadra and to the great soul Buddha ... Satyabrata Das believes this to be the wonderful integration of all faiths.

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only after it is re-offered to goddess Vimala. Similarly, different Tantric features of yantras have been engraved on the Ratna vedi, where Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra are set up. The

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Claudius Buchanan's writings on "Juggernaut" were the first introduction of Indian religions to the American audience, and one that originated and constructed intercultural misunderstanding.

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movement which laid great emphasis on chanting God's name in Puri. He converted noted scholars like Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya to his philosophy. He left a great influence on the then king of

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by Shaktas. When Jagannath has his divine slumber (Sayana Yatra) he is believed to assume the aspect of Durga. According to the "Niladri Mahodaya" Idol of Jagannath is placed on the Chakra

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Jagannatha, according to them is a generic term, not unique, as much as Lokanatha or Avalokiteswara. ln fact, the name Jagannatha could be applied to any Deity which is considered supreme.

2051:

by a disciple, which eventually gave rise to dissensions between the kings of Kalinga and Pataliputra in 3rd century CE, and the tooth relic was shifted to Sri Lanka by weighing anchor in

1998:

also believes the idol triad to be the wooden transformation of the Buddhist Triratna. But Starza argues that these Buddhist symbols bear little resemblance to the modern Jagannath triad.

1914:

at the site. Receiving guidance in the form of a divine dream, a great tree floating in the sea was felled and used to create the three wooden images of the temple, those of Jagannatha,

9097: 1862:, the deity Yama requested Vishnu to disappear from the region of Purushottama Kshetra, dissatisfied with the direct salvation of those who lived in the region. Vishnu agreed to do so. 2824:

Sarala Dasa, the great Odia poet of the 15th century while praising Jagannath as the saviour of mankind considered him both as a form of Buddha as well as a manifestation of Krishna.

6013: 2545:

O.M. Starza states that the Jagannath Ratha Yatra may have evolved from the syncretism of procession rituals for Shiva lingas, Vaishnava pillars, and tribal folk festivities. The

2735:

became a devotee of Jagannatha in 1481, and wrote love and compassion inspired plays about Jagannatha-Krishna that influenced the region and remain popular in Assam and Manipur.

2141:, the absence of caste rules in the temple and the identification of Jagannath with Buddha avatar are not sufficient to establish a Buddhist origin of the worship of Jagannath. 9324: 8075: 3661:

instituted the Ratha Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early.

1674:/Shunya Purusha, wherein he then is the Avatarī, i.e., the cause and equivalence of all avatars and the infinite existence in space and time. According to author Dipti Ray in 3016:

was introduced into the liturgy. This idea soon became popular. Sarala Dasa in his adaptation of the Mahabharat thought of Jagannath as the universal being equating him with

8025:

Nancy Gardner Cassels (1972), The Compact and the Pilgrim Tax: The Genesis of East India Company Social Policy, Canadian Journal of History, Volume 7, Number 1, pages 45-48

2658:

Balarama, Subhadra and Jagannath in the temple at Puri, with many human and sacred figures, buildings and animals. Oil painting by a painter of Puri, Orissa, ca. 1880/1910.

1756:

Sometimes one regards him as one of the avatars (incarnations) of Krishna (i.e., Buddha-Jagannath) or Vishnu (i.e., Vamana). His name does not appear in the traditional

7597: 9484: 3814:). A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, guarded by two guardian deities 2714:(knowledge). According to Salabega, the Jagannath tradition assimilates the theologies found in Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, Buddhism, Yoga and Tantra traditions. 3446:

According to Kanungo, states Goldie Osuri, the Jagannath tradition has been a means of legitimizing royalty. Codaganga, a benevolent ruler of the Kalinga region (now

3132:, Prataprudra Deva, and the people of Odisha. According to tradition, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is said to have merged with the idol of Jagannath in Puri after his death. 8452: 5086:

Asiatic researches or transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature, of Asia

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stands testimony to his stay in Odisha. Since the 12th century, under the influence of Ramanuja, Jagannath culture was increasingly identified with Vaishnavism.

2090:

festival is observed is about the same time when the historic public processions welcomed Buddhist monks for their temporary, annual monsoon-season retirement.

1874:, made of sapphire. He is described to have sent the younger brother of his royal priest, or sometimes a minister, Vidyapati, to locate the site of the deity's 4308: 2593:

priests in Jagannath tradition, who co-exist and work together with Brahmin priests suggests that there was a synthesis of tribal and Brahmanical traditions.

9607: 3472: 3435:

mirror of all wickedness and idolatry" to the Europeans, an introduction of Hinduism as "monstrous paganism" to early travellers to the Indian subcontinent.

6928: 2403:, a convert to Hinduism, Jagannatha in a local legend was a tribal deity who was coopted by a Brahmin priest. The original tribal deity, states Elwin, was 3352:, as a "bloody, violent, superstitious and backward religious system" that needs to be eliminated and substituted with the Christian gospel. He described 5803: 1275:

was the rendition into English of "Jagannath" by early British in India, and came to mean a very large and unstoppable force from accounts of the famous

3443:

mentioned the Puri chariot festival, in his 1667 memoir, but did not describe the icon of Jagannath raising the question whether he was able to see it.

2511:

sampradayas, as example, Gaudiya Vaishnavas, have identified him strongly with Krishna. In Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition, Balabhadra is the elder brother

1588:. In most Jagannath temples in the eastern states of India, and all his major temples such as the Puri, Odisha, Jagannath is included with his brother 9110: 1803:

sects. The priests of Jagannath Temple at Puri belong to the Shakta sect, although the Vaishnava sect's influence predominates. As part of the triad,

3562:, usually falling on the month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (Puri's main high street) and travel 3 km to the Shri 2927: 2157:. This is the oldest known direct mention of the deity. This is not unique to the coastal state of Odisha, but possibly also influenced Buddhism in 8548: 6023: 9861: 5053: 4404: 2953:

started during 1476 with Govinda Bhanjha as commander-in-chief. According to J. P. Das, the historicity of Kanchi conquest event is not certain.

957: 2411:

deity is produced by burning a piece of wood and too different in its specifics to be the origin of Jagannath. According to another proposal by

2407:

which too is made from wood. According to the Polish Indologist Olgierd M. Starza, this is an interesting parallel but a flawed one because the

9091: 2153: 7548: 3626:, disgruntled devotees hold a right to offer kicks, slaps and make derogatory remarks to the images, and Jagannath behaves like a commoner. 3477:

A large number of traditional festivals are observed by the devotees of Jagannath. Out of those numerous festivals, thirteen are important.

1611:

Jagannath icons are produced from wood. They are replaced every 8 or 12 or 19 years. Above: logs in transport to prepare the Jagannath icon.

3646:

period, King Ramsingh of Jaipur, Rajasthan, has also been described as organizing the Ratha Yatra in the 18th century. In Odisha, kings of

2048: 5287: 3395:

went to great lengths to revise Buchanan's perception and presented a more humane version of Jagannatha to British and American audience.

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worship. The symmetry in iconography, the use of mandalas and geometric patterns in its rites support the tantric connection proposal.

905: 3979:

The pilgrim tax was not a British invention, and was a religious tax on Hindus introduced by the Muslim rulers during the Mughal era.

9035: 4919: 3312:

the famous 19th-century Sikh ruler of Punjab held great respect in Jagannath, and allegedly willed his most prized possession, the

3257:, claimed by some to have revered Jagannath. He allegedly bequeathed the Koh-i-noor diamond (left) to the Jagannath temple in Puri. 910: 6404: 9123: 4888: 3915:

The shape of Balabhadra's head, also called Balarama or Baladeva, varies in some temples between somewhat flat and semi-circular.

3031:, associated with Jagannath, had already flourished in Odisha. Thus the raja Languliya Narasimha Deva installed the image called 2654: 8732: 6342: 5475: 5421: 5394: 2242:

Salute thee Sri Jagannath the revered One whose domain is the Blue Hills, he sits pretty as Sri Buddha there in the Blue Cavern.

3340:

in the 18th- and 19th-centuries, Jagannath was the "core of idolatry" and the target of "an all-out attack". Jagannath, called

2747:

Although Jagannath has been identified with other traditions in the past, He is now identified more with Vaishnava tradition.

1269:

as a possible origin, but others disagree and state that it is a syncretic/synthetic deity with tribal roots. The English word

7258: 5790: 103: 9188: 9080: 8855: 8831: 8782: 8748: 8618: 8597: 8320: 8293: 8266: 8170: 7914: 7825: 7740: 7713: 7664: 7394: 7208: 7181: 7072: 7045: 7018: 6954: 6769: 6531: 6387: 5746: 5555: 5528: 5503:

Urmi: The Journal of the Odisha Society of Americas 49th Convention: For Annual Convention Held in 2017 at Dearborn, Michigan

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According to H.S. Patnaik and others, Jagannath is a syncretic/synthetic deity that combined aspects of major faiths like

1827:

are one. Jagannath in his Hathi Besha or Gaja Besha (elephant form) has been venerated by devotees like Ganapati Bappa of

1346:, namely Odisha art and architecture. It has been one of the major pilgrimage destinations for Hindus since about 800 CE. 9977: 9361: 8097: 2702:(time) in Vaishnava thought. He is abstraction which can be inferred and felt but not seen, just like time. Jagannath is 2589:

depicts Jagannath as a Tantric deity. According to Avinash Patra, the rituals and special place accepted for non-Brahmin

8336: 7411: 7062: 7035: 5518: 5101: 4636: 4305: 3140: 3078:) with Vaishnavism meaning "the worship of the monotheistic Deity or Supreme Personality of Godhead, often addressed as 2678:

and rituals associated with the Jagannatha tradition combine Vedic, Puranic and tantric themes. He is the Vedic-Puranic

10147: 9270: 9132: 7094: 6605: 6250: 6109: 6068: 6051: 5932: 5883: 5773: 5763: 5670: 5639: 5332: 4484: 2857:

that the simple mention of white horse-black horse evokes the imagery of Kanchi conquest of the God in devotees minds.

2642:

Jagannath. The Sanskrit play "Anargharaghava" composed by Murari mentioned only Purushottama Jagannath and his consort

2479:

In contemporary Odisha, there are many Dadhivaman temples with a wooden pillar god, and this may be same as Jagannath.

2014:. Apart from the three wooden Jagannath triad idols, the minor fourth image of Sudarshana Chakra is believed to be the 8522: 7465: 6207: 5813: 5501: 4546: 4185: 3439:

never saw the Puri temple icon and its decorations, but described the jewelry worn by the idol from hearsay accounts.

2840:"), also termed as "Kanchi-Kaveri". According to the legends, the daughter of the King of Kanchi was betrothed to the 2694:(ca. 4th century), Krishna is worshipped in the form of Purushottama in Odra (Odisha). He is same as the metaphysical 2427:

features a bird or snake like attached head along with other details that make the tribal deity unlike the Jagannath.

9912: 9314: 9235: 9160: 9063: 9045: 8960: 8939: 8803: 8687: 7879: 7856: 7810: 7637: 7627: 7502: 7492: 7475: 7448: 7438: 7421: 7313: 7268: 6981: 6621: 6267: 6082: 4356: 3686: 3654:

also organized the Ratha Yatra, though the most grand festival in terms of scale and popularity takes place at Puri.

3375:. However, she counters them not so much with hostility, as with the Christian doctrine of 'Faith, Hope, and Love'. 2281:

or salvation, is found in the Jagannath tradition. Similarly, the twenty two steps leading to the temple, called the

1710:, Krishna, etc., took their birth for lilas in this universe and at the end would merge in the self of Purna Brahman. 9334: 6298: 6037: 5692: 4668: 3692:

Besides the only temple described below, there are many temples in India, three more in Bangladesh and one in Nepal.

8037:"Chariots of the Gods: The Many Histories of Jagannath, "Juggernaut," and the Rathayatra in the Nineteenth Century" 7198: 2739:"abstract personified cosmos"). Vishnu avatars are descend from this Shunya Brahma into human form to keep dharma. 8793: 7171: 7140: 3848:

The temple's historical records Madala panji maintains that the temple was originally built by King Yayati of the

3020:

and Krishna. He considered Buddha-Jagannath as one of the avatars of Krishna. Sometimes Jagannath is venerated as

1725:

Avatar of Vishnu appeared from a wooden pillar. It is therefore believed that Jagannath is worshipped as a wooden

10319: 10206: 9856: 7758: 2886:(Bhanda Ganesh or Kamada Ganesh) and enshrined them in the Kanchi Ganesh shrine at the Jagannath Temple in Puri. 9212: 2137:

According to Starza, these manifestation of the Jagannath cult, such as the supposed tooth relic of Buddha, the

1655:

In the Jagannath tradition (Odia Vaishnavism), Jagannath is most frequently identified with an abstract form of

9003: 8258:

Pilgrim Tax and Temple Scandals: A Critical Study of the Important Jagannath Temple Records During British Rule

7519: 3619:

and again on the last day of the festival, when the deities are ceremoniously brought back to the Shri Mandir.

2914:, the Kanchi conquest (Kanchi Kaveri) has significant bearing, in medieval literature romanticized as the epic 2616:

in all ages have tended to gravitate towards and finally merged into the Jagannath worship, at least in theory.

6759: 1990:

examined a sketch of these three symbols and believed the modern Jagannath and his siblings are based on this

10499: 10044: 9831: 9287: 6648: 2808:

is the same as the area in which the Gundicha temple is situated in Puri, according to Suryanarayan Das. The

2288:

According to Annirudh Das, the original Jagannath deity was influenced by Jainism and is none other than the

2102:

Tantras which are the refined versions of Mahayana Tantras as well as Shabari Tantras which are evolved from

2056: 7786: 6548: 3615:

is held on two days, on the first day of the Ratha Yatra, when the deities are taken to the garden house at

10504: 8121: 7982: 7973: 7352: 5827: 4949: 2333: 2011: 1764:, Jagannath has been treated as the avatar of Krishna, as a substitute for or the equivalent of the avatar 7773: 6793: 6695: 4435: 3677:" on chariots, and the king and queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music. 3271:

made a pilgrimage to Puri to visit to Jagannath. during his journey (called "udaasi") to east India. The

1729:

or Daru Brahma with the Shri Narasimha hymn dedicated to the Narasimha Avatar. Every year in the month of

9747: 9542: 9515: 9505: 9474: 7330: 5900: 3799: 3734: 3605: 3392: 2849: 2473: 2419:

deity is found in central Indian tribes and they have used it to represent features of the Hindu goddess

2233:

of 15th century in his Mahabharata describes Jagannatha as Buddha but not as any other avatar of Vishnu:

8556: 8369: 10452: 10439: 10385: 10289: 10063: 10049: 9588: 9454: 9439: 5379:

Skanda Purana: Vaishnava Khanda: Purushottama Kshetra Mahatmya: English Translation only without Slokas

3849: 3554:

The Jagannatha triad are usually worshipped in the sanctum of the temple, but once during the month of

3017: 1765: 1263:

The origin and evolution of Jagannath worship is unclear. Some scholars interpret hymn 10.155.3 of the

1128: 276: 31: 9295: 5061: 4412: 3414: 2987:

Kings respected all the ten avatars of Vishnu, considering Jagannath as the cause of all the avatars.

2890:

mentions a Kanchi Avijana scene in the Jagannath temple. There is currently a prominent relief in the

10514: 10339: 9929: 9593: 9552: 9520: 9500: 9449: 9444: 4289: 4287: 4285: 2848:

Upon defeat, the Gajapati King Purushottam Deva returned and prayed to Jagannath, the God of land of

2367: 1339: 1334:

pilgrimage sites in India. The Jagannath temple is massive, over 61 metres (200 ft) high in the

1010: 670: 17: 3116:, and the day also marks the beginning of preparations for Bengal's biggest religious festival, the 2860: 2577:

The Tantric texts claim Jagannath to their own, to be Bhairava, and his companion to be the same as

2522:

Balabhadra considered the elder brother of Jagannath is sometimes identified with and worshipped as

2121:

was accomplished so that the wicked and demonic could be only further misled away from the truth in

1982:

Three Buddhist symbols in the upper panel, east face, of the left pillar of the southern gateway at

1286:

Jagannath is considered a non-sectarian deity. He is significant regionally in the Indian states of

10509: 10121: 9805: 9573: 9547: 9537: 8795:

Constituting Communities: Theravada Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia

8103:"Dear Non-Hindus, you wished to know why you aren't allowed in Jagannath Temple? Here's the Answer" 3710: 3368: 2035:– a feature common to many cherished Theravada Buddhist shrines in and outside India. According to 608: 5180: 4862: 4282: 2717:

The Jagannath theology overlaps with those of Krishna. For example, the 17th-century Odia classic

2384:

is unusual, as Hindu texts on the design and construction of images recommend stone or metal. The

10057: 9583: 9530: 9525: 9510: 9354: 8093: 7559: 4509: 4155:

Encyclopaedia of Education, Culture and Children's Literature: v. 3. Indian culture and education

3854: 3748: 3436: 3372: 2648: 2301: 1730: 623: 8000:

Researches in Asia with Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages

6523: 5291: 2526:. Subhadra now considered Jagannath's sister has also been considered as a deity who used to be 2237:

He remains in the throne inside the temple, holding the Conch and Discuss in the form of Buddha.

10311: 10294: 10234: 10223: 9578: 9459: 9429: 3730: 3701: 3634:. On the way back, the three chariots stop at the Mausi Maa Temple and the deities are offered 3282: 3009: 2897: 2865: 2285:, have been proposed as symbolic reverence for the first 22 of the 24 Tirthankaras of Jainism. 2078:) at the top of the spire. The major annual procession festival has many features found in the 1888: 1867: 1327: 8587: 7846: 7800: 7654: 7384: 7297: 5736: 5656: 5625: 5222: 5084: 4979: 4622: 4474: 3622:

As per another ritual, when the deities are taken out from the Shri Mandir to the chariots in

2198: 10329: 9905: 8821: 8772: 8310: 8283: 8160: 7008: 6971: 6236: 5920: 5873: 5839: 5828:"On the Intermixture of Buddhism with Brahmanism in the Religion of the Hindus of the Dekkan" 5363: 5006: 4153: 3924:

Pranipatya Jagannatham Sarvajina Vararchitam. Sarva Buddha Mayam Siddhi Vyapinam Gaganopamam.

3658: 3388: 3192:, the idol of Balabhadra on the Shankha Yantra and the idol of Subhadra on the Padma Yantra. 2106:

and tribal believes respectively. According to Starza, these practices are also connected to

915: 578: 8222: 8186:

Ingham, Kenneth (1952). "The English Evangelicals and the Pilgrim Tax in India, 1800–1862".

5364:

Three Chapters of Saiva Material Added to the Earliest Known Recension of the Skanda Purana)

5314: 4923: 3336:

For Christian missionaries who arrived through the ports of eastern states of India such as

10299: 9772: 9557: 8669: 6299:

CHAPTER VIII. THE POST SARALA PERIOD - A PERIOD OF EXPERIMENTS: I.The Buddhist Influence -

6164: 5796: 5693:

CHAPTER VIII. THE POST SARALA PERIOD - A PERIOD OF EXPERIMENTS: I.The Buddhist Influence -

3842: 3121: 3061: 2883: 2663: 2269:. He felt Jagannath meant the 'World personified' in the Jain context and was derived from 2074:

festival for Jagannath, the stupa-like shape of the temple and a dharmachakra-like discus (

1987: 1389: 1343: 1003: 655: 161: 9056:

Sacred Geography of Puri: Structure and Organisation and Cultural Role of a Pilgrim Centre

6149: 4725: 3285:. This arti is sung (not performed with platter and lamps etc.) daily after recitation of 2570:'klim', which is also the bijamantra of Kali or Shakti. The representation of Balarama as 1330:

in Puri, Odisha is particularly significant in Vaishnavism, and is regarded as one of the

556: 8: 10519: 10184: 10158: 9652: 9217: 8988:, Studies in History, 12, 2, n.s., pp. 204–221, Sage Publications, New Delhi (1996). 5875:

Notes on the Religious, Moral, and Political State of India Before the Mahomedan Invasion

5324: 3647: 3169: 3053: 2950: 2942: 2329: 2098:(servitors) claim to be descendants of the aboriginals. Majority of rituals are based on 1995: 1335: 1248:

Odia Vaishnavism) — the particular sector of Jagannath as a major deity — emerged in the

1158: 952: 785: 9967: 5174: 3440: 2457:(right, man-lion avatar of Vishnu who fights evil demon and ends religious persecution). 2117:

as a divinely incarnated purveyor of illusion. It states that Vishnu's "descent" as the

10494: 10029: 9987: 9879: 9777: 9642: 9347: 8716: 8697:

Guy, John (1992). "New evidence for the Jagannatha sect in seventeenth century Nepal".

8421: 8203: 8036: 6516: 5843: 4502: 3541: 3398:

Due to persistent attacks from non-Indic religions, even to this day, devotees of only

3144:

Shrila Prabhupada in Golden Gate Park with Jagannath deity to his right: February, 1967

3042: 2946: 2185: 2002: 1631: 935: 800: 795: 755: 705: 628: 8016:, Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics, Volume 30, Number 1-2, pages 51-53 4896: 4652:

Sri Jagannath is being worshipped throughout Orissa over thirty districts in 64 names.

3783: 2998:

was a follower of Nimbaraka, with a focus on Radha and Krishna. Jayadev's composition

2973:(ca. 4th century), Krishna is woshipped in the form of Purushottama in Odra (Odisha). 1600:

and sometimes under the umbrella cover of multiheaded Sesha Naga, both linking him to

1260:

Unusually, the icon is made of wood and replaced with a new one at regular intervals.

10324: 9635: 9464: 9397: 9266: 9231: 9184: 9156: 9076: 9059: 9041: 8999: 8956: 8935: 8880: 8851: 8827: 8799: 8778: 8744: 8720: 8683: 8614: 8593: 8569:

The temple is divided into four chambers: Bhogmandir, Natamandir, Jagamohana and Deul

8316: 8289: 8262: 8207: 8166: 8056: 7910: 7875: 7852: 7806: 7736: 7709: 7660: 7633: 7498: 7471: 7444: 7417: 7390: 7309: 7264: 7204: 7177: 7068: 7041: 7014: 6977: 6950: 6922: 6765: 6601: 6527: 6383: 6323: 6277: 6246: 6217: 6105: 6078: 6047: 5928: 5879: 5769: 5742: 5666: 5635: 5551: 5524: 5481: 5454: 5427: 5400: 5328: 5228: 5201: 5012: 4985: 4801: 4756: 4729: 4513: 4480: 4191: 4159: 3951:

Also in Madhya Parva: There comes Sri Jagannath as Buddha to liberate the Mankind ...

3838: 3807: 3798:

and other temples belonging to this type. This is the first temple in the history of

3760: 3399: 3345: 2980: 2966: 2919: 2079: 1816: 1597: 1249: 1058: 989: 790: 780: 760: 750: 740: 735: 603: 566: 96: 8986:

Ways of 'Belonging': The Kanchi Kaveri Legend and the Construction of Oriya Identity

7845:

S.S. Johar, University of Wisconsin--Madison Center for South Asian Studies (1975).

6213:

Utkal University History Of Orissa: Volume I - From the Earliest Time Up to 500 A.D.

3600:

wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the

2194: 10358: 10279: 10111: 9898: 9676: 9479: 9152:

Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540)

8754: 8708: 8195: 8048: 7942: 6906: 6171: 4576: 3795: 3616: 3597: 3305: 3278: 2841: 2535: 2412: 2166: 2103: 2055:. According to Ganguly, it is absurd to imagine that the prince chose the farthest 1978: 1636: 1431: 1072: 660: 593: 546: 496: 417: 8871:, Berger Peter (ed.): Yayati Kesari revisted, Dorling Kindrsley Pvt. Ltd., (2010). 5195: 3426: 3244: 2444: 1894: 1522:

tribal deity is produced from burnt wood and looks very different from Jagannath.

10466: 10417: 10211: 9782: 9434: 9299: 9260: 9225: 9178: 9150: 9070: 8993: 8950: 8929: 8845: 8728: 8677: 8652: 8608: 8256: 8239: 7904: 7730: 7703: 7305: 6271: 6211: 6099: 6072: 6041: 5660: 5629: 5318: 4795: 4750: 4718: 4580: 4312: 4032: 4030: 4028: 3723:. It is a major historic Hindu pilgrimage site. Left: An artist's sketch in 1915. 3563: 3403: 3294: 3206: 3101: 3028: 2911: 2605: 2297: 1761: 1702:

during Prataparudradeva's time expounded in their works the idea that Jagannath (

1378: 865: 730: 540: 501: 472: 357: 9407: 5477:

Seeing Spiritual India: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions

3862:

called the Kurma bedha (Tortoise encompassment) was built by Purushottama Deva.

3570:(i.e., holy view). This festival is known as Ratha Yatra, meaning the festival ( 2464:

another proposal for tribal origins is through the medieval era cult of Lakshmi-

10393: 10244: 9942: 9851: 9797: 9792: 9752: 9253:

Vedic View of Jagannath: Series of Centre of Excellence in Traditional Shastras

8526: 4623:"The Sampradaya Sun - Independent Vaisnava News - Feature Stories - March 2008" 3638:, a kind of baked cake which are generally consumed by the poor sections only. 3033: 2991: 2190: 2176: 2171: 2032: 1644: 1463:(କାଳିଆ) ("The Black-coloured Lord", but which can also mean "the Timely One"), 1358: 840: 805: 745: 536: 404: 298: 8712: 8199: 8102: 7946: 7802:

A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume

7759:

http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2012/Feb-March/engpdf/1-6.pdf

7260:

A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume

6281: 6221: 5572: 4025: 3371:'s posthumous poetical illustration to The Temple of Juggernaut, a picture by 3235: 2549:

element in the tradition of Jagannath overlap with the rites and doctrines of

1559:

The icon of Jagannath in his temples is a brightly painted, rough-hewn log of

1506:

According to Dina Krishna Joshi, the word may have origins in the tribal word

10488: 10379: 10189: 9957: 9846: 9787: 9742: 9706: 9696: 9683: 9615: 8864: 8841: 8736: 8673: 8344: 8060: 7413:

The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant

4977: 4593: 4383: 4381: 3871: 3822:

monolithic columnar pillar known as the Aruna Stambha (Solar Pillar) bearing

3651: 3643: 3546: 3526: 3383: 3286: 3210: 3165: 2931: 2923: 2868:

with the statue of Jagannath on a white horse and Balabhadra on a black horse

2854: 2816:'s Ashvamedh Yajna and the advent of the four deities of the Jagannath cult. 2756: 2598: 2586: 2578: 2400: 2180: 2007: 1871: 1858: 1792: 1576: 1440: 1140: 1114: 855: 550: 506: 491: 447: 333: 318: 6909:(The Statesman Group). p. 4. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023 4047: 4045: 3673:

prison. In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "

2945:. As per historical records, Gajapati Purushottam Deva's expedition towards 2567: 1662:

Jagannath is considered as equivalent to the Hindu metaphysical concepts of

1459:. Further, on the basis of the physical appearance of the deity, names like 1252:

and later became an independent state regional temple-centered tradition of

10478: 10400: 10365: 10254: 9937: 9821: 9762: 9701: 9690: 9630: 9469: 8850:. Studies in Orissan society, culture, and history, 1. New Delhi: Manohar. 8792:

Holt, John Clifford; Kinnard, Jacob N.; Walters, Jonathan S., eds. (2012).

6901:[Puridham and the tale of lord Jagannath's legendary 'Bramharup']. 3830:, faces the Lion Gate. This column was brought here from the Sun temple of 3662: 3309: 3254: 3066: 3000: 2904: 2728: 2695: 2679: 2639: 2634: 2558: 2126: 2015: 1703: 1671: 1667: 1291: 1201: 1195: 870: 815: 700: 680: 560: 511: 477: 66: 8254: 6625: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6463: 6461: 6448: 6446: 6444: 4378: 2994:

visited Puri, establishing the Radhavallav Matha in 1268. The famous poet

2922:

in the 17th century and a work by the same name by Maguni Dasa. The first

2206: 2148: 2099: 1887:(wooden image) floating by the sea. He instructed them to construct a new 1035: 10427: 10372: 10349: 10259: 10174: 10009: 9841: 9826: 9757: 9737: 9727: 9711: 9647: 7933:

Gribbin, William (1973). "The juggernaut metaphor in American rhetoric".

7787:

http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/Scriptures/Guru%20Granth/Guru%20Granth.htm

5718: 5716: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4042: 3933:

Original: ଦେଉଳ ଭିତରେ ସିଂହ୍ରାସନେ ବିଜେ ହୋଇ ବଉଦ୍ଧ ରୁପରେ ପ୍ରଭୁ ଶଙ୍ଗଚକ୍ର ବହି |

3896: 3815: 3811: 3769: 3763:) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls); 3738: 3489: 3484: 3113: 3057: 2837: 2813: 2809: 2772: 2760: 2563: 2534:

symbolizes the wheel of the sun's chariot, a syncretic absorption of the

2496: 2230: 2070: 2037: 1863: 1828: 1757: 1695: 1683: 1596:. Apart from the principal companion deities, the Jagannath icon shows a 1511: 1394: 1354: 1350: 1295: 1276: 1206: 979: 900: 895: 890: 860: 850: 820: 685: 598: 516: 454: 441: 293: 224: 169: 108: 62: 8847:

Jagannath Revisited: Studying Society, Religion, and the State in Orissa

8285:

The Making of Indian Secularism: Empire, Law and Christianity, 1830-1960

8122:

http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/110-115.pdf

7440:

Diaspora of the Gods:Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle-Class World

6721: 5847: 3998: 3996: 3942:

Original: ବନ୍ଦଇ ଶ୍ରୀ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ବଇକୁଣ୍ଠବାସୀ ବୌଦ୍ଧରୁପେ ନୀଲଗିରି ଶିଖେ ଅଛ ବସି |

2878:

support for his campaign, the king enthusiastically led the expedition.

48: 10169: 10039: 10019: 9962: 9657: 9119:

Inscriptions of Jagannath Temple and Origin of Sri Purusottam Jagannath

7656:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)

7148: 6488: 6458: 6441: 6184:

Kar. Dr. Karunakar. Ascharja Charjachaya. Orissa Sahitya Akademy (1969)

5792:

Oldest Jagannath Temple of Puri: The Buddhist and Somavamsi Connections

3773: 3733:

is one of the major Hindu temples in India. The temple is built in the

3674: 3666: 3585: 3513: 3313: 3264: 3117: 3075: 2892: 2508: 2321: 2266: 2144: 2052: 1923: 1911: 1820: 1804: 1374: 1323: 1271: 1253: 1210: 1165: 984: 947: 920: 675: 665: 570: 436: 431: 328: 256: 9304: 6327: 5713: 5657:"F-OBJECTS OF WORSHIP: II.Uddesika or Monuments - 3. Tri-Ratna Symbol" 4690: 3567: 3328: 2759:

have attributed the creation of the Jagannathpuri during the reign of

10284: 10249: 10116: 10081: 10034: 10024: 9230:. Studies in South Asian culture, 15. Leiden; New York; Köln: Brill. 8952:

Much Maligned Monsters: A History of European Reactions to Indian Art

6001: 3993: 3823: 3788: 3125: 2832:

One of the most popular legends associated with Jagannath is that of

2768: 2465: 2454: 2363: 2043: 1796: 1722: 1639:

declares it to be the most auspicious wood from which to make Vishnu

1629:

of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshana Chakra are made of

1607: 1544: 1331: 1299: 974: 964: 845: 810: 765: 720: 715: 695: 467: 303: 246: 9339: 8814:

The Vicissitudes of an Indian Province under Native and British Rule

7906:

Heathen, Hindoo, Hindu: American Representations of India, 1721-1893

4526: 4224: 4222: 2796:

mentions Jagannath. Some believe that the mythical place where King

1776:

Outside Vaishnava tradition, Jagannath is considered the epitome of

10334: 10264: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10091: 9836: 9767: 9732: 9625: 9392: 9387: 8774:

The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture

8764:

The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture

8052: 6764:. Evolution of tantra in Orissa: Kalpaz Publications. p. 145. 6344:

Sri Krsna - Jagannath Consciousness: Vyasa - Jayadeva - Sarala Dasa

5580: 3881: 3592:

The most significant ritual associated with the Ratha Yatra is the

3456: 3361: 3337: 3298: 3083: 3012:

became a place where for the first time the famous Krishnaite poem

2995: 2976: 2792: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2504: 2492: 2488: 2316: 2274: 2130: 2023: 1991: 1945:, there is mention of a Daru (wooden log) floating in the ocean as 1941: 1919: 1915: 1879: 1808: 1784: 1742: 1593: 1589: 1405: 1234: 1222: 1186: 1182: 1170: 1044: 930: 835: 830: 770: 725: 618: 613: 461: 266: 139: 135: 76: 9335:

Mahaprabhu Sri Jagannatha The Lord of Universe (Paperback Edition)

9136:, Centre for Advanced Studies in History and Culture, Bhubaneswar. 3290: 2625: 1535: 10141: 10014: 9972: 9947: 9921: 8107: 7953: 5902:

Unity in Diversity: The Uniqueness of Jagannath Culture of Odisha

5832:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

4219: 3891: 3819: 3742: 3268: 3180:

Jagannath is considered the combination of 5 Gods Vishnu, Shiva,

3079: 2874: 2788: 2643: 2516: 2512: 2500: 2423:

with it. However, states Starza, this theory is weak because the

2358: 2293: 1910:, Indradyumna constructed a new temple, and performed a thousand 1663: 1656: 1319: 1315: 1307: 1265: 1214: 1178: 1100: 825: 775: 646: 633: 484: 394: 377: 372: 352: 338: 271: 200: 149: 8241:

Pilgrim Tax in India: The Great Temple in Orissa, Second edition

8014:

Essentialising the Jagannath cult: a discourse on self and other

5134:"Lord Jagannath in the form of Lord Raghunath and Lord Jadunath" 4715: 4565:

The term Jagannath etymologically means the Lord of the Universe

1891:

upon a mountain that stood beside the seashore for his worship.

1434:, Lord Jagannatha: the microcosm of Indian spiritual culture 10432: 10422: 10269: 10096: 10086: 9292: 8976:

Mohanty, B.C.; Buhler, Alfred (1980). "Patachitras of Orissa".

5626:"CHAPTER XXVII: Symbols of Buddha, Dharma and Sangha - Part 10" 5246: 5244: 3886: 3876: 3831: 3756: 3720: 3559: 3555: 3532:

Ratha Yatra is most significant of all festivals of Jagannath.

3447: 3419: 3357: 3189: 3173: 3149: 3129: 3109: 3095: 3087: 3071: 3048: 3021: 2962: 2797: 2764: 2707: 2613: 2571: 2566:. Further, his Shri Chakra ("holy wheel") is worshipped in the 2531: 2527: 2469: 2346: 2325: 2278: 2107: 2083: 2068:

Another evidence that links Jagannath deity to Buddhism is the

2061: 1983: 1950: 1927: 1907: 1832: 1800: 1777: 1734: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1601: 1287: 1230: 1226: 1218: 1190: 969: 710: 574: 399: 389: 345: 323: 313: 251: 241: 231: 196: 120: 115: 83: 9090:

Patra, Avinash (2011). Maria Joseph (Vishnupriya Dasi) (ed.).

7874:; by Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, published by Punjabi University, 6670: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 3120:. The popularity of Jagannath among Bengalis is attributed to 2257:

Pandit Nilakantha Das suggested that Jagannath was a deity of

10239: 10201: 10106: 10101: 10004: 9227:

The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art and Cult

8357:

By large 13 festivals are celebrated at Lord Jagannath Temple

8312:

Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion

8162:

Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion

7682: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7558:. Shree Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri. Archived from 5315:"The Structure of the Varanasimahatmya in Skandapurana 26-31" 5032: 5030: 5028: 3827: 3670: 3665:

of Pordenone visited India in 1316–1318, some 20 years after

3589:. The Ratha Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha Yatra. 3418:

The Jagannath symbol is a part of the Krishna iconography in

3275: 3215: 3185: 3181: 3005: 2801: 2732: 2727:

same as "love in the heart". The 15th-century Bhakti scholar

2711: 2539: 2523: 2435: 2380: 2162: 2158: 2027: 1875: 1856:, a later 12th century addition to the Skanda Purana) of the 1824: 1812: 1788: 1625: 1585: 1455:(ଜଗବନ୍ଧୁ) ("Friend of the Universe"). Both names derive from 1311: 1303: 1238: 1174: 1086: 690: 426: 367: 281: 236: 6794:"A Reassessment of the origin of the Jagannath cult of Puri" 5241: 3794:

The temple is built on an elevated platform, as compared to

3093:

The focus of Gaudiya Vaishnavism is the devotional worship (

2782: 2620: 10194: 9620: 9319: 9255::10, Rashtriya Sanskrita Vidyapeetha, Tirupati-517507, AP. 7972:

Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1839). "poetical illustration".

7340: 7109: 5220: 4844: 4637:"64 Names of Lord Jagannath Around Odisha | PURIWAVES" 4104: 3518: 3356:

with Biblical terminology for his audience, called him the

3317: 3272: 3038: 2805: 2420: 2258: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1707: 1561: 1280: 940: 362: 261: 204: 9890: 8679:

The Cult of Jagannath and the regional tradition of Orissa

7673: 6830: 5025: 4978:

Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003).

4774: 4772: 4581:

Lord Jagannatha: the microcosm of Indian spiritual culture

4132: 4130: 4128: 4094: 4092: 4090: 2388:

are Hindu, but believed to have been the ancient tribe of

2179:) as the goddess of Oddiyana, with which Indrabhuti's son 9315:

Detailed description of Ratha Yatra festival of Jagannath

7361:, vol 2, part 2.18. The Cult of Gopal Krsna or gopinatha. 6866: 6570: 5977: 5684: 5682: 5268: 5082: 4594:"::: LordJagannath.Co.in ::: Lord Jagannath (Names)" 4077: 4075: 3806:

The Deula consists of a tall shikhara (dome) housing the

2941:

The Kanchi Kingdom has been identified as the historical

1686:'s idea and expressed in their literary works as all the 9325:

136th Jagannath Temple Ratha Yatra in Ahmedabad, Gujarat

8133: 8131: 8129: 8076:"SC urges Jagannath temple to allow entry of non-Hindus" 6820: 6818: 6268:"IX. Tantric Buddhism in Orissa: (A) The Uddiyana Pitha" 6238:

Iconography of the Buddhist sculpture of Orissa Volume 1

6036:

Klaproth, Julius Von; Rémusat, Abel (11 October 2018) .

5872:

Skykes, Lieutenant-Colonel William Henry (March 2009) .

5741:. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 148–149. 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4306:"Synthetic Character of Jagannath Culture", Pp. 1–4 4209: 4207: 3430:

Jagannath, Subhadra and Balabhadra in Kalighat Painting

1733:, Jagannath is dressed and decorated in the form of the 1647:

when its month of Asadha occurs twice in the same year.

9309: 7252: 7250: 7217: 6739: 6624:. Jagannath temple, Puri administration. Archived from 5989: 5701: 5193: 5127: 5125: 4769: 4125: 4087: 2557:. According to the Shaivas, Jagannath is Bhairava. The 2336:

started worshipping this deity in mid-14th century AD.

9133:

Tribals of Orissa: The changing Socio-Economic Profile

8743:. Vol. 8. New York: MacMillan. pp. 387–392. 8659: 8491: 8467: 7234: 7232: 7173:

Dictionary of Indian Literature One: Beginnings - 1850

6208:"CHAPTER II: HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY - Capital of Utkala" 6007: 5965: 5927:. Consortium of Collective Consciousness. p. 91. 5738:

Colors of the Robe: Religion, Identity, and Difference

4072: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3308:

also visited Jagannath Puri. It is said that Maharaja

2767:. According to the second legend, associated with the 2706:(consciousness), and his companion Subhadra represent 2300:. The theory of Jain origins is supported by the Jain 2214:, of which the main deities are Jagganath and Viraja. 10450: 8668: 8479: 8390: 8255:

Nancy Gardner Cassels; Sri Prabhat Mukherjee (2000).

8126: 7701: 7598:"Vimala Temple at the Jagannath Temple Complex, Puri" 7577: 6878: 6854: 6842: 6815: 6165:"History of Odisha (From earliest times to 1434 A.D)" 5953: 5155: 5102:"Place of Chakratirtha in the cult of Lord Jagannath" 4532: 4473:

Misra, Bijoy M. (2007). Bryant, Edwin Francis (ed.).

4317: 4244: 4228: 4204: 4002: 3473:

List of festivals observed at Jagannatha Temple, Puri

2961:

Vaishnavism is considered a more recent tradition in

2903:

In modern culture, Kanchi Vijaya is a major motif in

2201:

at Udaygiri not far from Jajpur, which states that a

9093:

Origin & Antiquity of the Cult of Lord Jagannath

8901:

Antiquity of Jagannath Puri as a place of pilgrimage

7247: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6359: 6357: 6276:. Bhubaneshwar: Utkal University. pp. 141–155. 6130: 6118: 6069:"Chaitanya - As the Incarnation of Buddha-Jagannath" 5941: 5853: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5256: 5122: 4814: 4336: 4062: 4060: 1737:

avatar of Vishnu. Jagannath appeared in the form of

9265:. Sheridan, Wyoming: Creative Media Partners, LLC. 7792: 7619: 7302:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti

7277: 7229: 7200:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti

7121: 6963: 6614: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6187: 6046:. Sheridan, Wyoming: Creative Media Partners, LLC. 5921:"India and the Sub-Continent: Holy Cities of India" 5506:. Odisha Society of the Americas. pp. 129–132. 5290:. Markandeya. 2009. pp. 18, 19. Archived from 4793: 4662: 4660: 4008: 3669:had dictated the account of his travels while in a 2113:Buddha was assimilated as Vishnu's ninth avatar in 1970:to interpretation, the overlap in the ideas exist. 1377:which is then pulled by numerous volunteers to the 8931:Annals and Antiquities of the Temple of Jagannātha 8928:Miśra, Narayan (2005). Durga Nandan Mishra (ed.). 8791: 8503: 8402: 7378: 7376: 6515: 6216:Bhubaneshwar: Utkal University. pp. 107–110. 4717: 4501: 4433: 4296:, chapter 6. Sanatana Dharma: The Great Synthesis. 2819: 2581:is the Shakti. The offerings of Jagannath becomes 1368: 1163:'Lord of the Universe'; formerly English: 1151: 8220: 7902: 6940: 6938: 6778: 6719: 6484:. Oxford University Press (Reprint). p. 597. 6354: 5734: 5594: 4922:. Bhakti Vedanta Memorial Library. Archived from 4720:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions 4151: 4057: 3751:has four distinct sectional structures, namely - 2682:(lit.: the Upper Person), as well as the Puranic 1706:) is Purna Brahman from whom other Avataras like 10486: 8972:, Utkal University reprinted, Bhubaneswar, 2001. 8903:, OHRJ, Vol. III, No.1, April, 1954, p. 17. 8154: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8146: 6927:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6582: 5925:Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations 4657: 3566:, in huge chariots, allowing the public to have 3195: 3112:. The event of the Ratha Yatra is celebrated in 3105:or the Original Supreme Personality of Godhead. 3008:and Krishna in East Indian Vaishnavism. And the 2742: 2698:, the form of Krishna that prevades as abstract 2047:, Buddha's left canine tooth was handed over to 7373: 7002: 7000: 6035: 5878:. London: Kessinger Publishing Co. p. 59. 5516: 5167: 4789: 4787: 4547:"Lord Jagannath Symbol of National Integration" 1898:2007 Jagannath Chariot Festival in Puri, Odisha 1682:In Prataparudradeva's time Odia poets accepted 9130:Ray, B. C., Aioswarjya Kumar Das, ed. (2010). 8980:. Ahmedabad, India: Calico Museum of Textiles. 8682:. South Asian Studies, 8. New Delhi: Manohar. 7928: 7926: 7780: 7705:Religion and Pilgrim Tax Under the Company Raj 7652: 7596:Mahapatra, Ratnakar (September–October 2005). 7331:"Jagannath—The Epitome of Supreme Lord Vishnu" 6935: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6513: 6396: 6104:. The Victoria and Albert Museum. p. 22. 5765:Orissa And Her Remains - Ancient And Mediaeval 5544:Silva, Jose Carlos Gomes da (1 January 2010). 5179:. Parbury, Allen, and Company. 1841. pp. 4998: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4147: 4145: 2273:. Evidence of the Jain terminology such as of 1063: 1049: 9906: 9355: 9246:The Jagannatha temple at Puri and its Deities 8995:The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa 8978:Study of Contemporary Textile Crafts of India 8975: 8840: 8281: 8143: 7981:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1839). "picture". 7959: 7768: 7766: 7728: 7697: 7695: 7416:. Columbia University Press. pp. 68–71. 7115: 6074:The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa 5570: 5453:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 204. 5447:Choudhury, Pranab Chandra Roy (August 1999). 5214: 4748: 4504:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduikm: N-Z 4479:. Oxford University Press. pp. 139–141. 4272: 3323: 3064:in the 16th century. "Gaudiya" refers to the 2956: 2763:, a pious king and an ascetic who ruled from 2189:records a prophecy in which the Lord assures 2151:, describes Jagannath as a Buddhist deity in 1749:and called him Raghunath during his visit to 1342:, and one of the best surviving specimens of 1105: 1077: 1011: 9096:. Oxford: Oxford University weekly Journal. 8894:Jagannath in History and Religious Tradition 8308: 8227:. T. Cadell & W. Davies. pp. 20–21. 8158: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7826:गुरु नानक देव और उनके द्वारा प्रवर्तित मार्ग 7798: 7457: 6997: 6899:"পুরীধাম ও জগন্নাথদেবের ব্রহ্মরূপ বৃত্তান্ত" 5768:. Puri: Gyan Publishing House. p. 400. 5320:Origin and Growth of the Purāṇic Text Corpus 4784: 4158:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 19. 3049:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and Gaudiya Vaishnavism 3045:festival, Jagannath is regarded as Krishna. 1934: 9014:Sri Jagannath Parbaparbani Sebapuja (Oriya) 8917:, Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyaya, Calcutta, 1971. 8645:Sidelights on History and Culture of Orissa 8637:Puri Paintings: the Chitrakara and his Work 8237: 8224:Christian Researches in Asia, Ninth edition 7923: 7909:. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–33. 7865: 7735:. Cambridge University Press. p. 168. 7732:Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel 6896: 6682: 6405:"Jainism and Buddhism in Jagannath culture" 6322:. Cuttack: ଫ୍ରେଣ୍ଡସ ପବ୍ଲିଶର୍ସ. p. 91. 4716:Wendy Doniger; Merriam-Webster, In (1999). 4172: 4142: 4039:, pp. 72–77, Cult Purusottama at Puri. 1760:(ten avatars) of Vishnu, though in certain 1091: 9913: 9899: 9362: 9348: 9288:Puruṣottama-kṣetra-māhātmya, Skanda Purana 9180:White Whispers: Selected Poems of Salabega 9144:. New Delhi: Classical Publishing Company. 9072:Śūnya Puruṣa: Bauddha Vaiṣṇavism of Orissa 7844: 7763: 7692: 7589: 7497:. Bucknell University Press. p. 161. 7289: 6649:"The Pillars of Homage to Lord Jagannatha" 6243:Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts 6019: 5983: 5654: 5623: 5274: 5076: 5004: 4499: 4398: 4396: 1870:, grew interested in venerating the deity 1498: 1488: 1478: 1472: 1362: 1322:. He is also significant to the Hindus of 1119: 1018: 1004: 178: 47: 9259:Mansinha, Mayadhar (10 September 2021) . 9037:Jagannath: His Temple, Cult and Festivals 8998:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. 8991: 8820:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). 8819: 7885: 7754: 7752: 7659:. Mushilal Manoharlal. pp. 216–217. 7625: 7595: 7541: 7346: 7238: 7169: 6944: 6757: 6576: 6473: 6234: 6066: 5995: 5912: 5825: 5624:Cunningham, Alexander (September 2021) . 5591:। तदा रभस्व दुर्हणो तेन गच्छ परस्तरम् ॥३॥ 5547:The Cult of Jagannatha: Myths and Rituals 5446: 5426:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 210. 5047: 5045: 4943: 4941: 4917: 4820: 4240: 4213: 4119: 4081: 3818:. A 16-sided, 11-metre-high (36 ft) 3772:/Natamandapa, which is also known as the 2783:Stories from the Ramayana and Mahabharata 2621:Transformation from unitary icon to triad 1823:declared that Purushottama Jagannath and 1467:(ଦାରୁବ୍ରହ୍ମ) ("The Sacred Wood-Riddle"), 9258: 9176: 9115: 9040:. New Delhi: Aryan Books International. 8629:Domain of Jagannath - A Historical Study 8525:. Jagannath temple, Puri. Archived from 8370:"Damanaka Chaturdasi - Jagannath Temple" 7997: 7517: 7436: 7358: 7328: 6836: 6791: 6600:. Oxford University Press. p. 142. 6294: 6152:. Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon. 2019. 5688: 5564: 4252: 4019: 3782: 3545: 3425: 3413: 3327: 3225: 3160: 3139: 2859: 2653: 2624: 2357: 2315: 2205:with a relic inside and dwelt in by the 2001: 1977: 1893: 1606: 1503:"with round pupils") are also in vogue. 1388: 27:Regional form of the Hindu deity Krishna 9124:Shri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya 9068: 9033: 8676:; Tripathi, Gaya Charan, eds. (1978) . 8585: 7932: 7511: 7490: 7467:The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena 7443:. Oxford University Press. p. 32. 7256: 7141:"Guruji's Compositions:Dance and Drama" 6976:. Sanbun Publishers. pp. 110–111. 6970:Nanda, Prabhat Kumar (June–July 2007). 6949:. Crest Publishing House. p. 203. 6897:Chakraborty, Yogabrata (28 June 2023). 6693: 6546: 6375: 5971: 5898: 5809: 5761: 5399:. Jaico Publishing House. p. 217. 5187: 5131: 5036: 4402: 4393: 4354: 4293: 4268: 2530:. Finally the fourth deity, Sudarshana 2519:, and Subhadra is the youngest sister. 14: 10487: 9223: 8948: 8874: 8662:The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology 8497: 8485: 8473: 8396: 8288:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 58–67. 8185: 7984:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840 7980: 7975:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840 7971: 7749: 7686: 7583: 7518:Tripathy, Shrinibas (September 2009). 7463: 7409: 6824: 6676: 6646: 6595: 6522:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6501: 6467: 6452: 6136: 6124: 6097: 5947: 5871: 5722: 5707: 5359: 5312: 5262: 5051: 5042: 4938: 4778: 4703: 4667:Joshi, Dina Krishna (June–July 2007). 4583:, p. 93. Orissa Sahitya Academy (1982) 4390:, p. 97, chapter 9, Jagannāthism. 4342: 4260: 4136: 4054:, p. 99, chapter 9, Jagannāthism. 4036: 3657:In fact, Starza notes that the ruling 3200: 3152:started founding temples in the West. 3135: 2965:, being historically traceable to the 2750: 2629:Jagannath with Balabhadra and Subhadra 2597:contended to be the Hindu name of the 2006:Dharmachakra relief with 32 spokes in 1635:wood. Neem wood is chosen because the 9894: 9369: 9343: 9089: 8927: 8727: 8606: 8549:"Jagannath Temple, India - 7 wonders" 8442: 8188:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 8137: 8034: 7851:. Abhinav Publications. p. 149. 7382: 7295: 7196: 6969: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6848: 6758:Siṃhadeba, Jitāmitra Prasāda (2001). 6745: 6694:Behuria, Rabindra Kumar (June 2012). 6647:Behera, Prajna Paramita (June 2004). 6479: 6402: 6193: 6163:Nayak, Dr. Ganeswar (11 March 2014). 6162: 5918: 5859: 5788: 5611: 5543: 5473: 5419: 5392: 5375: 5250: 5161: 5011:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 96. 4984:. Taylor & Francis. p. 515. 4981:South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia 4947: 4666: 4472: 4434:Tripathy, B; Singh P.K. (June 2012). 4387: 4330: 4276: 4248: 4098: 4051: 3004:put a new emphasis on the concept of 2710:(energy) while Balabhadra represents 2026:origins of Jagannatha stems from the 1994:symbol of Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha. 1553:Two versions of Jagannath iconography 1245: 8770: 8761: 8700:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 8445:"Lord Jagannath yatra to begin soon" 8422:"Juggernaut, definition and meaning" 7805:. Mittal Publications. p. 167. 7263:. Mittal Publications. p. 166. 6350:, Bhubaneshwar: Government of Odisha 6265: 6205: 5959: 5908:, Bhubaneshwar: Government of Odisha 5550:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 129. 5221:Jitāmitra Prasāda Siṃhadeba (2001). 5099: 4821:Pattanaik, Shibasundar (July 2002). 4436:"Jagannath Cult in North-east India" 3841:in West Bengal, which is famous for 3172:, the consort of Shiva. Conversely, 3154:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada 3027:In the 16th century, the worship of 2482: 2311: 1169:) is a deity worshipped in regional 9330:Street View around Jagannath Temple 9148: 9139: 8877:Ganjifa: The Playing Cards of India 8844:; Schnepel, Burkhard, eds. (2001). 8696: 8634: 8509: 8408: 8073: 7283: 7223: 7127: 7093:. Amar Chitra Katha. Archived from 7060: 7033: 7006: 6363: 6340: 6313: 6101:Ganjifa: The Playing Cards of India 6067:Mukherjee, Prabhat (August 1986) . 5520:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas 4886: 4800:. DK Printworld. pp. 779–780. 4544: 4533:Eschmann, Kulke & Tripathi 1978 4355:Pradhan, Atul Chandra (June 2004). 4264: 4256: 4245:Eschmann, Kulke & Tripathi 1978 4229:Eschmann, Kulke & Tripathi 1978 4183: 4066: 4003:Eschmann, Kulke & Tripathi 1978 3776:, (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and 2515:, Jagannath is the younger brother 2453:Jagannath (left) may have roots in 2261:origin because of the appending of 1973: 1807:is also considered to be Shiva and 1518:is phonetically unrelated, and the 1177:as part of a triad along with his ( 24: 9986: 8879:, The Victoria and Albert Museum, 8660:Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy (1988), 8613:. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. 8523:"Architecture of Jagannath temple" 5826:Stevenson, J. (21 November 1840), 5420:Rosen, Steven (30 November 1994). 5376:Books, Kausiki (24 October 2021). 5341:from the original on 14 April 2021 5197:Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic 5083:Asiatic Society of Bengal (1825). 4669:"Lord Jagannath: the tribal deity" 4610:Different names of Shree Jagannath 4405:"My friend, philosopher and guide" 3281:was recited by him at the revered 2827: 1447:is linked to other names, such as 1416:meaning "Master" or "Lord". Thus, 25: 10531: 9281: 9100:from the original on 23 June 2011 8586:Coulter, Charles Russell (2013). 8337:"Festivals of Lord Sri Jagannath" 7556:Official site of Jagannath temple 7203:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1091. 5523:. Sarup & Sons. p. 322. 5393:Knapp, Stephen (1 January 2009). 4887:Das, Madhavananda (8 June 2004). 3687:Jagannath Temple (disambiguation) 3320:, while on his deathbed in 1839. 2900:of Puri that depicts this scene. 2353: 1678:, the Suryavamsi King of Odisha: 10472: 10460: 10058:Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives 9875: 9874: 9406: 8541: 8515: 8436: 8414: 8362: 8329: 8302: 8275: 8248: 8231: 8214: 8179: 8115: 8086: 8067: 8028: 8019: 8006: 7991: 7965: 7838: 7819: 7722: 7646: 7484: 7470:. Jagannath: Visible Ink Press. 7430: 7403: 7364: 7322: 7298:"Gitagovinda (Influence: Oriya)" 7190: 7163: 7133: 7081: 7054: 7027: 6890: 6792:Tripathy, Manorama (June 2012). 6751: 6713: 6640: 6540: 6507: 6504:, pp. 67–70 with footnotes. 6470:, pp. 63–64 with footnotes. 6455:, pp. 62–63 with footnotes. 6426: 6369: 6334: 6307: 6259: 6228: 6199: 6178: 5725:, pp. 58–59 with footnotes. 5634:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 5194:Wilkins, William Joseph (1900). 5132:Mohanty, Tarakanta (July 2005). 4706:, pp. 65–67 with footnotes. 4403:Patnaik, Bibhuti (3 July 2011). 3973: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3787:The Jagganath temple in Ranchi, 3737:style of architecture, with the 3709: 3700: 3243: 3234: 2787:According to Prabhat Nanda, the 2443: 2434: 1843: 1771: 1543: 1534: 1229:Hindus, he is a symmetry-filled 10231:Associated with Krishna's life 10207:48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra 9857:Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955 9293:Shri Jaganath, Official website 9244:Starza-Majewski, Olgierd M. L: 8955:, University of Chicago Press, 8934:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. 8656:, Sanbun Publishers, New Delhi. 8610:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 8589:Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities 8578: 7386:A History of India, 4th edition 7176:. Orient Longman. p. 163. 6701:. Orissa Review. pp. 42–43 6482:The Religion of an Indian Tribe 6432: 6320:ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର ଓ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ 6316:"ସପ୍ତମ ରରିଛେଦ: ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ଓ ବୁଦ୍ଧ" 6156: 6142: 6091: 6060: 6029: 5892: 5865: 5819: 5782: 5755: 5728: 5655:Cunningham, Alexander (2021) . 5648: 5617: 5537: 5517:Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). 5510: 5494: 5467: 5440: 5413: 5386: 5369: 5306: 5280: 5100:Dash, Durgamadhab (June 2007). 5093: 4971: 4911: 4880: 4742: 4709: 4629: 4615: 4586: 4570: 4538: 4493: 4466: 4457: 4427: 4348: 4299: 3918: 3909: 3779:Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall). 3108:Jagannath is widely revered in 2820:Sarala Dasa Mahabharata version 2252: 2147:, the ancient Buddhist king of 1741:, another avatar of Vishnu, to 1477:"The wooden god"), Chakā ākhi ( 1349:The annual festival called the 9197:Siṃhadeba, Jitāmitra Prasāda: 8244:. London: Seely, Fleet-Street. 7702:Nancy Gardner Cassels (1988). 7410:Bryant, Edwin Francis (2004). 5899:Kanungo, Archana (July 2013), 5474:Knapp, Stephen (29 May 2008). 5450:Best Loved Folk Tales of India 4861:. Sri Gopaljiu. Archived from 4797:Tantra and Śākta Art of Orissa 3837:There is a temple situated in 3719:The Jagannath temple in Puri, 3535: 3301:and at most Gurudwara sahibs. 3060:religious movement founded by 2604:In the words of the historian 1525: 1420:means "lord of the universe". 1241:associated with annihilation. 1193:Hinduism, is the supreme god, 13: 1: 9034:Patnaik, Himanshu S. (1994). 8639:, New Delhi: Arnold Heinemann 8443:Karan, Jajati (4 July 2008). 8315:. Routledge. pp. 56–57. 8165:. Routledge. pp. 55–56. 7708:. Riverdale. pp. 17–22. 7494:Krishna Consciousness in West 7090:Purushottam Dev and Padmavati 6973:Shree Jagannath and Shree Ram 6549:"Jagannath temples of Ganjam" 6382:. Deep& Deep. p. 5. 6341:Das, Satyabrata (July 2008), 6235:Donaldson, Thomas E. (2001). 5919:Olsen, Brad (February 2004). 5762:Ganguly, Mano Mohan (1986) . 4852:"The origin of Patita Pavana" 4500:Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). 4357:"Evolution of Jagannath Cult" 3986: 3367:These views are picked up in 3196:Jagannath and other religions 2812:, states Das, describes King 2743:In Hindu texts and traditions 1850:Purushottama Kshetra Mahatmya 1791:, the consort of the goddess 1650: 9305:Shri Jaganath Temple at Puri 8992:Mukherjee, Prabhat (1981) . 8816:, Vol. I, Chapter-III, 1872. 8771:Holt, John Clifford (2008). 8766:. Columbia University Press. 8762:Holt, John Clifford (2004). 8741:The Encyclopedia of Religion 8631:, BR Publishing Corporation. 8424:. Merriam Webster Dictionary 8035:Ghosh, Ujaan (August 2018). 7067:. Sanbun. pp. 163–165. 6379:Indian Culture and Education 5200:. London: Elibron Classics. 5054:"He is the infinite Brahman" 5052:Mishra, Kabi (3 July 2011). 4823:"Sudarsan of Lord Jagannath" 4794:Thomas E. Donaldson (2002). 4508:. Rosen Publishing. p. 4463:See: Chakravarti 1994, p 140 3466: 3409: 3380:Christian Researches in Asia 3344:by the Christian missionary 2969:. Already, according to the 2951:Kanchi (Vijayanagar) Kingdom 2210:is same as Oddiyana or Odra- 1384: 1237:, a fierce manifestation of 7: 9920: 9262:History of Oriya Literature 8875:Leyden, Rudolf von (1982), 8664:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 8261:. Orchid. pp. 96–108. 7998:Buchanan, Claudius (1811). 7935:Quarterly Journal of Speech 7632:. Gyan Books. p. 133. 7243:. Kitab Mahal. p. 320. 6947:India: A Divine Destination 6547:Mohanty, P.C. (June 2012). 6518:An Introduction to Hinduism 6376:Mohanty, Jagannath (2009). 6314:Das, Suryanarayan (2015) . 6098:Leyden, Rudolf von (1982). 5382:. Kausiki Books. p. 4. 5227:. Gyan Books. p. 146. 4724:. Merriam-Webster. p. 4545:Das, Basanta Kumar (2009). 3865: 3766:Mukhashala (Frontal porch); 3749:Temple of Jagannath at Puri 3731:Temple of Jagannath at Puri 3596:. During the festival, the 2669: 2320:An old Dadhivaman deity in 1369: 1152: 1036: 10: 10536: 9142:Studies in Jagannatha Cult 8869:The Anthropology of Values 8653:Jagannath Through the Ages 8650:Das, Suryanarayan (2010). 8221:Claudius Buchanan (1812). 7903:Michael J. Altman (2017). 7549:"THE TEMPLE OF JAGANNATHA" 7389:. Routledge. p. 150. 7304:. Vol. 2. New Delhi: 7300:. In Amaresh Datta (ed.). 7061:Das, Suryanarayan (2010). 7034:Das, Suryanarayan (2010). 7007:Das, Suryanarayan (2010). 6266:Sahu, Nabin Kumar (1958). 6206:Sahu, Nabin Kumar (1964). 5735:Ananda Abeysekara (2002). 5480:. iUniverse. p. 250. 4950:"Iconography of Jagannath" 4755:. Punthi. pp. 58–59. 4279:, chapter 9, Jagannāthism. 4184:Das, Suryanarayan (2010). 4152:Jagannath Mohanty (2009). 3684: 3680: 3550:Rath Yatra in Puri (2007). 3539: 3470: 3324:Jagannath and Christianity 2957:Early Vaishnava traditions 2804:and tilled land to obtain 2330:Shrila Bhakti Vinod Thakur 1838: 1783:Jagannath is venerated as 1129:Glossary of Hinduism terms 32:Jagannath (disambiguation) 29: 10410: 10348: 10310: 10222: 10157: 10074: 9997: 9984: 9928: 9870: 9814: 9720: 9668: 9606: 9566: 9493: 9422: 9415: 9404: 9375: 9310:Shri Jagannath Dham, Puri 9205:Encyclopaedia of Hinduism 9173:, Utkal University, 1958. 9140:Ray, Bidyut Lata (1993). 8908:Jaina Monuments of Orissa 8713:10.1017/S135618630000239X 8200:10.1017/s0022046900028426 7960:Kulke & Schnepel 2001 7947:10.1080/00335637309383178 7170:Mukherjee, Sujit (1999). 7116:Mohanty & Buhler 1980 6945:Deshpande, Aruna (2005). 6043:The Pilgrimage of Fa Hian 6038:"CHAPTER XXVII - Note(3)" 5789:Patel, C.B. (July 2003), 5665:. Gyan Publishing House. 4273:Kulke & Schnepel 2001 3402:are allowed entry in the 3316:diamond, to Jagannath in 3148:Soon after its founding, 2873:his army. At Adipur near 2612:The diverse religions of 1935:Vedic origin of Jagannath 1499: 1489: 1479: 1473: 1363: 1357:) of his chief temple in 1340:Hindu temple architecture 1213:, Jagannath is a form of 1209:Hindus, particularly the 1164: 1144: 1127: 1120: 1113: 1106: 1099: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1057: 1050: 1043: 1032: 145: 131: 126: 114: 102: 92: 82: 72: 58: 46: 41: 9806:Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka 9155:. Northern Book Centre. 9069:Patnaik, Tandra (2005). 9012:Nayak, Ashutosh (1999). 8823:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 7626:Simhadeba, J.P. (2001). 7520:"Goddess Bimala at Puri" 7239:Panigrahi, K.C. (1995). 6596:Bryant, Edwin F (2007). 6403:Barik, P M (July 2005). 6077:. Manohar Publications. 5396:Spiritual India Handbook 5313:Bakker, Hans T. (2004). 4889:"The Story of Gopal Jiu" 3902: 3422:events around the world. 3369:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 3024:, the avatar of Vishnu. 2183:is associated with. The 1922:. The king travelled to 1745:, who worshipped him as 1570:(without beginning) and 1393:Statue of Jagannatha at 1373:). They are placed in a 9748:Atibadi Jagannatha Dasa 9122:. Vol. 1–2. Puri: 9116:Rajaguru, S.N. (1992). 8777:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8643:Das, M.N., ed. (1977). 8374:jagannathtemplepuri.com 7987:. Fisher, Son & Co. 7978:. Fisher, Son & Co. 7653:Satish Chandra (2004). 7491:Bromley, David (1989). 7464:Melton, Gordon (2007). 7437:Waghorne, J.P. (2004). 7197:Datta, Amaresh (1988). 7147:. Srjan. Archived from 7145:of Kelucharan Mohapatra 6905:(in Bengali). Kolkata: 6903:dainikstatesmannews.com 6696:"The Cult of Jagannath" 6679:, pp. 70, 97, 105. 6514:Gavin D. Flood (1996). 6480:Elwin, Verrier (1955). 6008:Doniger O'Flaherty 1988 5253:, pp. 8–10, 17–18. 3855:Anantavarman Chodaganga 3745:and Kalasa are placed. 3437:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier 3373:Alfred Gomersal Vickers 2649:Anantavarman Chodaganga 2302:Hathigumpha inscription 2010:bearing resemblance to 1412:meaning "universe" and 53:Jagannatha idol in 2011 10440:Guru–shishya tradition 9991: 9251:Upadhyay, Arun Kumar: 9224:Starza, O. M. (1993). 8968:Mohanty, A. B. (Ed.): 8607:Dalal, Roshen (2010). 8555:. 2012. Archived from 8343:. 2010. Archived from 8282:N. Chatterjee (2011). 7830:www.livehindusthan.com 7729:Isabel Burton (2012). 7383:Kulke, Herman (2004). 7308:. pp. 1419–1421. 7257:Kusuman, K.K. (1990). 7040:. Sanbun. p. 26. 7013:. Sanbun. p. 13. 6301:The Metaphysical Poets 5695:The Metaphysical Poets 5058:The Telegraph, Kolkata 4859:Sri Krishna Kathamrita 4749:Santilata Dei (1988). 4190:. Sanbun. p. 89. 3791: 3551: 3492:or Shri Gundicha Yatra 3431: 3423: 3333: 3304:Later Sikh gurus like 3283:Jagannath Temple, Puri 3145: 3037:with eight figures of 3010:Jagannath Temple, Puri 2869: 2755:The Skanda Purana and 2659: 2630: 2618: 2370: 2366:or Nrusingha Besha in 2337: 2250: 2239: 2019: 1999: 1939:In hymn 10.155 of the 1899: 1718: 1659:as the supreme deity. 1612: 1427: 1398: 9990: 9210:Sircar, D.C. (1965). 9199:Tāntric art of Orissa 8984:Mohapatra, Bishnu N. 8922:The Cult of Jagannath 8915:The Cult of Jagannath 8812:Hunter, W.W. Orissa: 8670:Eschmann, Anncharlott 8309:Goldie Osuri (2013). 8159:Goldie Osuri (2013). 7882:, 1 Jan 2001, 2nd ed. 7872:The Real Ranjit Singh 7799:K.K. Kusuman (1990). 7629:Tantric Art of Orissa 6761:Tāntric Art of Orissa 6598:Krishna: A Sourcebook 5996:Jones & Ryan 2006 5840:Royal Asiatic Society 5224:Tāntric Art of Orissa 4948:Chowdhury, Janmejay. 4641:puriwaves.nirmalya.in 4476:Krishna: A Sourcebook 3786: 3549: 3429: 3417: 3404:Jagannath puri temple 3331: 3226:Jagannath and Sikhism 3161:Jagannath in Shaktism 3143: 2896:(prayer hall) of the 2863: 2657: 2628: 2610: 2415:, log as a symbol of 2361: 2319: 2240: 2235: 2222:(The great void) and 2005: 1981: 1953:interpreted the term 1897: 1811:, a manifestation of 1753:in the 16th century. 1680: 1610: 1423: 1392: 88:Om Jagannāthāya Namah 10500:Deities of Jagannath 9773:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 9298:19 June 2009 at the 9054:Patnaik, N. (2006). 8238:James Peggs (1830). 8074:Rautray, Samanwaya. 8041:History of Religions 7296:Sahoo, K.C. (1988). 6722:"Shiva Shahasranama" 6622:"History of deities" 5797:Government of Odisha 5662:The Stupa of Bharhut 5587:प्लवते सिन्धोः पारे 5288:"Index of 16 Purans" 5008:Hinduism For Dummies 4899:on 13 September 2010 4868:on 18 September 2017 4752:Vaiṣṇavism in Orissa 4259:, pp. 213–230; 4251:, pp. 387–392; 3843:Rathayatra of Mahesh 3826:, the charioteer of 3360:, and his shrine as 3122:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 3062:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 2990:The Vaishnava saint 2332:'s great forefather 2292:of Kalinga taken to 2175:(ancient capital of 2022:Theories suggesting 1988:Alexander Cunningham 1493:"With round eyes"), 1408:word, compounded of 1344:Kalinga architecture 1189:. Jagannath, within 1121:ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ (Jagannātha) 1051:जगन्नाथ (Jagannātha) 1037:जगन्नाथ (Jagannātha) 30:For other uses, see 10505:Regional Hindu gods 10202:Pilgrimage circuits 10185:Krishna Janmashtami 9218:Motilal Banarsidass 9183:. Sahitya Akademi. 9149:Ray, Dipti (2007). 9021:Daru Devata (Oriya) 8949:Mitter, P. (1977), 8729:Hardy, Friedhelm E. 8635:Das, J. P. (1982), 8529:on 20 November 2012 7962:, pp. 159–160. 7776:. 13 November 2013. 7689:, pp. 146–147. 6875:, pp. 373–374. 6435:Jagannath and Nepal 5814:CHAPTER II: HISTORY 5571:Ralph TH Griffith. 5325:Motilal Banarsidass 5294:on 1 September 2014 5039:, pp. 111–119. 5005:Srinivasan (2011). 4598:lordjagannath.co.in 4311:8 July 2011 at the 4122:, pp. 155–156. 4101:, pp. 387–392. 3574:) of the chariots ( 3523:Damanaka Chaturdasi 3201:Jagannath and Islam 3136:The ISKCON Movement 3054:Gaudiya Vaishnavism 2971:Vishnudharma Purana 2943:Vijayanagar Kingdom 2751:Vaishnavite version 2692:Vishnudharma Purana 2690:. According to the 2662:During the rule of 1996:Harekrushna Mahatab 1336:Nagara architecture 1221:of Vishnu. To some 1217:, sometimes as the 1107:ಜಗನ್ನಾಥ(Jagannātha) 1093:जगन्नाथ (Jagannāth) 1079:জগন্নাথ (Jôgônnāth) 1065:জগন্নাথ (Zôgônnāth) 786:Satyabhinava Tirtha 10320:Hathibada Ghosundi 9992: 9778:Madhavi Pattanayak 9248:, Amsterdam, 1983. 9171:Buddhism in Orissa 9030:, New Delhi, 1985. 8910:, New Delhi, 1984. 8347:on 22 October 2012 8080:The Economic Times 8012:S. Behera (2007), 7226:, p. 120-121. 7151:on 29 October 2012 6273:Buddhism in Orissa 5812:, pp. 10–11, 4926:on 14 October 2012 4139:, pp. 73, 76. 3792: 3552: 3542:Ratha Yatra (Puri) 3504:Dakhyinayana Yatra 3501:Parswa Paribartana 3432: 3424: 3334: 3146: 2947:Virupaksha Raya II 2884:Uchchhishta Ganesh 2870: 2864:The Ashwadwara at 2660: 2631: 2371: 2338: 2186:Saddharmapundarika 2041:, as mentioned in 2020: 2000: 1900: 1768:from Dashavatara. 1613: 1399: 1244:The Jagannathism ( 884:Related traditions 801:Satyadhyana Tirtha 796:Satyadharma Tirtha 756:Raghavendra Tirtha 706:Manavala Mamunigal 629:Vaishnava-Sahajiya 10448: 10447: 10325:Heliodorus pillar 9888: 9887: 9602: 9601: 9398:Sudarshana Chakra 9370:Jagannath worship 9190:978-81-260-0483-6 9177:Sālabega (1998). 9082:978-81-246-0345-1 9075:. DK Printworld. 9028:Saivism in Orissa 8924:, Calcutta, 1971. 8906:Mahapatra, R.P.: 8899:Mahapatra, K.N.: 8896:, Calcutta, 1982. 8892:Mahapatra, G.N.: 8857:978-81-7304-386-4 8833:978-0-8160-7564-5 8784:978-81-208-3269-5 8750:978-0-02897-135-3 8620:978-0-14-341421-6 8599:978-1-135-96390-3 8322:978-0-415-66557-5 8295:978-0-230-29808-8 8268:978-974-8304-72-4 8172:978-0-415-66557-5 7916:978-0-19-065492-4 7848:Guru Tegh Bahadur 7742:978-1-108-04642-8 7715:978-0-913215-26-5 7666:978-81-241-1064-5 7396:978-0-415-32920-0 7349:, pp. 66–67. 7241:History of Orissa 7210:978-81-260-1194-0 7183:978-81-250-1453-9 7074:978-93-80213-22-4 7047:978-93-80213-22-4 7020:978-93-80213-22-4 6956:978-81-242-0556-3 6839:, pp. 13–14. 6771:978-81-7835-041-7 6748:, pp. 17–18. 6533:978-0-521-43878-0 6389:978-81-8450-150-6 5748:978-1-57003-467-1 5710:, pp. 55–56. 5557:978-81-208-3462-0 5530:978-81-7625-226-3 5487:978-0-595-61452-3 5460:978-81-207-1660-5 5433:978-81-208-1235-2 5406:978-81-8495-024-3 5234:978-81-7835-041-7 5207:978-81-7120-226-3 5018:978-1-118-11077-5 4991:978-0-415-93919-5 4920:"Jagannatha Puri" 4807:978-81-246-0198-3 4781:, pp. 48–52. 4762:978-81-85094-14-4 4735:978-0-87779-044-0 4577:Mohanty, Surendra 4519:978-0-8239-3180-4 4197:978-93-80213-22-4 4165:978-81-8450-150-6 4005:, pp. 31–98. 3839:Mahesh, Serampore 3808:sanctum sanctorum 3761:Sanctum sanctorum 3558:(rainy season of 3400:Dharmic religions 3346:Claudius Buchanan 3253:The Sikh emperor 3099:) of Krishna, as 2967:Early Middle Ages 2934:drama in 1880 is 2926:drama written by 2920:Purushottama Dasa 2836:(or "Conquest of 2724:Jagannatha vijaya 2601:of Jaina symbol. 2483:Syncretic origins 2476:temple artworks. 2362:Jagannath in the 2312:Vaishnava origins 2167:Kubjikāmatatantra 2080:Mahayana Buddhism 2038:Datha-dhatu-vamsa 1912:ashvamedha yajnas 1848:According to the 1817:Markandeya Purana 1676:Prataparudra Deva 1598:Sudarshana Chakra 1250:Early Middle Ages 1162: 1150: 1134: 1133: 1028: 1027: 791:Satyabodha Tirtha 781:Satyanatha Tirtha 751:Raghuttama Tirtha 741:Pillai Lokacharya 736:Padmanabha Tirtha 648:Teachers—acharyas 579:Acintyabhedabheda 218:Important deities 155: 154: 97:Sudarshana Chakra 16:(Redirected from 10527: 10515:Forms of Krishna 10477: 10476: 10475: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10456: 10359:Bhagavata Purana 9968:Vāsudeva-Krishna 9915: 9908: 9901: 9892: 9891: 9878: 9877: 9677:Bhagavata Purana 9480:Patali Srikhetra 9420: 9419: 9410: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9341: 9340: 9276: 9241: 9213:Indian Epigraphy 9194: 9166: 9145: 9127: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9086: 9051: 9023:, Cuttack, 1964. 9009: 8981: 8965: 8945: 8889: 8886:978-09052-0-9173 8861: 8837: 8809: 8788: 8767: 8758: 8755:Encyclopedia.com 8724: 8693: 8665: 8640: 8624: 8603: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8564: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8451:. Archived from 8440: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8380: 8366: 8360: 8359: 8354: 8352: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8156: 8141: 8135: 8124: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8032: 8026: 8023: 8017: 8010: 8004: 8003: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7979: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7930: 7921: 7920: 7900: 7883: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7842: 7836: 7834: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7770: 7761: 7756: 7747: 7746: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7699: 7690: 7684: 7671: 7670: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7602: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7564: 7553: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7524: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7380: 7371: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7254: 7245: 7244: 7236: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7004: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6942: 6933: 6932: 6926: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6907:Dainik Statesman 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6798: 6789: 6776: 6775: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6700: 6691: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6653: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6593: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6553: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6521: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6486: 6485: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6456: 6450: 6439: 6438: 6437:. pp. 9–10. 6433:Das, Aniruddha. 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6409: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6311: 6305: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6172:Utkal University 6170:. Bhubaneshwar: 6169: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6033: 6027: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5962:, p. 18–21. 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5823: 5817: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5686: 5677: 5676: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5631:The Bhilsa Topes 5621: 5615: 5609: 5592: 5579:verse 10.155.3; 5578: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5373: 5367: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5171: 5165: 5164:, pp. 4–18. 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5138: 5129: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5106: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5060:. 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Archived from 4400: 4391: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4361: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4333:, pp. 5–16. 4328: 4315: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4280: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4217: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4181: 4170: 4169: 4149: 4140: 4134: 4123: 4117: 4102: 4096: 4085: 4079: 4070: 4064: 4055: 4049: 4040: 4034: 4023: 4017: 4006: 4000: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3796:Lingaraja temple 3713: 3704: 3617:Mausi Maa Temple 3495:Shri Hari Sayana 3481:Niladri Mahodaya 3441:François Bernier 3306:Guru Teg Bahadur 3247: 3238: 2981:Alarnatha Temple 2930:, the father of 2898:Jagannath temple 2686:and the tantric 2447: 2438: 2413:Stella Kramrisch 2248: 2104:Tantric Buddhism 1974:Buddhist origins 1716: 1637:Bhavishya Purana 1547: 1538: 1502: 1501: 1492: 1491: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1435: 1432:Surendra Mohanty 1372: 1366: 1365: 1328:Jagannath temple 1247: 1171:Hindu traditions 1168: 1157: 1155: 1149:romanized: 1148: 1146: 1123: 1122: 1109: 1108: 1095: 1094: 1081: 1080: 1067: 1066: 1053: 1052: 1039: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1013: 1006: 885: 649: 594:Ekasarana Dharma 531: 420: 219: 191: 182: 172: 157: 156: 51: 39: 38: 21: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10510:Forms of Vishnu 10485: 10484: 10483: 10473: 10471: 10461: 10459: 10451: 10449: 10444: 10418:Svayam Bhagavan 10406: 10344: 10306: 10218: 10212:Vraja Parikrama 10153: 10075:Other relatives 10070: 9993: 9982: 9924: 9919: 9889: 9884: 9866: 9810: 9783:Dinakrushna Das 9716: 9664: 9598: 9562: 9489: 9411: 9402: 9371: 9368: 9300:Wayback Machine 9284: 9279: 9273: 9238: 9191: 9163: 9103: 9101: 9083: 9048: 9006: 8963: 8942: 8887: 8858: 8834: 8806: 8785: 8751: 8690: 8621: 8600: 8581: 8576: 8575: 8562: 8560: 8559:on 12 June 2012 8547: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8530: 8521: 8520: 8516: 8508: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8472: 8468: 8458: 8456: 8455:on 29 June 2013 8441: 8437: 8427: 8425: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8378: 8376: 8368: 8367: 8363: 8350: 8348: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8323: 8307: 8303: 8296: 8280: 8276: 8269: 8253: 8249: 8236: 8232: 8219: 8215: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8157: 8144: 8140:, pp. 5–9. 8136: 8127: 8120: 8116: 8101: 8098:Wayback Machine 8091: 8087: 8072: 8068: 8033: 8029: 8024: 8020: 8011: 8007: 7996: 7992: 7970: 7966: 7958: 7954: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7901: 7886: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7843: 7839: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7772: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7700: 7693: 7685: 7674: 7667: 7651: 7647: 7640: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7600: 7594: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7532: 7530: 7522: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7408: 7404: 7397: 7381: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7333: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7306:Sahitya Akademi 7294: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7255: 7248: 7237: 7230: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7168: 7164: 7154: 7152: 7139: 7138: 7134: 7126: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7100: 7098: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7005: 6998: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6943: 6936: 6920: 6919: 6912: 6910: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6816: 6806: 6804: 6796: 6790: 6779: 6772: 6756: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6661: 6659: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6628:on 2 April 2013 6620: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6594: 6583: 6579:, pp. 1–2. 6575: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6551: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6489: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6459: 6451: 6442: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6407: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6374: 6370: 6362: 6355: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6312: 6308: 6293: 6289: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6233: 6229: 6204: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6034: 6030: 6022:, p. 128, 6020:Lochtefeld 2002 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5984:Srinivasan 2011 5982: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5917: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5870: 5866: 5858: 5854: 5824: 5820: 5808: 5804: 5795:, Bhubaneswar: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5595: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5515: 5511: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5374: 5370: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5335: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5275:Lochtefeld 2002 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5192: 5188: 5176:Asiatic Journal 5173: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5026: 5019: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4976: 4972: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4946: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4918:Vaishnava. Cz. 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4671: 4665: 4658: 4645: 4643: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4575: 4571: 4558: 4556: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4415:on 15 July 2013 4401: 4394: 4386: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4318: 4313:Wayback Machine 4304: 4300: 4292: 4283: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4182: 4173: 4166: 4150: 4143: 4135: 4126: 4118: 4105: 4097: 4088: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4043: 4035: 4026: 4018: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3868: 3816:Jaya and Vijaya 3727: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3706: 3705: 3689: 3683: 3564:Gundicha Temple 3544: 3538: 3507:Prarabana Yatra 3498:Utthapana Yatra 3475: 3469: 3412: 3393:James Fergusson 3326: 3295:Harmandir Sahib 3279:Gagan mai thaal 3267:the founder of 3263:In 1506 or 1508 3261: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3239: 3228: 3207:Delhi Sultanate 3203: 3198: 3163: 3138: 3102:Svayam Bhagavan 3051: 3029:Gopal (Krishna) 2959: 2928:Ramashankar Ray 2912:Odia literature 2830: 2828:Kanchi conquest 2822: 2785: 2753: 2745: 2672: 2664:Anangabhima III 2623: 2606:Jadunath Sarkar 2485: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2356: 2314: 2298:Mahapadma Nanda 2255: 2249: 2246: 1976: 1937: 1854:Vaiṣṇava Khaṇḍa 1846: 1841: 1774: 1762:Odia literature 1717: 1714: 1653: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1540: 1539: 1528: 1437: 1429: 1387: 1379:Gundicha Temple 1279:processions in 1034: 1033:Translations of 1024: 995: 994: 886: 883: 876: 875: 866:Vadiraja Tirtha 731:Srinivasacharya 651: 647: 639: 638: 541:Vishishtadvaita 532: 529: 522: 521: 473:Divya Prabandha 422: 419:Holy scriptures 418: 410: 409: 220: 217: 210: 209: 192: 189: 170: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10533: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10482: 10481: 10469: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10404: 10397: 10394:Brahma Samhita 10390: 10389: 10388: 10386:Krishna's role 10383: 10369: 10362: 10354: 10352: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10316: 10314: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10274: 10273: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10245:Govardhan Hill 10242: 10237: 10228: 10226: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10179: 10178: 10177: 10172: 10163: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10007: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9994: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9943:Gopala-Krishna 9940: 9934: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9918: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9895: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9882: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9852:Samkha Kshetra 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9818: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9801:Baladeba Ratha 9795: 9793:Upendra Bhanja 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9753:Jasobanta Dasa 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9724: 9722: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9612: 9610: 9604: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9570: 9568: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9426: 9424: 9417: 9413: 9412: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9372: 9367: 9366: 9359: 9352: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9290: 9283: 9282:External links 9280: 9278: 9277: 9272:978-1015025486 9271: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9236: 9221: 9208: 9201: 9195: 9189: 9174: 9167: 9161: 9146: 9137: 9128: 9113: 9087: 9081: 9066: 9052: 9046: 9031: 9024: 9017: 9010: 9004: 8989: 8982: 8973: 8966: 8961: 8946: 8940: 8925: 8920:Mishra, K.C.: 8918: 8913:Mishra, K.C.: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8872: 8865:Kulke, Hermann 8862: 8856: 8842:Kulke, Hermann 8838: 8832: 8817: 8810: 8804: 8798:. SUNY Press. 8789: 8783: 8768: 8759: 8749: 8725: 8707:(2): 213–230. 8694: 8688: 8674:Kulke, Hermann 8666: 8657: 8648: 8641: 8632: 8625: 8619: 8604: 8598: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8540: 8514: 8502: 8500:, p. 129. 8490: 8478: 8476:, p. 133. 8466: 8435: 8413: 8401: 8389: 8361: 8341:nilachakra.org 8328: 8321: 8301: 8294: 8274: 8267: 8247: 8230: 8213: 8194:(2): 191–200. 8178: 8171: 8142: 8125: 8114: 8111:. 6 June 2019. 8085: 8066: 8053:10.1086/697934 8027: 8018: 8005: 7990: 7964: 7952: 7941:(3): 297–303. 7922: 7915: 7884: 7864: 7857: 7837: 7818: 7811: 7791: 7779: 7762: 7748: 7741: 7721: 7714: 7691: 7672: 7665: 7645: 7638: 7618: 7588: 7576: 7565:on 30 May 2013 7540: 7510: 7503: 7483: 7476: 7456: 7449: 7429: 7422: 7402: 7395: 7372: 7363: 7351: 7347:Mukherjee 1981 7339: 7329:Jayanti Rath. 7321: 7314: 7288: 7286:, p. 149. 7276: 7269: 7246: 7228: 7216: 7209: 7189: 7182: 7162: 7132: 7130:, p. 120. 7120: 7108: 7080: 7073: 7064:Lord Jagannath 7053: 7046: 7037:Lord Jagannath 7026: 7019: 7010:Lord Jagannath 6996: 6982: 6962: 6955: 6934: 6889: 6887:, p. 388. 6877: 6865: 6863:, p. 347. 6853: 6851:, p. 341. 6841: 6829: 6814: 6777: 6770: 6750: 6738: 6720:Shiva Purana. 6712: 6681: 6669: 6639: 6613: 6607:978-0195148916 6606: 6581: 6577:Mukherjee 1981 6569: 6539: 6532: 6506: 6487: 6472: 6457: 6440: 6425: 6395: 6388: 6368: 6353: 6333: 6306: 6287: 6258: 6252:978-8170173755 6251: 6245:. p. 11. 6227: 6198: 6186: 6177: 6174:. p. 107. 6155: 6141: 6129: 6127:, pp. 55. 6117: 6111:978-0905209173 6110: 6090: 6083: 6059: 6053:978-0342257140 6052: 6028: 6012: 6010:, p. 188. 6000: 5988: 5986:, p. 182. 5976: 5974:, p. 109. 5964: 5952: 5950:, pp. 59. 5940: 5934:978-1888729108 5933: 5911: 5891: 5885:978-1104197568 5884: 5864: 5862:, p. 141. 5852: 5818: 5802: 5781: 5775:978-8121200646 5774: 5754: 5747: 5727: 5712: 5700: 5691:, p. 72, 5678: 5672:978-8121226509 5671: 5647: 5641:978-1013407505 5640: 5616: 5593: 5563: 5556: 5536: 5529: 5509: 5493: 5486: 5466: 5459: 5439: 5432: 5412: 5405: 5385: 5368: 5352: 5334:978-8120820494 5333: 5305: 5279: 5277:, p. 665. 5267: 5265:, pp. 64. 5255: 5240: 5233: 5213: 5206: 5186: 5166: 5154: 5121: 5092: 5089:. p. 319. 5075: 5064:on 28 May 2015 5041: 5024: 5017: 4997: 4990: 4970: 4937: 4910: 4879: 4843: 4813: 4806: 4783: 4768: 4761: 4741: 4734: 4708: 4689: 4656: 4628: 4614: 4585: 4569: 4537: 4535:, p. 537. 4525: 4518: 4492: 4486:978-0195148923 4485: 4465: 4456: 4426: 4392: 4377: 4347: 4335: 4316: 4298: 4281: 4241:Mukherjee 1981 4233: 4218: 4214:Mukherjee 1981 4203: 4196: 4187:Lord Jagannath 4171: 4164: 4141: 4124: 4120:Mukherjee 1981 4103: 4086: 4082:Mukherjee 1981 4071: 4069:, p. 151. 4056: 4041: 4024: 4007: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3972: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3767: 3764: 3718: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3685:Main article: 3682: 3679: 3540:Main article: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3511: 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10208: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10190:Gita Mahotsav 10188: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10149: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9996: 9989: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9958:Radha Krishna 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9916: 9911: 9909: 9904: 9902: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9881: 9873: 9872: 9869: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9847:Neela Madhava 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9788:Banamali Dasa 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9743:Balarama Dasa 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9719: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9707:Skanda Purana 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9697:Kapila Purana 9695: 9693: 9692: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9684:Brahma Purana 9681: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9667: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9616:Chandan Yatra 9614: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9605: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9494:Rest of India 9492: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9418: 9414: 9409: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9374: 9365: 9360: 9358: 9353: 9351: 9346: 9345: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9297: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9274: 9268: 9264: 9263: 9257: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9237:90-04-09673-6 9233: 9229: 9228: 9222: 9219: 9216:, New Delhi: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9206: 9203:Singh, N.K.: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9182: 9181: 9175: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9162:9788172111953 9158: 9154: 9153: 9147: 9143: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9074: 9073: 9067: 9065: 9064:81-7835-477-2 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9047:81-7305-051-1 9043: 9039: 9038: 9032: 9029: 9026:Panda, L.K.: 9025: 9022: 9019:Padhi, B.M.: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9001: 8997: 8996: 8990: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8962:9780226532394 8958: 8954: 8953: 8947: 8943: 8941:81-7625-747-8 8937: 8933: 8932: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8898: 8895: 8891: 8888: 8882: 8878: 8873: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8849: 8848: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8818: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8805:9780791487051 8801: 8797: 8796: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8769: 8765: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8737:Mircea Eliade 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8689:9788173046179 8685: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8633: 8630: 8627:Das, Bikram. 8626: 8622: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8605: 8601: 8595: 8592:. Routledge. 8591: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8570: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8512:, p. 48. 8511: 8506: 8499: 8494: 8488:, p. 10. 8487: 8482: 8475: 8470: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8439: 8423: 8417: 8411:, p. 40. 8410: 8405: 8399:, p. 16. 8398: 8393: 8386: 8375: 8371: 8365: 8358: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8324: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8305: 8297: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8278: 8270: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8251: 8243: 8242: 8234: 8226: 8225: 8217: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8182: 8174: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8139: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8123: 8118: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8031: 8022: 8015: 8009: 8001: 7994: 7986: 7985: 7977: 7976: 7968: 7961: 7956: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7929: 7927: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7881: 7880:81-7380-778-7 7877: 7873: 7868: 7860: 7858:9788170170303 7854: 7850: 7849: 7841: 7831: 7827: 7822: 7814: 7812:9788170992141 7808: 7804: 7803: 7795: 7788: 7783: 7775: 7769: 7767: 7760: 7755: 7753: 7744: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7725: 7717: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7698: 7696: 7688: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7668: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7649: 7641: 7639:9788178350417 7635: 7631: 7630: 7622: 7606: 7605:Orissa Review 7599: 7592: 7586:, p. 20. 7585: 7580: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7544: 7528: 7527:Orissa Review 7521: 7514: 7506: 7504:9780838751442 7500: 7496: 7495: 7487: 7479: 7477:9781578592593 7473: 7469: 7468: 7460: 7452: 7450:9780198035572 7446: 7442: 7441: 7433: 7425: 7423:9780231508438 7419: 7415: 7414: 7406: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7377: 7367: 7360: 7359:Rajaguru 1992 7355: 7348: 7343: 7332: 7325: 7317: 7315:81-260-1194-7 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7280: 7272: 7270:9788170992141 7266: 7262: 7261: 7253: 7251: 7242: 7235: 7233: 7225: 7220: 7212: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7193: 7185: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7166: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7129: 7124: 7117: 7112: 7097:on 4 May 2012 7096: 7092: 7091: 7084: 7076: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7057: 7049: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7030: 7022: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7003: 7001: 6985: 6983:9789380213224 6979: 6975: 6974: 6966: 6958: 6952: 6948: 6941: 6939: 6930: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6857: 6850: 6845: 6838: 6837:Sālabega 1998 6833: 6827:, p. 76. 6826: 6821: 6819: 6802: 6801:Orissa Review 6795: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6697: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6678: 6673: 6657: 6656:Orissa Review 6650: 6643: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6609: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6578: 6573: 6557: 6556:Odisha Review 6550: 6543: 6535: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6519: 6510: 6503: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6464: 6462: 6454: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6436: 6429: 6413: 6412:Orissa Review 6406: 6399: 6391: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6372: 6365: 6360: 6358: 6346: 6345: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6302: 6296: 6295:Mansinha 2021 6291: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6262: 6254: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6231: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6181: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6151: 6150:"JÑĀNASIDDHI" 6145: 6139:, p. 57. 6138: 6133: 6126: 6121: 6113: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6086: 6084:9780836417548 6080: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6024:Buddha Avatar 6021: 6016: 6009: 6004: 5998:, p. 96. 5997: 5992: 5985: 5980: 5973: 5968: 5961: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5936: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5904: 5903: 5895: 5887: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5868: 5861: 5856: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5838:(1), London: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5785: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5758: 5750: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5731: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5696: 5690: 5689:Mansinha 2021 5685: 5683: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5651: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5577:. Wikisource. 5576: 5575: 5567: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5540: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5513: 5505: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5416: 5408: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5381: 5380: 5372: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327:. p. 2. 5326: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5245: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5217: 5209: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5158: 5142: 5141:Orissa Review 5135: 5128: 5126: 5110: 5109:Orissa Review 5103: 5096: 5088: 5087: 5079: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5046: 5038: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5001: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4974: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4942: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4898: 4894: 4893:Vaishnav News 4890: 4883: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4847: 4831: 4830:Orissa Review 4824: 4817: 4809: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4745: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4677: 4676:Orissa Review 4670: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4624: 4618: 4611: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4555: 4554:Orissa Review 4548: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4505: 4496: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4469: 4460: 4444: 4443:Orissa Review 4437: 4430: 4414: 4410: 4409:The Telegraph 4406: 4399: 4397: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4365: 4364:Orissa Review 4358: 4351: 4345:, p. 72. 4344: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4253:Rajaguru 1992 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4199: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4146: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4084:, p. 67. 4083: 4078: 4076: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4021: 4020:Rajaguru 1992 4016: 4014: 4012: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3976: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3872:Hindu deities 3870: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659:Ganga dynasty 3655: 3653: 3652:Parlakhemundi 3649: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3624:Pahandi vijay 3620: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3598:Gajapati king 3595: 3594:chhera pahara 3590: 3588: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3548: 3543: 3533: 3528: 3527:Chandan Yatra 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510:Pusyabhisheka 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3384:The Panoplist 3381: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287:Rehraas Sahib 3284: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3246: 3237: 3223: 3219: 3217: 3212: 3211:Mughal Empire 3208: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3184:, Ganesh and 3183: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3070:(present day 3069: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3044: 3043:Hera-Panchami 3040: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2936:Kanchi Kaveri 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2916:Kanchi Kaveri 2913: 2908: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2855:Oriya culture 2851: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2757:Brahma Purana 2748: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2656: 2652: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2599:Dharma Chakra 2594: 2592: 2588: 2587:Kalika Purana 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2456: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2401:Verrier Elwin 2399:According to 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2283:Baisi Pahacha 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2265:to many Jain 2264: 2260: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2181:Padmasambhava 2178: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008:Kanaganahalli 2004: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904:Skanda Purana 1896: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1859:Skanda Purana 1855: 1851: 1844:Skanda Purana 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1772:Tantric deity 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1579: 1578: 1577:Urdhva Pundra 1573: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1546: 1537: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1496: 1486: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441:Odia language 1436: 1433: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1391: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1160: 1154: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1126: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1001: 999: 998: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 959: 956: 955: 954: 951: 949: 946: 942: 939: 938: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 880: 879: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 856:Viṭṭhalanātha 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 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291: 287: 286: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 222: 214: 213: 206: 202: 198: 195: 194: 190:Supreme deity 186: 185: 181: 177: 176: 173: 168: 167: 163: 159: 158: 151: 148: 144: 141: 137: 134: 130: 125: 122: 119: 117: 113: 110: 107: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 87: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 68: 64: 61: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10401:Uddhava Gita 10399: 10392: 10378: 10371: 10366:Gita Govinda 10364: 10357: 10146: 10056: 9952: 9938:Bala Krishna 9822:Odissi music 9798: 9763:Achyutananda 9702:Madala Panji 9691:Gita Govinda 9689: 9682: 9675: 9631:Nabakalebara 9589:South Africa 9531: 9470:Chhatia Bata 9382: 9261: 9252: 9245: 9226: 9211: 9204: 9198: 9179: 9170: 9169:Sahu, N.K.: 9151: 9141: 9131: 9118: 9102:. 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Retrieved 4363: 4350: 4338: 4301: 4294:Patnaik 1994 4269:Patnaik 1994 4236: 4186: 4154: 3975: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3859: 3847: 3836: 3805: 3793: 3747: 3743:Amalakashila 3728: 3691: 3690: 3663:Friar Odoric 3656: 3640: 3635: 3632:bahuda yatra 3631: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3613:Chera pahara 3612: 3611: 3602:Chera Pahara 3601: 3593: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3553: 3531: 3476: 3461: 3453: 3445: 3433: 3397: 3379: 3378:In his book 3377: 3366: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3335: 3310:Ranjit Singh 3303: 3262: 3255:Ranjit Singh 3220: 3204: 3179: 3164: 3147: 3107: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3067:Gauda region 3065: 3052: 3032: 3026: 3014:Gita Govinda 3013: 3001:Gita Govinda 2999: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2970: 2960: 2940: 2935: 2915: 2909: 2905:Odissi dance 2902: 2891: 2888: 2880: 2871: 2847: 2833: 2831: 2823: 2800:performed a 2791: 2786: 2777: 2754: 2746: 2737: 2729:Shankaradeva 2723: 2719:Rasa kallola 2718: 2716: 2703: 2699: 2696:Para Brahman 2691: 2680:Purushottama 2673: 2661: 2640:Purushottama 2635:Madala Panji 2632: 2611: 2603: 2595: 2590: 2582: 2576: 2559:Shiva Purana 2544: 2521: 2486: 2478: 2462: 2424: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2343: 2339: 2306: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2270: 2262: 2256: 2253:Jain origins 2241: 2236: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2202: 2184: 2170: 2152: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2127:Gita Govinda 2122: 2119:Buddhavatara 2118: 2115:Vishnu Puran 2114: 2112: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2082:traditions. 2075: 2069: 2067: 2042: 2036: 2021: 2016:Dharmachakra 1968: 1962: 1959:Purushottama 1958: 1954: 1946: 1940: 1938: 1903: 1901: 1884: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1782: 1775: 1755: 1726: 1719: 1704:Purushottama 1681: 1675: 1672:Purushottama 1668:Para Brahman 1661: 1654: 1640: 1630: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1582: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1519: 1515: 1507: 1505: 1494: 1484: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1348: 1292:Chhattisgarh 1285: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1243: 1202:Para Brahman 1200: 1196:Purushottama 1194: 1181:'s) brother 1136: 1135: 926:Jagannathism 925: 871:Yamunacharya 816:Swaminarayan 701:Madhvacharya 681:Jiva Goswami 624:Swaminarayan 586: 561:Dvaitadvaita 551:Śuddhādvaita 478:Gita Govinda 460: 453: 446: 308: 67:Para Brahman 36: 10428:Dashavatara 10373:Mahabharata 10260:Kurukshetra 10175:Vaishnavism 10010:Ashtabharya 9978:Other names 9842:Nila Chakra 9827:Gahana Vije 9758:Ananta Dasa 9738:Sarala Dasa 9728:Indradyumna 9712:Dahuka boli 9648:Snana Yatra 9460:Bhubaneswar 9320:Ratha Yatra 9207:, Volume 1. 9104:20 February 8703:. 3rd Ser. 8533:28 November 8498:Starza 1993 8486:Mitter 1977 8474:Starza 1993 8459:28 November 8428:28 November 8397:Starza 1993 8379:21 December 7687:Starza 1993 7611:23 November 7584:Starza 1993 7569:25 November 7533:23 November 7155:30 November 7101:17 February 6989:28 November 6825:Starza 1993 6677:Starza 1993 6562:29 November 6502:Starza 1993 6468:Starza 1993 6453:Starza 1993 6418:29 November 6137:Starza 1993 6125:Starza 1993 5948:Starza 1993 5799:, p. 2 5723:Starza 1993 5708:Starza 1993 5360:Bakker 2004 5345:21 November 5298:17 February 5263:Starza 1993 5147:28 November 5114:27 November 4963:27 November 4930:27 November 4903:27 November 4872:30 November 4836:27 November 4779:Starza 1993 4704:Starza 1993 4646:11 December 4604:10 December 4559:10 December 4343:Starza 1993 4261:Starza 1993 4137:Starza 1993 4037:Starza 1993 3897:Ratha Yatra 3812:garbhagriha 3770:Nata mandir 3739:Pancharatha 3536:Ratha Yatra 3490:Ratha Yatra 3485:Snana Yatra 3389:W.W. Hunter 3205:During the 3114:West Bengal 2814:Indradyumna 2810:Mahabharata 2773:Vishwakarma 2761:Indradyumna 2564:Shri Yantra 2497:Vaishnavism 2334:Krishnanada 2267:Tirthankars 2247:Sarala Dasa 2231:Sarala Dasa 2169:, mentions 2154:Jñānasiddhi 2139:Ratha-Yatra 2129:, the poet 2110:practices. 2088:Ratha-Yatra 2071:Ratha-Yatra 2049:Brahmadatta 1957:as same as 1872:Nilamadhava 1864:Indradyumna 1829:Maharashtra 1758:Dashavatara 1698:Sakhas of 1696:Vaishnavite 1684:Sarala Dasa 1618:Dadhi Vaman 1592:and sister 1526:Iconography 1512:Sora people 1469:Dāruēdebatā 1465:Darubrahman 1395:Bhubaneswar 1370:Śrī Mandira 1364:ଶ୍ରୀ ମନ୍ଦିର 1355:Garbhagruha 1351:Ratha yatra 1296:West Bengal 1277:Ratha Yatra 1211:Krishnaites 980:Kabir panth 901:Pancharatra 896:Vaikhanasas 891:Bhagavatism 861:Vyasatirtha 851:Vishnuswami 821:Sripadaraja 661:Chakradhara 599:Mahanubhava 530:Sampradayas 455:Mahabharata 442:Pancharatra 294:Dhanvantari 288:Other forms 225:Dashavatara 171:Vaishnavism 150:Mahalakshmi 109:Panchajanya 63:Vaishnavism 59:Affiliation 10520:Hindu gods 10489:Categories 10290:Pandharpur 10224:Holy sites 10181:Festivals 10170:Krishnaism 10040:Mitravinda 10020:Satyabhama 9963:Shrinathji 9832:Mahaprasad 9799:Kabisurjya 9658:Suna Besha 9643:Rath Yatra 9621:Dola Yatra 9465:Kendrapara 9388:Balabhadra 9016:, Cuttack. 9005:8120602293 8733:"Kṛṣṇaism" 8647:. Cuttack. 8138:Patra 2011 7833:(in Hindi) 6885:Dalal 2010 6873:Dalal 2010 6861:Dalal 2010 6849:Dalal 2010 6807:4 December 6746:Patra 2011 6662:2 December 6632:2 December 6328:B08SBVZDYK 6282:1391872675 6241:. London: 6222:1179182033 6194:Patra 2011 5860:Misra 2007 5612:Misra 2007 5423:Vaisnavism 5251:Patra 2011 5162:Patra 2011 5068:1 December 4682:21 October 4419:1 December 4388:Miśra 2005 4370:21 October 4331:Patra 2011 4277:Miśra 2005 4249:Hardy 1987 4099:Hardy 1987 4052:Miśra 2005 3987:References 3774:Jaga mohan 3667:Marco Polo 3648:Mayurbhanj 3636:poda pitha 3586:juggernaut 3519:Dola Yatra 3514:Uttarayana 3354:Juggernaut 3350:Juggernaut 3342:Juggernaut 3314:Koh-i-Noor 3265:Guru Nanak 3118:Durga Puja 3076:Bangladesh 2893:jaga mohan 2769:Vaishnavas 2583:mahaprasad 2572:Sheshanaga 2568:bijamantra 2509:Krishnaite 2347:Linga-yoni 2322:Kendrapara 2229:Odia poet 2199:Mahākaruṇā 2145:Indrabhuti 2096:daitapatis 2053:Tamralipta 2012:Nilachakra 1949:. Acharya 1926:to invite 1924:Brahmaloka 1821:Markandeya 1805:Balabhadra 1651:Attributes 1590:Balabhadra 1485:Chakānayan 1474:ଦାରୁ ଦେବତା 1453:Jagabandhu 1375:temple car 1324:Bangladesh 1272:juggernaut 1254:Krishnaism 1205:. To most 1199:, and the 1183:Balabhadra 1166:Juggernaut 1153:Jagannātha 1137:Jagannatha 985:Dadu panth 948:Pushtimarg 921:Krishnaism 761:Ram Charan 686:Jñāneśvara 676:Jayatirtha 666:Dadu Dayal 571:Tattvavada 437:Vaikhanasa 432:Upanishads 329:Shrinathji 257:Parasurama 136:Balabhadra 42:Jagannatha 10495:Jagannath 10330:Mora Well 10312:Epigraphy 10285:Nathdwara 10280:Guruvayur 10250:Vrindavan 10117:Pradyumna 10082:Aniruddha 10045:Lakshmana 10035:Nagnajiti 10025:Jambavati 9953:Jagannath 9608:Festivals 9553:Medinipur 9543:Hyderabad 9516:Bangalore 9506:Ahmedabad 9475:Dharakote 9383:Jagannath 8721:162316166 8208:163518878 8061:0018-2710 6558:: 113–118 5960:Holt 2008 5143:: 109–110 4957:Srimandir 3850:Somavamsi 3800:Kalingaan 3789:Jharkhand 3755:Deula or 3467:Festivals 3410:Influence 3170:Annapurna 3126:Sankirtan 3058:Vaishnava 3041:. During 2704:chaitanya 2466:Narasimha 2455:Narasimha 2364:Narasimha 2207:Tathāgata 2195:Lokeśvara 2191:Śāriputra 2123:kali yuga 2044:Culavamsa 1961:and this 1955:apurusham 1947:apurusham 1931:to Gala. 1852:(part of 1819:the sage 1815:. In the 1797:Shaivites 1723:Narasimha 1715:Dipti Ray 1457:Jagannath 1451:(ଜଗା) or 1445:Jagannath 1418:Jagannath 1402:Jagannath 1385:Etymology 1338:style of 1332:Char Dham 1300:Jharkhand 1207:Vaishnava 965:Ramanandi 916:Munitraya 911:Vadakalai 846:Vidyapati 811:Sankardev 766:Ramananda 721:Nathamuni 716:Nammalvar 696:Madhavdev 671:Harivansh 656:Chaitanya 497:Bhagavata 468:Harivamsa 309:Jagannath 304:Hayagriva 247:Narasimha 127:Genealogy 18:Jaganatha 10467:Hinduism 10411:See also 10335:Naneghat 10265:Jyotisar 10137:Vasudeva 10132:Ugrasena 10127:Subhadra 10092:Balarama 9998:Consorts 9880:Category 9837:Nilachal 9815:See also 9768:Salabega 9733:Jayadeva 9721:Devotees 9626:Panchaka 9501:Agartala 9455:Nayagarh 9440:Baripada 9435:Gundicha 9393:Subhadra 9296:Archived 9098:Archived 8731:(1987). 8510:Das 1982 8449:IBN Live 8409:Das 1982 8096:and the 7284:Ray 2007 7224:Das 1982 7128:Das 1982 6923:cite web 6731:27 March 6705:28 April 6364:Das 2008 5848:25207562 5589:अपूरुषम् 5574:Rig Veda 5339:Archived 4449:10 March 4309:Archived 4265:Ray 1993 4257:Guy 1992 4067:Ray 2007 3882:Ideogram 3866:See also 3671:Genovese 3606:Kalingan 3457:idolatry 3362:Golgatha 3338:Calcutta 3299:Amritsar 3174:Tantrics 3084:Narayana 3034:Gopinath 2996:Jayadeva 2977:Ramanuja 2842:Gajapati 2793:Ramayana 2688:Bhairava 2684:Narayana 2676:theology 2670:Theology 2555:Shaktism 2551:Tantrism 2513:Balarama 2505:Buddhism 2493:Shaktism 2489:Shaivism 2425:Anga pen 2417:Anga pen 2275:Kaivalya 2271:Jinanath 2245:— 2149:Oddiyana 2131:Jayadeva 2100:Oddiyana 2024:Buddhist 1992:Triratna 1920:Subhadra 1916:Balarama 1880:Nilagiri 1809:Subhadra 1785:Bhairava 1743:Tulsidas 1713:— 1688:Avataras 1594:Subhadra 1500:ଚକା ଡୋଳା 1495:Cakāḍōḷā 1406:Sanskrit 1235:Bhairava 1233:form of 1187:Subhadra 1059:Assamese 1045:Sanskrit 936:Sahajiya 931:Haridasa 906:Tenkalai 836:Vallabha 831:Tulsidas 771:Ramanuja 726:Nimbarka 711:Namadeva 619:Sant Mat 614:Ramsnehi 502:Naradiya 462:Ramayana 346:Consorts 267:Balarama 162:a series 160:Part of 140:Subhadra 132:Siblings 77:Nilachal 10453:Portals 10255:Dvaraka 10235:Mathura 10159:Worship 10142:Yashoda 10030:Kalindi 10015:Rukmini 9973:Vithoba 9948:Govinda 9922:Krishna 9594:Sialkot 9579:Dhamrai 9574:Comilla 9521:Chennai 9450:Koraput 9445:Gunupur 9416:Temples 9376:Deities 9111:Alt URL 8739:(ed.). 8108:YouTube 7789: 7529:: 66–69 6913:28 June 5842:: 1–8, 5585:यद्दारु 4959:: 21–23 4832:: 58–60 4678:: 80–84 4445:: 24–27 4366:: 74–77 3860:prakara 3820:granite 3735:Kalinga 3681:Temples 3578:). 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