519:. However, this was disputed by Minawi and Ladjal, arguing relations were improving between the Senussis and the Ottomans. Miwawi further elaborated on this situation by explaining that Mahdi Al-Senussi wanted to escape the challenge to authority he had over the Bedouin tribes presented by the kaymakamlik created in Jaghbub, which was operated by Tripoli administrators. Other sources have insisted that this escape was done to flee the conflicts that Senussi faced over his heretical views. Everd-Pritchard argued that the move to Jaghbub may have occurred since the Senussis did not consider the Ottomans to be the Caliphs of Islam. Vandewalle stands out among other sources for asserting that Jaghbub became a capital for Senussi operations beginning in 1855, and for asserting that the location was chosen to avoid French confrontation. Zalewski insisted that the initial move was done to avoid Ottoman, French, and Egyptian involvement in their affairs.
398:
Egypt, but under what treaty is unclear. A dissertation by
Donnarumma argues this occurs within the context of Italy and Britain sharing the Mediterranean sea. Eventually, a treaty was signed between Italy and Egypt which transferred Jaghbub to Italy on December 6, 1925. This treaty was sometimes referred to as the treaty of Jaghbub. To avoid Bedouin arrest, the Egyptian government asked the Italians to respect the religion of the locals and to protect the grand Senussi's tomb. After the treaty was signed, debate persisted on whether the locals of Jaghbub would be able to choose their nationality. In their historical analysis, Rappas argues that the deal was agreed to by Britain to improve relations with Italy in an effort to check French power in Europe. Around the same year the treaty was signed, the capital for Senussi operations was moved from Jaghbub to
394:
possible without controlling the city. Egypt repeatedly emphasized their concerns for not wanting to cede
Jaghbub to Italy, citing multiple issues over potential Arab unrest in Egypt, concerns that they would be losing a strategic location, that the promise was made by the British during the first world war, and that the desire to quell the Senussis could be an excuse to demand other Egyptian oasis towns. From the British perspective, people like Fathi considered Jaghbub to be Egyptian lands from a French and a German map. However, Fathi was willing to trade Jaghbub for a piece of territory. As the diplomatic conflict persisted, Italy made their intentions to occupy Jaghbub through force clear.
409:, which was a 270 km long wall that stretched from the Mediterranean coastline all the way to Jaghbub. This wall was made in part from barbed wire. The construction of the wall allowed the Italians to control cross border movement supporting Alwad Ali and prevent rebel leaders, particularly Omar Mukhtar, from escaping into Egypt. Around early 1926, with the help of the Frontier Wire, the Italians were able to successfully occupy Jaghbub, quelling the Senussi armed movement. In 1928, Senussis flocked from Kufra as the Italians had managed to occupy the region, moving back to Jaghbub. By 1932, Jaghbub began to lose its prominence as a trading center.
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important for the
Senussi movement because its location and nomads in the region that were attracted to the Senussi message. Running Senussi operations from Jaghbub also allowed their work to be disentangled from that of any particular tribe. Moreover, the town was along a pilgrimage route to Mecca, and additional sources point to Jaghbub being founded along a trade route. The Senussi's would actively work there to spread their religious influence.
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large dome and was described by Cresti as being the iconic focus of the city. The tomb of the grand
Senussi in particular was housed in gold-like covering. A minaret also used to be part of the religious complex. Cresti points to the source of the architectural design of the Qabba to being associated with revivalist-religious Egyptian architecture.
553:
There was even variation between sources on the length of the fence. Vandewalle claimed that the fence was 300 km long. However, the majority of others point to the fence being 270 km long. One source that supports this assertion written by
Michael Ebner claims the length of the fence to be
527:
One source claims that the
British directed the Italians to negotiate the border issue with the Egyptians themselves. However, seeing that British officials like Fathi also had an interest in the issue, more research and secondary sources are needed to clarify what is meant. Alternatively, this could
501:
The Zawiya in
Jaghbub underwent significant redesign circa the 1870s, which changed its size, shape, and added a wall to the city. This wall had a distinct trapezoidal shape from an aerial view. The Qabba there, which housed the tombs of the grand Senussi and his family members, was ornamented with a
484:
reign, the graves of historical figures in
Jaghbub were targeted. The Senussi college and mosque there were ordered to be demolished in 1984. As a part of the demolition process, the bodies of Senussi and his brother in law were either excavated and dumped in the desert or were stolen. A news article
337:
Both the
Ottoman and British Empires laid claim on Jaghbub in the years before the First World War. Through the duration of the Italo-Turkish war, the British Empire considered Jaghbub to be British territory. By 1912, Jaghbub had reemerged as a center of Senussi power. This began diplomatic disputes
373:
was able to make a deal with Italy to make himself Amir of
Cyrenacia and which would give autonomy to Jaghbub along with other towns. In return, they agreed to the Legge Fondamentale of Italy, to not tax locals beyond what was normal, and to disband their armies. However, they never followed through
544:
The question of who or what made the transition of moving the Senussi capital from Jaghbub to Kufra in 1895 also remains disputed. Some sources credit the move to Sheikh al-Mahdi. However, Minawi stands out for implying the date of the move was 1896, and that mosque members incentivized the move to
514:
It appears to be a critical and repeatedly mentioned narrative within secondary sources, and particularly in a dissertation by Ahmida that Senussi moved over to Jaghbub in 1856 in order to escape Ottoman surveillance or interference. However, Osman disputes this, arguing that Jaghbub's location in
397:
Initially, the British were completely hostile to the idea of transferring Jaghbub to Italy, though they promised to not "encroach" on Italian lands. Complicating the situation was how the British had promised to transfer Jaghbub to Italian control in exchange for Italy ceding the Sallum region to
352:
had been acting on behalf of the Italians in secret negotiations between the Khedive of Egypt and Italy to transfer Jaghbub to Italy. More specifically, the Khedive was discovered to have been bribed for doing this. Rodd would later note to the Italian government to stop using the Khedive for the
531:
There appears to be agreement that Jaghbub was promised to the Italians by the British, but under what treaty has been disputed. Donnarumma claims this promise was made under the treaty of London in return for transferring the Sallum area to Egypt. However, Ammann clarifies the town was promised
361:
Sayyid arrested Al-Baruni and Hilal in a prison in Jaghbub after Hilal agreed to a plot rejected by Ahmad al-Sharif to get the Senussis to fight the British. However, in 1916 Sayyid Ahmad al-Sharif agreed to open an Ottoman front against the British, sending 500 troops through Jaghbub to occupy
306:
movement, and remained so from 1856 to 1895. The role of Jaghbub as a capital was demonstrated through how regional Senussi sheiks would meet annually in Jaghbub to report and discuss the situation at the zawiyas they ran. Senussi ended up dying in Jaghbub in 1859. Jaghbub became a particularly
393:
As a result, a diplomatic situation arose between Italy and Egypt, with Italy claiming that Egypt was not supposed to own Jaghbub according to a map made around 1841. Amman has argued that Italian desire to control Jaghbub came from the desire to quell the Senussi movement, which would not be
310:
The Zawiya founded by Senussi became a site of Islamic intellectual learning and Senussi military training, including horseback training. It would draw in students all across North Africa. Notable figures, such as the poet Rajab Hamad Buhwaish al-Minifi, were educated in Jaghbub. In addition,
457:
of the Italian empire postwar. Though some suggestions were made to transfer Jaghbub back into Egyptian control as an autonomous province, an Egyptian ambassador to Britain and a British North African military leader were hesitant to do this out of fear of angering Arab populations and being
540:
Some sources claim that the move away from Jaghbub was done to avoid disputes and situations with the Ottomans. However, other sources particularly stress this move was more the Senussis seeing greater opportunity to expand their influence from making this move. Klaus suggests part of this
967:
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In 1926, an Italian geographer and geologist Desai went to Jaghbub to learn more about geology and geography there. James Holland was the first documented American to have traveled to Jaghbub, where he took pictures of famous Senussi figures.
493:
Cresti points to all of the religious historical sites in Jaghbub being destroyed in concert with the grave desecration of the Senussis ordered by Gaddafi. They also note that photos of these religious sites however can be obtained at the
273:
that extends below sea level. This depression, an area lower than the surrounding region, reaches to about -10 m. The basin of the region is made up of a thin layer of sandy clay. The sand here has the ability to accumulate into waves.
505:
Old photos of the city show the presence of the existence of old windmills no longer in use. In addition, one of the structures in Jaghbub that utilized an arch was given a stucco decoration after Italy asserted control over the city.
365:
The Italians were concerned by the possibility that British corporations might start building infrastructure in Jaghbub, which could counter Italian influence. In response, debates would begin to ensue over what to do about Jaghbub.
353:
negotiations. Robert Vansittart warned the Khedive that he would be removed from power if something like that were to happen again. Grey would note to an ambassador in London that Britain would not cede Jaghbub as a part of a deal.
322:. During this time, the Turkish governor of Awjala grew angry with how tribespeople were sending massive quantities of grain to Jaghbub as tribute to the Senussis when they often resisted to paying the Ottoman Empire taxes.
390:, Jahgbub became a target for being known to be a major center of rebel organization. Jaghbub had been known to be a conduit for cross border supply transfers for the Senussis from Egyptian sources.
515:
the path of camel caravan mecca pilgrimage route is why the Senussis chose it as a base of their operations. Yet Shibeika claimed this move was done in light of worsening relations with the
437:
resisted a siege by mostly Australian troops for three months before being forced to surrender on 23 March 1941. The resistance of the Italian troops was celebrated by the
345:, Sayyid Ahmad, and other Ottoman officers at Jaghbub, the Ottoman officers decided to continue resistance against Italian forces, though they could only do so up to 1913.
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Through the latter part of the 19th century, Jaghbub began to attract a small population of migrants escaping Ottoman expropriation of their property in
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written by Michel Cousins asserted that this move failed, as around 2011 pro-Senussi sentiment was likely the highest it had been since the 1960s.
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made in 1942 depicted the conquest of an Italian fort in Libya. Also, Giarabub is the subject of an Italian WW2 war song "La Sagra di Giarabub".
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Jaghbub has grown from roughly 466 people in 1950, 884 in 1970, 2,220 people in 2000, to around 2,960 people with a median age of 29 as of 2023.
1786:
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257:. The town remains highly obscure, in spite of the substantial colonial history the city holds. The town was the birthplace of
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opportunity came from the desire to strengthen critical trade routes, which would have been difficult to do from Jaghbub.
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was provided with military training in Jaghbub as well. Moreover, Abd al-Mut'al would also stay in Jaghbub for some time.
2334:
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2121:
Zurqani, Hamdi A.; Mikhailova, Elena A.; Post, Christopher J.; Schlautman, Mark A.; Elhawej, Azzeddin R. (18 May 2019).
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with disbanding their armies. These events occurred within the context of the background towards the start of the
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under the Milner Scialoia agreement of 1920, with Milner and Sciaola agreeing to it because of the London pact.
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between Britain and Italy over control of the town as the Senussis were actively resisting Italy from the town.
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acquired a grant to purchase vast swaths of Libyan land southwest of Jaghbub, where it eventually struck oil.
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points to him being the founder of Jaghbub. As a result, Jaghbub became the metaphorical capital for the
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In the 1880s Jaghbub was receiving smuggled weapons shipments from the Ottoman Empire through the
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The Italian Invasion of Libya in 1911 and the Nineteen Years of Libyan Resistance
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Jaghbub was an oasis associated with providing dates to caravan travelers.
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The Origin and Spread of a Religious Order: The Makashfiya of the Sudan
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be an outright contradiction in which one of the sources is incorrect.
477:, Jaghbub was the site of a prominent battle which killed 2000 people.
405:
After Italy retained control over Jaghbub, they began to construct the
246:
2262:
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In 1913, it was uncovered that Dr. Izzet-el-Gindi, sent by the
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During Italy's suppression campaign and in the context of the
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16:"Giarabub" redirects here. For the 1942 Italian film, see
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The construction of the fence was dramatized in the film
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than to any Libyan town of note. The oasis is located in
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253:and was the administrative seat of the Jaghbub
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269:The Jaghbub oasis is located in a deep
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282:Jaghbub was founded in the year 1856.
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1992:
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1368:10.1080/09592290701322408
1328:10.1017/S0020743820000975
972:(1st ed.). Routledge
753:10.1080/09592290902813114
598:. In addition, the movie
294:established an important
195:
187:
182:
174:
162:
152:
132:
97:
63:
54:
47:
31:
2732:Protected areas of Libya
2512:El Naggaza National Park
2483:Protected areas of Libya
2074:10.1017/CBO9781139094580
1935:Shibeika, M. E. (1949).
1546:10.1177/0265691415587684
1503:10.1525/caa.2020.13.1.23
1417:Bugaighis, Saad (2011).
1281:Minawi, Mostafa (2016).
768:
388:Second Italo-Senussi War
376:Second Italo-Senussi War
178:−30 ft (−10 m)
2507:Karabolli National Park
2497:Abughilan National Park
2220:Sorlin, Pierre (1996).
1671:Hüsken, Thomas (2019).
1440:Anderson, Lisa (2014).
1391:The Contemporary Review
570:
545:Kufra by moving there.
255:Basic People's Congress
2522:Sabratha National Park
1993:Feder, Milton (1960).
1877:Hodson, H. V. (1978).
1791:Middle Eastern Studies
1088:Forum on Public Policy
536:Move away from Jaghbub
300:Encyclopedia of Africa
230:
2579:Ain Elshakika Wetland
2572:Other protected areas
2502:El-Kouf National Park
2285:World War II Database
1766:World War II Database
1291:10.1515/9780804799294
1111:Science & Society
648:International Affairs
341:In a meeting between
117:29.74250°N 24.51694°E
2527:Surman National Park
2281:"Battle of Giarabub"
2224:. Psychology Press.
1785:Kelly, Saul (2014).
1762:"Battle of Giarabub"
1617:. pp. 197–218.
822:. 139–140: 242–257.
640:Recommended readings
458:perceived as harsh.
2584:Ain Elzarga Wetland
2517:Rajma National Park
2140:10.3390/land8050082
1880:The Annual Register
1729:1941Natur.147..223.
1145:. pp. 93–163.
828:2012Geomo.139..242G
714:2016JAsGe...5..451S
549:Length of the Fence
523:Senussi suppression
421:was fought between
382:Senussi Suppression
113: /
2737:Baladiyat of Libya
2660:Ouau en Namu lakes
2548:Bier Ayyad Reserve
2389:Towns and villages
2176:10.1017/lis.2019.9
1199:10.1002/johs.12348
681:10.1017/lis.2017.3
624:Districts of Libya
595:Lion of the Desert
554:270 km long.
455:colonial territory
435:Salvatore Castagna
333:Before World War I
261:on 12 March 1890.
188: • Total
122:29.74250; 24.51694
2742:Villages in Libya
2709:
2708:
2670:Rajma plantations
2449:
2448:
2271:978-3-030-00144-5
2231:978-0-415-11697-8
2083:978-1-107-01939-3
1890:978-0-582-50225-3
1690:978-3-319-92341-3
1657:978-1-78743-003-7
1632:978-3-319-62922-3
1451:978-0-691-05462-9
1300:978-0-8047-9929-4
1234:978-1-136-78442-2
1160:978-3-030-00144-5
1143:Across the Sahara
1069:978-1-5036-0557-2
903:(1): 37–66, 129.
793:978-9959-854-10-0
419:Siege of Giarabub
212:
211:
89:Location in Libya
2749:
2600:Al Jaghbub Oasis
2543:Benghazi Reserve
2476:
2469:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2383:
2349:
2348:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2279:Chen, Peter, C.
2275:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2061:
2050:
2049:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1797:(6): 1006–1026.
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1760:Chen, C. Peter.
1757:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1738:10.1038/147223a0
1709:
1703:
1702:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1414:
1403:
1402:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1351:
1340:
1339:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1278:
1265:
1264:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1138:
1127:
1126:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1055:
1032:
1031:
1015:
1002:
1001:
995:
991:
989:
981:
979:
977:
963:
957:
956:
940:
921:
920:
892:
857:
856:
846:
840:
839:
815:
809:
804:
798:
797:
779:
764:
735:
725:
692:
663:
654:(5): 1031–1044.
629:Al Jaghbub Oasis
350:Egyptian Khedive
235:Al Jaghbub Oasis
224:
145:
143:
142:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
79:
78:
72:
59:
42:
41:
40:
29:
28:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2695:Taoulga islands
2675:Sebkha el Sahel
2635:Harouj Mountain
2567:
2558:Tripoli Reserve
2531:
2485:
2480:
2450:
2445:
2384:
2375:
2357:
2351:Butnan District
2343:
2341:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2272:
2256:
2254:Further reading
2251:
2250:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2218:
2214:
2195:
2191:
2160:
2156:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2062:
2053:
2030:10.2307/1156202
2014:
2010:
1991:
1987:
1950:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1910:
1906:
1891:
1875:
1871:
1830:
1826:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1754:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1691:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1611:
1604:
1581:10.2307/1157070
1565:
1561:
1530:
1526:
1487:
1483:
1470:
1459:
1452:
1438:
1434:
1415:
1406:
1387:
1383:
1352:
1343:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1279:
1268:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1221:
1214:
1183:
1176:
1161:
1139:
1130:
1107:
1103:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1056:
1035:
1016:
1005:
993:
992:
983:
982:
975:
973:
964:
960:
941:
924:
893:
860:
847:
843:
816:
812:
805:
801:
794:
780:
776:
771:
642:
619:Butnan District
610:
590:
581:
573:
565:
560:
551:
538:
525:
512:
491:
475:Egypt and Libya
471:
451:
415:
384:
362:several oases.
359:
335:
313:Omar al-Mukhtar
288:
286:Senussi origins
280:
267:
251:Butnan District
237:in the eastern
140:
138:
121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
93:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
84:
80:
50:
43:
36:
34:
27:
24:
12:
11:
5:
2755:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Oases of Libya
2724:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:Grotto de Lete
2627:
2622:
2617:
2615:Fezzan valleys
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2594:Ajdabiya Marsh
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2563:Zellaf Reserve
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2490:National parks
2487:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2431:Zawiyat Janzur
2428:
2426:Bi'r al Ashhab
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2276:
2270:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2237:
2230:
2212:
2189:
2164:Libyan Studies
2154:
2113:
2102:zhujiworld.com
2089:
2082:
2051:
2008:
1985:
1964:(1): 1183278.
1944:
1927:
1904:
1889:
1869:
1840:(3): 447–471.
1824:
1777:
1752:
1704:
1689:
1663:
1656:
1638:
1631:
1602:
1575:(4): 183–187.
1559:
1540:(3): 467–505.
1524:
1481:
1457:
1450:
1432:
1404:
1381:
1362:(2): 297–314.
1341:
1306:
1299:
1266:
1240:
1233:
1212:
1193:(3): 466–478.
1174:
1159:
1128:
1101:
1075:
1068:
1033:
1003:
958:
922:
858:
841:
810:
799:
792:
773:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
736:
708:(2): 451–462.
693:
669:Libyan Studies
664:
641:
638:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
609:
606:
589:
586:
580:
577:
572:
569:
564:
561:
559:
556:
550:
547:
537:
534:
524:
521:
517:Ottoman Empire
511:
508:
490:
487:
470:
467:
450:
447:
439:fascist regime
429:forces during
414:
411:
383:
380:
358:
355:
334:
331:
320:Bedouin tribes
287:
284:
279:
276:
266:
263:
259:Idris of Libya
210:
209:
199:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
166:
160:
159:
154:
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149:
136:
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129:
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94:
88:
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81:
74:
73:
67:
66:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
48:
45:
44:
35:
32:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2754:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Oasis of Ghat
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Berjuj Valley
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
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2391:
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2372:
2371:
2367:
2366:
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2360:
2356:
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2347:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:(1): 89–105.
1321:
1317:
1310:
1302:
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1292:
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1273:
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1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
999:
987:
971:
970:
962:
954:
950:
946:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
918:
914:
910:
909:10.23744/4436
906:
902:
898:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
854:
853:
845:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:Geomorphology
814:
808:
803:
795:
789:
785:
778:
774:
762:
758:
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750:
746:
742:
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558:Miscellaneous
555:
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407:Frontier Wire
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293:
283:
275:
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262:
260:
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248:
244:
240:
239:Libyan Desert
236:
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207:
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186:
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177:
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170:
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137:
135:
131:
126:
98:Coordinates:
96:
71:
62:
58:
53:
46:
30:
22:
20:
2645:Kufrah Oasis
2441:Gasr el Jadi
2368:
2288:. Retrieved
2284:
2261:
2240:
2221:
2215:
2198:
2192:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:
2092:
2065:
2024:(2): 61–79.
2021:
2017:
2011:
1994:
1988:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1930:
1913:
1907:
1883:. Longmans.
1879:
1872:
1855:11585/685740
1837:
1833:
1827:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:
1755:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1672:
1666:
1647:
1641:
1614:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1497:(1): 23–45.
1494:
1490:
1484:
1474:
1441:
1435:
1418:
1390:
1384:
1359:
1355:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1282:
1252:
1224:
1190:
1186:
1142:
1117:(1): 26–37.
1114:
1110:
1104:
1087:
1059:
1019:
974:. Retrieved
968:
961:
944:
900:
896:
851:
844:
819:
813:
802:
783:
777:
747:(1): 30–49.
744:
740:
705:
701:
672:
668:
651:
647:
599:
593:
591:
582:
574:
566:
563:Demographics
552:
543:
539:
530:
526:
513:
504:
500:
492:
479:
472:
460:
452:
431:World War II
423:Commonwealth
416:
413:World War II
404:
396:
392:
385:
368:
364:
360:
347:
340:
336:
324:
317:
309:
299:
289:
281:
268:
214:
213:
18:
2610:Bombah Gulf
2589:Ain Zayanah
994:|work=
675:: 135–147.
579:Exploration
298:there. The
120: /
2716:Categories
2697:(Thaouara)
2640:Jalo Oasis
2149:2582830724
2107:2023-05-03
1997:(Thesis).
1771:2017-01-03
1519:A622907113
1399:1294644257
1261:2238626999
1255:(Thesis).
1096:A218606471
1022:(Thesis).
953:10938/1404
917:2682862482
271:depression
183:Population
108:24°31′01″E
105:29°44′33″N
2701:Wadi Kham
2620:Garabulli
2290:April 19,
2207:457712746
2184:210632464
2170:: 59–62.
2133:(5): 82.
2046:162744794
1941:(Thesis).
1922:870394803
1899:872989720
1864:155740296
1819:144849154
1699:158911242
1597:144408685
1554:152185863
1511:216402748
1478:(Thesis).
1427:865835536
1376:154006320
1336:232349800
1207:238737906
1169:226690578
1028:303968030
996:ignored (
986:cite book
855:(Thesis).
761:153670593
732:132919496
689:133939683
482:Gaddafi's
443:Cyrenaica
369:In 1920,
343:Enver Bey
327:Cyrenacia
265:Geography
197:Time zone
175:Elevation
157:Cyrenaica
2690:Taizerbo
2625:Giarabub
2536:Reserves
2300:cite web
2203:ProQuest
2145:ProQuest
2003:61546047
1980:55852902
1918:ProQuest
1811:24585703
1423:ProQuest
1395:ProQuest
1257:ProQuest
1123:40400713
1024:ProQuest
976:31 March
913:ProQuest
608:See also
601:Giarabub
245:town of
243:Egyptian
231:Giarabub
164:District
19:Giarabub
2685:Shahaat
2650:Nefhusa
2396:Jaghbub
2362:Capital
2038:1156202
1747:4140166
1725:Bibcode
1589:1157070
824:Bibcode
710:Bibcode
634:Bedouin
480:During
449:Postwar
427:Italian
304:Senussi
278:History
227:Italian
223:الجغبوب
215:Jaghbub
134:Country
83:Jaghbub
49:Village
39:الجغبوب
33:Jaghbub
2436:Kambut
2421:Al Adm
2416:Acroma
2411:Musaid
2406:Gazala
2401:Bardia
2370:Tobruk
2268:
2228:
2205:
2182:
2147:
2080:
2044:
2036:
2018:Africa
2001:
1978:
1920:
1897:
1887:
1862:
1817:
1809:
1745:
1717:Nature
1697:
1687:
1654:
1629:
1595:
1587:
1569:Africa
1552:
1517:
1509:
1448:
1425:
1397:
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1334:
1297:
1259:
1231:
1205:
1167:
1157:
1121:
1094:
1066:
1026:
915:
897:Africa
790:
759:
730:
687:
296:Zawiya
219:Arabic
169:Butnan
153:Region
144:
21:(film)
2680:Sarir
2355:Libya
2180:S2CID
2042:S2CID
2034:JSTOR
1976:S2CID
1860:S2CID
1815:S2CID
1807:JSTOR
1743:S2CID
1695:S2CID
1593:S2CID
1585:JSTOR
1550:S2CID
1507:S2CID
1372:S2CID
1332:S2CID
1203:S2CID
1165:S2CID
1119:JSTOR
769:Notes
757:S2CID
728:S2CID
685:S2CID
400:Kufra
202:UTC+2
191:2,960
147:Libya
2306:link
2292:2023
2266:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2127:Land
2078:ISBN
1999:OCLC
1895:OCLC
1885:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1515:Gale
1446:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1092:Gale
1064:ISBN
998:help
978:2023
788:ISBN
571:Food
463:AGIP
425:and
417:The
247:Siwa
2172:doi
2135:doi
2070:doi
2026:doi
1966:doi
1850:hdl
1842:doi
1799:doi
1733:doi
1721:147
1677:doi
1619:doi
1577:doi
1542:doi
1499:doi
1364:doi
1324:doi
1287:doi
1195:doi
1147:doi
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