4882:
3157:
1777:
2312:
2408:
2955:
4004:
1904:
4674:
4082:
4357:
3271:
1639:
5021:
4859:
4022:
4036:
3179:
3135:
2916:
4843:
2224:
4411:
5263:
1467:, but similar to Buddhism. However, Jainism believes in the world of heavenly and hellish beings who are born, die and are reborn like earthly beings. The souls who live happily in the body of a heavenly celestial do so because of their positive karma. It is further stated that they possess a more transcendent knowledge about material things and can anticipate events in the human realms. However, once their past karmic merit is exhausted, it is explained that their souls are reborn again as humans, animals or other beings. The perfect enlightened souls
2149:
4998:
4122:
4140:
4164:
1916:
3352:
3976:
5239:
4933:, was a historical being, dated by the Jain tradition to the ninth century BCE; historians date him to the eighth or seventh century BCE. Mahāvīra is considered a contemporary of the Buddha, in around the sixth century BCE. The interaction between the two religions began with the Buddha; later, they competed for followers and the merchant trade networks that sustained them. Buddhist and Jain texts sometimes have the same or similar titles but present different doctrines.
1354:
4104:
2747:
2120:). A "one day" fast lasts about 36 hours, starting at sunset before the day of the fast and ending 48 minutes after sunrise the day after. Among laypeople, fasting is more commonly observed by women, as it shows their piety and religious purity, gains merit earning and helps ensure future well-being for their family. Some religious fasts are observed in a social and supportive female group. Long fasts are celebrated by friends and families with special ceremonies.
4527:
1928:
2766:
60:
21245:
1438:
4054:
16234:
5520:
5139:
599:
21255:
5465:(NFHS-4) conducted in 2015–16, Jains form the wealthiest community in India. According to its 2011 census, they have the country's highest literacy rate (87%) among those aged seven and older, and the most college graduates; excluding the retired, Jain literacy in India exceeded 97%. The female to male sex ratio among Jains is .940; among Indians in the 0–6 year age range the ratio was second lowest (870 girls per 1,000 boys), higher only than
1958:
2140:
909:
2584:
3567:
1338:
3727:
3759:
3647:
3583:
3423:
2731:
3791:
3743:
3599:
3535:
3503:
3471:
3455:
3391:
3711:
3663:
3551:
3519:
3487:
3407:
3359:
3775:
3615:
3439:
3695:
3679:
3375:
3631:
4068:
3990:
15072:
1572:(non-violence or non-injury) is a fundamental tenet of Jainism. It holds that one must abandon all violent activity and that without such a commitment to non-violence all religious behavior is worthless. In Jain theology, it does not matter how correct or defensible the violence may be, one must not kill or harm any being, and non-violence is the highest religious duty. Jain texts such as
14953:
14923:
14893:
14863:
14833:
14812:
14791:
5312:(ability to recollect past lives) at the age of seven. Virchand Gandhi mentioned this feat at the Parliament of the World's Religions. He is best known because of his association with Mahatma Gandhi. They were introduced in Mumbai in 1891 and had various conversations through letters while Gandhi was in South Africa. Gandhi noted his impression of Shrimad Rajchandra in his autobiography,
2568:
4541:
3080:(monastery) and staying in its premises. Buddhist monastic rules forbid a monk to go outside without wearing the sangha's distinctive ruddy robe, or to use wooden bowls. In contrast, Jain monastic rules have either required nakedness (Digambara) or white clothes (Śvētāmbara), and they have disagreed on the legitimacy of the wooden or empty gourd as the begging bowl by Jain monks.
1946:
2239:, a religious death through ascetic abandonment of food and drinks. The Digambara Jains follow the same theme, but the life cycle and religious rituals are closer to a Hindu liturgy. The overlap is mainly in the life cycle (rites-of-passage) rituals, and likely developed because Jain and Hindu societies overlapped, and rituals were viewed as necessary and secular.
1217:
2372:), who may be a Hindu, to perform priestly duties at the temple. More elaborate worship includes offerings such as rice, fresh and dry fruits, flowers, coconut, sweets, and money. Some may light up a lamp with camphor and make auspicious marks with sandalwood paste. Devotees also recite Jain texts, particularly the life stories of the tirthankaras.
1875:) vow is a "religious death" ritual observed at the end of life, historically by Jain monks and nuns, but rare in the modern age. In this vow, there is voluntary and gradual reduction of food and liquid intake to end one's life by choice and with dispassion, This is believed to reduce negative karma that affects a soul's future rebirths.
1821:, "intentional non-violence" or "noninjury": The first major vow taken by Jains is to cause no harm to other human beings, as well as all living beings (particularly animals). This is the highest ethical duty in Jainism, and it applies not only to one's actions, but demands that one be non-violent in one's speech and thoughts.
4719:'s four arms symbolise the four realms in which rebirth occurs according to Jainism: humans, heavenly beings, hellish beings and non-humans. The three dots on the top represent the three jewels mentioned in ancient texts: correct faith, correct understanding and correct conduct, believed to lead to spiritual perfection.
1689:'s teachings. The Buddha taught the Middle Way, rejecting extremes of the answer "it is" or "it is not" to metaphysical questions. The Mahāvīra, in contrast, taught his followers to accept both "it is", and "it is not", qualified with "perhaps", to understand Absolute Reality. The permanent being is conceptualized as
1812:(Jina, god), doctrine, and that the individual is free from five offences: doubts about the faith, indecisiveness about the truths of Jainism, sincere desire for Jain teachings, recognition of fellow Jains, and admiration for their spiritual pursuits. Such a person undertakes the following Five vows of Jainism:
5045:
statues date back to the second century BCE. Archeological evidence suggests that
Mathura was an important Jain center from the second century BCE. onwards. Inscriptions from as early as the first century CE already show the schism between Digambara and Śvētāmbara. There is inscriptional evidence for
3068:
early colonial scholars stated that
Jainism like Buddhism was, in part, a rejection of the Hindu caste system, but later scholars consider this a Western error. A caste system not based on birth has been a historic part of Jain society, and Jainism focused on transforming the individual, not society.
2641:
Bhadrabahu returned, they found those who had remained at
Magadha had started wearing white clothes, which was unacceptable to the others who remained naked. This is how Jains believe the Digambara and Śvētāmbara schism began, with the former being naked while the latter wore white clothes. Digambara
2234:
There are many rituals in
Jainism's various sects. According to Dundas, the ritualistic lay path among Śvētāmbara Jains is "heavily imbued with ascetic values", where the rituals either revere or celebrate the ascetic life of tirthankaras, or progressively approach the psychological and physical life
5687:
Whether the begging utensils of a monk, such as robe and begging bowl, were justified and legitimate for a Jain monk and were not considered an impediment on the path to salvation, remained a bone of contention among various splinter groups within
Jainism, and was partly responsible for the ultimate
3083:
Jains have similar views with Hindus that violence in self-defence can be justified, and that a soldier who kills enemies in combat is performing a legitimate duty. Jain communities accepted the use of military power for their defence; there were Jain monarchs, military commanders, and soldiers. The
1721:
and human existence. He claims that it is not about condoning activities such as killing animals for food, nor violence against disbelievers or any other living being as "perhaps right". The five vows for Jain monks and nuns, for example, are strict requirements and there is no "perhaps" about them.
5582:
This view, however, is not shared by all Jain sub-traditions. For example, the
Terapanthi Jain tradition, with about 250,000 followers, considers both good karma such as compassionate charity, and bad karma such as sin, as binding one's soul to worldly morality. It states that any karma leads to a
3063:
through a monistic or dualistic framework. In contrast, Jain thought denies the Hindu metaphysical concept of
Brahman, and Jain philosophy considers the soul to be ever changing and bound to the body or matter for each lifetime, thereby having a finite size that infuses the entire body of a living
1992:
discuss austerities in detail. Six outer and six inner practices are oft-repeated in later Jain texts. Outer austerities include complete fasting, eating limited amounts, eating restricted items, abstaining from tasty foods, mortifying the flesh, and guarding the flesh (avoiding anything that is a
5363:
entered Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1927, but was forced to cover his body. He then led an India-wide tour as the naked monk with his followers, to various
Digambara sacred sites, and was welcomed by kings of the Maharashtra provinces. Shantisagar fasted to oppose the restrictions imposed on Digambara
4342:(Pakistan). However, according to a UNESCO tentative world heritage site application, Nagarparkar was not a "major religious centre or a place of pilgrimage" for Jainism, but it was once an important cultural landscape before "the last remaining Jain community left the area in 1947 at Partition".
1716:
doctrine has been interpreted by some Jains as intending to "promote a universal religious tolerance", and a teaching of "plurality" and "benign attitude to other positions". Dundas states this is a misreading of historical texts and Mahāvīra's teachings. According to him, the "many pointedness,
3067:
Jainism is similar to
Buddhism in not recognizing the primacy of the Vedas and the Hindu Brahman. Jainism and Hinduism, however, both believe "soul exists" as a self-evident truth. Jains and Hindus have frequently intermarried, particularly in northern, central and western regions of India. Some
2646:
which, according to them, required not even possession of clothes, i.e. complete nudity. In the fifth-century CE, the
Council of Valabhi was organized by Śvētāmbara, which Digambara did not attend. At the council, the Śvētāmbara adopted the texts they had preserved as canonical scriptures, which
1970:
Of the major Indian religions, Jainism has had the strongest ascetic tradition. Ascetic life may include nakedness, symbolizing non-possession even of clothes, fasting, body mortification, and penance, to burn away past karma and stop producing new karma, both of which are believed essential for
1596:
The doctrine exists in Hinduism and Buddhism, but is most highly developed in Jainism. The theological basis of non-violence as the highest religious duty has been interpreted by some Jain scholars not to "be driven by merit from giving or compassion to other creatures, nor a duty to rescue all
1250:
It further claims the vibration draws karmic particles to the soul and creates bondages, but is also what adds merit or demerit to the soul. Jain texts state that souls exist as "clothed with material bodies", where it entirely fills up the body. Karma, as in other Indian religions, connotes in
5345:
Colonial era reports and Christian missions variously viewed Jainism as a sect of Hinduism, a sect of Buddhism, or a distinct religion. Christian missionaries were frustrated at Jain people without pagan creator gods refusing to convert to Christianity, while colonial era Jain scholars such as
2838:
are particularly popular among Śvētāmbaras, which they attribute to Bhadrabahu (c. 300 BCE). This ancient scholar is revered in the Digambara tradition, and they believe he led their migration into the ancient south Karnataka region and created their tradition. Śvētāmbaras believe instead that
5605:
precept for a mendicant requires avoidance of touching or disturbing any living being including plants. It also mandates never swimming in water, nor lighting or fire or extinguish one, nor thrashing arms in the air as such actions can torment or hurt other beings that live in those states of
5358:
The British colonial government in India and Indian princely states promoted religious tolerance. However, laws were passed that made roaming naked by anyone an arrestable crime. This drew popular support from the majority Hindu population, but particularly impacted Digambara monks. The Akhil
5677:
and other scholars, Buddhism too was not a rejection or rebellion against any ancient caste system and it too was focused on individual's liberation from rebirths and suffering. The caste system in Buddhist societies and monasteries outside India have been documented. Gombrich states, "Some
11028:
2175:) a necessary practice, but its goals are very different from those in Buddhism and Hinduism. In Jainism, meditation is concerned more with stopping karmic attachments and activity, not as a means to transformational insights or self-realization in other Indian religions. According to
2084:
such as potatoes, onions, and garlic because tiny organisms are injured when the plant is pulled up, and because a bulb or tuber's ability to sprout is seen as characteristic of a higher living being. Jain monks and advanced lay people avoid eating after sunset, observing a vow of
1755:
applies to both the material and the psychic. Material possessions refer to various forms of property. Psychic possessions refer to emotions, likes and dislikes, and attachments of any form. Unchecked attachment to possessions is said to result in direct harm to one's personality.
2942:"Adoration to the Arhat Vardhamana. The daughter of the matron (?) courtesan Lonasobhika (Lavanasobhika), the disciple of the ascetics, the junior (?) courtesan Vasu has erected a shrine of the Arhat, a hall of homage (ayagasabha), cistern and a stone slab at the sanctuary of the
1597:
creatures", but resulting from "continual self-discipline", a cleansing of the soul that leads to one's own spiritual development which ultimately affects one's salvation and release from rebirths. Jains believe that causing injury to any being in any form creates bad
2439:. This typically falls in August or September of the Gregorian calendar. It lasts eight days for Svetambaras, and ten days among the Digambaras. It is a time when lay people fast and pray. The five vows are emphasized during this time. Svetambaras recite the
1746:
which means non-attachment to worldly possessions. For monks and nuns, Jainism requires a vow of complete non-possession of any property, relations and emotions. The ascetic is a wandering mendicant in the Digambara tradition, or a resident mendicant in the
2666:. Śvētāmbara has had more female than male mendicants, where Digambara has mostly had male monks and considers males closest to the soul's liberation. The Śvētāmbaras believe that women can also achieve liberation through asceticism and state that the 19th
5166:(1296–1316), as attested by the Jain texts held discussions with Jain sages and once specially summoned Acharya Mahasena to Delhi. One more prominent Jain figure Acharya Ramachandra Suri was also honored by him. During his reign, his governor of Gujarat,
2825:. The Digambara texts partially agree with older Śvētāmbara texts, but there are also gross differences between the texts of the two major Jain traditions. The Digambaras created a secondary canon between 600 and 900 CE, compiling it into four groups or
2108:, eating only one or two meals per day, drinking only boiled water for ten days, or fasting completely on the first and last days of the festival, mimicking the practices of a Jain mendicant for the period. Śvētāmbara Jains do similarly in the eight day
2711:, followed Digambara nudity along with several Śvētāmbara beliefs. In the modern era, according to Flügel, new Jain religious movements that are a "primarily devotional form of Jainism" have developed which resemble "Jain Mahayana" style devotionalism.
2480:. Jains consider this a day of atonement, granting forgiveness to others, seeking forgiveness from all living beings, physically or mentally asking for forgiveness and resolving to treat everyone in the world as friends. Forgiveness is asked by saying "
1584:
state that one must renounce all killing of living beings, whether tiny or large, movable or immovable. Its theology teaches that one must neither kill another living being, nor cause another to kill, nor consent to any killing directly or indirectly.
1661:("doctrine"). The doctrine states that truth and reality are complex and always have multiple aspects. It further states that reality can be experienced, but cannot be fully expressed with language. It suggests that human attempts to communicate are
11038:
1251:
Jainism the universal cause and effect law. However, it is envisioned as a material substance (subtle matter) that can bind to the soul, travel with the soul in bound form between rebirths, and affect the suffering and happiness experienced by the
1592:
Jains believe that violence negatively affects and destroys one's soul, particularly when the violence is done with intent, hate or carelessness, or when one indirectly causes or consents to the killing of a human or non-human living being.
5492:
or non-violence will be ascribed for practice by the people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond, Jainism is sure to have the uppermost status and Mahāvīra is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on
1487:(liberated souls). Only a soul with human body can attain enlightenment and liberation. The liberated beings are the supreme beings and are worshipped by all heavenly, earthly and hellish beings who aspire to attain liberation themselves.
5390:(victors), which means an omniscient person who teaches the path of salvation, and their followers are Jains. The majority of Jains currently reside in India. With four to five million followers worldwide, Jainism is small compared to
4395:
idols look similar, differentiated by their individual symbol, except for Parshvanatha whose head is crowned by a snake. Digambara images are naked without any beautification, whereas Śvētāmbara depictions are clothed and ornamented.
1853:, "non-possessiveness": This includes non-attachment to material and psychological possessions, avoiding craving and greed. Jain monks and nuns completely renounce property and social relations, own nothing and are attached to no one.
5224:
The Jain community were the traditional bankers and financiers, and this significantly impacted the Muslim rulers. However, they rarely were a part of the political power during the Islamic rule period of the Indian subcontinent.
1281:) is accepted as a truth, as in Hinduism but not Buddhism. The cycle of rebirths has a definite beginning and end in Jainism. Jain theosophy asserts that each soul passes through 8,400,000 birth-situations as they circle through
1669:, or valid "in some respect", but remain "perhaps, just one perspective, incomplete". It concludes that in the same way, spiritual truths can be experienced but not fully expressed. It suggests that the great error is belief in
11452:
1997:, studying, meditation, and ignoring bodily wants in order to abandon the body. Lists of internal and external austerities vary with the text and tradition. Asceticism is viewed as a means to control desires, and to purify the
1288:
Harming any life form is a sin in Jainism, with negative karmic effects. Jainism states that souls begin in a primordial state, and either evolve to a higher state or regress if driven by their karma. It further clarifies that
3005:, and leave it up to individual discretion to choose whether or not to believe in gods, to disagree with core teachings, and to choose whether to participate in prayers, rituals and festivals. They all consider values such as
1228:
According to Jainism, the existence of "a bound and ever changing soul" is a self-evident truth, an axiom which does not need to be proven. It maintains that there are numerous souls, but every one of them has three qualities
3289:, Rajasthan, is a good example of Jain architecture. Decorated manuscripts are preserved in Jain libraries, containing diagrams from Jain cosmology. Most of the paintings and illustrations depict historical events, known as
3075:
season, and celibacy, originating before the Buddha or the Mahāvīra. Jain and Hindu monastic communities have traditionally been more mobile and had an itinerant lifestyle, while Buddhist monks have favored belonging to a
1588:
Furthermore, Jainism emphasizes non-violence against all beings not only in action but also in speech and in thought. It states that instead of hate or violence against anyone, "all living creatures must help each other".
1616:
wrote during a time of destruction of temples and persecution that "anybody engaged in a religious activity who was forced to fight and kill somebody would not lose any spiritual merit but instead attain deliverance".
1722:
Similarly, since ancient times, Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism according to Dundas, but Jainism disagreed, in specific areas, with the knowledge systems and beliefs of these traditions, and vice versa.
1012:(non-living). Jains distinguish a substance from a complex body, or thing, by declaring the former a simple indestructible element, while the latter is a compound made of one or more substances that can be destroyed.
2647:
Digambara has ever since rejected. This council is believed to have solidified the historic schism between these two major traditions of Jainism. The earliest record of Digambara beliefs is contained in the Prakrit
3894:
is therefore a revered pilgrimage site. The Palitana temples are the holiest shrine for the Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka sect. Along with Shikharji the two sites are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage sites by the
3317:
marking his forehead, are depicted. Other paintings show him presenting a pottery bowl to his followers; he is also seen painting a house, weaving, and being visited by his mother Marudevi. Each of the twenty-four
2443:, while Digambaras read their own texts. The festival is an occasion where Jains make active effort to stop cruelty towards other life forms, freeing animals in captivity and preventing the slaughter of animals.
11419:
2351:, and is found in all Jain sub-traditions. Typically, the Jain layperson enters the Derasar (Jain temple) inner sanctum in simple clothing and bare feet with a plate filled with offerings, bows down, says the
3957:
temple is a fine example of Jain art with an early cave shelter, and a medieval rock-cut temple with excellent fresco paintings comparable to Ajantha. Inside are seventeen stone beds with second century BCE.
8798:
3220:
museum. It is dated approximately to the third century BCE. Bronze images of Pārśva can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, and in the Patna museum; these are dated to the second century BCE.
5350:
defended Jainism against criticism and misrepresentation by Christian activists. Missionaries of Christianity and Islam considered Jain traditions idolatrous and superstitious. These criticisms, states
2812:
The Śvētāmbaras believe that they have preserved 45 of the 50 original Jain scriptures (having lost an Anga text and four Purva texts), while the Digambaras believe that all were lost, and that Āchārya
10039:
2857:
is considered authoritative by all traditions of Jainism. In the Digambara tradition, the texts written by Kundakunda are highly revered and have been historically influential, while the oldest being
1285:, going through five types of bodies: earth bodies, water bodies, fire bodies, air bodies and vegetable lives, constantly changing with all human and non-human activities from rainfall to breathing.
11485:
1370:(realms of existence). As in Buddhism and Hinduism, both time and the universe are eternal, but the universe is transient. The universe, body, matter and time are considered separate from the soul (
10244:
1665:, "partial expression of the truth". According to it, one can experience the taste of truth, but cannot fully express that taste through language. It holds that attempts to express experience are
14355:
5209:. After the conquest of the fort, Akbar ordered the destruction of several Jain shrines and temples in Chittor. Similarly there were instances of desecration of Jain religious shrines under
5583:
negation of the "absolute non-violence" principle, given man's limited perspective. It recommends that the monk or nun seeking salvation must avoid hurting or helping any being in any form.
3011:(non-violence) to be important, link suffering to craving, individual's actions, intents, and karma, and believe spirituality is a means to enlightened peace, bliss and eternal liberation (
5777:
2379:
and that certain sounds and words are inherently auspicious, powerful and spiritual. The most famous of the mantras, broadly accepted in various sects of Jainism, is the "five homage" (
1837:, "not stealing": A Jain layperson should not take anything that is not willingly given. Additionally, a Jain mendicant should ask for permission to take it if something is being given.
11442:
832:). The Śvētāmbara tradition in turn has two sub-traditions: Deravasi also known as Mandirmargis, and Sthānakavasī. The religion has between four and five million followers, known as
9788:
1751:
tradition. For Jain laypersons, it recommends limited possession of property that has been honestly earned, and giving excess property to charity. According to Natubhai Shah,
3831:
images, some fixed, others moveable. These are stationed in the inner sanctum, one of the two sacred zones, the other being the main hall. One of the images is marked as the
8373:
5046:
the presence of Jain monks in south India by the second or first centuries BCE, and archaeological evidence of Jain monks in Saurashtra in Gujarat by the second century CE.
8499:
2673:
was female, which Digambara rejects. Early Jain images from Mathura depict Digambara iconography until late fifth century CE where Svetambara iconography starts appearing.
2490:" to others. This means, "If I have offended you in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought, word or action, then I seek your forgiveness." The literal meaning of
1463:, and will exist forever. It is independent, having no creator, governor, judge, or destroyer. In this, it is unlike the Abrahamic religions and the theistic strands of
11409:
10957:
A glaring example of this sort of feeling is the destruction of several Hindu and Jain shrines, made at Chittor, during the course of invasion by the forces of Akbar
2540:
is offered after praying to Mahāvīra in all Jain temples across the world. The Jain new year starts right after Diwali. Some other festivals celebrated by Jains are
1845:, "celibacy": Abstinence from sex and sensual pleasures is prescribed for Jain monks and nuns. For laypersons, the vow means chastity, faithfulness to one's partner.
11522:
11350:
4881:
3231:
tablet used in Jainism for donation and worship in the early centuries. These tablets are decorated with objects and designs central to Jain worship such as the
3053:
While both Hinduism and Jainism believe "soul exists" to be a self-evident truth, most Hindu systems consider it to be eternally present, infinite and constant (
2427:
1374:). Their interaction explains life, living, death and rebirth in Jain philosophy. The Jain cosmic universe has three parts, the upper, middle, and lower worlds (
1829:, "truth": This vow is to always speak the truth. Neither lie, nor speak what is not true, and do not encourage others or approve anyone who speaks an untruth.
15014:
12527:
10029:
9875:
5678:
modernists go so far as to say that the Buddha was against caste altogether: this is not the case, but is one of the mistakes picked up from western authors."
2385:) mantra which is believed to be eternal and existent since the first tirthankara's time. Medieval worship practices included making tantric diagrams of the
11475:
7044:
3313:
by the long locks of hair falling to his shoulders. Bull images also appear in his sculptures. In paintings, incidents from his life, like his marriage and
5322:, considered his magnum opus, containing the essence of Jainism in a single sitting of 1.5–2 hours. He expounds on the six fundamental truths of the soul:
3249:. They present simultaneous trends or image and symbol worship. Numerous such stone tablets were discovered during excavations at ancient Jain sites like
10886:
17665:
14339:
17756:
5170:
permitted the reconstruction of the temples razed during earlier Muslim conquests and himself made huge donation for the renovation of Jain temples.
2504:
in the traditional Indian calendar. This typically falls in March or April of the Gregorian calendar. The festivities include visiting Jain temples,
12421:
12367:
20198:
5707:
4081:
3020:
Jainism differs from both Buddhism and Hinduism in its ontological premises. All believe in impermanence, but Buddhism incorporates the premise of
4722:
In 1974, on the 2500th anniversary of the nirvana of Mahāvīra, the Jain community chose a single combined image for Jainism. It depicts the three
20047:
5431:
2658:
Digambaras and Śvētāmbara differ in their practices and dress code, interpretations of teachings, and on Jain history especially concerning the
1259:. Karma is believed to obscure and obstruct the innate nature and striving of the soul, as well as its spiritual potential in the next rebirth.
21104:
9537:
21304:
13560:
Olson, Carl (2014), "The conflicting themes of nonviolence and violence in ancient Indian asceticism as evident in the practice of fasting",
5688:
Digambara-Svetambara split, although it would be a grave oversimplification to reduce the roots of the split to just monks' robes and bowls.
5488:
so deeply and systematically as is discussed with its applicability in every human life in Jainism. As and when the benevolent principle of
4787:
have been suggested as a link to ancient Jain culture, but very little is known about the Indus Valley iconography and script. The last two
4003:
21056:
18404:
9897:
5386:, which means to conquer. In the Jain context, monks have to conquer their senses and karma for liberation. Those who have succeeded are
5155:
1098:
for ascetics, but for most Jain laypersons, it is to accumulate good karma that leads to better rebirth and a step closer to liberation.
10006:
20092:
20019:
17190:
16291:
9818:
9778:
9641:
4430:
3841:(column of honor) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples. Temple construction is considered a meritorious act.
3156:
9323:
2612:. Monks of the Digambara (sky-clad) tradition do not wear clothes. Female monastics of the Digambara sect wear unstitched plain white
19892:
16269:
10430:
5664:
to Jains, is recognized by all four Jain traditions as the earliest, most authoritative and comprehensive summary of their religion."
20343:
20183:
20057:
20042:
15061:
5162:
remains scarce, notwithstanding there were several instances of cordial relations of Jains with prominent rulers of the Sultanate.
2209:
connotes more than meditation, and for a Jain householder is the voluntary ritual practice of "assuming temporary ascetic status".
13510:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
4677:
A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira's
2536:(small oil lamps). The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance. Sweets are often distributed. On Diwali morning,
1608:
doctrine when faced with external threat or violence. For example, they justified violence by monks to protect nuns. According to
8489:
1776:
844:, where they numbered around 4.5 million at the 2011 census. Outside India, some of the largest Jain communities can be found in
11362:
5592:
Jain literature, like Buddhist and Hindu literature, has also debated the aspects of violence and non-violence in food creation.
3071:
Monasticism is similar in all three traditions, with similar rules, hierarchical structure, not traveling during the four-month
2201:
ritual is practiced at least three times a day by mendicants, while a layperson includes it with other ritual practices such as
1677:. The Jain Agamas suggest that Mahāvīra's approach to answering all metaphysical philosophical questions was a "qualified yes" (
1673:(one-sidedness), where some relative truth is treated as absolute. The doctrine is ancient, found in Buddhist texts such as the
16213:
10081:
5314:
5249:
1032:
connotes reality or truth in Jain philosophy and is the framework for salvation. According to Digambara Jains, there are seven
17982:
8435:
3257:
in Uttar Pradesh, India. The practice of donating these tablets is documented from first century BCE to the third century CE.
2355:, completes his or her litany and prayers, sometimes is assisted by the temple priest, leaves the offerings and then departs.
21289:
20203:
14943:
14913:
14883:
14853:
14774:
14723:
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14676:
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14408:
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14349:
14329:
14305:
14261:
14217:
14197:
14177:
14154:
14130:
14110:
14083:
14039:
14001:
13977:
13953:
13926:
13887:
13863:
13839:
13815:
13795:
13764:
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13720:
13686:
13666:
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13619:
13596:
13540:
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13415:
13395:
13375:
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13179:
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13021:
12997:
12973:
12953:
12933:
12909:
12889:
12869:
12851:
12827:
12803:
12780:
12760:
12740:
12720:
12673:
12653:
12618:
12594:
12508:
12486:
12478:
12470:
12459:
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12412:
12379:
12358:
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12188:
12168:
12145:
12121:
12097:
12073:
11994:
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11900:
11876:
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11769:
11745:
11723:
11696:
11676:
11645:
11622:
11602:
11303:
10922:
10836:
9959:
2076:, meaning that they eat no eggs, but accept dairy products if there is no violence against animals during their production.
20668:
17660:
16218:
11564:
2311:
2296:
12529:
Shades of Enlightenment: A Jain Tantric Diagram and the Colours of the Tirthankaras, International Journal of Jain Studies
10111:
4021:
2508:
to shrines, reading Jain texts and processions of Mahāvīra by the community. At his legendary birthplace of Kundagrama in
20786:
20067:
19663:
15031:
11507:
6802:
1419:, full of sorrow and religious decline, where the height of living beings shrinks. According to Jainism, after the sixth
945:
14417:
Truschke, Audrey (1 September 2015), "Dangerous Debates: Jain responses to theological challenges at the Mughal court",
12697:, vol. 12, Journal of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies, Kokusai Bukkyōgaku Daigakuin Daigaku
9997:
5049:
Royal patronage has been a key factor in the growth and decline of Jainism. In the second half of the first century CE,
2046:, in autonomous regional Jain congregations. Jain monastic rules have encouraged the use of mouth cover, as well as the
814:, which hold different views on ascetic practices, gender, and the texts considered canonical. Both sub-traditions have
20996:
20726:
20608:
20062:
18642:
16554:
10663:
3872:
is considered one of the most beautiful Jain temples and is famous for its detailed carvings. According to Jain texts,
2877:
12901:
Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda
4035:
3084:
Jain and Hindu communities have often been very close and mutually accepting. Some Hindu temples have included a Jain
2752:
The Suryaprajnaptisūtra, a fourth or third century BCE astronomy text of Śvētāmbara Jains. Above: its manuscript from
21046:
19867:
17075:
16172:
14743:
14609:
14237:
14059:
12574:
11121:
11067:
10863:
10783:
3557:
2954:
2407:
677:
629:
583:
84:
21099:
18652:
12549:
12533:
9865:
5206:
1620:
However, examples in Jain texts that condone fighting and killing under certain circumstances are relatively rare.
787:(non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly
14998:
13324:
The Future of Peace and Justice in the Global Village: The Role of the World Religions in the Twenty-first Century
5318:, calling him his "guide and helper" and his "refuge in moments of spiritual crisis". Shrimad Rajchandra composed
793:
410:
21061:
20956:
20082:
20077:
20033:
19658:
18502:
17724:
16709:
9686:
7036:
5295:
1780:
1394:, rotates ceaselessly. In this part of the universe, it explains, there are six periods of time within two eons (
14875:
Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation
13347:
Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations
9719:
20916:
20741:
20014:
19028:
18969:
18856:
18735:
18667:
17053:
16691:
16610:
16167:
13638:
10667:
9582:. Archaeological Survey of India. Vol. 9. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 31.
9327:
5615:
The first is desavakasika (staying in a restrained surrounding, cutting down worldly activities). The third is
5181:
in general were influenced by the Jain scholars and made patronage and grants for their pilgrimage sites under
5083:
of the eighth century converted to Jainism, and the Jain pilgrimage tradition was well established in his era.
5003:
4009:
3605:
3185:
2431:
by the Digambaras. It is celebrated from the 12th day of the waning moon in the traditional lunisolar month of
19148:
19023:
21284:
21066:
20481:
20218:
19877:
19726:
19648:
19070:
18112:
17623:
16262:
16136:
14766:
5462:
5439:
5291:
4121:
1533:(Correct Asceticism) as a fourth jewel, emphasizing belief in ascetic practices as the means to liberation (
21124:
20926:
18134:
16842:
16203:
15918:
15598:
15054:
14014:
5443:
5197:(1658–1707). Despite this, there were instances of religious bigotry during the Mughal rule towards Jains.
4989:
in the later part of his life. Jain texts state that he died intentionally at Shravanabelagola by fasting.
2393:. The Jain tantric traditions use mantra and rituals that are believed to accrue merit for rebirth realms.
1574:
1277:
The conceptual framework of the Saṃsāra doctrine differs between Jainism and other Indian religions. Soul (
19158:
6815:
4103:
21134:
20846:
20841:
20613:
19131:
19092:
18647:
18561:
18129:
17793:
16459:
15999:
15958:
13879:
12628:
11061:
4139:
3806:
3351:
2946:
Arhats, together with her mother, her daughter, her son and her whole household in honour of the Arhats."
1460:
19163:
19153:
16052:
5739:
4711:
2832:
The most popular and influential texts of Jainism have been its non-canonical literature. Of these, the
19907:
19852:
19548:
18288:
17783:
16454:
16396:
15818:
15185:
14627:
14297:
13899:
Raj Bhakta Marg: the path of devotion to Srimad Rajcandra. A Jain community in the twenty first century
10077:
5710:, the first Tīrthaṅkara of Jainism, means "bull," and that images of bulls are found at seals from the
5359:
Bharatiya Jain Samaj opposed this law, claiming that it interfered with Jain religious rights. Acharya
3198:
Jainism has contributed significantly to Indian art and architecture. Jain arts depict life legends of
941:
806:
Jainism is one of the oldest religions still practiced today. It has two major ancient sub-traditions,
17876:
14993:
10929:
In 1527, the Urvahi Jinas were mutilated by the Mughal emperor Babar, a fact he records in his memoirs
21294:
21159:
20948:
20806:
20258:
19141:
18920:
18551:
18181:
17704:
16836:
16588:
16425:
16380:
15913:
15287:
14760:
14604:, The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara,
10822:
10107:
5711:
5469:. Jain males have the highest work participation rates in India, while Jain females have the lowest.
5061:
of the seventh century championed Jainism, Buddhism and all traditions of Hinduism. The Pallava King
4849:, believed to have lived over 592.704×10 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism.
4784:
4673:
4356:
2699:
represented without clothes, and monks with cloth wrapped around the left arm, are identified as the
2684:
of public nudity as well as their belief that women are incapable of attaining spiritual liberation.
2557:
1802:(great vows) for Jain mendicants. For both, its moral precepts preface that the Jain has access to a
1643:
1638:
1307:
445:
363:
335:
19259:
3975:
2637:
Bhadrabahu, is believed to have stayed in Magadha. Later, as stated in tradition, when followers of
2080:
is encouraged if there are concerns about animal welfare. Jain monks, nuns and some followers avoid
2050:– a long stick with woolen threads – to gently remove ants and insects that may come in their path.
2005:
such as the Mahāvīra (Vardhamana) set an example by performing severe austerities for twelve years.
20663:
20623:
20578:
20368:
20358:
20163:
19912:
19737:
19673:
19643:
19533:
19298:
19207:
19175:
19136:
19048:
17945:
17170:
17106:
16576:
16561:
16255:
15852:
15475:
15180:
13855:
11354:
9551:
5419:
5143:
4923:
4736:
4331:
3749:
2817:
was the last ascetic who had partial knowledge of the original canon. According to them, Digambara
1903:
1411:(descending, increasing sorrow and immorality). It states that the world is currently in the fifth
578:
17613:
15267:
3059:), but some Hindu scholars propose soul to be atomic. Hindu thought generally discusses Atman and
2347:). Terapanthi Digambaras limit their ritual worship to tirthankaras. The worship ritual is called
1268:
164:
21114:
21051:
21001:
20961:
20906:
20541:
20536:
20426:
20373:
20263:
20193:
19989:
19795:
19710:
18915:
18893:
18692:
18514:
18039:
17655:
17582:
17266:
16637:
16437:
16346:
16131:
15751:
15047:
14500:
14253:
13013:
12989:
12634:
12299:
12137:
12089:
10808:
5020:
5011:
3942:
3900:
2789:, much like the ancient Buddhist and Hindu texts, and to have originated from the sermons of the
2681:
2432:
1993:
source of temptation). Inner austerities include expiation, confession, respecting and assisting
13031:
12683:
5262:
4470:
998:
20981:
20876:
20836:
20816:
20673:
20648:
20553:
20526:
20476:
20446:
20436:
20353:
20318:
20303:
20288:
20243:
20178:
19847:
19778:
19683:
19678:
19419:
19342:
19104:
18986:
18910:
18707:
18697:
18556:
18524:
18462:
18433:
17940:
17935:
17719:
17600:
17560:
17345:
16686:
16681:
16661:
16657:
15830:
15788:
15733:
15005:
14291:
14163:
13730:
12750:
9907:
5399:
5391:
5072:
5071:
ridicules certain Shaiva sects and the Buddhists and expresses contempt for Jain ascetics. The
4858:
4145:
4087:
4053:
3919:
2601:
2412:
2030:
878:
872:
824:
485:
12550:"The violence of non-violence: a study of some Jain responses to non-Jain religious practices"
10870:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325–1351) is mentioned in Jain texts as showing favour to Jain scholars
10826:
10773:
4929:
The historicity of first twenty two tirthankaras is not determined yet. The 23rd Tirthankara,
3202:
or other important people, particularly with them in a seated or standing meditative posture.
3178:
3134:
21222:
21167:
21084:
21036:
21011:
20811:
20633:
20628:
20496:
20486:
20308:
19984:
19922:
19742:
19688:
19109:
19087:
19006:
18947:
18613:
18052:
17903:
17033:
16632:
16544:
16208:
15979:
15847:
15756:
14517:
13935:
13532:
13449:
13428:
The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE
12627:
Jacobi, Hermann (1964), Max Muller (The Sacred Books of the East Series, Volume XXII) (ed.),
12034:
Cort, John E. (1995), "The Jain Knowledge Warehouses : Traditional Libraries in India",
11892:
11737:
11574:
10853:
9955:
9715:
9682:
9577:
9542:
8398:
5548:
5096:
5067:
4890:
Sculpture with Four Jinas (Rishabhanatha (Adinatha), Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira),
4842:
4448:
3963:
3270:
2869:
attributed to Acharya pushpdanta and Bhutbali. Other important Digambara Jain texts include:
2500:
celebrates the birth of Mahāvīra. It is celebrated on the 13th day of the lunisolar month of
1718:
972:. Jains believe the universe is made up of six eternal substances: sentient beings or souls (
622:
31:
17923:
17871:
14935:Ācārya Samantabhadra's Ratnakarandaka-śrāvakācāra: The Jewel-casket of Householder's Conduct
9653:
8494:
21212:
21202:
21187:
21094:
21021:
20991:
20966:
20931:
20891:
20886:
20861:
20731:
20653:
20603:
20583:
20573:
20461:
20408:
20383:
20233:
20228:
20208:
20173:
20158:
20102:
19872:
19805:
19773:
19653:
19588:
19454:
19332:
19185:
19065:
18964:
18876:
18844:
18839:
18687:
18419:
17788:
17672:
17256:
17016:
16627:
16571:
16522:
16507:
16360:
16193:
16157:
15943:
15938:
15908:
15893:
15873:
15842:
15813:
14575:
14548:
13264:
11029:"Virchand Gandhi – a Gandhi before Gandhi An unsung Gandhi who set course for his namesake"
9573:
9335:
5778:"Jainism Gains Traction In Japan, Thousands Travel To India To Transition From Zen To Jain"
5454:. Jainism also counts several non-Indian converts; for example, it is spreading rapidly in
5415:
5403:
5171:
4109:
4059:
3981:
3865:
2900:
2896:
2223:
2158:
937:
17:
17987:
16869:
15388:
11222:
9810:
8755:
Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2000). "Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology".
2629:
Bhadrabahu predicted a twelve-year-long famine and moved to Karnataka with his disciples.
8:
21217:
21192:
21172:
21149:
21076:
21026:
21006:
20921:
20911:
20866:
20826:
20781:
20776:
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20711:
20706:
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20678:
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20563:
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20431:
20393:
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20333:
20323:
20313:
20278:
20273:
20223:
20168:
20143:
20087:
19944:
19927:
19815:
19810:
19800:
19668:
19469:
19382:
19327:
19303:
19190:
19075:
19033:
18828:
18677:
18305:
18097:
17972:
17751:
17538:
17423:
17351:
17241:
17162:
16989:
16642:
16466:
16312:
16198:
16077:
16040:
16014:
15953:
15903:
15463:
15331:
14692:
14531:
14400:
14321:
14146:
14075:
14031:
13459:
12843:
12819:
12393:
12113:
11715:
11518:
11358:
11167:
10887:"What Aurangzeb did to preserve Hindu temples (and protect non-Muslim religious leaders)"
10671:
9331:
7211:
7209:
5298:. He worked to defend the rights of Jains and wrote and lectured extensively on Jainism.
4974:
4833:
4759:
4268: – Locations where divine events are believed to have occurred, such as:
4027:
3946:
3911:
3099:
Fynes (1996) argues that various Jain influences, particularly ideas on the existence of
3089:
2676:
Several scholars and scriptures of other religions as well as those of their counterpart
2332:
2073:
1054:, which is a mix of living and non-living), the bondage of karmic particles to the soul (
528:
79:
21299:
15022:
13387:
Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas: Badami, Mahakuta, Aihole, Pattadakal
5368:
and prompted their discontinuance. The laws were abolished by India after independence.
2915:
2038:(laywomen). The latter two support the ascetics and their monastic organizations called
1529:(Correct Conduct), meaning behavior consistent with the Five vows. Jain texts often add
21197:
21177:
21144:
21041:
21031:
20976:
20971:
20901:
20881:
20871:
20856:
20851:
20831:
20801:
20796:
20771:
20761:
20693:
20658:
20643:
20548:
20521:
20511:
20471:
20456:
20451:
20403:
20398:
20338:
20293:
20253:
20148:
20135:
19937:
19917:
19842:
19715:
19538:
19212:
19170:
19011:
18979:
18954:
18881:
18861:
18682:
18630:
18618:
18596:
18188:
18146:
18019:
17844:
17839:
17834:
17633:
17417:
17393:
16772:
16696:
16444:
16390:
16188:
16162:
16035:
15878:
15808:
15803:
15438:
15433:
15009:
14620:
14442:
14279:
14010:
13993:
13246:
13093:
12051:
11631:
11480:
11414:
10998:
10034:
10001:
9305:
8780:
7040:
5782:
5533:
5473:
5407:
5301:
5273:
5269:
5201:(1526–1530), the first Mughal emperor ordered the destruction of various Jain idols in
5107:
Shaivite sect. The Lingayats destroyed Jain temples and adapted them to their use. The
4753:
4465:
4371:; Parshvanatha, Rishabhanatha and Mahāvīra are among the more popular, often seated in
4361:
4281:
2069:
2063:
2059:
1272:
940:, and the actual realization of this principle plays out through the phenomena of both
693:. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four
74:
18300:
17849:
17445:
17175:
12319:
A History of Architecture in All Countries: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day
7206:
5472:
Jainism has been praised for some of its practices and beliefs. Greatly influenced by
5382:
Followers of Jainism are called "Jains", a word derived from the Sanskrit verbal root
3937:
The second–first century BCE Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves are rich with carvings of
2853:
2670:
2609:
2148:
1748:
1509:
Purification of soul and liberation can be achieved through the path of three jewels:
811:
21254:
21248:
21182:
21139:
21129:
21119:
21109:
21016:
20936:
20896:
20821:
20791:
20683:
20638:
20618:
20593:
20568:
20531:
20516:
20491:
20466:
20378:
20328:
20283:
20268:
20248:
20238:
20213:
20153:
20097:
19857:
19633:
19229:
19200:
19124:
19119:
19080:
19018:
18974:
18959:
18942:
18937:
18932:
18871:
18606:
18492:
18258:
18228:
18208:
18029:
17824:
17805:
17800:
17714:
17677:
17398:
17313:
17236:
17134:
17124:
17092:
17080:
17048:
17025:
17007:
16903:
16758:
16666:
16652:
16615:
16603:
16432:
16351:
16303:
16057:
15948:
15888:
15883:
15868:
15835:
15825:
15639:
15526:
15277:
15131:
15124:
15101:
14966:
14939:
14909:
14879:
14849:
14770:
14739:
14719:
14696:
14672:
14652:
14631:
14605:
14585:
14562:
14535:
14504:
14480:
14460:
14446:
14434:
14404:
14380:
14345:
14325:
14301:
14257:
14233:
14213:
14193:
14173:
14150:
14126:
14106:
14102:
14098:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
14079:
14055:
14035:
13997:
13973:
13969:
13949:
13945:
13922:
13883:
13859:
13835:
13811:
13791:
13760:
13736:
13716:
13682:
13662:
13642:
13615:
13592:
13536:
13514:
13486:
13463:
13436:
13411:
13391:
13371:
13351:
13328:
13308:
13288:
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13198:
13175:
13155:
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12521:, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
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Shared Characters in Jain, Buddhist and Hindu Narrative: Gods, Kings and Other Heroes
11598:
11346:
11299:
11127:
11117:
10990:
10948:
10918:
10859:
10832:
10779:
9297:
8772:
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5451:
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5435:
5091:, constructed a Jain temple, even though he was not a Jain. During the 11th century,
4686:
4613:
3954:
2622:. Śvētāmbara (white-clad) monastics, on the other hand, wear seamless white clothes.
2482:
2244:
2068:
The practice of non-violence towards all living beings has led to Jain culture being
1765:
1568:
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1202:, the first two are indirect knowledge and the remaining three are direct knowledge.
1110:
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314:
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182:
114:
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18310:
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13965:
Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture
13131:
A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan: Architecture & Iconography
12370:(2002), "Terapanth Śvētāmbara Jain Tradition", in Melton, J.G.; Baumann, G. (eds.),
10073:
5619:(fasting on the 8th and 14th days on lunar waxing and waning cycles). The fourth is
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1407:
1038:
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209:
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20598:
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14709:
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13628:
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13531:, (in Prakrit and English) Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series (vol-19), Mumbai:
13341:
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129:
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18851:
6416:
4463:. This statue was voted first in the SMS poll Seven Wonders of India conducted by
4410:
3989:
2264:
achieved. Out of the 24 tirthankaras, Jains predominantly worship four: Mahāvīra,
21258:
19882:
19862:
19352:
19244:
19234:
18903:
18571:
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16748:
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16019:
15994:
15700:
15695:
15680:
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15416:
15351:
15111:
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14903:
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14599:
14579:
14552:
14521:
14494:
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14374:
14341:
The Metaphysics of Paradox: Jainism, Absolute Relativity, and Religious Pluralism
14315:
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14227:
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14167:
14140:
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13805:
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13706:
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13676:
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13453:
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13405:
13385:
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13322:
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13258:
13192:
13188:
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13149:
13129:
13105:
13007:
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12919:
12899:
12879:
12837:
12813:
12793:
12789:
12770:
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12710:
12663:
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12604:
12584:
12494:
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12425:
12348:
12328:
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12251:
12228:
12207:
12201:
12197:
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12107:
12083:
12063:
11980:
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11886:
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11817:
11794:
11778:
11755:
11709:
11686:
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11635:
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11592:
11514:
11447:
11293:
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11082:
10942:
10912:
10882:
9944:
5525:
5287:
5277:
5245:
5163:
5159:
5108:
4902:
4726:, heaven, the human world and hell. The semi-circular topmost portion symbolizes
4600:
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4127:
3995:
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3701:
3104:
2720:
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in a Jain temple and doing charity work. According to Johnson, as well as Jaini,
2176:
2129:
903:
884:
708:, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third
603:
518:
387:
373:
96:
10103:
4573:
is a condensed reference to the initials "A-A-A-U-M" of the five parameshthis: "
3934:, there are 26 caves, 200 stone beds, 60 inscriptions, and over 100 sculptures.
1794:
Jainism teaches five ethical duties, which it calls five vows. These are called
1398:), and in the first eon the universe generates, and in the next it degenerates.
20009:
19897:
19837:
19553:
19528:
19313:
19217:
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19043:
18996:
18409:
18357:
18253:
18223:
18203:
18198:
18193:
18176:
18072:
17992:
17965:
17918:
17908:
16920:
16583:
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16385:
16365:
16334:
16111:
16009:
15984:
15798:
15715:
15685:
15619:
15553:
15521:
15508:
15503:
15448:
15314:
15309:
15168:
15153:
15083:
12702:
12404:
11911:
Gleanings from a Comparative Reading of Early Canonical Buddhist and Jain Texts
5543:
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5007:
4978:
4372:
4351:
3896:
3849:
3637:
3302:
3034:
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2809:
by the Śvētāmbara Jains, and a form of sonic resonance by the Digambara Jains.
2786:
2545:
2436:
2402:
2381:
2116:. The practice is believed to remove karma from one's soul and provides merit (
2081:
1988:
1691:
1432:
1327:
799:
737:
452:
438:
424:
403:
268:
214:
154:
109:
17185:
15548:
15015:"Youngest Jain Sadhviji to Observe 285 Fasts in 11 Months – Muktavali Tapasya"
14430:
9142:
9140:
8821:
4914:
4837:
4163:
3267:
with various beings concentrically placed, is an important theme of Jain art.
3142:
2834:
1004:
860:
is also home to a fast-growing community of converts. Major festivals include
431:
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19932:
19486:
19367:
18759:
18754:
18702:
18539:
18477:
18372:
18263:
18161:
18092:
18024:
18014:
17977:
17913:
17810:
17776:
17694:
17590:
17553:
17472:
17380:
16831:
16782:
16487:
16152:
16004:
15989:
15655:
15421:
14957:
14927:
14897:
14867:
14837:
14816:
14795:
14438:
14092:
13476:
13367:
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
13089:
12372:
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
12224:
12027:
11862:
11443:"Delhi and Punjab richest states, Jain wealthiest community: National survey"
11131:
11033:
10994:
9301:
8776:
7221:
6811:
5563:
5553:
5178:
4912:
as the reinforcer of Jain Dharma in the current time cycle. It is one of the
4909:
4846:
4809:
599 – c. 527 BCE) are historical figures. Mahavira was a contemporary of the
4776:
4766:
4443:
4207:
4203:
3170:
3088:
within its premises in a place of honour, while temple complexes such as the
2990:
2688:
2574:
2273:
2181:
1915:
1613:
1456:
1133:
or the word of scriptures). These ideas are elaborated in Jain texts such as
933:
853:
797:(the function of souls is to help one another) is the faith's motto, and the
723:
298:
263:
228:
69:
18601:
15538:
12567:
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English
12019:
11913:, vol. 26, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
10675:
5838:
5430:(2.01%). Outside India, Jain communities can be found in most areas hosting
4612:
is a set of eight auspicious symbols: in the Digambara tradition, these are
4294: – Places associated with the lives of great men, such as:
2185:
is a practice of "brief periods in meditation" in Jainism that is a part of
1817:
396:
20072:
19974:
19830:
19518:
19513:
19491:
19481:
19362:
18794:
18729:
18672:
18657:
18623:
18248:
18156:
17152:
17043:
17038:
16889:
16859:
16733:
16701:
16449:
16420:
16407:
16072:
16062:
15670:
15581:
15576:
15563:
15513:
15480:
15443:
15146:
15136:
14988:
13897:
12274:
Dundas, Paul (2003a), "Jainism and Buddhism", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),
12154:
12003:
11955:
A Comprehensive History of Jainism: From the Earliest Beginnings to AD 1000
10986:
10952:
10769:
9286:"Plant Souls in Jainism and Manichaeism The Case for Cultural Transmission"
9137:
9094:
9058:
8414:
5352:
5076:
5027:
4930:
4795:
4693:
4608:
4516:
4484:
4452:
3959:
3853:
3733:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3259:
3250:
3166:
3050:
where all souls are identical as Brahman and posited as interconnected one
3002:
2962:
2929:
2859:
2805:
2630:
2265:
2218:
1841:
1633:
1190:
1177:
920:
779:
712:
705:
573:
303:
273:
134:
104:
18295:
16940:
15252:
14822:
13574:
13301:
Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1998), Ganeri, Jonardon; Tiwari, Heeraman (eds.),
12606:
Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices
11111:
11080:
8565:
7472:
7272:
5355:, were flawed and ignored similar practices within sects of Christianity.
3322:
is associated with distinctive emblems, which are listed in such texts as
19994:
19969:
19788:
19756:
19747:
19693:
19623:
19608:
19501:
19392:
19053:
19001:
18789:
18507:
18487:
18327:
18268:
18006:
18002:
17815:
17303:
17251:
17221:
17058:
16912:
16804:
16728:
16593:
16529:
16480:
16101:
15675:
15543:
15374:
15359:
15341:
15321:
15304:
15158:
15091:
14962:
14824:
Reality (English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi)
14370:
12247:
11976:
9547:
9265:
6878:
6404:
5558:
5365:
5360:
5319:
5238:
5174:(1325–1351) according to the Jain chronicles favoured the Jain scholars.
5147:
5104:
5054:
5037:
The third century BCE emperor Ashoka, in his pillar edicts, mentions the
4948:
4922:, and according to the twentieth-century scholar of comparative religion
4905:
of obscure origins. Jains claim it to be eternal, and consider the first
4771:
4335:
4247:
4215:
3950:
3886:
3837:
3343:
3239:
3112:
3108:
3026:("no eternal self or soul"). Hinduism incorporates an eternal unchanging
2663:
2531:
2530:). Jain temples, homes, offices, and shops are decorated with lights and
2375:
Traditional Jains, like Buddhists and Hindus, believe in the efficacy of
1709:
1609:
1353:
1195:
1062:
563:
459:
345:
293:
149:
19308:
19249:
18352:
17746:
17565:
17114:
13404:
Miller, Christopher Patrick; Long, Jeffery D.; Reading, Michael (2019).
11594:
Integrative Religious Education in Europe: A Study-of-Religions Approach
11002:
10970:
9538:"Plan to beautify Khandagiri – Monument revamp to attract more tourists"
9309:
2746:
1927:
1771:
19960:
19955:
19825:
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19783:
19761:
19618:
19598:
19593:
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19424:
19387:
18991:
18769:
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18457:
18102:
18082:
17618:
17543:
17482:
17246:
17226:
17147:
16799:
16767:
16738:
16517:
16512:
16497:
16106:
16082:
15743:
15591:
15458:
15453:
15411:
15272:
15192:
14476:
Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnology of a Jain Ascetic Community
14283:
13076:
Kishore, Kanika (16 June 2015), "Symbol and Image Worship in Jainism",
12795:
Gender and Salvation: Jain Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women
9285:
8932:
8784:
6617:
5458:, where more than 5,000 families have converted between 2010 and 2020.
5427:
5214:
5100:
5050:
4986:
4648:
4479:
4303:
4273:
4235:
4041:
3765:
3653:
3589:
3429:
3216:, are usually shown with them. The earliest known Jain image is in the
3100:
2943:
2925:
2883:
2871:
2765:
2652:
2583:
2476:
2474:
The last day involves a focused prayer and meditation session known as
2421:
2162:
2104:, and may be practiced according to one's ability. Digambaras fast for
1994:
1889:
1867:
1849:
1737:
1717:
multiple perspective" teachings of the Mahāvīra is about the nature of
1504:
1500:
1437:
862:
754:
716:
694:
495:
490:
340:
330:
325:
233:
204:
159:
18799:
17638:
15705:
15039:
13552:
Brief View of the Caste System of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh
13284:
Logic, Language and Reality: Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues
13250:
12055:
8956:
8920:
7759:
4730:, a zone beyond the three realms. The Jain swastika and the symbol of
4526:
1090:). The true insight in Jain philosophy is considered as "faith in the
59:
19902:
19698:
19613:
19603:
19474:
19429:
19414:
19347:
19195:
18662:
18584:
18544:
18534:
18497:
18472:
18452:
18347:
18213:
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18057:
17819:
17739:
17734:
17645:
17455:
17440:
17405:
17388:
17370:
17283:
17063:
16979:
16958:
16953:
16930:
16925:
16884:
16879:
16816:
16753:
16676:
16647:
16598:
16539:
16492:
16047:
15710:
15665:
15634:
15586:
15571:
15326:
15296:
15119:
15096:
14972:
13756:
13712:
13605:
13582:
13432:
13111:
13059:
13037:
12925:
12860:
Jambuvijaya, Muni (2002), Piotr Balcerowicz & Marek Mejor (ed.),
12610:
12586:
Proselytization Revisited: Rights Talk, Free Markets and Culture Wars
12500:
12431:
12257:
12203:
A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular
11986:
11800:
11786:
11761:
10485:
9902:
9870:
9783:
9708:
9675:
8529:
7638:
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5123:
4937:
4817:
4706:
4629:
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4167:
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2795:
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2340:
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1788:
1601:
which affects one's rebirth, future well-being and causes suffering.
1185:
936:
and forecasts that the universe evolves without violating the law of
815:
807:
568:
558:
533:
368:
320:
199:
17335:
16864:
12350:
Human Rights and the World's Major Religions: The Buddhist tradition
11063:
The Open Court, Vol. 16, Nr. 4 "The Death of Mr. Virchand R. Gandhi"
10514:
10512:
8768:
8654:
8652:
7320:
2821:
recreated the oldest-known Digambara Jain texts, including the four
2803:(heard knowledge). The spoken scriptural language is believed to be
2516:
is observed by Jains as the anniversary of Mahāvīra's attainment of
2260:(incarnation), but the highest state of omniscience that an ascetic
19705:
19449:
19439:
19294:
18784:
18764:
18591:
18467:
18322:
17886:
17608:
17548:
17467:
17375:
17362:
17340:
17320:
17298:
17293:
17273:
17213:
17180:
17119:
16963:
16948:
16826:
16787:
16743:
16534:
16471:
16375:
16278:
16233:
16121:
16116:
15629:
15603:
15336:
13242:
12047:
11410:"Thousands of Japanese making a smooth transition from Zen to Jain"
11324:
10536:
8862:
8860:
8279:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6435:
6433:
6431:
5538:
5519:
5210:
5190:
5167:
5127:
5084:
4802:
4716:
4642:
4637:
4556:
4504:
4500:
4416:
4384:
4259:
4255:
4227:
4131:
4045:
3869:
3717:
3669:
3525:
3493:
3413:
3365:
3245:
3208:
3124:
2982:
2974:
2848:
2771:
2704:
2352:
2281:
2228:
2077:
1464:
1390:(time) is without beginning and eternal; the cosmic wheel of time,
1231:
969:
773:
598:
308:
9296:(1/2). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 21–44.
7633:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6758:
2687:
Excavations at Mathura revealed Jain statues from the time of the
2139:
2092:
Jains fast particularly during festivals. This practice is called
1957:
19979:
19578:
19543:
19464:
19377:
19318:
19222:
18925:
18779:
18529:
18482:
18367:
18243:
18062:
17487:
17261:
16811:
16777:
16620:
16321:
15470:
15246:
15241:
15212:
14989:"Jainism | Definition, Beliefs, History, Literature, & Facts"
14956:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
14926:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
14896:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
14866:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
14836:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
14815:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
14794:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
13807:
Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini
13229:
Lorenzen, David N. (1978), "Warrior Ascetics in Indian History",
10509:
10126:
9070:
8649:
8625:
8613:
8541:
8240:
8192:
7580:
5505:
5466:
5305:
5253:
5202:
5182:
5158:. The scholarship in context of Jain relations with the ruler of
4821:
4662:
4624:
4585:
4318:
4299:
4295:
4113:
3931:
3845:
3781:
3621:
3445:
3254:
3072:
3060:
3047:
2978:
2933:
2501:
2344:
1401:
Thus, it divides the worldly cycle of time into two half-cycles,
1154:
1117:
1068:
992:
980:
908:
14493:
Vallely, Anne (2013), Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (eds.),
12554:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
12085:
Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India
12065:
Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History
11868:
The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra
10449:
9579:
Report of a Tour in the Central Provinces in 1873–74 and 1874–75
9355:
9353:
9253:
9241:
8857:
8809:
8158:
8156:
6985:
6973:
6665:
6428:
6392:
6380:
6341:
6317:
5886:
2928:, the "Vasu Śilāpaṭa" ayagapata, 1st century CE, excavated from
1513:(Correct View), meaning faith, acceptance of the truth of soul (
1337:
1310:
of some forms of Hinduism and Buddhism. According to Jainism, a
19887:
19766:
19751:
19570:
19459:
19444:
19402:
19180:
19058:
18332:
18087:
18077:
17689:
17650:
17492:
17100:
17070:
16794:
16126:
15624:
15364:
15231:
15197:
12133:
Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History
10738:
10714:
10596:
10054:
9952:
9712:
9679:
9394:
9392:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9082:
8997:
8995:
8204:
7822:
7737:
7735:
7708:
7380:
7233:
7107:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7007:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6797:
6755:
6307:
6305:
6236:
6234:
5862:
5304:, a mystic, poet and philosopher revered amongst some Jains in
5092:
4982:
4959:
4865:
4810:
4633:
4618:
4579:
4560:
4532:
4496:
4307:
4285:
4219:
3908:
3844:
Ancient Jain monuments include the Udaigiri Hills near Bhelsa (
3685:
3381:
3228:
3189:
3046:(perfected ones). Unlike Jainism, Hindu philosophies encompass
3022:
3013:
3007:
2994:
2730:
2625:
During Chandragupta Maurya's reign, Jain tradition states that
2618:
2523:
2376:
2328:
2257:
1833:
1686:
1534:
1483:
1442:
1366:
Jain texts propound that the universe consists of many eternal
1303:
state is entered after an intentional and shockingly evil act.
1295:
1074:
1050:
960:
849:
845:
728:
480:
139:
18278:
14016:
An English translation of Satyarth Prakash (Reprinted in 1970)
13009:
Heroic Wives Rituals, Stories and the Virtues of Jain Wifehood
12645:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
12394:"Present Lord: Simandhara Svami and the Akram Vijnan Movement"
11552:
11540:
9365:
9048:
9046:
9007:
8724:
8228:
7942:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7747:
7308:
6854:
5138:
5130:, and Vaishnavism then grew rapidly in what is now Karnataka.
5080:
1318:, is at the apex, is omniscient, and remains there eternally.
19583:
19357:
19337:
19322:
18898:
18724:
18519:
18382:
18337:
18317:
17477:
16874:
16720:
16502:
15761:
15738:
15207:
13056:
Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places
13054:
Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul, eds. (1996),
12295:
Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE
11823:
The Anthropology of Values: Essays in Honour of Georg Pfeffer
11239:
11237:
10560:
9833:
9464:
9440:
9428:
9350:
9167:
8968:
8712:
8664:
8601:
8577:
8308:
8306:
8153:
8023:
8021:
8006:
7846:
7783:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7531:
7529:
7368:
7356:
6963:
6961:
6017:
6015:
5850:
5198:
5186:
4891:
4488:
4339:
3314:
3233:
3217:
3055:
3032:("soul"), while Jainism incorporates an eternal but changing
2986:
2613:
2509:
1857:
Jainism prescribes seven supplementary vows, including three
1825:
1697:
1044:
819:
767:
669:
15071:
14715:
History of Indian Literature: Buddhist & Jain Literature
12160:
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
11846:Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India
11249:
10799:
Pushpa Prasad. "The Jain Community in the Delhi Sultanate".
10726:
10620:
10572:
10548:
10497:
10363:
10291:
10279:
10267:
10153:
9734:
9586:
9389:
9213:, ed. Tara Sethia, New Delhi 2004, p. 52–60; Tähtinen p. 31.
9205:
Jindal pp. 89–90; Laidlaw pp. 154–155; Jaini, Padmanabh S.:
9118:
9019:
8992:
8688:
8093:
7812:
7810:
7732:
7546:
7544:
7262:
7260:
7184:
7182:
7167:
7083:
7004:
6941:
6895:
6893:
6779:
6777:
6709:
6707:
6682:
6680:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6559:
6557:
6513:
6511:
6302:
6231:
6182:
6180:
6054:
19508:
19397:
17308:
16247:
14314:
Sundararajan, K. R.; Mukherji, Bithika, eds. (1997), "20",
12427:
Studies in Jain History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues
11084:
The Jain Philosophy: Collected and Ed. by Baghu F. Karbhari
10644:
10632:
10327:
10315:
10303:
9157:
9155:
9106:
9043:
8944:
8519:
8517:
8069:
7933:
7875:
7873:
7592:
7499:
7284:
7071:
7059:
6605:
6445:
6290:
6263:
6209:
6207:
6044:
6042:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5647:
4926:, Jainism was in existence before the Vedas were composed.
4919:
4640:
and vessel. In the Śvētāmbar tradition, they are Swastika,
4492:
4251:
4239:
4177:(pilgrim) sites are divided into the following categories:
2998:
1804:
1121:). It holds that correct knowledge is based on perception (
1115:
Jain philosophy accepts three reliable means of knowledge (
657:
14396:
Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence
13875:
The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India
11657:
Aintām Ulakat Tamil̲ Mānāṭu-Karuttaraṅku Āyvuk Kaṭṭuraikaḷ
11261:
11234:
11186:
11147:
Srimad Rajachandra's Atma-Siddhi (in Gujarati and English)
10914:
Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence
10177:
9452:
8980:
8676:
8637:
8470:
8303:
8033:
8018:
7834:
7616:
7526:
7344:
7194:
7131:
6958:
6866:
6842:
6457:
6012:
5966:
5964:
5937:
5065:(600–630 CE) converted from Jainism to Shaivism. His work
4540:
2567:
2364:(ceremonial bath) of the images. Some Jain sects employ a
2089:. Monks observe a stricter vow by eating only once a day.
654:
19407:
19372:
18047:
17384:
13787:
Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions: An Introduction
13407:
Beacons of Dharma: Spiritual Exemplars for the Modern Age
11476:"Jains have highest percentage of literates: Census 2011"
11351:
Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner
11210:
10608:
10375:
9746:
9377:
8257:
8255:
8141:
8105:
7996:
7994:
7957:
7955:
7921:
7807:
7720:
7672:
7660:
7648:
7568:
7556:
7541:
7296:
7257:
7179:
6890:
6774:
6719:
6704:
6677:
6653:
6586:
6554:
6508:
6280:
6278:
6177:
5988:
4783:(in the present time-cycle). Some artifacts found in the
3860:
in Gujarat, and the Jain temples at Dilwara Temples near
1945:
1521:(Correct Knowledge), meaning undoubting knowledge of the
663:
14249:
A Passion for Wisdom: A Very Brief History of Philosophy
14067:
14051:
Inviting Death: Indian Attitude Towards the Ritual Death
13902:(Doctoral thesis). University of Wales. pp. 125–150
11885:
Butalia, Tarunjit Singh; Small, Dianne P., eds. (2004),
11668:
Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture
10524:
10473:
10201:
10143:
10141:
9650:
Division of Religion and Philosophy, St Martin's College
9598:
9152:
8908:
8884:
8872:
8833:
8514:
8460:
8458:
8456:
8318:
8168:
7870:
7771:
7696:
7478:
7433:
7431:
7245:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6496:
6484:
6370:
6368:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6204:
6165:
6141:
6129:
6117:
6078:
6039:
5874:
5821:
5636:
seems to have meant "correct behavior" in early Jainism.
5484:
No religion in the World has explained the principle of
3309:, the standing position. He is distinguished from other
2839:
Bhadrabahu moved to Nepal. Both traditions consider his
2242:
Jains ritually worship numerous deities, especially the
14601:
Studies in Jain Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects
14209:
War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict
11982:
The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations
11389:
11174:
10461:
10437:
10255:
10225:
10213:
10189:
9517:
8736:
8700:
8589:
8180:
7516:
7514:
7489:
7487:
7460:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7416:
7332:
6905:
6474:
6472:
6219:
6153:
6095:
6093:
6000:
5961:
5913:
5903:
5901:
3930:
are important Jain centers in Karnataka. In and around
2315:
Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals.
1216:
1153:) as the fourth reliable means, in a manner similar to
16290:
12401:
The Intimate Other: Love Divine in the Indic Religions
11273:
11091:
11009:
10702:
10387:
10351:
9622:
9610:
9505:
9483:
9481:
9479:
9031:
8330:
8291:
8252:
8117:
8045:
7991:
7967:
7952:
7909:
7897:
7885:
7858:
7795:
7604:
7404:
6917:
6629:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6275:
5623:(giving alms to Jain monks, nuns or spiritual people).
5476:, the leader of the campaign for Indian independence,
4367:
Jain sculptures usually depict one of the twenty-four
3038:("soul"). In Jain thought, there are infinite eternal
2419:
The most important annual Jain festival is called the
1405:(ascending, progressive prosperity and happiness) and
13053:
12330:
An Archaeological History of Religions of Indian Asia
11312:
11231:, pp. 12–16, 200–207, 218–219, 251 with note 10.
11081:
Bhagu F. Karbhari; Vīrchand Rāghavajī Gāndhī (1911).
10910:
10828:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
10690:
10411:
10339:
10138:
9966:
9758:
9416:
9404:
9271:
9226:
124 (10th century); Jindal pp. 90–91; Sangave p. 259.
8896:
8845:
8553:
8453:
8342:
8216:
8081:
8057:
7684:
7428:
7392:
6929:
6731:
6535:
6365:
6246:
6066:
5949:
5925:
5797:
4918:
traditions of ancient India, those that rejected the
4441:
A monolithic, 18-metre (59-foot) statue of Bahubali,
678:
666:
660:
14313:
11377:
11341:
11339:
11198:
11149:. Koba: Srimad Rajachandra Adhyatmik Sadhana Kendra.
10584:
10399:
10165:
10030:"70-crore plan for idol installation at Mangi-Tungi"
9978:
9845:
9229:
8267:
7979:
7511:
7484:
7443:
7143:
7095:
6830:
6743:
6623:
6469:
6353:
6329:
6192:
6105:
6090:
6027:
5898:
5757:
5515:
5504:
became the first Jain woman to receive the title of
4973:
were patrons of Jainism. Jain tradition states that
4555:
Jain icons and arts incorporate symbols such as the
2512:, north of Patna, special events are held by Jains.
1623:
13872:Rudolph, Lloyd I.; Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber (1984),
13555:, North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press
11932:Charitrapragya, Samani (2004), Sethia, Tara (ed.),
11163:
Report on the Census of the Baroda Territories 1881
11074:
10750:
9493:
9476:
8354:
8129:
7155:
7119:
6692:
6641:
6569:
4820:lived about 85,000 years ago and was the cousin of
4330:Outside contemporary India, Jain communities built
3953:and the Ellora Caves are considered important. The
2847:important. The earliest surviving Sanskrit text by
2331:, gods and goddesses such as Brahmadeva, 52 Viras,
726:, around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered an eternal
651:
14735:Philosophy of Religion A Contemporary Introduction
14619:
14270:Soni, Jayandra (2000), "Basic Jain Epistemology",
13910:– via University of Huddersfield Repository.
13637:, vol. 1, Los Angeles Country Museum of Art,
13425:Mishra, Susan Verma; Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2016),
13370:, vol. One: A–B (Second ed.), ABC-CLIO,
12728:
10944:History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D.
10940:
10775:The Age of Wrath: A History of The Delhi Sultanate
9922:
8198:
6523:
5809:
5714:, speculating that they may be related to Jainism.
4316: – Places associated with famous
3876:is the place where twenty of the twenty-four Jain
2890:
1642:Jain temple painting explaining Anekantavada with
1423:, the universe will be reawakened in a new cycle.
1101:
704:), with the first in the current time cycle being
14799:
14688:Jain Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras
14246:Solomon, Robert C.; Higgins, Kathleen M. (1998),
13403:
13364:Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010),
12106:Cort, John E (2001b), White, David Gordon (ed.),
11570:
11336:
10851:
9898:"Arittapatti inscription throws light on Jainism"
8799:"Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds"
8535:
6347:
5030:are co-located with Hindu and Buddhist monuments.
4744:, meaning "souls render service to one another".
3970:Jain temples of varied styles in India and abroad
1306:Souls can be good or evil in Jainism, unlike the
21271:
14186:Sharma, Ramesh Chandra; Ghosal, Pranati (2006),
13627:
13526:
13485:(Second ed.), University of Nairobi Press,
12772:Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions
11917:
11757:Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism
11087:. N.M. Tripathi & Company. pp. 116–120.
10060:
8400:The Ādi Granth: Or, Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs
7828:
5856:
5844:
5414:(12.74%). Significant Jain populations exist in
5335:It is the enjoyer or the sufferer of its actions
5057:dynasty sponsored major Jain cave temples. King
4769:. Jains trace their history through twenty-four
3042:, predominantly in cycles of rebirth, and a few
2662:. Their monasticism rules differ, as does their
2157:Left: Jain nuns meditating, Right: 10th-century
1015:
14162:
13674:
13529:Dravyasamgrha: Exposition of the Six Substances
13103:
12769:Jaini, Padmanabh (1980), Doniger, Wendy (ed.),
12748:
11888:Religion in Ohio: Profiles of Faith Communities
11558:
10881:
10518:
9371:
8246:
8234:
8162:
7314:
5697:Some texts refer to the place as Mount Sammeta.
5402:(1.4 million in 2011, 31.46% of Indian Jains),
5154:Jainism faced persecution during and after the
3884:(died without being reborn, with their soul in
2829:: history, cosmography, philosophy and ethics.
2642:saw this as being opposed to the Jain tenet of
2193:is to achieve equanimity, and it is the second
1164:(knowledge) is said to be of five kinds –
1048:or non-living), the karmic influx to the soul (
14528:Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion
14245:
13871:
12292:Dundas, Paul (2006), Olivelle, Patrick (ed.),
11931:
11796:The Theology of Rāmānuja: Realism and Religion
11546:
8866:
8815:
6768:
4701:(wandering) through the relentless pursuit of
1979:("liberation from rebirths" and "salvation").
1725:
16263:
15055:
14931:
14901:
14871:
14841:
14516:
14138:
14118:
14091:
13705:Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J., eds. (2013),
13363:
13171:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z
13151:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M
12981:
12961:
11660:, International Association of Tamil Research
11330:
11255:
10821:
10744:
10732:
10720:
10626:
10602:
10578:
10566:
10554:
10503:
10297:
10285:
10159:
10132:
9839:
9779:"Namma Madurai: History hidden inside a cave"
9470:
9446:
9434:
9359:
9001:
8658:
8631:
8619:
8607:
8583:
8571:
8547:
8210:
8099:
8012:
7753:
7586:
7374:
7362:
7113:
7089:
7077:
7065:
7017:
6998:
6979:
6952:
6439:
6410:
6398:
6386:
6323:
6311:
6296:
6269:
6240:
6060:
6021:
5892:
5868:
4985:, became a monk and disciple of Jain ascetic
4685:The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes
4473:(depicting Rishabhanatha) was erected in the
3966:marks the revival of Jainism in South India.
2600:The Jain community is divided into two major
2548:, similar to those in the Hindu communities.
2290:rituals remember the five life events of the
1951:A Śvētāmbara sadhvi (nun)(early 20th-century)
1883:
1094:". The spiritual goal in Jainism is to reach
1066:), the wiping away of past karmic particles (
951:
623:
14530:], Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.), Delhi:
14317:Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern
14185:
13823:
13611:Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora
13588:Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora
13127:
13104:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004),
13029:
12006:(1987), "Medieval Jain Goddess Traditions",
11884:
11295:Asian Religions in Practice: An Introduction
11159:
10768:
10455:
10273:
9740:
9592:
9247:
6463:
6425:, pp. 20–21, 34–35, 74, 91, 95–96, 103.
3941:and deities with inscriptions including the
3810:Major pilgrimage and temple sites in Jainism
1759:
1604:Late medieval Jain scholars re-examined the
1441:Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras,
14206:Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (2017),
13704:
13527:Nemicandra, Acarya; Balbir, Nalini (2010),
13256:
13174:, vol. 2, The Rosen Publishing Group,
13167:
13154:, vol. 1, The Rosen Publishing Group,
13147:
13030:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013),
12859:
12701:
11971:
11753:
11731:
11704:
11653:
10971:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States"
10831:. Cambridge University Press. p. 288.
10650:
10638:
10333:
10309:
9458:
9398:
9173:
8754:
8718:
8075:
8039:
8027:
7350:
7326:
7239:
7218:, pp. 169–174, 178–198 with footnotes.
7030:
7028:
7026:
6860:
6563:
5156:Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent
4697:, which stands for the resolve to halt the
30:"Jain" redirects here. For other uses, see
16270:
16256:
15062:
15048:
14708:
13803:
13708:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today
12877:
11951:
11843:
11298:. Princeton University Press. p. 20.
11053:
10801:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
10491:
10431:"Rude Travel: Down The Sages Vir Sanghavi"
10321:
10183:
9572:
8730:
7278:
7227:
7215:
7200:
7037:"Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism"
6659:
4409:
715:, whom historians date to the 9th century
630:
616:
14820:
14456:That which is (Translator: Nathmal Tatia)
14009:
13914:
13752:Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy
13634:Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.–A.D. 700
13573:
13424:
12942:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2007),
12941:
12661:
12517:Gopal, Madan (1990), Gautam, K.S. (ed.),
12315:
11781:; et al. (1957), Welles, Sam (ed.),
11640:, Anamika Publishers & Distributors,
11508:"Distribution of Population by Religions"
10917:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 101–102.
10798:
10381:
9752:
9277:
8938:
8926:
8670:
8147:
7852:
7789:
7574:
6006:
5150:, Pakistan, a pilgrimage site before 1947
4345:
2280:saints, devotional worship is common for
897:
803:is its most common and strongest prayer.
18827:
14684:
14523:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation
14452:
14416:
14337:
14289:
14205:
13847:
13548:
13448:
13231:Journal of the American Oriental Society
13228:
12917:
12641:
12492:
12256:(Second ed.), London and New York:
12036:Journal of the American Oriental Society
11908:
11610:
11192:
10542:
10207:
9161:
9146:
9131:
9100:
9025:
8851:
8827:
8694:
7173:
7023:
6836:
6725:
5137:
4841:
4672:
4355:
4162:
3566:
3269:
3188:2nd–1st-century BCE Jain rock cut cave,
2953:
2406:
2310:
2222:
1775:
1649:The second main principle of Jainism is
1637:
1549:
1490:
1436:
1347:(realms of existence) in Jain cosmology
1215:
907:
740:. The three main pillars of Jainism are
20124:
15069:
14731:
14492:
14472:
14048:Settar, S. (1989), Ishwaran, K. (ed.),
13985:
13961:
13934:
13748:
13728:
13661:, Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 1995),
13562:International Journal of Dharma Studies
13498:
13475:
13383:
13300:
13280:
13257:Markham, Ian S.; Lohr, Christy (2009),
13075:
13005:
12985:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions
12897:
12681:
12582:
12547:
12346:
12326:
12273:
12223:
11861:
11792:
11777:
11590:
11440:
11407:
11395:
11347:"C-1 Population By Religious Community"
11279:
11216:
11180:
10855:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
10792:
10614:
10530:
10467:
10443:
10417:
10369:
10261:
10231:
10219:
10027:
9863:
9776:
9523:
9383:
9259:
9196:26; Dundas pp. 162–163; Tähtinen p. 31.
9112:
9088:
9052:
9013:
8962:
8950:
8706:
8336:
7891:
7598:
7422:
7290:
6872:
6848:
6698:
6284:
5803:
5775:
5398:'s population, mostly in the states of
3118:
3096:feature both Hindu and Jain monuments.
2985:, share concepts and doctrines such as
2714:
2707:, believed to have originated from the
2703:(half-clothed) mentioned in texts. The
2551:
2411:Celebrating Das Lakshana (Paryushana),
1742:The third main principle in Jainism is
14:
21272:
14751:
14574:
14547:
14369:
14125:, vol. 2, Sussex Academic Press,
14047:
14023:
13895:
13694:
13506:
13340:
13320:
13307:, State University of New York Press,
12878:Jansma, Rudi; Jain, Sneh Rani (2006),
12862:Essays in Jain Philosophy and Religion
12626:
12602:
12564:
12420:
12387:
12366:
12291:
12278:, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib.,
12246:
12176:
12153:
11816:
11734:Jainism and the definition of religion
11711:Essays in Jain Philosophy and Religion
11684:
11365:from the original on 13 September 2015
11318:
11267:
11243:
11160:Bhatavadekar, Gajanan Krishna (1867).
11097:
11059:
10479:
10393:
9939:
9937:
9764:
9628:
9616:
9511:
9064:
8986:
8890:
8878:
8839:
8682:
8643:
8559:
8523:
8476:
8348:
8324:
8312:
8285:
8261:
8222:
8174:
8087:
8063:
8051:
8000:
7973:
7961:
7946:
7903:
7879:
7840:
7801:
7690:
7627:
7610:
7535:
7410:
7386:
7137:
6967:
6935:
6911:
6899:
6884:
6783:
6737:
6713:
6686:
6671:
6647:
6611:
6599:
6548:
6451:
6422:
6374:
6359:
6335:
6225:
6186:
6159:
6084:
5994:
5982:
5955:
5931:
5919:
5832:
5341:There is a path to achieve liberation.
5315:The Story of My Experiments with Truth
5087:(10th century CE), the founder of the
4798:(c. 9th–8th century BCE) and the 24th
3890:). The Shikharji site in northeastern
2799:(chief disciples) transmitted them as
2235:of an ascetic. The ultimate ritual is
2212:
2012:, has a four-fold order consisting of
1798:(small vows) for Jain laypersons, and
20123:
19276:
18826:
16289:
16251:
15043:
14961:
14664:
14644:
14617:
14584:(Second ed.), Cengage Learning,
14392:
14225:
13783:
13654:
13604:
13581:
13559:
12835:
12811:
12788:
12768:
12692:
12525:
12516:
12388:Flügel, Peter (2005), King, Anna S.;
12105:
12081:
11630:
11422:from the original on 23 February 2020
11383:
11204:
11109:
10968:
10708:
10696:
10664:"World Heritage Sites – Ellora Caves"
10405:
10345:
10195:
10171:
10147:
10028:Botekar, Abhilash (4 December 2015).
9972:
9928:
9851:
9689:from the original on 18 February 2017
9535:
9422:
9410:
9283:
8974:
8902:
8830:, pp. 1–21, 25–27, 57–58, 82–84.
8742:
8595:
8464:
8273:
8186:
8135:
8111:
7927:
7915:
7816:
7765:
7741:
7726:
7714:
7678:
7666:
7654:
7642:
7562:
7550:
7520:
7505:
7493:
7466:
7454:
7437:
7398:
7338:
7302:
7266:
7251:
7188:
7161:
7149:
7125:
7047:from the original on 31 December 2014
6818:from the original on 21 February 2015
6749:
6635:
6580:
6529:
6517:
6502:
6478:
6213:
6198:
6171:
6147:
6135:
6123:
6111:
6099:
6048:
6033:
5907:
5880:
5815:
4415:The 58.8ft high monolithic statue of
4391:. Quadruple images are also popular.
3880:along with many other monks attained
2781:Jain canonical scriptures are called
2526:is also celebrated on the same date (
1060:), the stoppage of karmic particles (
978:), non-sentient substance or matter (
21305:Religions that require vegetarianism
14827:(Second ed.), Jwalamalini Trust
14597:
14269:
13772:
13210:
13187:
12447:
12129:
12061:
12033:
12002:
11848:, vol. 10, Springer, Springer,
11664:
11488:from the original on 29 January 2017
11473:
11455:from the original on 13 January 2018
11408:Chhapia, Hemali (23 February 2020).
11292:Jr, Donald S. Lopez (30 June 2020).
11228:
11015:
10590:
10357:
10106:. Department of Computer Science of
10042:from the original on 19 January 2016
10009:from the original on 18 October 2012
9984:
9821:from the original on 1 December 2018
9604:
9499:
9487:
9235:
9076:
9067:, pp. 147–149, 304 footnote 24.
9037:
8914:
8360:
8297:
8123:
7985:
7864:
7777:
7702:
7101:
7034:
6923:
6490:
6257:
6072:
5970:
5943:
5763:
5294:in 1893, held in America during the
4813:. According to Jain texts, the 22nd
3726:
3301:, is usually depicted in either the
2682:criticize Digambara sect's practices
2468:Jain festival prayer on the last day
2297:Panch Kalyanaka Pratishtha Mahotsava
15032:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15020:
14905:Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha
14376:Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature
14358:from the original on 24 August 2018
14169:Jain-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jain iconography
14071:Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka
14068:Singh, Ram Bhushan Prasad (2008) ,
12196:
11927:, The Central Jain Publishing House
11441:Kishore, Roshan (13 January 2018).
11060:Howard, Mrs. Charles (April 1902).
11021:
10756:
10114:from the original on 1 October 1999
9934:
9906:. 15 September 2003. Archived from
9878:from the original on 3 January 2014
9791:from the original on 3 January 2014
9272:Ring, Watson & Schellinger 1996
6887:, pp. 90–99, 104–105, 229–233.
6803:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5776:Archana, K. C. (23 February 2020).
5740:"BBC - Religions - Jainism: Dharma"
5250:Parliament of the World's Religions
4734:are included, with the Jain mantra
4483:(literally "eight metals"), namely
2494:is "abiding" or "coming together".
2227:Praying at the feet of a statue of
2053:
1933:Śvētāmbara-Sthanakwasi sadhu (monk)
1299:(liberation). It explains that the
1293:(incapable) souls can never attain
1008:). The last five are united as the
24:
20093:Religions and spiritual traditions
16292:Religious groups and denominations
13831:Living Jainism: An Ethical Science
13658:Studies in the Origins of Buddhism
12884:, Jaipur: Prakrit Bharti Academy,
12798:, University of California Press,
12775:, University of California Press,
12451:Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed
11671:, University of California Press,
11291:
9864:Kavitha, S. S. (3 February 2010).
9777:Kavitha, S. S. (31 October 2012).
9722:from the original on 26 March 2014
9709:"Group of Monuments at Pattadakal"
9149:, pp. 30–34 with footnote 28.
9103:, pp. 344–353 with footnotes.
7230:, pp. 205–212 with footnotes.
4977:(322–298 BCE), the founder of the
4322:, or centers of learning, such as
3758:
3646:
3582:
3422:
3212:, attendant spirits who guard the
2740:, or complete scriptural knowledge
2358:Jain practices include performing
1544:
1359:Division of time in Jain cosmology
25:
21316:
14981:
14848:(1st ed.), Vikalp Printers,
14845:Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsūtra
14338:Schwartz, William Andrew (2018),
13549:Nesfield, John Collinson (1885),
13455:Chandragupta Maurya and his times
12836:Jaini, Padmanabh S., ed. (2000),
12682:Hopkins, Edward Washburn (1902),
12633:, Motilal Banarsidass (Original:
11528:from the original on 4 March 2016
11144:
11068:The Open Court Publishing Company
9962:from the original on 10 May 2017.
8502:from the original on 15 June 2017
5645:Not to be confused with the four
5332:It is the doer of its own actions
5290:represented Jainism at the first
5248:, who represented Jainism at the
4765:Jainism is a religion founded in
4477:in 2015. Idols are often made in
3962:inscriptions. The eighth century
3790:
3742:
3598:
3534:
3502:
3470:
3454:
3390:
2993:. They do not believe in eternal
2785:. They are believed to have been
2774:inscription dated 3rd century BCE
2458:All in this world are my friends,
2456:may all living beings forgive me.
1314:(liberated soul) has gone beyond
1224:(transmigrating souls) in Jainism
1205:
1157:found in other Indian religions.
21253:
21244:
21243:
21057:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
20199:Democratic Republic of the Congo
16232:
15070:
14951:
14921:
14891:
14861:
14831:
14810:
14789:
14648:Historical Dictionary of Jainism
14142:Jainism: The World of Conquerors
14122:Jainism: The World of Conquerors
13986:Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2006) ,
13848:Robinson, Thomas Arthur (2006),
13482:A Comparative Study of Religions
12921:Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A–L
12839:Collected Papers On Jain Studies
12695:Empathy for Pain in Vedic Ritual
12583:Hackett, Rosalind I. J. (2008),
11500:
11467:
11434:
11401:
11285:
11153:
11138:
11103:
10962:
10934:
10911:Kurt Titze; Klaus Bruhn (1998).
10904:
10875:
10858:. Scarecrow Press. p. 101.
10845:
10815:
10762:
10656:
10423:
10245:"ऋषभनाथ तीर्थंकर | भारतकोश"
10237:
10096:
10066:
10021:
9990:
9945:"Nagarparkar Cultural Landscape"
9890:
9857:
9803:
9770:
9701:
9668:
9634:
9566:
9529:
9316:
9216:
9207:Ahimsa and "Just War" in Jainism
9199:
9179:
8791:
8748:
8482:
8428:
8407:
8391:
8366:
7768:, pp. 33, 59, 92, 138, 191.
6795:
6624:Sundararajan & Mukherji 1997
5700:
5691:
5681:
5667:
5654:
5639:
5626:
5609:
5595:
5518:
5261:
5237:
5019:
4996:
4880:
4857:
4539:
4525:
4138:
4120:
4102:
4080:
4066:
4052:
4034:
4020:
4002:
3988:
3974:
3789:
3773:
3757:
3741:
3725:
3710:
3709:
3693:
3677:
3662:
3661:
3645:
3629:
3613:
3597:
3581:
3565:
3550:
3549:
3533:
3518:
3517:
3501:
3486:
3485:
3469:
3453:
3437:
3421:
3406:
3405:
3389:
3373:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3177:
3155:
3140:The birth of Mahavira, from the
3133:
2914:
2764:
2745:
2729:
2582:
2566:
2327:, which includes Jina, or other
2189:(ritual restraint). The goal of
2147:
2138:
1956:
1944:
1926:
1921:Śvētāmbara-Deravasi sadhu (monk)
1914:
1902:
1352:
1336:
761:Jain monks take five main vows:
736:guiding every time cycle of the
647:
597:
58:
19659:Evolutionary origin of religion
14479:, University of Toronto Press,
14019:, Lahore : Virganand Press
13962:Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001),
13941:Jain Community: A Social Survey
13896:Salter, Emma (September 2002).
13304:The Character of Logic in India
13281:Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1990),
12496:Buddhist Precept & Practice
12230:Encyclopedia of World Religions
12180:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
11952:Chatterjee, Asim Kumar (2000),
11571:Miller, Long & Reading 2019
11474:Jain, Bharti (31 August 2016).
10084:from the original on 6 May 2017
9644:Encyclopedia of World Religions
9536:Barik, Bibhuti (23 June 2015).
9324:"Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves"
6789:
5985:, pp. 75–76, 131, 229–230.
5586:
5576:
5228:
4785:Indus River Valley civilization
4758:For a chronological guide, see
4469:. The 33-metre (108-foot) tall
4184: – Site of the
3774:
3614:
3438:
2891:Comparison with other religions
2161:depicting standing meditation (
1149:. Some Jain texts add analogy (
1078:). Śvētāmbaras add two further
20015:Separation of church and state
18668:Polytheistic reconstructionism
16168:List of Digambar Jain ascetics
15006:"The Original Home of Jainism"
14767:Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd
14496:The Oxford Handbook of Atheism
13804:Qvarnström, Olle, ed. (2003),
13681:, Concept Publishing Company,
13639:University of California Press
13168:Lochtefeld, James G. (2002b),
13148:Lochtefeld, James G. (2002a),
11935:Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm
10668:Archaeological Survey of India
10104:"Om – Significance in Jainism"
9998:"And India's 7 wonders are..."
9811:"Dravidi Or Kalinga Syllabary"
9676:"Khajuraho Group of Monuments"
9328:Archaeological Survey of India
8965:, pp. 1–10, 76–79, 87–98.
7281:, p. 182 with footnote 3.
5769:
5732:
5103:, converted many Jains to the
5079:between 700 and 1000 CE. King
5004:Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves
4740:from sūtra 5.21 of Umaswati's
4455:, is situated on a hilltop in
4152:
3694:
3678:
3374:
2171:Jainism considers meditation (
1537:). The four jewels are called
1239:, the most important), bliss (
1198:). According to the Jain text
968:means substances or entity in
13:
1:
17624:Traditional Sabahan religions
14999:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
14622:Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor
14189:Jain Contribution to Varanasi
13776:A Text-book of Indian History
12918:Johnston, William M. (2000),
12815:The Jain Path of Purification
12812:Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998) ,
12665:Outlines of Indian Philosophy
12532:, vol. 8, archived from
11654:Arunachalam, M., ed. (1981),
8941:, pp. 54–62, 77–82, 132.
7479:Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh 2008
5721:
5463:National Family Health Survey
5371:
5308:is believed to have attained
5292:World Parliament of Religions
5116:
4963:
4952:
4941:
4869:
4387:, and protector deities like
3630:
2753:
2339:and 16 Vidyadevis (including
2123:
1685:as a key difference from the
1446:
21290:History of religion in India
16277:
14975:: L.D. Institute of Indology
14459:, Rowman & Littlefield,
14293:Adarsha Sadhu: An Ideal Monk
14027:Ahiṃsā, Anekānta and Jainism
13856:Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd
13695:Pandya, Prashant H. (2014),
13410:. Rowman & Littlefield.
13006:Kelting, M. Whitney (2009),
12982:Juergensmeyer, Mark (2011),
12729:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991),
9284:Fynes, Richard C.C. (1996).
9211:Ahimsa, Anekanta and Jainism
9079:, pp. 137–145, 54, 172.
8929:, pp. 157–158, 168–169.
8574:, pp. 112–113, 121–122.
8288:, pp. 314–331, 353–361.
7645:, pp. 162–165, 295–296.
6413:, pp. 247–249, 262–263.
5847:, p. 1 of Introduction.
5845:Nemicandra & Balbir 2010
5726:
5660:That Which Is, known as the
5026:The Indra Sabha cave at the
4599:", or the five lines of the
2454:I forgive all living beings,
2396:
1878:
1712:, in contemporary times the
1701:(matter) within a dualistic
1477:(victors) and perfect souls
1321:
1042:or living), the insentient (
984:), the principle of motion (
7:
19868:National religiosity levels
19093:Nauruan Indigenous religion
18648:Hellenism (modern religion)
15253:
14671:, vol. 38, Scarecrow,
14453:Umāsvāti, Umaswami (1994),
13915:Salvadori, Cynthia (1989),
13880:University of Chicago Press
13810:, Jain Publishing Company,
13773:Pope, George Uglow (1880),
12732:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
12347:Florida, Robert E. (2005),
12062:Cort, John E., ed. (1998),
11783:The World's Great Religions
11754:Balcerowicz, Piotr (2015),
11732:Balcerowicz, Piotr (2009),
11116:. New Delhi: Vision Books.
10941:Ram Vallabh Somani (1976).
10519:Kulke & Rothermund 2004
5511:
5329:It is permanent and eternal
5207:ravaged the fort of Chittor
5133:
4691:. The wheel represents the
4670:(mirror) and pair of fish.
1459:religion, holding that the
439:Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)
215:Aparigraha (non-possession)
10:
21321:
19277:
14800:Jain, Champat Rai (1929),
14732:Yandell, Keith E. (1999),
14628:Cambridge University Press
14298:Cambridge University Press
13779:, W.H. Allen & Company
13384:Michell, George l (2014),
13321:McFaul, Thomas R. (2006),
12493:Gombrich, Richard (2012),
12322:, vol. 3, John Murray
11909:Caillat, Colette (2003a),
11785:(1st ed.), New York:
11665:Babb, Lawrence A. (1996),
11583:
11547:Rudolph & Rudolph 1984
10975:Journal of Islamic Studies
10969:EATON, RICHARD M. (2000).
10852:Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008).
10545:, pp. 39–46, 234–236.
10494:, pp. ix–xi, 151–162.
10078:Metropolitan Museum of Art
9642:""Murtipujakas, Jainism",
8867:Solomon & Higgins 1998
8816:Solomon & Higgins 1998
8436:"Guide To Buddhism A To Z"
6674:, pp. 88–89, 257–258.
5480:stated regarding Jainism:
5375:
5075:built many temples at the
4831:
4827:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4705:. The five colours of the
4514:
4510:
4349:
4156:
3341:
3337:
3122:
2894:
2718:
2555:
2400:
2284:among the Digambaras. The
2216:
2127:
2057:
1887:
1884:Asceticism and monasticism
1769:
1763:
1735:
1631:
1559:
1541:(the path of liberation).
1494:
1430:
1325:
1266:
1262:
1243:) and vibrational energy (
1209:
1108:
1022:
990:), the principle of rest (
958:
901:
425:Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)
404:Pravachanasara (Digambara)
29:
21239:
21158:
21075:
20947:
20692:
20417:
20134:
20130:
20119:
20028:
19953:
19724:
19632:
19569:
19287:
19283:
19272:
18835:
18822:
18747:
18570:
18552:Transcendental Meditation
18445:
18432:
18397:
18145:
18122:
18111:
18038:
18001:
17703:
17599:
17581:
17525:
17516:
17433:
17361:
17212:
17203:
17161:
17133:
17091:
17024:
17015:
17006:
16972:
16939:
16911:
16902:
16852:
16719:
16406:
16320:
16311:
16302:
16298:
16285:
16229:
16181:
16145:
16028:
15967:
15931:
15861:
15779:
15772:
15724:
15648:
15612:
15562:
15489:
15404:
15350:
15295:
15286:
15110:
15082:
14968:Sallekhanā is Not Suicide
14685:Williams, Robert (1991),
14665:Wiley, Kristi L. (2009),
14645:Wiley, Kristi L. (2004),
14598:Vyas, R. T., ed. (1995),
14431:10.1017/S0026749X14000055
13675:Pandey, Janardan (1998),
13350:, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO,
13211:Long, Jeffery D. (2013),
12842:(First ed.), Delhi:
12749:Jain, Shanti Lal (1998),
12630:Jain Sūtras (Translation)
12548:Granoff, Phyllis (1992),
12316:Fergusson, James (1876),
11691:, Bailey Publishing, PA,
11331:Melton & Baumann 2010
11110:Wiley, Kristi L. (2006).
10947:Mateshwari. p. 221.
10108:Colorado State University
7717:, pp. 196, 343, 347.
5712:Indus Valley civilization
5095:, a minister to the Jain
4447:, built in 981 CE by the
4429:
4424:
4408:
4401:
3943:Elephant Cave inscription
3111:and then integrated into
2558:Jain schools and branches
2087:ratri-bhojana-tyaga-vrata
1760:Jain ethics and five vows
1644:Blind men and an elephant
20184:Central African Republic
17171:Vietnamese folk religion
16562:Charismatic Christianity
14272:Philosophy East and West
14226:Sinha, Jadunath (1944),
14172:, Abhinav Publications,
14139:Shah, Natubhai (2004) ,
13989:Aspects of Jain religion
13944:(2nd ed.), Bombay:
13834:, John Hunt Publishing,
13749:Perrett, Roy W. (2013),
13327:, Greenwood Publishing,
13260:A World Religions Reader
13213:Jainism: An Introduction
13194:Jainism: An Introduction
13134:, Abhinav Publications,
13090:10.1177/0376983615569814
13078:Indian Historical Review
13033:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
12965:Encyclopedia of religion
12945:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
12755:, Jnanodaya Vidyapeeth,
12642:Hirakawa, Akira (1993),
12569:, New York: SUNY Press,
12276:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
11958:, Munshiram Manoharlal,
11736:(1st ed.), Mumbai:
11688:The Theological Universe
11685:Bailey, William (2012),
11617:, Taylor & Francis,
11611:Appleton, Naomi (2016),
11355:Ministry of Home Affairs
10456:Keown & Prebish 2013
10274:Rankin & Mardia 2013
9741:Butalia & Small 2004
9262:, pp. 38–52, 60–61.
9248:Sharma & Ghosal 2006
7389:, pp. 152, 163–164.
7329:, pp. 15–18, 41–43.
7035:Shah, Pravin K. (2011).
6464:Rankin & Mardia 2013
5569:
5432:large Indian populations
5286:A Gujarati Jain scholar
4924:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
4737:Parasparopagraho Jīvānām
3103:, were transmitted from
2924:Jain votive plaque with
2878:Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra
2522:. The Hindu festival of
2514:The next day of Dipawali
2072:. Devout Jains practice
1963:A Digambara sadhvi (nun)
1681:). These texts identify
1461:universe was not created
1172:(scriptural knowledge),
1155:epistemological theories
794:Parasparopagraho jīvānām
719:, and the twenty-fourth
579:Parasparopagraho Jivanam
432:Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)
222:Anuvratas (further vows)
20078:New religious movements
19711:Theories about religion
19664:Evolutionary psychology
18693:Modern Finnish paganism
16638:Independent Catholicism
16132:Jain terms and concepts
15752:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
15021:Gorisse, Marie-Hélène.
14994:Encyclopædia Britannica
14932:Jain, Vijay K. (2016),
14902:Jain, Vijay K. (2013),
14872:Jain, Vijay K. (2012),
14842:Jain, Vijay K. (2011),
14718:, Motilal Banarsidass,
14501:Oxford University Press
14379:, Bloomsbury Academic,
14290:Sunavala, A.J. (1934),
14254:Oxford University Press
14232:, Motilal Banarsidass,
14164:Shah, Umakant Premanand
14119:Shah, Natubhai (1998),
13790:, Bloomsbury Academic,
13735:, Motilal Banarsidass,
13698:Indian Philately Digest
13678:Gandhi and 21st Century
13287:, Motilal Banarsidass,
13014:Oxford University Press
12990:Oxford University Press
12968:, Macmillan Reference,
12962:Jones, Lindsay (2005),
12948:, Infobase Publishing,
12904:, Motilal Banarsidass,
12881:Introduction to Jainism
12864:, Motilal Banarsidass,
12735:, Motilal Banarsidass,
12715:, vol. 12, Brill,
12668:, Motilal Banarsidass,
12648:, Motilal Banarsidass,
12635:Oxford University Press
12603:Harvey, Graham (2016),
12454:, Bloomsbury Academic,
12300:Oxford University Press
12177:Dalal, Roshen (2010b),
12138:Oxford University Press
12090:Oxford University Press
12082:Cort, John E. (2001a),
12020:10.1163/156852787x00047
11938:, Motilal Banarsidass,
11844:Billimoria, P. (1988),
11591:Alberts, Wanda (2007),
10809:Indian History Congress
9459:Jain & Fischer 1978
9399:Jain & Fischer 1978
9192:) 289; Jinadatta Suri:
9091:, pp. 73, 316–317.
8977:, pp. 58, 102–105.
8199:Kailash Chand Jain 1991
8076:Clarke & Beyer 2009
8040:Pechilis & Raj 2013
8028:Pechilis & Raj 2013
6564:Markham & Lohr 2009
5320:Shri Atmasiddhi Shastra
5268:A 34 feet tall idol of
5217:and most notably under
5126:under the influence of
5012:Mahameghavahana dynasty
4715:and the five vows. The
4507:, and precious stones.
4451:minister and commander
3945:. Jain cave temples at
3901:Jain complex, Khajuraho
3852:in Madhya Pradesh, the
3293:, from the life of the
2961:, with stupa fragment,
2616:and are referred to as
2114:samvatsari-pratikramana
2008:Monastic organization,
1808:(teacher, counsellor),
1783:, depicting the vow of
1772:Yamas § Five Yamas
1657:("many-sidedness") and
1386:). Jainism states that
1105:(Epistemological facts)
1072:), and the liberation (
840:, who reside mostly in
188:Mahavratas (major vows)
20727:Bosnia and Herzegovina
18708:Erzyan native religion
18557:Unitarian Universalism
17936:Native American Church
16682:Oneness Pentecostalism
15017:by World Records India
14618:Weber, Thomas (2004).
14518:von Glasenapp, Helmuth
14473:Vallely, Anne (2002),
13936:Sangave, Vilas Adinath
13729:Pereira, José (1977),
13655:Pande, Govind (1957),
13507:Neelis, Jason (2010),
13128:Kumar, Sehdev (2001),
12898:Johnson, W.J. (1995),
12685:The Religions of India
12662:Hiriyanna, M. (1993),
12519:India through the ages
12327:Finegan, Jack (1989),
12130:Cort, John E. (2010),
11793:Bartley, C.J. (2013),
11170:. p. 31 note 140.
10184:Jansma & Jain 2006
9016:, pp. 206 note 4.
8536:Champat Rai Jain 1929b
8495:The Schøyen Collection
8490:"Suryaprajnapti Sūtra"
8374:"Gender and Salvation"
7744:, pp. 45–46, 215.
6348:Champat Rai Jain 1929b
5946:, pp. 18, 98–100.
5499:
5394:. Jains form 0.37% of
5151:
4901:Jainism is an ancient
4850:
4682:
4364:
4346:Statues and sculptures
4170:
4146:Hutheesing Jain Temple
4088:Saavira Kambada Basadi
3920:Saavira Kambada Basadi
3297:. Rishabha, the first
3282:
3263:, a preaching hall of
2966:
2938:The inscription reads:
2498:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
2463:
2416:
2413:Jain Center of America
2316:
2231:
1909:Digambara sadhu (monk)
1861:(merit vows) and four
1791:
1646:
1452:
1426:
1225:
1019:(Soteriological facts)
929:
924:, the resolve to halt
898:Beliefs and philosophy
879:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
752:(non-absolutism), and
700:(supreme preachers of
486:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
397:Samayasāra (Digambara)
210:Brahmacarya (chastity)
21047:Saint Kitts and Nevis
20344:São Tomé and Príncipe
20204:Republic of the Congo
18405:Aboriginal Australian
17034:Chinese folk religion
16163:List of Jain ascetics
15968:Dynasties and empires
15757:Vishwa Jain Sangathan
14821:Jain, S. A. (1992) ,
14762:Philosophies Of India
14668:The A to Z of Jainism
14576:Voorst, Robert E. Van
14549:Voorst, Robert E. Van
14024:Sethia, Tara (2004),
13575:10.1186/2196-8802-2-1
13533:Hindi Granth Karyalay
13450:Mookerji, Radha Kumud
13265:John Wiley & Sons
12565:Grimes, John (1996),
12526:Gough, Ellen (2012),
12448:Fohr, Sherry (2015),
11893:Ohio University Press
11738:Hindi Granth Karyalay
11597:, Walter de Gruyter,
11113:The A to Z of Jainism
10061:Pratapaditya Pal 1986
9956:World Heritage Centre
9866:"Preserving the past"
9716:World Heritage Centre
9683:World Heritage Centre
9574:Cunningham, Alexander
8671:Jones & Ryan 2007
8403:. Wm. H. Allen. 1877.
8148:Jones & Ryan 2007
7829:Pratapaditya Pal 1986
7790:Mishra & Ray 2016
7508:, pp. 72, 85–86.
6614:, pp. 1266–1267.
6454:, pp. 91, 95–96.
5857:Champat Rai Jain 1917
5632:According to Dundas,
5549:List of ancient Jains
5482:
5392:major world religions
5193:(1605–1627) and even
5141:
5068:Mattavilasa Prahasana
4845:
4676:
4359:
4334:in locations such as
4166:
3287:Jain tower in Chittor
3273:
3163:Sihanamdika ayagapata
2957:
2446:
2410:
2314:
2226:
1779:
1641:
1491:Salvation, liberation
1440:
1219:
1168:(sensory knowledge),
1082:, namely good karma (
911:
205:Asteya (non-stealing)
195:Ahiṃsā (non-violence)
32:Jain (disambiguation)
21285:Dualism in cosmology
20669:United Arab Emirates
19455:Religious experience
18829:Historical religions
17789:Four Mothers Society
17191:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
16523:Schwenkfelder Church
16158:List of Jain temples
14803:The Practical Dharma
14419:Modern Asian Studies
14393:Titze, Kurt (1998),
13784:Price, Joan (2010),
12688:, Ginn & Company
12589:, Equinox Academic,
11559:Janardan Pandey 1998
11333:, p. lix, 1395.
10987:10.1093/jis/11.3.283
10885:(23 February 2017).
10433:. 13 September 2013.
10372:, pp. 104, 129.
9372:Umakant P. Shah 1987
8852:Shaw & Demy 2017
8763:(1): 79–137 Fig.26.
8378:publishing.cdlib.org
8247:Umakant P. Shah 1987
8235:Umakant P. Shah 1987
8163:Umakant P. Shah 1987
7949:, pp. 164, 284.
7315:Shanti Lal Jain 1998
6970:, pp. 117, 152.
6520:, pp. 148, 200.
6493:, pp. 9–10, 37.
5296:Chicago World's Fair
5172:Muhammad bin Tughluq
5014:in second century CE
4864:Jain inscription of
4110:Jain temple, Antwerp
4060:Lodhurva Jain temple
3982:Ranakpur Jain Temple
3905:Jain Narayana temple
3856:in Maharashtra, the
3807:class=notpageimage|
3119:Art and architecture
2901:Jainism and Hinduism
2897:Buddhism and Jainism
2787:verbally transmitted
2715:Scriptures and texts
2552:Traditions and sects
2319:The basic ritual is
2302:Panch Kalyanaka Puja
2159:Gommateshwara statue
1989:Uttaradhyayana Sūtra
1624:Many-sided reality (
912:The hand symbolizes
364:Schools and Branches
21062:Trinidad and Tobago
20957:Antigua and Barbuda
20125:Religion by country
19181:Cult of Magna Mater
17661:Philippine Dayawism
17242:Nimbarka Sampradaya
16990:Chinese Manichaeism
16662:Jehovah's Witnesses
16467:Proto-Protestantism
16239:Religion portal
16173:Topics List (index)
15464:Mahamastakabhisheka
14963:Tukol, Justice T.K.
14938:, Vikalp Printers,
14908:, Vikalp Printers,
14878:, Vikalp Printers,
14693:Motilal Banarsidass
14532:Motilal Banarsidass
14401:Motilal Banarsidass
14344:, Lexington Books,
14322:Motilal Banarsidass
14147:Motilal Banarsidass
14076:Motilal Banarsidass
14032:Motilal Banarsidass
14011:Saraswati, Dayanand
13460:Motilal Banarsidass
12844:Motilal Banarsidass
12820:Motilal Banarsidass
12790:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
12233:, Merriam-Webster,
12114:Motilal Banarsidass
11871:, Lexington Books,
11716:Motilal Banarsidass
11632:Arora, Udai Prakash
11519:Government of India
11359:Government of India
11270:, pp. 359–360.
11246:, pp. 348–349.
11168:Government of India
10672:Government of India
10458:, pp. 127–130.
10249:bharatdiscovery.org
10135:, pp. 410–411.
9910:on 23 November 2013
9607:, pp. 130–133.
9554:on 23 February 2016
9332:Government of India
9274:, pp. 468–470.
9250:, pp. 100–103.
9134:, pp. 681–683.
9115:, pp. 134–137.
9055:, pp. 258–259.
9028:, pp. 116–117.
8989:, pp. 174–175.
8953:, pp. 247–248.
8917:, pp. 122–125.
8733:, pp. 282–283.
8685:, pp. 395–396.
8673:, pp. 439–440.
8661:, pp. 125–126.
8646:, pp. 164–165.
8634:, pp. 123–124.
8622:, pp. 121–122.
8550:, pp. 109–110.
8538:, pp. 135–136.
8479:, pp. 194–243.
8440:www.buddhisma2z.com
8315:, pp. 182–183.
8114:, pp. 104–105.
7930:, pp. 417–419.
7855:, pp. 169–170.
7843:, pp. 204–205.
7819:, pp. 199–200.
7792:, pp. 141–148.
7780:, pp. 235–255.
7729:, pp. 196–199.
7705:, pp. 182–184.
7681:, pp. 295–299.
7669:, pp. 186–187.
7657:, pp. 291–299.
7630:, pp. 187–189.
7601:, pp. 189–190.
7589:, pp. 128–131.
7565:, pp. 180–182.
7553:, pp. 180–181.
7538:, pp. 166–169.
7305:, pp. 121–122.
7293:, pp. 196–197.
7269:, pp. 120–122.
7242:, pp. 144–150.
7191:, pp. 118–122.
7176:, pp. 166–167.
7140:, pp. 179–180.
7043:Literature Center.
7001:, pp. 228–231.
6982:, pp. 112–113.
6902:, pp. 232–234.
6875:, pp. 128–135.
6863:, pp. 205–218.
6851:, pp. 301–305.
6786:, pp. 229–231.
6769:Charitrapragya 2004
6716:, pp. 162–163.
6689:, pp. 892–894.
6626:, pp. 392–417.
6602:, pp. 160–162.
6505:, pp. 141–147.
6442:, pp. 262–263.
6401:, pp. 241–243.
6389:, pp. 241–242.
6326:, pp. 271–272.
6216:, pp. 222–223.
6189:, pp. 104–105.
6174:, pp. 227–228.
6150:, pp. 224–225.
6138:, pp. 223–225.
6126:, pp. 130–131.
6051:, pp. 104–106.
5997:, pp. 229–230.
5973:, pp. 367–377.
5895:, pp. 177–187.
5883:, pp. 219–228.
5871:, pp. 188–190.
5835:, pp. 118–119.
5122:–1152 CE) became a
4981:and grandfather of
4975:Chandragupta Maurya
4834:Timeline of Jainism
4760:Timeline of Jainism
4028:Girnar Jain temples
3964:Kazhugumalai temple
3912:World Heritage Site
3835:(primary deity). A
3332:Pravacanasaarodhara
3186:Udaygiri-Khandagiri
3090:Badami cave temples
2460:I have no enemies.
2428:Dasa lakshana parva
2425:by Svetambaras and
2213:Rituals and worship
2106:Dasa-laksana-parvan
2074:lacto-vegetarianism
1612:, the Jain scholar
1182:manah prayāya Jñāna
955:(Ontological facts)
604:Religion portal
294:The 24 Tirthankaras
20997:Dominican Republic
20043:Abrahamic prophets
19132:Proto-Indo-Iranian
17634:Aliran Kepercayaan
16837:Non-denominational
16759:Modernist Salafism
16445:Oriental Orthodoxy
16137:Sexual differences
15023:"Jaina Philosophy"
15010:S. Srikanta Sastri
14806:, The Indian Press
13994:Bharatiya Jnanpith
13918:Through open doors
13824:Rankin, Aidan D.;
13614:, Brill Academic,
13513:, Brill Academic,
13107:A History of India
12693:Izawa, A. (2008),
12536:on 30 January 2017
12163:, Penguin books],
12109:Tantra in Practice
11924:The Practical Path
11706:Balcerowicz, Piotr
11481:The Times of India
11415:The Times of India
11256:Natubhai Shah 2004
10745:von Glasenapp 1925
10733:von Glasenapp 1925
10721:von Glasenapp 1925
10627:von Glasenapp 1925
10603:Natubhai Shah 2004
10579:von Glasenapp 1925
10567:Upinder Singh 2016
10555:von Glasenapp 1925
10504:von Glasenapp 1925
10298:von Glasenapp 1925
10286:von Glasenapp 1925
10160:Vijay K. Jain 2012
10133:von Glasenapp 1925
10035:The Times of India
10002:The Times of India
9840:Upinder Singh 2016
9656:on 13 October 2007
9471:Natubhai Shah 1998
9447:Natubhai Shah 1998
9435:Natubhai Shah 1998
9360:Natubhai Shah 1998
9338:on 29 October 2015
9002:Juergensmeyer 2011
8697:, p. xi–xiii.
8659:von Glasenapp 1925
8632:von Glasenapp 1925
8620:von Glasenapp 1925
8608:von Glasenapp 1925
8584:Vijay K. Jain 2016
8572:von Glasenapp 1925
8548:von Glasenapp 1925
8211:Natubhai Shah 2004
8100:von Glasenapp 1925
8013:Natubhai Shah 2004
7754:Lindsay Jones 2005
7587:Natubhai Shah 2004
7375:Vijay K. Jain 2013
7363:Natubhai Shah 2004
7254:, pp. 120–21.
7114:Vijay K. Jain 2012
7090:von Glasenapp 1925
7078:Vijay K. Jain 2012
7066:Vijay K. Jain 2012
7041:Harvard University
7018:von Glasenapp 1925
6999:von Glasenapp 1925
6980:Natubhai Shah 2004
6953:Natubhai Shah 2004
6926:, pp. 98–106.
6440:von Glasenapp 1925
6411:von Glasenapp 1925
6399:von Glasenapp 1925
6387:von Glasenapp 1925
6324:von Glasenapp 1925
6312:Upinder Singh 2016
6297:Vijay K. Jain 2011
6270:Natubhai Shah 1998
6241:von Glasenapp 1925
6087:, pp. 99–103.
6061:von Glasenapp 1925
6022:Vijay K. Jain 2011
5893:von Glasenapp 1925
5869:von Glasenapp 1925
5783:The Times of India
5534:Outline of Jainism
5474:Shrimad Rajchandra
5326:Self (soul) exists
5302:Shrimad Rajchandra
5270:Shrimad Rajchandra
5152:
4851:
4754:History of Jainism
4683:
4466:The Times of India
4365:
4171:
4010:Parshvanath Temple
3827:. Temples contain
3283:
3184:Inscriptions at a
2967:
2959:Sivayasa Ayagapata
2417:
2317:
2232:
2064:Fasting in Jainism
2060:Jain vegetarianism
2024:(female ascetics,
1792:
1675:Samaññaphala Sutta
1647:
1481:a body are called
1471:a body are called
1453:
1273:Vitalism (Jainism)
1235:): consciousness (
1226:
1220:Classification of
930:
411:Agama (Śvetāmbara)
21267:
21266:
21235:
21234:
21231:
21230:
20219:Equatorial Guinea
20115:
20114:
20111:
20110:
19649:Cognitive science
19268:
19267:
19201:Mysteries of Isis
18975:Frankish paganism
18818:
18817:
18814:
18813:
18810:
18809:
18562:White Brotherhood
18428:
18427:
18393:
18392:
17794:Keetoowah Society
17695:Sundanese Wiwitan
17512:
17511:
17508:
17507:
17237:Brahma Sampradaya
17199:
17198:
17002:
17001:
16998:
16997:
16980:Assianism/Uatsdin
16898:
16897:
16667:British Israelism
16653:Nontrinitarianism
16616:Plymouth Brethren
16611:Nondenominational
16545:Congregationalism
16433:Eastern Orthodoxy
16381:Reconstructionist
16245:
16244:
15927:
15926:
15706:Hampa Nagarajaiah
15599:Auspicious dreams
15527:Bhaktamara Stotra
15400:
15399:
14945:978-81-903639-9-0
14915:978-81-903639-5-2
14885:978-81-903639-4-5
14855:978-81-903639-2-1
14776:978-81-208-0739-6
14725:978-81-208-0265-0
14710:Winternitz, Moriz
14702:978-81-208-0775-4
14678:978-0-8108-6337-8
14658:978-0-8108-6558-7
14637:978-1-139-45657-9
14591:978-1-285-43468-1
14568:978-1-285-43468-1
14541:978-81-208-1376-2
14534:(Reprint: 1999),
14510:978-0-19-166739-8
14486:978-0-8020-8415-6
14466:978-0-06-068985-8
14410:978-81-208-1534-6
14386:978-1-4411-2278-0
14351:978-1-4985-6392-5
14331:978-81-208-1937-5
14307:978-1-001-40429-5
14263:978-0-19-511209-2
14229:Indian Psychology
14219:978-1-61069-517-6
14199:978-81-246-0341-3
14179:978-81-7017-208-6
14156:978-81-208-1938-2
14132:978-1-898723-31-8
14112:978-93-325-6996-6
14103:Pearson Education
14085:978-81-208-3323-4
14041:978-81-208-2036-4
14003:978-81-263-1273-3
13979:978-81-7154-839-2
13970:Popular Prakashan
13955:978-0-317-12346-3
13946:Popular Prakashan
13928:978-9966-848-05-5
13889:978-0-226-73137-7
13865:978-0-334-04014-9
13841:978-1-78099-911-1
13817:978-0-89581-956-7
13797:978-0-8264-2354-2
13766:978-1-135-70322-6
13742:978-81-208-2397-6
13722:978-0-203-07993-5
13688:978-81-7022-672-7
13668:978-81-208-1016-7
13648:978-0-87587-129-5
13629:Pal, Pratapaditya
13621:978-90-04-20629-8
13598:978-90-04-20629-8
13542:978-81-88769-30-8
13520:978-90-04-18159-5
13492:978-9966-846-89-1
13469:978-81-208-0433-3
13442:978-1-317-19374-6
13417:978-1-4985-6485-4
13397:978-93-83098-33-0
13377:978-1-59884-204-3
13357:978-1-59884-206-7
13342:Melton, J. Gordon
13334:978-0-275-99313-9
13314:978-0-7914-3739-1
13294:978-81-208-0717-4
13274:978-1-4051-7109-0
13222:978-0-85771-392-6
13204:978-0-85773-656-7
13181:978-0-8239-2287-1
13161:978-0-8239-3179-8
13141:978-81-7017-348-9
13121:978-0-415-32920-0
13069:978-1-884964-04-6
13047:978-1-136-98588-1
13023:978-0-19-973679-9
12999:978-0-19-976764-9
12975:978-0-02-865733-2
12955:978-0-8160-5458-9
12935:978-1-57958-090-2
12911:978-81-208-1309-0
12891:978-81-89698-09-6
12871:978-81-208-1977-1
12853:978-81-208-1691-6
12829:978-81-208-1578-0
12805:978-0-520-06820-9
12782:978-0-520-03923-0
12762:978-81-7628-000-6
12742:978-81-208-0805-8
12722:978-90-04-05259-8
12707:Fischer, Eberhard
12675:978-81-208-1086-0
12655:978-81-208-0955-0
12620:978-1-134-93690-8
12596:978-1-84553-227-7
12510:978-1-136-15623-6
12487:978-1-4742-2755-1
12479:978-1-4742-2756-8
12471:978-1-4411-6594-7
12461:978-1-4411-5116-2
12441:978-1-134-23552-0
12414:978-81-250-2801-7
12390:Brockington, John
12381:978-1-57607-223-3
12360:978-0-313-31318-9
12340:978-0-913729-43-4
12333:, Paragon House,
12309:978-0-19-977507-1
12285:978-0-02-865718-9
12267:978-0-415-26605-5
12240:978-0-87779-044-0
12217:978-81-260-2171-0
12190:978-0-14-341421-6
12183:, Penguin Books,
12170:978-0-14-341517-6
12147:978-0-19-538502-1
12123:978-81-208-1778-4
12099:978-0-19-513234-2
12075:978-0-7914-3785-8
11996:978-0-203-87212-3
11965:978-81-215-0931-2
11945:978-81-208-2036-4
11902:978-0-8214-1551-1
11878:978-0-7391-0607-5
11855:978-94-010-7810-8
11837:978-81-317-2820-8
11828:Pearson Education
11810:978-1-136-85306-7
11787:Time Incorporated
11771:978-1-317-53853-0
11747:978-81-88769-29-2
11725:978-81-208-1977-1
11698:978-1-312-23861-9
11678:978-0-520-91708-8
11647:978-8-179-75168-8
11624:978-1-317-05574-7
11604:978-3-11-097134-7
11305:978-0-691-21478-8
11219:, pp. 63–68.
11195:, pp. 91–93.
11041:on 22 August 2012
11018:, pp. 85–86.
10924:978-81-208-1534-6
10838:978-0-521-54329-3
10747:, pp. 75–77.
10723:, pp. 52–54.
10678:on 7 October 2015
10617:, pp. 21–24.
10605:, pp. 69–70.
10521:, pp. 63–65.
10482:, pp. 72–76.
10360:, pp. 53–54.
10198:, pp. 17–18.
10005:. 5 August 2007.
9593:Sehdev Kumar 2001
9386:, pp. 17–43.
9176:, pp. 42–43.
9040:, pp. 40–41.
8893:, pp. 87–88.
8881:, pp. 27–40.
8869:, pp. 18–22.
8842:, pp. 27–28.
8818:, pp. 11–22.
8745:, pp. 32–33.
8721:, pp. 25–34.
8598:, pp. 78–81.
8526:, pp. 60–61.
8327:, pp. 55–59.
8300:, pp. 36–37.
8249:, pp. 79–80.
8213:, pp. 73–74.
8189:, pp. 27–28.
8177:, pp. 31–33.
8126:, pp. 21–22.
7882:, pp. 81–82.
7867:, pp. 32–33.
7481:, pp. 92–94.
7469:, pp. 85–86.
7341:, pp. 48–49.
7116:, pp. 87–88.
6914:, pp. 86–91.
6798:"Jain philosophy"
6796:Webb, Mark Owen.
6771:, pp. 75–79.
6728:, pp. 61–75.
6638:, pp. 78–81.
6260:, pp. 83–85.
6228:, pp. 90–92.
6162:, pp. 30–31.
6075:, pp. 92–95.
5922:, pp. 96–98.
5766:, pp. 20–22.
5461:According to the
5338:Liberation exists
5205:. In 1567, Akbar
5144:Gori Jain temples
4969:–440 BCE) of the
4439:
4438:
3955:Sittanavasal Cave
3815:A Jain temple, a
3281:, 12th century CE
3105:Western Kshatrapa
2973:, viz., Jainism,
2971:Dharmic religions
2948:
2695:1st century CE).
2483:Micchami Dukkadam
1766:Ethics of Jainism
1566:The principle of
1562:Ahimsa in Jainism
1269:Saṃsāra (Jainism)
1129:) and testimony (
1111:Jain epistemology
1086:) and bad karma (
938:substance dualism
928:(transmigration).
685:), also known as
640:
639:
259:Micchami Dukkadam
254:Bhaktamara Stotra
183:Ethics of Jainism
16:(Redirected from
21312:
21295:Indian religions
21257:
21247:
21246:
21125:Papua New Guinea
21100:Marshall Islands
20927:Northern Ireland
20132:
20131:
20121:
20120:
20005:Secular theology
20000:Secular humanism
19285:
19284:
19274:
19273:
19149:Ancestral Pueblo
18824:
18823:
18443:
18442:
18120:
18119:
17523:
17522:
17279:Shaiva Siddhanta
17210:
17209:
17143:Korean shamanism
17022:
17021:
17013:
17012:
16909:
16908:
16822:Mahdawi movement
16692:Swedenborgianism
16672:Christadelphians
16318:
16317:
16309:
16308:
16300:
16299:
16287:
16286:
16272:
16265:
16258:
16249:
16248:
16237:
16236:
16199:Monks & nuns
16096:Statue of Ahimsa
16053:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
15777:
15776:
15691:Champat Rai Jain
15534:Tattvartha Sutra
15293:
15292:
15256:
15074:
15064:
15057:
15050:
15041:
15040:
15036:
15027:Zalta, Edward N.
15002:
14976:
14971:(1st ed.),
14955:
14954:
14948:
14925:
14924:
14918:
14895:
14894:
14888:
14865:
14864:
14858:
14835:
14834:
14828:
14814:
14813:
14807:
14793:
14792:
14779:
14757:Campbell, Joseph
14753:Zimmer, Heinrich
14748:
14728:
14705:
14681:
14661:
14641:
14625:
14614:
14594:
14571:
14559:Cengage Learning
14544:
14513:
14489:
14469:
14449:
14425:(5): 1311–1344,
14413:
14389:
14366:
14365:
14363:
14334:
14310:
14286:
14266:
14242:
14222:
14202:
14192:, Jnanapravaha,
14182:
14159:
14135:
14115:
14088:
14064:
14044:
14020:
14006:
13982:
13958:
13931:
13911:
13909:
13907:
13892:
13868:
13844:
13826:Mardia, Kantilal
13820:
13800:
13780:
13769:
13745:
13732:Monolithic Jinas
13725:
13701:
13691:
13671:
13651:
13624:
13601:
13578:
13577:
13556:
13545:
13523:
13503:
13499:Nayanar (2005),
13495:
13472:
13458:(4th ed.),
13445:
13421:
13400:
13390:, Niyogi Books,
13380:
13360:
13337:
13317:
13297:
13277:
13253:
13225:
13207:
13189:Long, Jeffery D.
13184:
13164:
13144:
13124:
13100:
13072:
13050:
13026:
13002:
12978:
12958:
12938:
12914:
12894:
12874:
12856:
12832:
12808:
12785:
12765:
12745:
12725:
12712:Jain Iconography
12698:
12689:
12678:
12658:
12638:
12623:
12599:
12579:
12561:
12544:
12543:
12541:
12522:
12513:
12464:
12444:
12417:
12398:
12384:
12363:
12343:
12323:
12312:
12288:
12270:
12243:
12220:
12198:Das, Sisir Kumar
12193:
12173:
12150:
12126:
12102:
12078:
12058:
12030:
11999:
11968:
11948:
11928:
11919:Champat Rai Jain
11914:
11905:
11881:
11858:
11840:
11813:
11789:
11779:Barnett, Lincoln
11774:
11750:
11728:
11701:
11681:
11661:
11650:
11627:
11607:
11578:
11568:
11562:
11556:
11550:
11544:
11538:
11537:
11535:
11533:
11527:
11512:
11504:
11498:
11497:
11495:
11493:
11471:
11465:
11464:
11462:
11460:
11438:
11432:
11431:
11429:
11427:
11405:
11399:
11393:
11387:
11381:
11375:
11374:
11372:
11370:
11343:
11334:
11328:
11322:
11316:
11310:
11309:
11289:
11283:
11277:
11271:
11265:
11259:
11253:
11247:
11241:
11232:
11226:
11220:
11214:
11208:
11202:
11196:
11190:
11184:
11178:
11172:
11171:
11157:
11151:
11150:
11142:
11136:
11135:
11107:
11101:
11095:
11089:
11088:
11078:
11072:
11071:
11057:
11051:
11050:
11048:
11046:
11037:. Archived from
11025:
11019:
11013:
11007:
11006:
10966:
10960:
10959:
10938:
10932:
10931:
10908:
10902:
10901:
10899:
10897:
10879:
10873:
10872:
10849:
10843:
10842:
10819:
10813:
10812:
10796:
10790:
10789:
10766:
10760:
10754:
10748:
10742:
10736:
10730:
10724:
10718:
10712:
10711:, pp. 1–10.
10706:
10700:
10694:
10688:
10687:
10685:
10683:
10674:. Archived from
10660:
10654:
10651:Arunachalam 1981
10648:
10642:
10639:Lochtefeld 2002a
10636:
10630:
10624:
10618:
10612:
10606:
10600:
10594:
10588:
10582:
10576:
10570:
10564:
10558:
10552:
10546:
10540:
10534:
10533:, pp. 7–18.
10528:
10522:
10516:
10507:
10501:
10495:
10489:
10483:
10477:
10471:
10465:
10459:
10453:
10447:
10441:
10435:
10434:
10427:
10421:
10415:
10409:
10403:
10397:
10391:
10385:
10379:
10373:
10367:
10361:
10355:
10349:
10343:
10337:
10334:Jambuvijaya 2002
10331:
10325:
10324:, pp. 1–30.
10319:
10313:
10310:Lochtefeld 2002b
10307:
10301:
10295:
10289:
10283:
10277:
10271:
10265:
10259:
10253:
10252:
10241:
10235:
10229:
10223:
10217:
10211:
10205:
10199:
10193:
10187:
10181:
10175:
10169:
10163:
10157:
10151:
10145:
10136:
10130:
10124:
10123:
10121:
10119:
10100:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10089:
10074:"Jain Sculpture"
10070:
10064:
10058:
10052:
10051:
10049:
10047:
10025:
10019:
10018:
10016:
10014:
9994:
9988:
9982:
9976:
9970:
9964:
9963:
9941:
9932:
9926:
9920:
9919:
9917:
9915:
9894:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9883:
9861:
9855:
9849:
9843:
9837:
9831:
9830:
9828:
9826:
9807:
9801:
9800:
9798:
9796:
9774:
9768:
9762:
9756:
9750:
9744:
9738:
9732:
9731:
9729:
9727:
9705:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9694:
9672:
9666:
9665:
9663:
9661:
9652:. Archived from
9638:
9632:
9626:
9620:
9614:
9608:
9602:
9596:
9590:
9584:
9583:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9561:
9559:
9550:. Archived from
9533:
9527:
9521:
9515:
9509:
9503:
9497:
9491:
9485:
9474:
9468:
9462:
9456:
9450:
9444:
9438:
9432:
9426:
9420:
9414:
9408:
9402:
9401:, pp. 9–10.
9396:
9387:
9381:
9375:
9369:
9363:
9357:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9334:. Archived from
9320:
9314:
9313:
9281:
9275:
9269:
9263:
9257:
9251:
9245:
9239:
9233:
9227:
9220:
9214:
9203:
9197:
9194:Upadesharasayana
9183:
9177:
9174:Balcerowicz 2015
9171:
9165:
9159:
9150:
9144:
9135:
9129:
9116:
9110:
9104:
9098:
9092:
9086:
9080:
9074:
9068:
9062:
9056:
9050:
9041:
9035:
9029:
9023:
9017:
9011:
9005:
8999:
8990:
8984:
8978:
8972:
8966:
8960:
8954:
8948:
8942:
8936:
8930:
8924:
8918:
8912:
8906:
8900:
8894:
8888:
8882:
8876:
8870:
8864:
8855:
8849:
8843:
8837:
8831:
8825:
8819:
8813:
8807:
8806:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8752:
8746:
8740:
8734:
8728:
8722:
8719:Balcerowicz 2003
8716:
8710:
8704:
8698:
8692:
8686:
8680:
8674:
8668:
8662:
8656:
8647:
8641:
8635:
8629:
8623:
8617:
8611:
8605:
8599:
8593:
8587:
8581:
8575:
8569:
8563:
8557:
8551:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8527:
8521:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8486:
8480:
8474:
8468:
8462:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8432:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8421:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8370:
8364:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8322:
8316:
8310:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8265:
8259:
8250:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8172:
8166:
8160:
8151:
8145:
8139:
8133:
8127:
8121:
8115:
8109:
8103:
8097:
8091:
8085:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8016:
8010:
8004:
7998:
7989:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7950:
7944:
7931:
7925:
7919:
7918:, pp. 1–47.
7913:
7907:
7901:
7895:
7889:
7883:
7877:
7868:
7862:
7856:
7850:
7844:
7838:
7832:
7826:
7820:
7814:
7805:
7799:
7793:
7787:
7781:
7775:
7769:
7763:
7757:
7751:
7745:
7739:
7730:
7724:
7718:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7688:
7682:
7676:
7670:
7664:
7658:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7631:
7625:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7539:
7533:
7524:
7518:
7509:
7503:
7497:
7491:
7482:
7476:
7470:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7441:
7435:
7426:
7420:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7384:
7378:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7354:
7351:Balcerowicz 2009
7348:
7342:
7336:
7330:
7327:Balcerowicz 2015
7324:
7318:
7312:
7306:
7300:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7240:Balcerowicz 2015
7237:
7231:
7225:
7219:
7213:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7177:
7171:
7165:
7159:
7153:
7147:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7032:
7021:
7015:
7002:
6996:
6983:
6977:
6971:
6965:
6956:
6950:
6939:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6861:Balcerowicz 2015
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6793:
6787:
6781:
6772:
6766:
6753:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6627:
6621:
6615:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6584:
6578:
6567:
6561:
6552:
6546:
6533:
6527:
6521:
6515:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6426:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6372:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6255:
6244:
6238:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6088:
6082:
6076:
6070:
6064:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6010:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5905:
5896:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5830:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5736:
5715:
5706:Long notes that
5704:
5698:
5695:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5675:Richard Gombrich
5671:
5665:
5662:Tattvartha Sūtra
5658:
5652:
5643:
5637:
5630:
5624:
5613:
5607:
5601:In Jainism, the
5599:
5593:
5590:
5584:
5580:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5450:, Australia and
5378:Jain communities
5348:Champat Rai Jain
5310:jatismaran gnana
5265:
5241:
5121:
5118:
5089:Chalukya dynasty
5063:Mahendravarman I
5023:
5000:
4971:Haryanka dynasty
4968:
4965:
4957:
4954:
4946:
4943:
4884:
4874:
4871:
4861:
4808:
4712:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
4543:
4529:
4471:Statue of Ahiṃsā
4457:Shravanabelagola
4413:
4399:
4398:
4324:Shravanabelagola
4159:Tirtha (Jainism)
4142:
4124:
4106:
4084:
4074:Palitana temples
4070:
4056:
4038:
4024:
4006:
3992:
3978:
3916:Shravanabelagola
3866:Chaumukha temple
3858:Palitana temples
3825:place of worship
3793:
3792:
3777:
3776:
3761:
3760:
3745:
3744:
3729:
3728:
3713:
3712:
3697:
3696:
3681:
3680:
3665:
3664:
3649:
3648:
3633:
3632:
3617:
3616:
3601:
3600:
3585:
3584:
3574:Shravanabelagola
3569:
3568:
3553:
3552:
3537:
3536:
3521:
3520:
3505:
3504:
3489:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3457:
3456:
3441:
3440:
3425:
3424:
3409:
3408:
3393:
3392:
3377:
3376:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3181:
3159:
3149:
3137:
2940:
2918:
2793:, whereupon the
2768:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2736:Stela depicting
2733:
2694:
2586:
2570:
2528:Kartika Amavasya
2470:
2294:, including the
2276:. Among the non-
2151:
2142:
2054:Food and fasting
2016:(male ascetics,
1984:Tattvartha Sūtra
1982:Jain texts like
1960:
1948:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:Jain monasticism
1787:, 14th century,
1726:Non-attachment (
1719:absolute reality
1497:Moksha (Jainism)
1451:
1448:
1356:
1340:
1212:Karma in Jainism
1200:Tattvartha sūtra
1036:: the sentient (
1025:Tattva (Jainism)
789:lacto-vegetarian
783:(chastity), and
777:(not stealing),
765:(non-violence),
746:(non-violence),
681:
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
632:
625:
618:
602:
601:
539:Shravanabelagola
446:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
418:Tattvartha Sutra
62:
39:
38:
21:
21320:
21319:
21315:
21314:
21313:
21311:
21310:
21309:
21270:
21269:
21268:
21263:
21227:
21154:
21135:Solomon Islands
21071:
20943:
20847:North Macedonia
20688:
20413:
20126:
20107:
20068:Mass gatherings
20036:
20031:
20024:
19963:
19958:
19949:
19883:Religiocentrism
19863:National church
19731:
19728:
19720:
19635:
19628:
19565:
19487:Bodies of water
19279:
19264:
19049:Jamaican Maroon
18831:
18806:
18743:
18573:
18566:
18437:
18435:
18424:
18389:
18363:Trinidad Orisha
18148:
18141:
18114:
18107:
18034:
17997:
17983:Washat Dreamers
17706:
17699:
17595:
17577:
17504:
17478:Srilankan Vedda
17429:
17357:
17232:Sri Vaishnavism
17195:
17157:
17129:
17087:
16994:
16968:
16935:
16894:
16848:
16773:Twelver Shi'ism
16715:
16577:Neo-charismatic
16550:Presbyterianism
16402:
16294:
16281:
16276:
16246:
16241:
16231:
16225:
16177:
16141:
16090:Panch Kalyanaka
16024:
15963:
15959:Non-creationism
15923:
15857:
15768:
15720:
15701:Jeffery D. Long
15696:Padmanabh Jaini
15681:Virchand Gandhi
15661:Colette Caillat
15644:
15608:
15558:
15485:
15396:
15346:
15282:
15169:Heavenly beings
15106:
15078:
15068:
14987:
14984:
14979:
14952:
14946:
14922:
14916:
14892:
14886:
14862:
14856:
14832:
14811:
14790:
14777:
14746:
14726:
14703:
14679:
14659:
14638:
14612:
14592:
14569:
14542:
14511:
14487:
14467:
14411:
14387:
14361:
14359:
14352:
14332:
14308:
14264:
14240:
14220:
14200:
14180:
14157:
14145:, vol. I,
14133:
14113:
14086:
14062:
14054:, E. J. Brill,
14042:
14004:
13980:
13956:
13929:
13905:
13903:
13890:
13866:
13851:World Religions
13842:
13818:
13798:
13767:
13743:
13723:
13689:
13669:
13649:
13622:
13599:
13543:
13521:
13493:
13479:, ed. (2010) ,
13477:Mugambi, J.N.K.
13470:
13443:
13418:
13398:
13378:
13358:
13335:
13315:
13295:
13275:
13223:
13215:, I.B. Tauris,
13205:
13197:, I.B. Tauris,
13182:
13162:
13142:
13122:
13070:
13048:
13024:
13000:
12976:
12956:
12936:
12912:
12892:
12872:
12854:
12830:
12806:
12783:
12763:
12743:
12723:
12703:Jain, Jyotindra
12676:
12656:
12621:
12597:
12577:
12539:
12537:
12511:
12462:
12442:
12415:
12396:
12382:
12361:
12341:
12310:
12286:
12268:
12241:
12218:
12208:Sahitya Akademi
12191:
12171:
12148:
12124:
12100:
12076:
11997:
11966:
11946:
11903:
11879:
11856:
11838:
11811:
11772:
11748:
11726:
11699:
11679:
11648:
11625:
11605:
11586:
11581:
11569:
11565:
11557:
11553:
11545:
11541:
11531:
11529:
11525:
11515:Census of India
11510:
11506:
11505:
11501:
11491:
11489:
11472:
11468:
11458:
11456:
11448:Hindustan Times
11439:
11435:
11425:
11423:
11406:
11402:
11394:
11390:
11382:
11378:
11368:
11366:
11345:
11344:
11337:
11329:
11325:
11317:
11313:
11306:
11290:
11286:
11278:
11274:
11266:
11262:
11254:
11250:
11242:
11235:
11227:
11223:
11215:
11211:
11203:
11199:
11191:
11187:
11179:
11175:
11158:
11154:
11143:
11139:
11124:
11108:
11104:
11096:
11092:
11079:
11075:
11058:
11054:
11044:
11042:
11027:
11026:
11022:
11014:
11010:
10967:
10963:
10939:
10935:
10925:
10909:
10905:
10895:
10893:
10883:Audrey Truschke
10880:
10876:
10866:
10850:
10846:
10839:
10820:
10816:
10797:
10793:
10786:
10767:
10763:
10755:
10751:
10743:
10739:
10731:
10727:
10719:
10715:
10707:
10703:
10695:
10691:
10681:
10679:
10662:
10661:
10657:
10649:
10645:
10637:
10633:
10625:
10621:
10613:
10609:
10601:
10597:
10589:
10585:
10577:
10573:
10565:
10561:
10553:
10549:
10541:
10537:
10529:
10525:
10517:
10510:
10502:
10498:
10492:Qvarnström 2003
10490:
10486:
10478:
10474:
10466:
10462:
10454:
10450:
10442:
10438:
10429:
10428:
10424:
10416:
10412:
10404:
10400:
10392:
10388:
10380:
10376:
10368:
10364:
10356:
10352:
10344:
10340:
10332:
10328:
10322:Billimoria 1988
10320:
10316:
10308:
10304:
10296:
10292:
10284:
10280:
10272:
10268:
10260:
10256:
10243:
10242:
10238:
10230:
10226:
10218:
10214:
10206:
10202:
10194:
10190:
10182:
10178:
10170:
10166:
10158:
10154:
10146:
10139:
10131:
10127:
10117:
10115:
10102:
10101:
10097:
10087:
10085:
10072:
10071:
10067:
10059:
10055:
10045:
10043:
10026:
10022:
10012:
10010:
9996:
9995:
9991:
9983:
9979:
9971:
9967:
9949:Tantative Lists
9943:
9942:
9935:
9927:
9923:
9913:
9911:
9896:
9895:
9891:
9881:
9879:
9862:
9858:
9850:
9846:
9838:
9834:
9824:
9822:
9809:
9808:
9804:
9794:
9792:
9775:
9771:
9763:
9759:
9751:
9747:
9739:
9735:
9725:
9723:
9707:
9706:
9702:
9692:
9690:
9674:
9673:
9669:
9659:
9657:
9640:
9639:
9635:
9627:
9623:
9615:
9611:
9603:
9599:
9591:
9587:
9571:
9567:
9557:
9555:
9534:
9530:
9522:
9518:
9510:
9506:
9498:
9494:
9486:
9477:
9469:
9465:
9457:
9453:
9445:
9441:
9433:
9429:
9425:, pp. 1–2.
9421:
9417:
9409:
9405:
9397:
9390:
9382:
9378:
9370:
9366:
9358:
9351:
9341:
9339:
9322:
9321:
9317:
9282:
9278:
9270:
9266:
9258:
9254:
9246:
9242:
9238:, pp. 5–6.
9234:
9230:
9221:
9217:
9204:
9200:
9184:
9180:
9172:
9168:
9164:, pp. 4–7.
9160:
9153:
9145:
9138:
9130:
9119:
9111:
9107:
9099:
9095:
9087:
9083:
9075:
9071:
9063:
9059:
9051:
9044:
9036:
9032:
9024:
9020:
9012:
9008:
9000:
8993:
8985:
8981:
8973:
8969:
8961:
8957:
8949:
8945:
8937:
8933:
8925:
8921:
8913:
8909:
8905:, pp. 2–5.
8901:
8897:
8889:
8885:
8877:
8873:
8865:
8858:
8850:
8846:
8838:
8834:
8826:
8822:
8814:
8810:
8797:
8796:
8792:
8769:10.2307/3249941
8753:
8749:
8741:
8737:
8731:Chatterjee 2000
8729:
8725:
8717:
8713:
8705:
8701:
8693:
8689:
8681:
8677:
8669:
8665:
8657:
8650:
8642:
8638:
8630:
8626:
8618:
8614:
8606:
8602:
8594:
8590:
8582:
8578:
8570:
8566:
8558:
8554:
8546:
8542:
8534:
8530:
8522:
8515:
8505:
8503:
8488:
8487:
8483:
8475:
8471:
8463:
8454:
8444:
8442:
8434:
8433:
8429:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8382:
8380:
8372:
8371:
8367:
8359:
8355:
8347:
8343:
8335:
8331:
8323:
8319:
8311:
8304:
8296:
8292:
8284:
8280:
8272:
8268:
8260:
8253:
8245:
8241:
8233:
8229:
8221:
8217:
8209:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8185:
8181:
8173:
8169:
8161:
8154:
8146:
8142:
8134:
8130:
8122:
8118:
8110:
8106:
8098:
8094:
8086:
8082:
8074:
8070:
8062:
8058:
8050:
8046:
8038:
8034:
8026:
8019:
8011:
8007:
7999:
7992:
7984:
7980:
7972:
7968:
7960:
7953:
7945:
7934:
7926:
7922:
7914:
7910:
7902:
7898:
7890:
7886:
7878:
7871:
7863:
7859:
7851:
7847:
7839:
7835:
7827:
7823:
7815:
7808:
7800:
7796:
7788:
7784:
7776:
7772:
7764:
7760:
7756:, p. 4771.
7752:
7748:
7740:
7733:
7725:
7721:
7713:
7709:
7701:
7697:
7689:
7685:
7677:
7673:
7665:
7661:
7653:
7649:
7641:
7634:
7626:
7617:
7609:
7605:
7597:
7593:
7585:
7581:
7573:
7569:
7561:
7557:
7549:
7542:
7534:
7527:
7519:
7512:
7504:
7500:
7492:
7485:
7477:
7473:
7465:
7461:
7453:
7444:
7436:
7429:
7421:
7417:
7409:
7405:
7397:
7393:
7385:
7381:
7373:
7369:
7365:, pp. 2–3.
7361:
7357:
7349:
7345:
7337:
7333:
7325:
7321:
7313:
7309:
7301:
7297:
7289:
7285:
7279:Qvarnström 2003
7277:
7273:
7265:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7238:
7234:
7228:Qvarnström 2003
7226:
7222:
7216:Qvarnström 2003
7214:
7207:
7201:Qvarnström 2003
7199:
7195:
7187:
7180:
7172:
7168:
7160:
7156:
7148:
7144:
7136:
7132:
7124:
7120:
7112:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7088:
7084:
7076:
7072:
7064:
7060:
7050:
7048:
7033:
7024:
7016:
7005:
6997:
6986:
6978:
6974:
6966:
6959:
6951:
6942:
6934:
6930:
6922:
6918:
6910:
6906:
6898:
6891:
6883:
6879:
6871:
6867:
6859:
6855:
6847:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6821:
6819:
6794:
6790:
6782:
6775:
6767:
6756:
6752:, pp. 1–7.
6748:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6724:
6720:
6712:
6705:
6697:
6693:
6685:
6678:
6670:
6666:
6660:Winternitz 1993
6658:
6654:
6646:
6642:
6634:
6630:
6622:
6618:
6610:
6606:
6598:
6587:
6579:
6570:
6562:
6555:
6547:
6536:
6528:
6524:
6516:
6509:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6481:, pp. 6–7.
6477:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6450:
6446:
6438:
6429:
6421:
6417:
6409:
6405:
6397:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6373:
6366:
6358:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6334:
6330:
6322:
6318:
6310:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6283:
6276:
6268:
6264:
6256:
6247:
6239:
6232:
6224:
6220:
6212:
6205:
6197:
6193:
6185:
6178:
6170:
6166:
6158:
6154:
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6142:
6134:
6130:
6122:
6118:
6110:
6106:
6098:
6091:
6083:
6079:
6071:
6067:
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6020:
6013:
6005:
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5993:
5989:
5981:
5977:
5969:
5962:
5954:
5950:
5942:
5938:
5930:
5926:
5918:
5914:
5906:
5899:
5891:
5887:
5879:
5875:
5867:
5863:
5855:
5851:
5843:
5839:
5831:
5822:
5814:
5810:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5774:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5748:
5746:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5668:
5659:
5655:
5644:
5640:
5631:
5627:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5526:Religion portal
5524:
5517:
5514:
5380:
5374:
5288:Virchand Gandhi
5284:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5266:
5258:
5257:
5246:Virchand Gandhi
5242:
5231:
5179:Mughal emperors
5164:Alauddin Khalji
5160:Delhi Sultanate
5136:
5119:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5015:
5001:
4966:
4958:–460 BCE), and
4955:
4944:
4903:Indian religion
4899:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:, sixth century
4885:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4840:
4830:
4806:
4763:
4756:
4750:
4742:Tattvarthasūtra
4656:(food vessel),
4553:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4519:
4513:
4475:Nashik district
4420:
4419:built in 981 CE
4403:
4354:
4348:
4266:Atishayakshetra
4161:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4134:
4128:Brahma Jinalaya
4125:
4116:
4107:
4098:
4085:
4076:
4071:
4062:
4057:
4048:
4039:
4030:
4025:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3996:Dilwara Temples
3993:
3984:
3979:
3928:Brahma Jinalaya
3813:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3754:
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3722:
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3720:
3714:
3706:
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3682:
3674:
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3618:
3610:
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3586:
3578:
3577:
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3570:
3562:
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3554:
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3528:
3522:
3514:
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3506:
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3496:
3490:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3474:
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3432:
3426:
3418:
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3400:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3346:
3340:
3291:Panch Kalyanaka
3196:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3127:
3121:
3107:territories to
2952:
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2949:
2939:
2937:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2895:Main articles:
2893:
2854:Tattvarthasūtra
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2723:
2721:Jain literature
2717:
2692:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:Simandhar Swami
2587:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2560:
2554:
2542:Akshaya Tritiya
2472:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2437:Indian calendar
2415:, New York City
2405:
2399:
2382:panca namaskara
2287:Panch Kalyanaka
2248:. In Jainism a
2221:
2215:
2177:Padmanabh Jaini
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2130:Jain meditation
2126:
2082:root vegetables
2066:
2058:Main articles:
2056:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1896:
1888:Main articles:
1886:
1881:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1740:
1732:
1636:
1630:
1581:Tattvarthasūtra
1564:
1556:
1547:
1545:Main principles
1527:Samyak Charitra
1507:
1495:Main articles:
1493:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1330:
1324:
1275:
1267:Main articles:
1265:
1214:
1208:
1135:Tattvarthasūtra
1113:
1107:
1027:
1021:
963:
957:
906:
904:Jain philosophy
900:
885:Akshaya Tritiya
691:Indian religion
679:
650:
646:
636:
596:
589:
588:
554:
553:
544:
543:
511:
510:
501:
500:
476:
475:
466:
465:
391:
390:
388:Jain literature
379:
378:
361:
360:
351:
350:
289:
288:
279:
278:
269:Ṇamōkāra mantra
249:
248:
239:
238:
180:
179:
170:
169:
100:
99:
35:
28:
27:Indian religion
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
21318:
21308:
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21107:
21102:
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21029:
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21019:
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21009:
21004:
20999:
20994:
20989:
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20959:
20953:
20951:
20945:
20944:
20942:
20941:
20940:
20939:
20934:
20929:
20924:
20917:United Kingdom
20914:
20909:
20904:
20899:
20894:
20889:
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20869:
20864:
20859:
20854:
20849:
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20834:
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20809:
20804:
20799:
20794:
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20779:
20774:
20769:
20764:
20759:
20754:
20749:
20744:
20739:
20734:
20729:
20724:
20719:
20714:
20709:
20704:
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20690:
20689:
20687:
20686:
20681:
20676:
20671:
20666:
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20641:
20636:
20631:
20626:
20621:
20616:
20611:
20606:
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20596:
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20586:
20581:
20576:
20571:
20566:
20561:
20556:
20551:
20546:
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20529:
20524:
20519:
20514:
20509:
20504:
20499:
20494:
20489:
20484:
20479:
20474:
20469:
20464:
20459:
20454:
20449:
20444:
20439:
20434:
20429:
20423:
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20415:
20414:
20412:
20411:
20406:
20401:
20396:
20391:
20386:
20381:
20376:
20371:
20366:
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20351:
20346:
20341:
20336:
20331:
20326:
20321:
20316:
20311:
20306:
20301:
20296:
20291:
20286:
20281:
20276:
20271:
20266:
20261:
20256:
20251:
20246:
20241:
20236:
20231:
20226:
20221:
20216:
20211:
20206:
20201:
20196:
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20176:
20171:
20166:
20161:
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20109:
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20065:
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20055:
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20045:
20039:
20037:
20029:
20026:
20025:
20023:
20022:
20017:
20012:
20010:Secularization
20007:
20002:
19997:
19992:
19990:Deconstruction
19987:
19982:
19977:
19972:
19966:
19964:
19954:
19951:
19950:
19948:
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19915:
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19890:
19885:
19880:
19875:
19870:
19865:
19860:
19855:
19850:
19845:
19840:
19838:Fundamentalism
19835:
19834:
19833:
19828:
19823:
19818:
19808:
19803:
19798:
19793:
19792:
19791:
19786:
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19771:
19770:
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19764:
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19725:
19722:
19721:
19719:
19718:
19713:
19708:
19703:
19702:
19701:
19691:
19686:
19681:
19676:
19671:
19666:
19661:
19656:
19651:
19646:
19640:
19638:
19630:
19629:
19627:
19626:
19621:
19616:
19611:
19606:
19601:
19596:
19591:
19586:
19581:
19575:
19573:
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19563:
19562:
19561:
19556:
19551:
19541:
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19521:
19516:
19511:
19506:
19505:
19504:
19499:
19494:
19489:
19479:
19478:
19477:
19472:
19467:
19457:
19452:
19447:
19442:
19437:
19432:
19427:
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19417:
19412:
19411:
19410:
19405:
19400:
19390:
19385:
19380:
19375:
19370:
19365:
19360:
19355:
19350:
19345:
19340:
19335:
19330:
19325:
19316:
19314:Call to prayer
19311:
19306:
19301:
19299:Disaffiliation
19291:
19289:
19281:
19280:
19270:
19269:
19266:
19265:
19263:
19262:
19257:
19252:
19247:
19242:
19237:
19232:
19227:
19226:
19225:
19220:
19215:
19205:
19204:
19203:
19198:
19193:
19188:
19183:
19173:
19168:
19167:
19166:
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19156:
19146:
19145:
19144:
19139:
19129:
19128:
19127:
19122:
19117:
19112:
19102:
19097:
19096:
19095:
19085:
19084:
19083:
19078:
19068:
19063:
19062:
19061:
19051:
19046:
19041:
19036:
19031:
19026:
19021:
19016:
19015:
19014:
19009:
19004:
18999:
18997:Greco-Buddhism
18994:
18984:
18983:
18982:
18977:
18972:
18967:
18957:
18952:
18951:
18950:
18940:
18935:
18930:
18929:
18928:
18918:
18913:
18908:
18907:
18906:
18901:
18891:
18886:
18885:
18884:
18879:
18874:
18864:
18859:
18854:
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18836:
18833:
18832:
18820:
18819:
18816:
18815:
18812:
18811:
18808:
18807:
18805:
18804:
18803:
18802:
18792:
18787:
18782:
18777:
18772:
18767:
18762:
18757:
18751:
18749:
18745:
18744:
18742:
18741:
18740:
18739:
18727:
18722:
18721:
18720:
18715:
18710:
18705:
18700:
18695:
18690:
18680:
18675:
18670:
18665:
18660:
18655:
18650:
18645:
18640:
18639:
18638:
18628:
18627:
18626:
18621:
18611:
18610:
18609:
18604:
18594:
18589:
18588:
18587:
18578:
18576:
18568:
18567:
18565:
18564:
18559:
18554:
18549:
18548:
18547:
18542:
18532:
18527:
18522:
18517:
18512:
18511:
18510:
18500:
18495:
18490:
18485:
18480:
18475:
18470:
18465:
18460:
18455:
18449:
18447:
18440:
18430:
18429:
18426:
18425:
18423:
18422:
18417:
18412:
18407:
18401:
18399:
18395:
18394:
18391:
18390:
18388:
18387:
18386:
18385:
18380:
18375:
18370:
18365:
18360:
18358:Tambor de Mina
18355:
18350:
18345:
18340:
18335:
18330:
18325:
18320:
18315:
18314:
18313:
18308:
18303:
18284:
18283:
18282:
18281:
18271:
18266:
18261:
18256:
18251:
18246:
18241:
18236:
18231:
18226:
18221:
18216:
18211:
18206:
18201:
18196:
18191:
18186:
18185:
18184:
18179:
18169:
18164:
18159:
18153:
18151:
18143:
18142:
18140:
18139:
18138:
18137:
18135:Guanche church
18126:
18124:
18117:
18109:
18108:
18106:
18105:
18100:
18095:
18090:
18085:
18080:
18075:
18070:
18065:
18060:
18055:
18050:
18044:
18042:
18040:Tibeto-Burmese
18036:
18035:
18033:
18032:
18027:
18022:
18017:
18011:
18009:
17999:
17998:
17996:
17995:
17990:
17985:
17980:
17975:
17970:
17969:
17968:
17963:
17953:
17948:
17946:Nuu-chah-nulth
17943:
17938:
17933:
17928:
17927:
17926:
17921:
17916:
17911:
17901:
17896:
17891:
17890:
17889:
17879:
17874:
17869:
17868:
17867:
17862:
17857:
17855:Muscogee Creek
17852:
17847:
17837:
17832:
17827:
17822:
17813:
17808:
17803:
17798:
17797:
17796:
17791:
17781:
17780:
17779:
17774:
17769:
17764:
17754:
17749:
17744:
17743:
17742:
17737:
17732:
17722:
17717:
17711:
17709:
17701:
17700:
17698:
17697:
17692:
17690:Sumbese Marapu
17687:
17686:
17685:
17680:
17670:
17669:
17668:
17658:
17653:
17648:
17643:
17642:
17641:
17636:
17628:
17627:
17626:
17621:
17611:
17609:Batak Parmalim
17605:
17603:
17597:
17596:
17594:
17593:
17587:
17585:
17579:
17578:
17576:
17575:
17574:
17573:
17568:
17558:
17557:
17556:
17551:
17546:
17531:
17529:
17520:
17514:
17513:
17510:
17509:
17506:
17505:
17503:
17502:
17501:
17500:
17495:
17485:
17480:
17475:
17470:
17465:
17464:
17463:
17458:
17448:
17443:
17437:
17435:
17431:
17430:
17428:
17427:
17420:
17415:
17414:
17413:
17403:
17402:
17401:
17396:
17391:
17373:
17367:
17365:
17359:
17358:
17356:
17355:
17348:
17343:
17338:
17333:
17328:
17323:
17318:
17317:
17316:
17311:
17306:
17301:
17296:
17291:
17286:
17281:
17271:
17270:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17254:
17249:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17218:
17216:
17207:
17201:
17200:
17197:
17196:
17194:
17193:
17188:
17183:
17178:
17173:
17167:
17165:
17159:
17158:
17156:
17155:
17150:
17145:
17139:
17137:
17131:
17130:
17128:
17127:
17122:
17117:
17112:
17111:
17110:
17097:
17095:
17089:
17088:
17086:
17085:
17084:
17083:
17078:
17068:
17067:
17066:
17061:
17051:
17046:
17041:
17036:
17030:
17028:
17019:
17010:
17004:
17003:
17000:
16999:
16996:
16995:
16993:
16992:
16987:
16982:
16976:
16974:
16970:
16969:
16967:
16966:
16961:
16956:
16951:
16945:
16943:
16937:
16936:
16934:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16921:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
16917:
16915:
16906:
16900:
16899:
16896:
16895:
16893:
16892:
16887:
16882:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16856:
16854:
16850:
16849:
16847:
16846:
16839:
16834:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16814:
16809:
16808:
16807:
16797:
16792:
16791:
16790:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16765:
16764:
16763:
16762:
16761:
16756:
16746:
16741:
16736:
16725:
16723:
16717:
16716:
16714:
16713:
16706:
16705:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16689:
16684:
16679:
16674:
16669:
16664:
16658:Bible Students
16650:
16645:
16640:
16635:
16630:
16628:Restorationism
16625:
16624:
16623:
16618:
16613:
16608:
16607:
16606:
16596:
16591:
16586:
16584:Evangelicalism
16581:
16580:
16579:
16574:
16569:
16559:
16558:
16557:
16552:
16547:
16537:
16532:
16527:
16526:
16525:
16520:
16515:
16510:
16505:
16495:
16485:
16484:
16483:
16478:
16464:
16463:
16462:
16457:
16447:
16442:
16441:
16440:
16430:
16429:
16428:
16423:
16412:
16410:
16404:
16403:
16401:
16400:
16393:
16388:
16383:
16378:
16373:
16368:
16363:
16358:
16357:
16356:
16355:
16354:
16344:
16343:
16342:
16326:
16324:
16315:
16306:
16296:
16295:
16283:
16282:
16275:
16274:
16267:
16260:
16252:
16243:
16242:
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15924:
15922:
15921:
15916:
15914:Southeast Asia
15911:
15906:
15901:
15896:
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15881:
15876:
15871:
15865:
15863:
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15748:Organisations
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15722:
15721:
15719:
15718:
15716:Jinendra Varni
15713:
15708:
15703:
15698:
15693:
15688:
15686:Hermann Jacobi
15683:
15678:
15673:
15668:
15663:
15658:
15652:
15650:
15646:
15645:
15643:
15642:
15637:
15632:
15627:
15622:
15620:Digambara monk
15616:
15614:
15610:
15609:
15607:
15606:
15601:
15596:
15595:
15594:
15589:
15579:
15574:
15568:
15566:
15560:
15559:
15557:
15556:
15554:Uttaradhyayana
15551:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15531:
15530:
15529:
15524:
15522:Namokar Mantra
15516:
15511:
15509:Shatkhandagama
15506:
15504:Pravachanasara
15501:
15495:
15493:
15487:
15486:
15484:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15467:
15466:
15461:
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15377:
15372:
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15354:
15348:
15347:
15345:
15344:
15339:
15334:
15329:
15324:
15319:
15318:
15317:
15315:Kashtha Sangha
15312:
15310:Balatkara Gana
15301:
15299:
15290:
15284:
15283:
15281:
15280:
15275:
15270:
15265:
15260:
15259:
15258:
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15244:
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15224:
15223:
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15215:
15205:
15195:
15190:
15189:
15188:
15183:
15173:
15172:
15171:
15166:
15161:
15154:Jain cosmology
15151:
15150:
15149:
15141:
15140:
15139:
15129:
15128:
15127:
15116:
15114:
15108:
15107:
15105:
15104:
15099:
15094:
15088:
15086:
15080:
15079:
15076:Jainism topics
15067:
15066:
15059:
15052:
15044:
15038:
15037:
15018:
15012:
15003:
15001:, 14 July 2023
14983:
14982:External links
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14557:(2 ed.),
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14399:(2 ed.),
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14278:(3): 367–377,
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14093:Singh, Upinder
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14007:
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13992:(5 ed.),
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13344:, ed. (2011),
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13243:10.2307/600151
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12766:
12761:
12752:ABC of Jainism
12746:
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12690:
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12674:
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12460:
12445:
12440:
12424:, ed. (2006),
12418:
12413:
12405:Orient Longman
12385:
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12364:
12359:
12344:
12339:
12324:
12313:
12308:
12289:
12284:
12271:
12266:
12244:
12239:
12227:, ed. (1999),
12225:Doniger, Wendy
12221:
12216:
12194:
12189:
12174:
12169:
12151:
12146:
12127:
12122:
12103:
12098:
12079:
12074:
12068:, SUNY Press,
12059:
12048:10.2307/605310
12031:
12014:(2): 235–255,
12000:
11995:
11969:
11964:
11949:
11944:
11929:
11915:
11906:
11901:
11882:
11877:
11863:Boesche, Roger
11859:
11854:
11841:
11836:
11814:
11809:
11790:
11775:
11770:
11751:
11746:
11729:
11724:
11702:
11697:
11682:
11677:
11662:
11651:
11646:
11628:
11623:
11608:
11603:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11579:
11563:
11551:
11549:, p. 171.
11539:
11499:
11466:
11433:
11400:
11398:, p. 108.
11388:
11376:
11335:
11323:
11311:
11304:
11284:
11272:
11260:
11248:
11233:
11221:
11209:
11197:
11185:
11183:, p. 283.
11173:
11152:
11137:
11122:
11102:
11100:, p. 145.
11090:
11073:
11052:
11020:
11008:
10981:(3): 283–319.
10961:
10933:
10923:
10903:
10874:
10864:
10844:
10837:
10814:
10791:
10784:
10778:. Penguin UK.
10772:(April 2015).
10761:
10759:, p. 161.
10749:
10737:
10725:
10713:
10701:
10699:, p. 178.
10689:
10655:
10653:, p. 170.
10643:
10641:, p. 409.
10631:
10619:
10607:
10595:
10593:, p. 202.
10583:
10571:
10569:, p. 444.
10559:
10547:
10535:
10523:
10508:
10496:
10484:
10472:
10470:, p. 105.
10460:
10448:
10446:, p. 383.
10436:
10422:
10410:
10398:
10396:, p. 183.
10386:
10384:, p. 444.
10382:Saraswati 1908
10374:
10362:
10350:
10348:, p. 353.
10338:
10336:, p. 114.
10326:
10314:
10312:, p. 639.
10302:
10290:
10278:
10276:, p. 975.
10266:
10264:, p. 185.
10254:
10236:
10234:, p. 358.
10224:
10222:, p. 123.
10212:
10210:, p. 225.
10200:
10188:
10186:, p. 123.
10176:
10164:
10152:
10150:, p. 234.
10137:
10125:
10095:
10065:
10053:
10020:
9989:
9987:, p. 184.
9977:
9975:, p. 405.
9965:
9933:
9921:
9889:
9856:
9844:
9842:, p. 460.
9832:
9802:
9769:
9757:
9755:, p. 271.
9753:Fergusson 1876
9745:
9743:, p. 367.
9733:
9700:
9667:
9633:
9631:, p. 352.
9621:
9619:, p. 275.
9609:
9597:
9595:, p. 106.
9585:
9565:
9528:
9526:, p. 188.
9516:
9514:, p. 195.
9504:
9492:
9475:
9473:, p. 187.
9463:
9451:
9449:, p. 113.
9439:
9437:, p. 183.
9427:
9415:
9413:, p. 184.
9403:
9388:
9376:
9364:
9362:, p. 184.
9349:
9315:
9276:
9264:
9252:
9240:
9228:
9224:Brhatkathakosa
9215:
9198:
9178:
9166:
9151:
9136:
9117:
9105:
9093:
9081:
9069:
9057:
9042:
9030:
9018:
9006:
8991:
8979:
8967:
8955:
8943:
8939:Hiriyanna 1993
8931:
8927:Hiriyanna 1993
8919:
8907:
8895:
8883:
8871:
8856:
8844:
8832:
8820:
8808:
8790:
8747:
8735:
8723:
8711:
8709:, p. 221.
8699:
8687:
8675:
8663:
8648:
8636:
8624:
8612:
8610:, p. 124.
8600:
8588:
8586:, p. xii.
8576:
8564:
8552:
8540:
8528:
8513:
8481:
8469:
8467:, p. 167.
8452:
8427:
8406:
8390:
8365:
8353:
8341:
8329:
8317:
8302:
8290:
8278:
8266:
8264:, p. 167.
8251:
8239:
8227:
8215:
8203:
8191:
8179:
8167:
8152:
8150:, p. 211.
8140:
8128:
8116:
8104:
8092:
8080:
8078:, p. 326.
8068:
8056:
8054:, p. 164.
8044:
8032:
8017:
8015:, p. 211.
8005:
8003:, p. 220.
7990:
7988:, p. 160.
7978:
7976:, p. 284.
7966:
7964:, p. 673.
7951:
7932:
7920:
7908:
7906:, p. 107.
7896:
7884:
7869:
7857:
7853:Salvadori 1989
7845:
7833:
7821:
7806:
7804:, p. 365.
7794:
7782:
7770:
7758:
7746:
7731:
7719:
7707:
7695:
7683:
7671:
7659:
7647:
7632:
7615:
7613:, p. 170.
7603:
7591:
7579:
7577:, p. 261.
7575:S.A. Jain 1992
7567:
7555:
7540:
7525:
7510:
7498:
7483:
7471:
7459:
7442:
7440:, p. 285.
7427:
7425:, p. 260.
7415:
7413:, p. 105.
7403:
7401:, p. 190.
7391:
7379:
7377:, p. 197.
7367:
7355:
7343:
7331:
7319:
7307:
7295:
7283:
7271:
7256:
7244:
7232:
7220:
7205:
7203:, p. 113.
7193:
7178:
7166:
7154:
7142:
7130:
7118:
7106:
7104:, p. 109.
7094:
7092:, p. 231.
7082:
7070:
7058:
7022:
7020:, p. 228.
7003:
6984:
6972:
6957:
6955:, p. 112.
6940:
6938:, p. 233.
6928:
6916:
6904:
6889:
6877:
6865:
6853:
6841:
6829:
6788:
6773:
6754:
6742:
6740:, p. 163.
6730:
6718:
6703:
6691:
6676:
6664:
6662:, p. 409.
6652:
6640:
6628:
6616:
6604:
6585:
6568:
6553:
6551:, p. 160.
6534:
6522:
6507:
6495:
6483:
6468:
6456:
6444:
6427:
6415:
6403:
6391:
6379:
6377:, p. 182.
6364:
6352:
6350:, p. 124.
6340:
6328:
6316:
6314:, p. 313.
6301:
6289:
6287:, p. 551.
6274:
6262:
6245:
6243:, p. 241.
6230:
6218:
6203:
6201:, p. 225.
6191:
6176:
6164:
6152:
6140:
6128:
6116:
6114:, p. 228.
6104:
6102:, p. 226.
6089:
6077:
6065:
6063:, p. 194.
6053:
6038:
6036:, p. 103.
6026:
6011:
6007:S.A. Jain 1992
5999:
5987:
5975:
5960:
5958:, p. 238.
5948:
5936:
5934:, p. 108.
5924:
5912:
5910:, p. 151.
5897:
5885:
5873:
5861:
5849:
5837:
5820:
5808:
5806:, p. 243.
5796:
5768:
5756:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5699:
5690:
5680:
5666:
5653:
5638:
5625:
5608:
5594:
5585:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5544:Jain cosmology
5541:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5513:
5510:
5478:Mahatma Gandhi
5440:United Kingdom
5412:Madhya Pradesh
5376:Main article:
5373:
5370:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5267:
5260:
5259:
5243:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5135:
5132:
5113:Vishnuvardhana
5073:Yadava dynasty
5059:Harshavardhana
5025:
5018:
5017:
5008:King Kharavela
5002:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4979:Mauryan Empire
4886:
4879:
4878:
4873: 236 BCE
4863:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4829:
4826:
4752:Main article:
4749:
4746:
4709:represent the
4569:. In Jainism,
4545:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:Main article:
4512:
4509:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4405:
4373:lotus position
4352:Jain sculpture
4350:Main article:
4347:
4344:
4328:
4327:
4311:
4289:
4263:
4157:Main article:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4137:
4135:
4126:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4101:
4099:
4086:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4051:
4049:
4040:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3907:are part of a
3897:Jain community
3850:Pataini temple
3805:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3763:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3739:
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3731:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3707:
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3667:
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3659:
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3651:
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3643:
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3628:
3627:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3595:
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3587:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:Main article:
3339:
3336:
3303:lotus position
3183:
3176:
3175:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:Main article:
3120:
3117:
2923:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2889:
2866:Shatkhandagama
2770:
2763:
2762:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:Main article:
2716:
2713:
2588:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:Main article:
2553:
2550:
2546:Raksha Bandhan
2452:
2445:
2403:Jain festivals
2401:Main article:
2398:
2395:
2389:including the
2217:Main article:
2214:
2211:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:Main article:
2125:
2122:
2055:
2052:
2034:(laymen), and
1962:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1781:Nishidhi stone
1764:Main article:
1761:
1758:
1736:Main article:
1731:
1724:
1632:Main article:
1629:
1622:
1575:Ācārāṅga Sūtra
1560:Main article:
1555:
1550:Non-violence (
1548:
1546:
1543:
1511:Samyak Darśana
1492:
1489:
1433:God in Jainism
1431:Main article:
1428:
1425:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1328:Jain cosmology
1326:Main article:
1323:
1320:
1264:
1261:
1210:Main article:
1207:
1206:Soul and karma
1204:
1147:Anuyogadvarini
1125:), inference (
1109:Main article:
1106:
1100:
1023:Main article:
1020:
1014:
959:Main article:
956:
950:
946:interactionism
902:Main article:
899:
896:
800:Namokar Mantra
758:(asceticism).
638:
637:
635:
634:
627:
620:
612:
609:
608:
607:
606:
591:
590:
587:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
555:
551:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
512:
508:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
477:
473:
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
456:
453:Silappatikaram
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
392:
386:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
371:
362:
358:
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
250:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
190:
181:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
101:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:
82:
77:
72:
64:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21317:
21306:
21303:
21301:
21298:
21296:
21293:
21291:
21288:
21286:
21283:
21281:
21278:
21277:
21275:
21260:
21256:
21252:
21250:
21242:
21241:
21238:
21224:
21221:
21219:
21216:
21214:
21211:
21209:
21206:
21204:
21201:
21199:
21196:
21194:
21191:
21189:
21186:
21184:
21181:
21179:
21176:
21174:
21171:
21169:
21166:
21165:
21163:
21161:
21160:South America
21157:
21151:
21148:
21146:
21143:
21141:
21138:
21136:
21133:
21131:
21128:
21126:
21123:
21121:
21118:
21116:
21113:
21111:
21108:
21106:
21103:
21101:
21098:
21096:
21093:
21091:
21088:
21086:
21083:
21082:
21080:
21078:
21074:
21068:
21067:United States
21065:
21063:
21060:
21058:
21055:
21053:
21050:
21048:
21045:
21043:
21040:
21038:
21035:
21033:
21030:
21028:
21025:
21023:
21020:
21018:
21015:
21013:
21010:
21008:
21005:
21003:
21000:
20998:
20995:
20993:
20990:
20988:
20985:
20983:
20980:
20978:
20975:
20973:
20970:
20968:
20965:
20963:
20960:
20958:
20955:
20954:
20952:
20950:
20949:North America
20946:
20938:
20935:
20933:
20930:
20928:
20925:
20923:
20920:
20919:
20918:
20915:
20913:
20910:
20908:
20905:
20903:
20900:
20898:
20895:
20893:
20890:
20888:
20885:
20883:
20880:
20878:
20875:
20873:
20870:
20868:
20865:
20863:
20860:
20858:
20855:
20853:
20850:
20848:
20845:
20843:
20840:
20838:
20835:
20833:
20830:
20828:
20825:
20823:
20820:
20818:
20815:
20813:
20810:
20808:
20807:Liechtenstein
20805:
20803:
20800:
20798:
20795:
20793:
20790:
20788:
20785:
20783:
20780:
20778:
20775:
20773:
20770:
20768:
20765:
20763:
20760:
20758:
20755:
20753:
20750:
20748:
20745:
20743:
20740:
20738:
20735:
20733:
20730:
20728:
20725:
20723:
20720:
20718:
20715:
20713:
20710:
20708:
20705:
20703:
20700:
20699:
20697:
20695:
20691:
20685:
20682:
20680:
20677:
20675:
20672:
20670:
20667:
20665:
20662:
20660:
20657:
20655:
20652:
20650:
20647:
20645:
20642:
20640:
20637:
20635:
20632:
20630:
20627:
20625:
20622:
20620:
20617:
20615:
20612:
20610:
20607:
20605:
20602:
20600:
20597:
20595:
20592:
20590:
20587:
20585:
20582:
20580:
20577:
20575:
20572:
20570:
20567:
20565:
20562:
20560:
20557:
20555:
20552:
20550:
20547:
20543:
20540:
20538:
20535:
20534:
20533:
20530:
20528:
20525:
20523:
20520:
20518:
20515:
20513:
20510:
20508:
20505:
20503:
20500:
20498:
20495:
20493:
20490:
20488:
20485:
20483:
20480:
20478:
20475:
20473:
20470:
20468:
20465:
20463:
20460:
20458:
20455:
20453:
20450:
20448:
20445:
20443:
20440:
20438:
20435:
20433:
20430:
20428:
20425:
20424:
20422:
20420:
20416:
20410:
20407:
20405:
20402:
20400:
20397:
20395:
20392:
20390:
20387:
20385:
20382:
20380:
20377:
20375:
20372:
20370:
20367:
20365:
20362:
20360:
20357:
20355:
20352:
20350:
20347:
20345:
20342:
20340:
20337:
20335:
20332:
20330:
20327:
20325:
20322:
20320:
20317:
20315:
20312:
20310:
20307:
20305:
20302:
20300:
20297:
20295:
20292:
20290:
20287:
20285:
20282:
20280:
20277:
20275:
20272:
20270:
20267:
20265:
20262:
20260:
20259:Guinea-Bissau
20257:
20255:
20252:
20250:
20247:
20245:
20242:
20240:
20237:
20235:
20232:
20230:
20227:
20225:
20222:
20220:
20217:
20215:
20212:
20210:
20207:
20205:
20202:
20200:
20197:
20195:
20192:
20190:
20187:
20185:
20182:
20180:
20177:
20175:
20172:
20170:
20167:
20165:
20162:
20160:
20157:
20155:
20152:
20150:
20147:
20145:
20142:
20141:
20139:
20137:
20133:
20129:
20122:
20118:
20104:
20101:
20099:
20096:
20094:
20091:
20089:
20086:
20084:
20083:Organizations
20081:
20079:
20076:
20074:
20071:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20061:
20059:
20056:
20054:
20051:
20049:
20046:
20044:
20041:
20040:
20038:
20035:
20027:
20021:
20018:
20016:
20013:
20011:
20008:
20006:
20003:
20001:
19998:
19996:
19993:
19991:
19988:
19986:
19983:
19981:
19978:
19976:
19973:
19971:
19968:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19957:
19952:
19946:
19943:
19939:
19936:
19934:
19931:
19929:
19926:
19924:
19921:
19920:
19919:
19916:
19914:
19911:
19909:
19908:Vegetarianism
19906:
19904:
19901:
19899:
19896:
19894:
19891:
19889:
19886:
19884:
19881:
19879:
19876:
19874:
19871:
19869:
19866:
19864:
19861:
19859:
19856:
19854:
19853:Homosexuality
19851:
19849:
19846:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19836:
19832:
19829:
19827:
19824:
19822:
19819:
19817:
19814:
19813:
19812:
19809:
19807:
19804:
19802:
19799:
19797:
19794:
19790:
19787:
19785:
19782:
19780:
19777:
19776:
19775:
19772:
19768:
19765:
19763:
19760:
19758:
19755:
19754:
19753:
19749:
19746:
19744:
19741:
19739:
19736:
19735:
19733:
19730:
19723:
19717:
19714:
19712:
19709:
19707:
19704:
19700:
19697:
19696:
19695:
19692:
19690:
19687:
19685:
19682:
19680:
19677:
19675:
19674:Neurotheology
19672:
19670:
19667:
19665:
19662:
19660:
19657:
19655:
19652:
19650:
19647:
19645:
19642:
19641:
19639:
19637:
19631:
19625:
19622:
19620:
19617:
19615:
19612:
19610:
19607:
19605:
19602:
19600:
19597:
19595:
19592:
19590:
19587:
19585:
19582:
19580:
19577:
19576:
19574:
19572:
19568:
19560:
19557:
19555:
19552:
19550:
19547:
19546:
19545:
19542:
19540:
19537:
19535:
19532:
19530:
19527:
19525:
19522:
19520:
19517:
19515:
19512:
19510:
19507:
19503:
19500:
19498:
19495:
19493:
19490:
19488:
19485:
19484:
19483:
19480:
19476:
19473:
19471:
19468:
19466:
19463:
19462:
19461:
19458:
19456:
19453:
19451:
19448:
19446:
19443:
19441:
19438:
19436:
19433:
19431:
19428:
19426:
19423:
19421:
19418:
19416:
19413:
19409:
19406:
19404:
19401:
19399:
19396:
19395:
19394:
19391:
19389:
19386:
19384:
19381:
19379:
19376:
19374:
19371:
19369:
19368:Folk religion
19366:
19364:
19361:
19359:
19356:
19354:
19351:
19349:
19346:
19344:
19341:
19339:
19336:
19334:
19331:
19329:
19326:
19324:
19320:
19317:
19315:
19312:
19310:
19307:
19305:
19302:
19300:
19296:
19293:
19292:
19290:
19286:
19282:
19275:
19271:
19261:
19258:
19256:
19253:
19251:
19248:
19246:
19243:
19241:
19238:
19236:
19233:
19231:
19228:
19224:
19221:
19219:
19216:
19214:
19211:
19210:
19209:
19206:
19202:
19199:
19197:
19194:
19192:
19191:Imperial cult
19189:
19187:
19184:
19182:
19179:
19178:
19177:
19174:
19172:
19169:
19165:
19162:
19160:
19157:
19155:
19152:
19151:
19150:
19147:
19143:
19140:
19138:
19135:
19134:
19133:
19130:
19126:
19123:
19121:
19118:
19116:
19113:
19111:
19108:
19107:
19106:
19103:
19101:
19098:
19094:
19091:
19090:
19089:
19086:
19082:
19079:
19077:
19074:
19073:
19072:
19069:
19067:
19064:
19060:
19057:
19056:
19055:
19052:
19050:
19047:
19045:
19042:
19040:
19037:
19035:
19032:
19030:
19027:
19025:
19022:
19020:
19017:
19013:
19010:
19008:
19005:
19003:
19000:
18998:
18995:
18993:
18990:
18989:
18988:
18985:
18981:
18978:
18976:
18973:
18971:
18968:
18966:
18963:
18962:
18961:
18958:
18956:
18953:
18949:
18946:
18945:
18944:
18941:
18939:
18936:
18934:
18931:
18927:
18924:
18923:
18922:
18919:
18917:
18914:
18912:
18909:
18905:
18902:
18900:
18897:
18896:
18895:
18892:
18890:
18887:
18883:
18880:
18878:
18875:
18873:
18870:
18869:
18868:
18865:
18863:
18860:
18858:
18855:
18853:
18850:
18846:
18843:
18842:
18841:
18838:
18837:
18834:
18830:
18825:
18821:
18801:
18798:
18797:
18796:
18793:
18791:
18788:
18786:
18783:
18781:
18778:
18776:
18773:
18771:
18768:
18766:
18763:
18761:
18760:Discordianism
18758:
18756:
18755:Anthroposophy
18753:
18752:
18750:
18746:
18738:
18737:
18733:
18732:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18719:
18716:
18714:
18711:
18709:
18706:
18704:
18703:Mari religion
18701:
18699:
18696:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18685:
18684:
18681:
18679:
18676:
18674:
18671:
18669:
18666:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18656:
18654:
18651:
18649:
18646:
18644:
18641:
18637:
18634:
18633:
18632:
18629:
18625:
18622:
18620:
18617:
18616:
18615:
18612:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18599:
18598:
18595:
18593:
18590:
18586:
18583:
18582:
18580:
18579:
18577:
18575:
18569:
18563:
18560:
18558:
18555:
18553:
18550:
18546:
18543:
18541:
18540:Neo-Theosophy
18538:
18537:
18536:
18533:
18531:
18528:
18526:
18523:
18521:
18518:
18516:
18513:
18509:
18506:
18505:
18504:
18501:
18499:
18496:
18494:
18491:
18489:
18486:
18484:
18481:
18479:
18478:New Acropolis
18476:
18474:
18471:
18469:
18466:
18464:
18461:
18459:
18456:
18454:
18451:
18450:
18448:
18444:
18441:
18439:
18431:
18421:
18418:
18416:
18413:
18411:
18408:
18406:
18403:
18402:
18400:
18396:
18384:
18381:
18379:
18376:
18374:
18371:
18369:
18366:
18364:
18361:
18359:
18356:
18354:
18351:
18349:
18346:
18344:
18341:
18339:
18336:
18334:
18331:
18329:
18326:
18324:
18321:
18319:
18316:
18312:
18309:
18307:
18304:
18302:
18299:
18298:
18297:
18294:
18293:
18292:
18290:
18286:
18285:
18280:
18277:
18276:
18275:
18272:
18270:
18267:
18265:
18262:
18260:
18257:
18255:
18252:
18250:
18247:
18245:
18242:
18240:
18237:
18235:
18232:
18230:
18227:
18225:
18222:
18220:
18217:
18215:
18212:
18210:
18207:
18205:
18202:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18192:
18190:
18187:
18183:
18180:
18178:
18175:
18174:
18173:
18170:
18168:
18165:
18163:
18160:
18158:
18155:
18154:
18152:
18150:
18144:
18136:
18133:
18132:
18131:
18128:
18127:
18125:
18123:North African
18121:
18118:
18116:
18110:
18104:
18101:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18089:
18086:
18084:
18081:
18079:
18076:
18074:
18071:
18069:
18066:
18064:
18061:
18059:
18056:
18054:
18051:
18049:
18046:
18045:
18043:
18041:
18037:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18012:
18010:
18008:
18004:
18000:
17994:
17991:
17989:
17986:
17984:
17981:
17979:
17976:
17974:
17971:
17967:
17964:
17962:
17959:
17958:
17957:
17954:
17952:
17949:
17947:
17944:
17942:
17939:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17929:
17925:
17922:
17920:
17917:
17915:
17912:
17910:
17907:
17906:
17905:
17902:
17900:
17897:
17895:
17892:
17888:
17885:
17884:
17883:
17880:
17878:
17877:Kwakwakaʼwakw
17875:
17873:
17870:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17843:
17842:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17821:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17802:
17799:
17795:
17792:
17790:
17787:
17786:
17785:
17782:
17778:
17775:
17773:
17770:
17768:
17765:
17763:
17760:
17759:
17758:
17755:
17753:
17750:
17748:
17745:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17727:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17712:
17710:
17708:
17702:
17696:
17693:
17691:
17688:
17684:
17681:
17679:
17676:
17675:
17674:
17671:
17667:
17664:
17663:
17662:
17659:
17657:
17654:
17652:
17649:
17647:
17644:
17640:
17637:
17635:
17632:
17631:
17629:
17625:
17622:
17620:
17617:
17616:
17615:
17612:
17610:
17607:
17606:
17604:
17602:
17598:
17592:
17589:
17588:
17586:
17584:
17583:Austroasiatic
17580:
17572:
17569:
17567:
17564:
17563:
17562:
17559:
17555:
17554:Vattisen Yaly
17552:
17550:
17547:
17545:
17542:
17541:
17540:
17536:
17533:
17532:
17530:
17528:
17524:
17521:
17519:
17515:
17499:
17496:
17494:
17491:
17490:
17489:
17486:
17484:
17481:
17479:
17476:
17474:
17473:Kirat Mundhum
17471:
17469:
17466:
17462:
17459:
17457:
17454:
17453:
17452:
17449:
17447:
17444:
17442:
17439:
17438:
17436:
17432:
17426:
17425:
17421:
17419:
17416:
17412:
17409:
17408:
17407:
17404:
17400:
17397:
17395:
17392:
17390:
17386:
17382:
17379:
17378:
17377:
17374:
17372:
17369:
17368:
17366:
17364:
17360:
17354:
17353:
17349:
17347:
17344:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17319:
17315:
17312:
17310:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17295:
17292:
17290:
17287:
17285:
17282:
17280:
17277:
17276:
17275:
17272:
17268:
17265:
17263:
17260:
17258:
17255:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17224:
17223:
17220:
17219:
17217:
17215:
17211:
17208:
17206:
17202:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17179:
17177:
17174:
17172:
17169:
17168:
17166:
17164:
17160:
17154:
17151:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17141:
17140:
17138:
17136:
17132:
17126:
17123:
17121:
17118:
17116:
17113:
17109:
17108:
17104:
17103:
17102:
17099:
17098:
17096:
17094:
17090:
17082:
17079:
17077:
17074:
17073:
17072:
17069:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17056:
17055:
17052:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17040:
17037:
17035:
17032:
17031:
17029:
17027:
17023:
17020:
17018:
17014:
17011:
17009:
17005:
16991:
16988:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16977:
16975:
16971:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16946:
16944:
16942:
16938:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16918:
16916:
16914:
16910:
16907:
16905:
16901:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16857:
16855:
16851:
16845:
16844:
16840:
16838:
16835:
16833:
16832:Milah Abraham
16830:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16818:
16815:
16813:
16810:
16806:
16803:
16802:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16789:
16786:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16770:
16769:
16766:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16751:
16750:
16747:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16731:
16730:
16727:
16726:
16724:
16722:
16718:
16712:
16711:
16707:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16659:
16656:
16655:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16639:
16636:
16634:
16631:
16629:
16626:
16622:
16619:
16617:
16614:
16612:
16609:
16605:
16602:
16601:
16600:
16597:
16595:
16592:
16590:
16587:
16585:
16582:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16570:
16568:
16565:
16564:
16563:
16560:
16556:
16553:
16551:
16548:
16546:
16543:
16542:
16541:
16538:
16536:
16533:
16531:
16528:
16524:
16521:
16519:
16516:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16500:
16499:
16496:
16494:
16491:
16490:
16489:
16488:Protestantism
16486:
16482:
16479:
16477:
16473:
16470:
16469:
16468:
16465:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16452:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16439:
16436:
16435:
16434:
16431:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16418:
16417:
16414:
16413:
16411:
16409:
16405:
16399:
16398:
16394:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16382:
16379:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16353:
16350:
16349:
16348:
16345:
16341:
16338:
16337:
16336:
16333:
16332:
16331:
16328:
16327:
16325:
16323:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16310:
16307:
16305:
16301:
16297:
16293:
16288:
16284:
16280:
16273:
16268:
16266:
16261:
16259:
16254:
16253:
16250:
16240:
16235:
16228:
16220:
16217:
16215:
16212:
16211:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16186:
16184:
16180:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16166:
16164:
16161:
16159:
16156:
16154:
16153:List of Jains
16151:
16150:
16148:
16144:
16138:
16135:
16133:
16130:
16128:
16125:
16123:
16120:
16118:
16115:
16113:
16110:
16108:
16105:
16103:
16100:
16098:
16097:
16093:
16091:
16088:
16084:
16081:
16080:
16079:
16078:Jain calendar
16076:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16066:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16042:
16039:
16038:
16037:
16034:
16033:
16031:
16027:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15978:
15976:
15973:
15972:
15970:
15966:
15960:
15957:
15955:
15952:
15950:
15947:
15945:
15942:
15940:
15937:
15936:
15934:
15930:
15920:
15919:United States
15917:
15915:
15912:
15910:
15907:
15905:
15902:
15900:
15897:
15895:
15892:
15890:
15887:
15885:
15882:
15880:
15877:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15866:
15864:
15860:
15854:
15853:Uttar Pradesh
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15837:
15834:
15833:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15820:
15817:
15816:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15786:
15784:
15782:
15778:
15775:
15771:
15763:
15760:
15758:
15755:
15753:
15750:
15749:
15747:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15731:
15729:
15727:
15723:
15717:
15714:
15712:
15709:
15707:
15704:
15702:
15699:
15697:
15694:
15692:
15689:
15687:
15684:
15682:
15679:
15677:
15674:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15656:Nalini Balbir
15654:
15653:
15651:
15647:
15641:
15638:
15636:
15633:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15617:
15615:
15611:
15605:
15602:
15600:
15597:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15584:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15569:
15567:
15565:
15561:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15519:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15510:
15507:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15496:
15494:
15492:
15488:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15465:
15462:
15460:
15457:
15455:
15452:
15451:
15450:
15447:
15445:
15442:
15440:
15437:
15435:
15434:Vegetarianism
15432:
15430:
15427:
15423:
15420:
15419:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15409:
15407:
15403:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15367:
15366:
15363:
15362:
15361:
15358:
15357:
15355:
15353:
15349:
15343:
15340:
15338:
15335:
15333:
15330:
15328:
15325:
15323:
15320:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15307:
15306:
15303:
15302:
15300:
15298:
15294:
15291:
15289:
15285:
15279:
15276:
15274:
15271:
15269:
15266:
15264:
15261:
15257:
15255:
15250:
15248:
15245:
15243:
15240:
15238:
15235:
15233:
15230:
15229:
15228:
15225:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15210:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15200:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15178:
15177:
15174:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15156:
15155:
15152:
15148:
15145:
15144:
15142:
15138:
15135:
15134:
15133:
15130:
15126:
15123:
15122:
15121:
15118:
15117:
15115:
15113:
15109:
15103:
15100:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15089:
15087:
15085:
15081:
15077:
15073:
15065:
15060:
15058:
15053:
15051:
15046:
15045:
15042:
15034:
15033:
15028:
15024:
15019:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15007:
15004:
15000:
14996:
14995:
14990:
14986:
14985:
14974:
14970:
14969:
14964:
14959:
14958:public domain
14950:
14947:
14941:
14937:
14936:
14929:
14928:public domain
14920:
14917:
14911:
14907:
14906:
14899:
14898:public domain
14890:
14887:
14881:
14877:
14876:
14869:
14868:public domain
14860:
14857:
14851:
14847:
14846:
14839:
14838:public domain
14830:
14826:
14825:
14818:
14817:public domain
14809:
14805:
14804:
14797:
14796:public domain
14788:
14787:
14786:
14785:
14778:
14772:
14768:
14764:
14763:
14758:
14754:
14750:
14747:
14745:9781134827237
14741:
14738:, Routledge,
14737:
14736:
14730:
14727:
14721:
14717:
14716:
14711:
14707:
14704:
14698:
14694:
14690:
14689:
14683:
14680:
14674:
14670:
14669:
14663:
14660:
14654:
14651:, Scarecrow,
14650:
14649:
14643:
14639:
14633:
14629:
14624:
14623:
14616:
14613:
14611:81-7017-316-7
14607:
14603:
14602:
14596:
14593:
14587:
14583:
14582:
14577:
14573:
14570:
14564:
14560:
14556:
14555:
14550:
14546:
14543:
14537:
14533:
14529:
14525:
14524:
14519:
14515:
14512:
14506:
14502:
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14497:
14491:
14488:
14482:
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14477:
14471:
14468:
14462:
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14457:
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14448:
14444:
14440:
14436:
14432:
14428:
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14412:
14406:
14402:
14398:
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14391:
14388:
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14378:
14377:
14372:
14368:
14357:
14353:
14347:
14343:
14342:
14336:
14333:
14327:
14323:
14319:
14318:
14312:
14309:
14303:
14299:
14295:
14294:
14288:
14285:
14281:
14277:
14273:
14268:
14265:
14259:
14255:
14251:
14250:
14244:
14241:
14239:9788120801653
14235:
14231:
14230:
14224:
14221:
14215:
14211:
14210:
14204:
14201:
14195:
14191:
14190:
14184:
14181:
14175:
14171:
14170:
14165:
14161:
14158:
14152:
14148:
14144:
14143:
14137:
14134:
14128:
14124:
14123:
14117:
14114:
14108:
14104:
14100:
14099:
14094:
14090:
14087:
14081:
14077:
14073:
14072:
14066:
14063:
14061:90-04-08790-7
14057:
14053:
14052:
14046:
14043:
14037:
14033:
14029:
14028:
14022:
14018:
14017:
14012:
14008:
14005:
13999:
13995:
13991:
13990:
13984:
13981:
13975:
13971:
13967:
13966:
13960:
13957:
13951:
13947:
13943:
13942:
13937:
13933:
13930:
13924:
13920:
13919:
13913:
13901:
13900:
13894:
13891:
13885:
13881:
13877:
13876:
13870:
13867:
13861:
13857:
13853:
13852:
13846:
13843:
13837:
13833:
13832:
13827:
13822:
13819:
13813:
13809:
13808:
13802:
13799:
13793:
13789:
13788:
13782:
13778:
13777:
13771:
13768:
13762:
13758:
13754:
13753:
13747:
13744:
13738:
13734:
13733:
13727:
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13714:
13710:
13709:
13703:
13700:
13699:
13693:
13690:
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13680:
13679:
13673:
13670:
13664:
13660:
13659:
13653:
13650:
13644:
13640:
13636:
13635:
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13626:
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13607:
13603:
13600:
13594:
13590:
13589:
13584:
13580:
13576:
13571:
13567:
13563:
13558:
13554:
13553:
13547:
13544:
13538:
13534:
13530:
13525:
13522:
13516:
13512:
13511:
13505:
13502:
13497:
13494:
13488:
13484:
13483:
13478:
13474:
13471:
13465:
13461:
13457:
13456:
13451:
13447:
13444:
13438:
13434:
13430:
13429:
13423:
13419:
13413:
13409:
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13402:
13399:
13393:
13389:
13388:
13382:
13379:
13373:
13369:
13368:
13362:
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13353:
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13348:
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13339:
13336:
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13326:
13325:
13319:
13316:
13310:
13306:
13305:
13299:
13296:
13290:
13286:
13285:
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13276:
13270:
13266:
13262:
13261:
13255:
13252:
13248:
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13240:
13236:
13232:
13227:
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13218:
13214:
13209:
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13200:
13196:
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13190:
13186:
13183:
13177:
13173:
13172:
13166:
13163:
13157:
13153:
13152:
13146:
13143:
13137:
13133:
13132:
13126:
13123:
13117:
13113:
13109:
13108:
13102:
13099:
13095:
13091:
13087:
13083:
13079:
13074:
13071:
13065:
13061:
13057:
13052:
13049:
13043:
13039:
13035:
13034:
13028:
13025:
13019:
13015:
13011:
13010:
13004:
13001:
12995:
12991:
12987:
12986:
12980:
12977:
12971:
12967:
12966:
12960:
12957:
12951:
12947:
12946:
12940:
12937:
12931:
12927:
12923:
12922:
12916:
12913:
12907:
12903:
12902:
12896:
12893:
12887:
12883:
12882:
12876:
12873:
12867:
12863:
12858:
12855:
12849:
12845:
12841:
12840:
12834:
12831:
12825:
12821:
12817:
12816:
12810:
12807:
12801:
12797:
12796:
12791:
12787:
12784:
12778:
12774:
12773:
12767:
12764:
12758:
12754:
12753:
12747:
12744:
12738:
12734:
12733:
12727:
12724:
12718:
12714:
12713:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12696:
12691:
12687:
12686:
12680:
12677:
12671:
12667:
12666:
12660:
12657:
12651:
12647:
12646:
12640:
12636:
12632:
12631:
12625:
12622:
12616:
12612:
12608:
12607:
12601:
12598:
12592:
12588:
12587:
12581:
12578:
12576:0-7914-3068-5
12572:
12568:
12563:
12559:
12555:
12551:
12546:
12535:
12531:
12530:
12524:
12520:
12515:
12512:
12506:
12502:
12498:
12497:
12491:
12488:
12484:
12480:
12476:
12472:
12468:
12463:
12457:
12453:
12452:
12446:
12443:
12437:
12433:
12429:
12428:
12423:
12422:Flügel, Peter
12419:
12416:
12410:
12406:
12403:, New Delhi:
12402:
12395:
12391:
12386:
12383:
12377:
12373:
12369:
12368:Flügel, Peter
12365:
12362:
12356:
12352:
12351:
12345:
12342:
12336:
12332:
12331:
12325:
12321:
12320:
12314:
12311:
12305:
12301:
12297:
12296:
12290:
12287:
12281:
12277:
12272:
12269:
12263:
12259:
12255:
12254:
12249:
12245:
12242:
12236:
12232:
12231:
12226:
12222:
12219:
12213:
12209:
12205:
12204:
12199:
12195:
12192:
12186:
12182:
12181:
12175:
12172:
12166:
12162:
12161:
12156:
12155:Dalal, Roshen
12152:
12149:
12143:
12139:
12135:
12134:
12128:
12125:
12119:
12115:
12111:
12110:
12104:
12101:
12095:
12091:
12087:
12086:
12080:
12077:
12071:
12067:
12066:
12060:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12041:
12037:
12032:
12029:
12025:
12021:
12017:
12013:
12009:
12005:
12001:
11998:
11992:
11988:
11984:
11983:
11978:
11974:
11973:Clarke, Peter
11970:
11967:
11961:
11957:
11956:
11950:
11947:
11941:
11937:
11936:
11930:
11926:
11925:
11920:
11916:
11912:
11907:
11904:
11898:
11894:
11890:
11889:
11883:
11880:
11874:
11870:
11869:
11864:
11860:
11857:
11851:
11847:
11842:
11839:
11833:
11829:
11825:
11824:
11819:
11818:Berger, Peter
11815:
11812:
11806:
11802:
11798:
11797:
11791:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11776:
11773:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11758:
11752:
11749:
11743:
11739:
11735:
11730:
11727:
11721:
11717:
11713:
11712:
11707:
11703:
11700:
11694:
11690:
11689:
11683:
11680:
11674:
11670:
11669:
11663:
11659:
11658:
11652:
11649:
11643:
11639:
11638:
11633:
11629:
11626:
11620:
11616:
11615:
11609:
11606:
11600:
11596:
11595:
11589:
11588:
11576:
11572:
11567:
11561:, p. 50.
11560:
11555:
11548:
11543:
11524:
11520:
11516:
11509:
11503:
11487:
11483:
11482:
11477:
11470:
11454:
11450:
11449:
11444:
11437:
11421:
11417:
11416:
11411:
11404:
11397:
11392:
11386:, p. 43.
11385:
11380:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11342:
11340:
11332:
11327:
11321:, p. 96.
11320:
11315:
11307:
11301:
11297:
11296:
11288:
11282:, p. 15.
11281:
11276:
11269:
11264:
11258:, p. 56.
11257:
11252:
11245:
11240:
11238:
11230:
11225:
11218:
11213:
11207:, p. 33.
11206:
11201:
11194:
11193:Sunavala 1934
11189:
11182:
11177:
11169:
11165:
11164:
11156:
11148:
11145:Doshi, Manu.
11141:
11133:
11129:
11125:
11123:81-7094-690-5
11119:
11115:
11114:
11106:
11099:
11094:
11086:
11085:
11077:
11069:
11065:
11064:
11056:
11040:
11036:
11035:
11034:India Tribune
11030:
11024:
11017:
11012:
11004:
11000:
10996:
10992:
10988:
10984:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10965:
10958:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10945:
10937:
10930:
10926:
10920:
10916:
10915:
10907:
10892:
10888:
10884:
10878:
10871:
10867:
10865:9780810864016
10861:
10857:
10856:
10848:
10840:
10834:
10830:
10829:
10824:
10823:Peter Jackson
10818:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10795:
10787:
10785:9789351186588
10781:
10777:
10776:
10771:
10765:
10758:
10753:
10746:
10741:
10735:, p. 56.
10734:
10729:
10722:
10717:
10710:
10705:
10698:
10693:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10659:
10652:
10647:
10640:
10635:
10629:, p. 52.
10628:
10623:
10616:
10611:
10604:
10599:
10592:
10587:
10581:, p. 49.
10580:
10575:
10568:
10563:
10557:, p. 43.
10556:
10551:
10544:
10543:Mookerji 1988
10539:
10532:
10527:
10520:
10515:
10513:
10506:, p. 41.
10505:
10500:
10493:
10488:
10481:
10476:
10469:
10464:
10457:
10452:
10445:
10440:
10432:
10426:
10419:
10414:
10408:, p. 10.
10407:
10402:
10395:
10390:
10383:
10378:
10371:
10366:
10359:
10354:
10347:
10342:
10335:
10330:
10323:
10318:
10311:
10306:
10300:, p. 16.
10299:
10294:
10288:, p. 13.
10287:
10282:
10275:
10270:
10263:
10258:
10250:
10246:
10240:
10233:
10228:
10221:
10216:
10209:
10208:Robinson 2006
10204:
10197:
10192:
10185:
10180:
10174:, p. 17.
10173:
10168:
10162:, p. iv.
10161:
10156:
10149:
10144:
10142:
10134:
10129:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10099:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10069:
10063:, p. 22.
10062:
10057:
10041:
10037:
10036:
10031:
10024:
10008:
10004:
10003:
9999:
9993:
9986:
9981:
9974:
9969:
9961:
9957:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9940:
9938:
9930:
9925:
9909:
9905:
9904:
9899:
9893:
9877:
9873:
9872:
9867:
9860:
9854:, p. 50.
9853:
9848:
9841:
9836:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9806:
9790:
9786:
9785:
9780:
9773:
9767:, p. 17.
9766:
9761:
9754:
9749:
9742:
9737:
9721:
9717:
9714:
9710:
9704:
9688:
9684:
9681:
9677:
9671:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9645:
9637:
9630:
9625:
9618:
9613:
9606:
9601:
9594:
9589:
9581:
9580:
9575:
9569:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9544:
9543:The Telegraph
9539:
9532:
9525:
9520:
9513:
9508:
9502:, p. 68.
9501:
9496:
9490:, p. 66.
9489:
9484:
9482:
9480:
9472:
9467:
9461:, p. 16.
9460:
9455:
9448:
9443:
9436:
9431:
9424:
9419:
9412:
9407:
9400:
9395:
9393:
9385:
9380:
9374:, p. 95.
9373:
9368:
9361:
9356:
9354:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9319:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9290:East and West
9287:
9280:
9273:
9268:
9261:
9256:
9249:
9244:
9237:
9232:
9225:
9219:
9212:
9208:
9202:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9186:Nisithabhasya
9182:
9175:
9170:
9163:
9162:Hirakawa 1993
9158:
9156:
9148:
9147:Caillat 2003a
9143:
9141:
9133:
9132:Johnston 2000
9128:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9114:
9109:
9102:
9101:Gombrich 2012
9097:
9090:
9085:
9078:
9073:
9066:
9061:
9054:
9049:
9047:
9039:
9034:
9027:
9026:Nesfield 1885
9022:
9015:
9010:
9004:, p. 54.
9003:
8998:
8996:
8988:
8983:
8976:
8971:
8964:
8959:
8952:
8947:
8940:
8935:
8928:
8923:
8916:
8911:
8904:
8899:
8892:
8887:
8880:
8875:
8868:
8863:
8861:
8853:
8848:
8841:
8836:
8829:
8828:Appleton 2016
8824:
8817:
8812:
8804:
8800:
8794:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8757:Artibus Asiae
8751:
8744:
8739:
8732:
8727:
8720:
8715:
8708:
8703:
8696:
8695:Umāsvāti 1994
8691:
8684:
8679:
8672:
8667:
8660:
8655:
8653:
8645:
8640:
8633:
8628:
8621:
8616:
8609:
8604:
8597:
8592:
8585:
8580:
8573:
8568:
8562:, p. 61.
8561:
8556:
8549:
8544:
8537:
8532:
8525:
8520:
8518:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8491:
8485:
8478:
8473:
8466:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8441:
8437:
8431:
8416:
8410:
8402:
8401:
8394:
8379:
8375:
8369:
8363:, p. 16.
8362:
8357:
8351:, p. 56.
8350:
8345:
8339:, p. 15.
8338:
8333:
8326:
8321:
8314:
8309:
8307:
8299:
8294:
8287:
8282:
8276:, p. 47.
8275:
8270:
8263:
8258:
8256:
8248:
8243:
8237:, p. 17.
8236:
8231:
8225:, p. 21.
8224:
8219:
8212:
8207:
8201:, p. 12.
8200:
8195:
8188:
8183:
8176:
8171:
8164:
8159:
8157:
8149:
8144:
8137:
8132:
8125:
8120:
8113:
8108:
8102:, p. 46.
8101:
8096:
8090:, p. 47.
8089:
8084:
8077:
8072:
8066:, p. 45.
8065:
8060:
8053:
8048:
8042:, p. 85.
8041:
8036:
8030:, p. 86.
8029:
8024:
8022:
8014:
8009:
8002:
7997:
7995:
7987:
7982:
7975:
7970:
7963:
7958:
7956:
7948:
7943:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7929:
7924:
7917:
7912:
7905:
7900:
7894:, p. 35.
7893:
7888:
7881:
7876:
7874:
7866:
7861:
7854:
7849:
7842:
7837:
7831:, p. 29.
7830:
7825:
7818:
7813:
7811:
7803:
7798:
7791:
7786:
7779:
7774:
7767:
7762:
7755:
7750:
7743:
7738:
7736:
7728:
7723:
7716:
7711:
7704:
7699:
7693:, p. 40.
7692:
7687:
7680:
7675:
7668:
7663:
7656:
7651:
7644:
7639:
7637:
7629:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7612:
7607:
7600:
7595:
7588:
7583:
7576:
7571:
7564:
7559:
7552:
7547:
7545:
7537:
7532:
7530:
7523:, p. 86.
7522:
7517:
7515:
7507:
7502:
7496:, p. 72.
7495:
7490:
7488:
7480:
7475:
7468:
7463:
7457:, p. 85.
7456:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7439:
7434:
7432:
7424:
7419:
7412:
7407:
7400:
7395:
7388:
7383:
7376:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7353:, p. 17.
7352:
7347:
7340:
7335:
7328:
7323:
7317:, p. 51.
7316:
7311:
7304:
7299:
7292:
7287:
7280:
7275:
7268:
7263:
7261:
7253:
7248:
7241:
7236:
7229:
7224:
7217:
7212:
7210:
7202:
7197:
7190:
7185:
7183:
7175:
7174:Williams 1991
7170:
7163:
7158:
7152:, p. 16.
7151:
7146:
7139:
7134:
7127:
7122:
7115:
7110:
7103:
7098:
7091:
7086:
7080:, p. 68.
7079:
7074:
7068:, p. 33.
7067:
7062:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7019:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7000:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6981:
6976:
6969:
6964:
6962:
6954:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6937:
6932:
6925:
6920:
6913:
6908:
6901:
6896:
6894:
6886:
6881:
6874:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6850:
6845:
6838:
6837:Schwartz 2018
6833:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6780:
6778:
6770:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6751:
6746:
6739:
6734:
6727:
6726:Lorenzen 1978
6722:
6715:
6710:
6708:
6700:
6695:
6688:
6683:
6681:
6673:
6668:
6661:
6656:
6649:
6644:
6637:
6632:
6625:
6620:
6613:
6608:
6601:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6583:, p. 90.
6582:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6566:, p. 71.
6565:
6560:
6558:
6550:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6531:
6526:
6519:
6514:
6512:
6504:
6499:
6492:
6487:
6480:
6475:
6473:
6466:, p. 40.
6465:
6460:
6453:
6448:
6441:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6424:
6419:
6412:
6407:
6400:
6395:
6388:
6383:
6376:
6371:
6369:
6362:, p. 27.
6361:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6338:, p. 13.
6337:
6332:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6308:
6306:
6299:, p. 46.
6298:
6293:
6286:
6281:
6279:
6272:, p. 25.
6271:
6266:
6259:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6242:
6237:
6235:
6227:
6222:
6215:
6210:
6208:
6200:
6195:
6188:
6183:
6181:
6173:
6168:
6161:
6156:
6149:
6144:
6137:
6132:
6125:
6120:
6113:
6108:
6101:
6096:
6094:
6086:
6081:
6074:
6069:
6062:
6057:
6050:
6045:
6043:
6035:
6030:
6023:
6018:
6016:
6009:, p. 16.
6008:
6003:
5996:
5991:
5984:
5979:
5972:
5967:
5965:
5957:
5952:
5945:
5940:
5933:
5928:
5921:
5916:
5909:
5904:
5902:
5894:
5889:
5882:
5877:
5870:
5865:
5859:, p. 15.
5858:
5853:
5846:
5841:
5834:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5818:, p. 20.
5817:
5812:
5805:
5800:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5760:
5745:
5744:www.bbc.co.uk
5741:
5735:
5731:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5694:
5684:
5676:
5673:According to
5670:
5663:
5657:
5650:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5629:
5622:
5618:
5617:posadhopavasa
5612:
5604:
5598:
5589:
5579:
5575:
5565:
5564:Vegetarianism
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5554:List of Jains
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5516:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5498:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5444:United States
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5420:Uttar Pradesh
5417:
5413:
5410:(13.02%) and
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5369:
5367:
5364:monks by the
5362:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5189:(1556–1605),
5188:
5185:(1540–1556),
5184:
5180:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5142:The ruins of
5140:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5029:
5022:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4961:
4950:
4939:
4934:
4932:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4910:Rishabhanatha
4908:
4904:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4867:
4860:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4779:as the first
4778:
4777:Rishabhanatha
4774:
4773:
4768:
4767:ancient India
4761:
4755:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4548:
4542:
4534:
4533:Om in Jainism
4528:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4444:Gommateshvara
4434:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4407:
4402:Gommateshwara
4400:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:, along with
4378:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4362:Suparśvanātha
4358:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4292:Puranakshetra
4290:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4208:Rishabhanatha
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4182:Siddhakshetra
4180:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4147:
4141:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3864:, Rajasthan.
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3799:
3783:
3767:
3751:
3735:
3719:
3703:
3687:
3671:
3655:
3639:
3623:
3607:
3591:
3575:
3559:
3543:
3527:
3511:
3495:
3479:
3463:
3447:
3431:
3415:
3399:
3383:
3367:
3353:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:Tiloyapannati
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3227:is a type of
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3171:Uttar Pradesh
3168:
3164:
3158:
3150:1375–1400 CE)
3145:
3144:
3136:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2773:
2767:
2748:
2739:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2689:Kushan Empire
2685:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2633:, a pupil of
2632:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:denominations
2592:
2585:
2576:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:Khamat khamna
2485:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:Rishi-mandala
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2368:(also called
2367:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:Rishabhanatha
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1959:
1947:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1895:
1891:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1708:According to
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:Jinadattasuri
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:transtheistic
1455:Jainism is a
1444:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1222:Saṃsāri Jīvas
1218:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:Parvacanasara
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1002:), and time (
1001:
1000:
995:
994:
989:
988:
983:
982:
977:
976:
971:
967:
962:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:transtheistic
927:
923:
922:
917:
916:
910:
905:
895:
893:
892:
887:
886:
881:
880:
875:
874:
869:
865:
864:
859:
855:
854:United States
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:
821:
818:supported by
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
801:
796:
795:
790:
786:
782:
781:
776:
775:
770:
769:
764:
759:
757:
756:
751:
750:
745:
744:
739:
735:
731:
730:
725:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
697:
692:
688:
684:
683:
674:
644:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
613:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
594:
593:
592:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
548:
547:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
505:
504:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
470:
469:
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:
450:
448:
447:
443:
441:
440:
436:
434:
433:
429:
427:
426:
422:
420:
419:
415:
413:
412:
408:
406:
405:
401:
399:
398:
394:
393:
389:
383:
382:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
355:
354:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:Samantabhadra
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
287:Major figures
283:
282:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
264:Navkar Mantra
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
243:
242:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
200:Satya (truth)
198:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
185:
184:
174:
173:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
98:
92:
91:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
66:
65:
61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
20664:Turkmenistan
20624:Saudi Arabia
20369:South Africa
20359:Sierra Leone
20164:Burkina Faso
20073:Names of God
20020:Unaffiliated
19975:Antireligion
19831:Universalism
19779:Assimilation
19644:Anthropology
19519:Supernatural
19514:Spirituality
19482:Sacred space
19470:Purification
19343:Denomination
19297: /
19105:Paleo-Balkan
19071:Mesopotamian
18911:Cook Islands
18882:Old Prussian
18795:UFO religion
18734:
18730:Zalmoxianism
18658:Neoshamanism
18515:Spiritualism
18398:Other ethnic
18287:
18113:Traditional
18073:Bongthingism
17961:Acoma Pueblo
17904:Mesoamerican
17601:Austronesian
17450:
17422:
17418:Neo-Buddhism
17350:
17346:Neo-Hinduism
17267:Swaminarayan
17105:
17054:Salvationist
17039:Confucianism
16890:Samaritanism
16860:Ali-Illahism
16841:
16708:
16702:Unitarianism
16643:Old Catholic
16450:Nestorianism
16408:Christianity
16395:
16361:Conservative
16094:
16073:Samavasarana
16063:Śalākāpuruṣa
15671:John E. Cort
15582:Ashtamangala
15577:Siddhachakra
15514:Kasayapahuda
15481:Pratikramana
15389:Sthānakavāsī
15147:Anekāntavāda
15143:Jaina logic
15137:Kevala Jñāna
15132:Epistemology
15075:
15030:
14992:
14967:
14934:
14904:
14874:
14844:
14823:
14802:
14784:Attribution:
14783:
14782:
14761:
14734:
14714:
14687:
14667:
14647:
14621:
14600:
14580:
14553:
14527:
14522:
14495:
14475:
14455:
14422:
14418:
14395:
14375:
14371:Taylor, Bron
14360:, retrieved
14340:
14316:
14292:
14275:
14271:
14248:
14228:
14212:, ABC-CLIO,
14208:
14188:
14168:
14141:
14121:
14097:
14070:
14050:
14026:
14015:
13988:
13964:
13940:
13917:
13906:21 September
13904:. Retrieved
13898:
13874:
13850:
13830:
13806:
13786:
13775:
13751:
13731:
13707:
13697:
13677:
13657:
13633:
13610:
13587:
13565:
13561:
13551:
13528:
13509:
13500:
13481:
13454:
13427:
13406:
13386:
13366:
13346:
13323:
13303:
13283:
13259:
13237:(1): 61–75,
13234:
13230:
13212:
13193:
13170:
13150:
13130:
13106:
13084:(1): 17–43,
13081:
13077:
13055:
13032:
13008:
12984:
12964:
12944:
12920:
12900:
12880:
12861:
12838:
12814:
12794:
12771:
12751:
12731:
12711:
12694:
12684:
12664:
12644:
12629:
12605:
12585:
12566:
12557:
12553:
12538:, retrieved
12534:the original
12528:
12518:
12495:
12450:
12426:
12400:
12374:, ABC-CLIO,
12371:
12353:, ABC-CLIO,
12349:
12329:
12318:
12294:
12275:
12252:
12248:Dundas, Paul
12229:
12202:
12179:
12159:
12132:
12108:
12084:
12064:
12042:(1): 77–87,
12039:
12035:
12011:
12007:
11981:
11977:Beyer, Peter
11954:
11934:
11923:
11910:
11887:
11867:
11845:
11822:
11795:
11782:
11756:
11733:
11710:
11687:
11667:
11656:
11636:
11613:
11593:
11566:
11554:
11542:
11530:. Retrieved
11502:
11490:. Retrieved
11479:
11469:
11459:23 September
11457:. Retrieved
11446:
11436:
11426:23 September
11424:. Retrieved
11413:
11403:
11396:Mugambi 2010
11391:
11379:
11367:. Retrieved
11326:
11314:
11294:
11287:
11280:Sangave 2006
11275:
11263:
11251:
11224:
11217:Hackett 2008
11212:
11200:
11188:
11181:Hopkins 1902
11176:
11162:
11155:
11146:
11140:
11112:
11105:
11093:
11083:
11076:
11062:
11055:
11043:. Retrieved
11039:the original
11032:
11023:
11011:
10978:
10974:
10964:
10956:
10943:
10936:
10928:
10913:
10906:
10894:. Retrieved
10890:
10877:
10869:
10854:
10847:
10827:
10817:
10804:
10800:
10794:
10774:
10770:Burjor Avari
10764:
10752:
10740:
10728:
10716:
10704:
10692:
10682:23 September
10680:. Retrieved
10676:the original
10658:
10646:
10634:
10622:
10615:Pereira 1977
10610:
10598:
10586:
10574:
10562:
10550:
10538:
10531:Boesche 2003
10526:
10499:
10487:
10475:
10468:Sangave 2001
10463:
10451:
10444:Dundas 2003a
10439:
10425:
10420:, p. 7.
10418:Barnett 1957
10413:
10401:
10389:
10377:
10370:Sangave 2001
10365:
10353:
10341:
10329:
10317:
10305:
10293:
10281:
10269:
10262:Sangave 2001
10257:
10248:
10239:
10232:Vallely 2013
10227:
10220:Sangave 2001
10215:
10203:
10191:
10179:
10167:
10155:
10128:
10118:23 September
10116:. Retrieved
10098:
10086:. Retrieved
10068:
10056:
10044:. Retrieved
10033:
10023:
10011:. Retrieved
10000:
9992:
9980:
9968:
9948:
9924:
9912:. Retrieved
9908:the original
9901:
9892:
9880:. Retrieved
9869:
9859:
9847:
9835:
9823:. Retrieved
9814:
9805:
9793:. Retrieved
9782:
9772:
9760:
9748:
9736:
9724:. Retrieved
9703:
9691:. Retrieved
9670:
9658:. Retrieved
9654:the original
9649:
9643:
9636:
9624:
9612:
9600:
9588:
9578:
9568:
9556:. Retrieved
9552:the original
9541:
9531:
9524:Sangave 2001
9519:
9507:
9495:
9466:
9454:
9442:
9430:
9418:
9406:
9384:Kishore 2015
9379:
9367:
9340:. Retrieved
9336:the original
9318:
9293:
9289:
9279:
9267:
9260:Michell 2014
9255:
9243:
9231:
9223:
9218:
9210:
9206:
9201:
9193:
9190:Nisithasutra
9189:
9185:
9181:
9169:
9113:Florida 2005
9108:
9096:
9089:Sangave 1980
9084:
9072:
9060:
9053:Alberts 2007
9033:
9021:
9014:Kelting 2009
9009:
8982:
8970:
8963:Bartley 2013
8958:
8951:Perrett 2013
8946:
8934:
8922:
8910:
8898:
8886:
8874:
8847:
8835:
8823:
8811:
8802:
8793:
8760:
8756:
8750:
8738:
8726:
8714:
8707:Finegan 1989
8702:
8690:
8678:
8666:
8639:
8627:
8615:
8603:
8591:
8579:
8567:
8555:
8543:
8531:
8504:. Retrieved
8493:
8484:
8472:
8443:. Retrieved
8439:
8430:
8418:. Retrieved
8409:
8399:
8393:
8381:. Retrieved
8377:
8368:
8356:
8344:
8337:Vallely 2002
8332:
8320:
8293:
8281:
8269:
8242:
8230:
8218:
8206:
8194:
8182:
8170:
8165:, p. 5.
8143:
8138:, p. 3.
8131:
8119:
8107:
8095:
8083:
8071:
8059:
8047:
8035:
8008:
7981:
7969:
7923:
7911:
7899:
7892:Nayanar 2005
7887:
7860:
7848:
7836:
7824:
7797:
7785:
7773:
7761:
7749:
7722:
7710:
7698:
7686:
7674:
7662:
7650:
7606:
7599:Johnson 1995
7594:
7582:
7570:
7558:
7501:
7474:
7462:
7423:Sangave 1980
7418:
7406:
7394:
7382:
7370:
7358:
7346:
7334:
7322:
7310:
7298:
7291:Johnson 1995
7286:
7274:
7247:
7235:
7223:
7196:
7169:
7164:, p. 7.
7157:
7145:
7133:
7128:, p. 5.
7121:
7109:
7097:
7085:
7073:
7061:
7049:. Retrieved
6975:
6931:
6919:
6907:
6880:
6873:Matilal 1998
6868:
6856:
6849:Matilal 1990
6844:
6832:
6820:. Retrieved
6801:
6791:
6745:
6733:
6721:
6699:Granoff 1992
6694:
6667:
6655:
6650:, p. 2.
6643:
6631:
6619:
6607:
6532:, p. 7.
6525:
6498:
6486:
6459:
6447:
6418:
6406:
6394:
6382:
6355:
6343:
6331:
6319:
6292:
6285:Doniger 1999
6265:
6221:
6194:
6167:
6155:
6143:
6131:
6119:
6107:
6080:
6068:
6056:
6029:
6024:, p. 6.
6002:
5990:
5978:
5951:
5939:
5927:
5915:
5888:
5876:
5864:
5852:
5840:
5811:
5804:Yandell 1999
5799:
5787:. Retrieved
5781:
5771:
5759:
5747:. Retrieved
5743:
5734:
5702:
5693:
5683:
5669:
5661:
5656:
5651:of Hinduism.
5646:
5641:
5633:
5628:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5602:
5597:
5588:
5578:
5500:
5494:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5471:
5460:
5426:(3.73%) and
5387:
5383:
5381:
5357:
5353:John E. Cort
5344:
5313:
5309:
5300:
5285:
5244:A poster of
5229:Colonial era
5223:
5176:
5153:
5077:Ellora Caves
5066:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5028:Ellora Caves
4935:
4931:Parshvanatha
4928:
4913:
4906:
4900:
4887:
4814:
4799:
4796:Parshvanatha
4792:
4789:tirthankaras
4788:
4780:
4772:tirthankaras
4770:
4764:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4694:dharmachakra
4692:
4687:
4684:
4678:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4623:
4617:
4609:Ashtamangala
4607:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4567:Ashtamangala
4566:
4561:
4554:
4517:Jain symbols
4485:Akota Bronze
4478:
4464:
4453:Chavundaraya
4442:
4440:
4392:
4380:
4376:
4369:tīrthaṅkaras
4368:
4366:
4329:
4317:
4314:Gyanakshetra
4313:
4291:
4265:
4238:(capital of
4199:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4174:
4172:
3960:Tamil-Brahmi
3939:tirthanakars
3938:
3936:
3924:1000 pillars
3923:
3885:
3881:
3878:Tīrthaṅkaras
3877:
3843:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3734:Mattancherry
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3279:Chittor Fort
3275:Kirti Stambh
3265:tirthankaras
3264:
3260:Samavasarana
3258:
3251:Kankali Tila
3244:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3167:Kankali Tila
3165:, 25–50 CE,
3141:
3098:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3054:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3012:
3006:
3003:judgment day
2968:
2963:Kankali Tila
2958:
2941:
2930:Kankali Tila
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2860:Kasayapahuda
2858:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2835:Kalpa Sūtras
2833:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2806:Ardhamagadhi
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:tirthankaras
2790:
2782:
2780:
2737:
2709:Ardhaphalaka
2708:
2701:Ardhaphalaka
2700:
2696:
2686:
2675:
2667:
2660:tirthankaras
2659:
2657:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2631:Sthulabhadra
2626:
2624:
2617:
2599:
2538:Nirvan Ladoo
2537:
2532:
2527:
2517:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2391:tirthankaras
2390:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2324:
2323:(seeing) of
2320:
2318:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:tirthankaras
2291:
2285:
2277:
2266:Parshvanatha
2261:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2219:Jain rituals
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2067:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2003:tirthankaras
2002:
2001:(soul). The
1998:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1872:
1866:
1863:śikşā vratas
1862:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1842:Brahmacharya
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1733:
1727:
1714:anekāntavāda
1713:
1707:
1703:anekāntavāda
1702:
1696:
1690:
1683:anekāntavāda
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:anekāntavāda
1650:
1648:
1634:Anekantavada
1626:anekāntavāda
1625:
1619:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1539:Moksha Marga
1538:
1531:samyak tapas
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:Samyak Gyana
1518:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1454:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1344:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1199:
1191:kevala jnana
1189:
1181:
1178:clairvoyance
1174:avadhi jñāna
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:In Jainism,
1159:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
965:
964:
952:
931:
925:
921:dharmachakra
919:
918:, the wheel
914:
889:
883:
877:
871:
868:Das Lakshana
867:
861:
837:
833:
829:
823:
805:
798:
792:
784:
780:brahmacharya
778:
772:
766:
762:
760:
753:
749:anekāntavāda
747:
741:
734:tirthankaras
733:
727:
720:
713:Parshvanatha
709:
706:Rishabhadeva
701:
695:
686:
642:
641:
574:Jain symbols
458:
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
313:
274:Jai Jinendra
247:Jain prayers
221:
187:
135:Kevala Jnana
105:Anekantavada
51:
36:
21115:New Zealand
21052:Saint Lucia
21002:El Salvador
20907:Switzerland
20842:Netherlands
20614:Philippines
20542:South Korea
20537:North Korea
20427:Afghanistan
20374:South Sudan
20264:Ivory Coast
20048:Deification
19995:Objectivism
19970:Agnosticism
19923:Persecution
19913:Video games
19878:Populations
19789:Proselytism
19757:Monasticism
19748:Clericalism
19738:Agriculture
19729:and society
19694:Soteriology
19654:Comparative
19624:Transtheism
19609:Panentheism
19393:Monasticism
19186:Gallo-Roman
19088:Micronesian
19054:Manichaeism
19002:Hermeticism
18970:Continental
18965:Anglo-Saxon
18845:Paleolithic
18840:Prehistoric
18790:Scientology
18653:Italo-Roman
18508:Radha Soami
18488:New Thought
18328:Espiritismo
18269:Waaqeffanna
18209:Fon and Ewe
18147:Sub-Saharan
18030:Satsana Phi
17816:Ghost Dance
17757:Californian
17725:Anishinaabe
17651:Karo Pemena
17630:Indonesian
17304:Lingayatism
17252:Mahanubhava
17222:Vaishnavism
17153:Jeungsanism
17076:Folk Taoism
17059:Xiantiandao
16913:Zoroastrian
16572:Charismatic
16567:Pentecostal
16530:Anglicanism
16481:Waldensians
16416:Catholicism
16015:Rashtrakuta
15932:Jainism and
15831:Maharashtra
15789:Bundelkhand
15676:Paul Dundas
15549:Kalpa Sūtra
15544:Aptamimamsa
15429:Monasticism
15360:Murtipujaka
15342:Kanji Panth
15322:Taran Panth
15305:Mula Sangha
15159:Siddhashila
15092:Tirthankara
14581:RELG: World
14554:RELG: World
11573:, pp.
11369:9 September
11319:Voorst 2014
11268:Flügel 2006
11244:Flügel 2006
11098:Salter 2002
11066:. Chicago:
10811:: 224, 225.
10480:Neelis 2010
10394:Zimmer 1953
9914:15 November
9882:15 November
9795:15 November
9765:Pandya 2014
9629:Berger 2010
9617:Jacobi 1964
9558:16 February
9548:Bhubaneswar
9512:Settar 1989
9065:Dundas 2002
8987:Dalal 2010b
8891:Dundas 2002
8879:McFaul 2006
8840:McFaul 2006
8683:Dundas 2006
8644:Dalal 2010a
8560:Dundas 2002
8524:Dundas 2002
8477:Flügel 2005
8349:Dundas 2002
8325:Dundas 2002
8313:Harvey 2016
8286:Flügel 2006
8262:Dalal 2010a
8223:Dundas 2002
8175:Dundas 2002
8088:Dundas 2002
8064:Dundas 2002
8052:Dalal 2010a
8001:Dalal 2010a
7974:Dalal 2010a
7962:Melton 2011
7947:Dalal 2010a
7904:Voorst 2015
7880:Dundas 2002
7841:Dundas 2002
7802:Dalal 2010a
7691:Dundas 2002
7628:Dundas 2002
7611:Dundas 2002
7536:Dundas 2002
7411:Voorst 2015
7387:Dundas 2002
7138:Dundas 2002
6968:Dundas 2002
6936:Dundas 2002
6912:Sethia 2004
6900:Dundas 2002
6885:Dundas 2002
6822:22 February
6784:Dundas 2002
6738:Dundas 2002
6714:Dundas 2002
6687:Taylor 2008
6672:Dundas 2002
6648:Sethia 2004
6612:Flügel 2002
6600:Dundas 2002
6549:Dundas 2002
6452:Dundas 2002
6423:Dundas 2002
6375:Zimmer 1953
6360:Dalal 2010a
6336:Dundas 2002
6226:Dundas 2002
6187:Dundas 2002
6160:Sethia 2004
6085:Dundas 2002
5995:Dundas 2002
5983:Dundas 2002
5956:Grimes 1996
5932:Bailey 2012
5920:Dundas 2002
5833:Grimes 1996
5559:Nonviolence
5400:Maharashtra
5366:British Raj
5361:Shantisagar
5148:Nagarparkar
5124:Vaishnavite
5120: 1108
5055:Rashtrakuta
5051:Hindu kings
5043:Tirthankara
4949:Ajatashatru
4947:–491 BCE),
4907:tirthankara
4815:Tirthankara
4800:tirthankara
4793:tirthankara
4791:, the 23rd
4781:tirthankara
4775:and revere
4728:Siddhashila
4654:Vardhmanaka
4431:Affiliation
4336:Nagarparkar
4248:Mangi-Tungi
4216:Tirthankara
4202:, such as:
4200:tirthankara
4153:Pilgrimages
3951:Mangi-Tungi
3887:Siddhashila
3838:manastambha
3829:tirthankara
3344:Jain temple
3320:tirthankara
3311:tirthankara
3299:tirthankara
3295:tirthankara
3240:dharmacakra
3214:tirthankara
3200:tirthankara
3169:, Mathura,
3143:Kalpa Sūtra
3109:Mesopotamia
3101:plant souls
3086:Tirthankara
2965:, 75–100 CE
2801:Śhrut Jnāna
2757: 1500
2738:Śhrut Jnāna
2697:Tirthankara
2668:Tirthankara
2664:iconography
2649:Suttapahuda
2593:iconography
2589:Śvētāmbara
2577:iconography
2506:pilgrimages
2449:Forgiveness
2441:Kalpasūtras
2278:tirthankara
2262:tirthankara
1859:guņa vratas
1710:Paul Dundas
1705:framework.
1695:(soul) and
1450: 1850
1380:madhya loka
1376:urdhva loka
1196:omniscience
1170:śrutu jñāna
942:parallelism
932:Jainism is
812:Śvētāmbaras
791:lifestyle.
721:tirthankara
710:tirthankara
696:tirthankara
687:Jain Dharma
584:Topics list
509:Pilgrimages
460:Valayapathi
359:Major sects
346:Yashovijaya
150:Brahmacarya
21274:Categories
21105:Micronesia
20982:Costa Rica
20877:San Marino
20837:Montenegro
20817:Luxembourg
20674:Uzbekistan
20649:Tajikistan
20554:Kyrgyzstan
20527:Kazakhstan
20477:East Timor
20447:Bangladesh
20437:Azerbaijan
20354:Seychelles
20319:Mozambique
20304:Mauritania
20289:Madagascar
20179:Cape Verde
19961:irreligion
19956:Secularism
19858:Minorities
19826:Toleration
19821:Syncretism
19806:Fanaticism
19796:Disability
19784:Missionary
19774:Conversion
19762:Ordination
19684:Psychology
19679:Philosophy
19619:Polytheism
19599:Monotheism
19594:Henotheism
19435:Orthopraxy
19425:Ordination
19388:Meditation
19383:Indigenous
19348:Entheogens
19333:Conversion
19159:Pueblo III
19076:Babylonian
19066:Melanesian
18992:Gnosticism
18877:Lithuanian
18770:Fourth Way
18624:Circassian
18602:Dievturība
18525:Tensegrity
18458:Falun Gong
18103:Sanamahism
18083:Donyi-Polo
17673:Polynesian
17619:Kaharingan
17544:Burkhanism
17483:Ravidassia
17461:Śvetāmbara
17247:Pushtimarg
17227:Krishnaism
17163:Vietnamese
17148:Cheondoism
17081:Yao Taoism
17017:East Asian
16783:Isma'ilism
16739:Maturidism
16518:Mennonites
16513:Hutterites
16498:Anabaptism
16391:Humanistic
16194:Literature
16083:Samvatsari
15848:Tamil Nadu
15773:Jainism in
15592:Nandavarta
15539:Samayasāra
15491:Literature
15459:Kshamavani
15454:Paryushana
15417:Meditation
15412:Sallekhana
15352:Śvetāmbara
15273:Ratnatraya
15193:Gunasthana
15112:Philosophy
14765:, London:
13968:, Mumbai:
13921:, Kenway,
13606:Owen, Lisa
13583:Owen, Lisa
13501:Gāthā 1.29
12157:(2010a) ,
12004:Cort, John
11384:Wiley 2009
11205:Jaini 2000
10709:Owen 2012b
10697:Gopal 1990
10406:Jaini 1998
10346:Pande 1957
10196:Cort 2001a
10172:Cort 2001a
10148:Titze 1998
10046:7 February
9973:Arora 2007
9929:Titze 1998
9852:Owen 2012a
9825:13 January
9660:13 October
9646:(PHILTAR)"
9423:Owen 2012a
9411:Wiley 2009
9342:29 October
9222:Harisena,
8975:Jaini 1998
8903:Wiley 2004
8743:Jaini 1991
8596:Jaini 1998
8465:Jaini 2000
8274:Cort 2001a
8187:Jaini 2000
8136:Jaini 1991
8112:Price 2010
7928:Cort 2001b
7916:Gough 2012
7817:Jaini 1998
7766:Wiley 2009
7742:Wiley 2009
7727:Jaini 1998
7715:Jaini 1998
7679:Jaini 1998
7667:Wiley 2009
7655:Jaini 1998
7643:Jaini 1998
7563:Jaini 1998
7551:Jaini 1998
7521:Wiley 2009
7506:Wiley 2009
7494:Wiley 2009
7467:Wiley 2009
7455:Wiley 2009
7438:Jaini 2000
7399:Jaini 1998
7339:Cort 2001a
7303:Cort 2001a
7267:Cort 2001a
7252:Cort 2001a
7189:Cort 2001a
7162:Tukol 1976
7150:Jaini 2000
7126:Tukol 1976
6750:Olson 2014
6636:Izawa 2008
6581:Price 2010
6530:Cort 2001a
6518:Jaini 1998
6503:Jaini 1998
6479:Cort 2001a
6214:Jaini 1980
6199:Jaini 1980
6172:Jaini 1980
6148:Jaini 1980
6136:Jaini 1980
6124:Jaini 2000
6112:Jaini 1980
6100:Jaini 1980
6049:Jaini 1998
6034:Jaini 1998
5908:Jaini 1998
5881:Jaini 1980
5816:Sinha 1944
5722:References
5502:Chandanaji
5434:, such as
5428:Tamil Nadu
5406:(13.97%),
5372:Modern era
5215:Shah Jahan
4987:Bhadrabahu
4967: 460
4956: 492
4945: 558
4847:Rishabhdev
4832:See also:
4658:Bhadrasana
4649:Nandavarta
4565:, and the
4480:Ashtadhatu
4404:(Bahubali)
4393:Tirthankar
4377:kayotsarga
4304:Hastinapur
4274:Rishabhdeo
4236:Champapuri
4042:Jal Mandir
3766:Pudukottai
3654:Pattadakal
3590:Moodabidri
3430:Hastinapur
3307:kayotsarga
3113:Manichaean
3048:nondualism
2944:Nirgrantha
2926:Jain stupa
2908:Jain stupa
2884:Niyamasara
2872:Samayasara
2796:Ganadharas
2678:Śvetāmbara
2671:Māllīnātha
2653:Kundakunda
2644:aparigraha
2610:Śvētāmbara
2573:Digambara
2492:Paryushana
2477:Samvatsari
2433:Bhadrapada
2422:Paryushana
2306:Snatrapuja
2256:is not an
2237:sallekhana
2195:siksavrata
2187:siksavrata
2163:Kayotsarga
2124:Meditation
2070:vegetarian
1995:mendicants
1890:Asceticism
1868:Sallekhana
1850:Aparigraha
1800:mahavratas
1785:sallekhana
1770:See also:
1753:aparigraha
1749:Śvētāmbara
1744:aparigraha
1738:Aparigraha
1728:aparigraha
1505:Gunasthana
1501:Ratnatraya
1417:avasarpiṇī
1408:avasarpiṇī
1392:kālachakra
1308:nondualism
1166:mati jñāna
996:), space (
863:Paryushana
852:, and the
820:laypersons
816:mendicants
808:Digambaras
785:aparigraha
755:aparigraha
496:Samvatsari
491:Paryushana
374:Śvetāmbara
341:Haribhadra
331:Siddhasena
326:Kundakunda
234:Sallekhana
160:Gunasthana
155:Aparigraha
97:Philosophy
21223:Venezuela
21168:Argentina
21085:Australia
21037:Nicaragua
21012:Guatemala
20812:Lithuania
20634:Sri Lanka
20629:Singapore
20609:Palestine
20497:Indonesia
20487:Hong Kong
20309:Mauritius
20030:Overviews
19985:Criticism
19938:Sectarian
19928:Terrorism
19903:Theocracy
19848:Happiness
19816:Pluralism
19801:Education
19727:Religion
19699:Salvation
19689:Sociology
19634:Religious
19614:Pantheism
19604:Nontheism
19497:Mountains
19475:Sacrifice
19430:Orthodoxy
19420:Mythology
19415:Mysticism
19304:Behaviour
19213:Canaanite
19196:Mithraism
19164:Pueblo IV
19154:Pueblo II
19059:Mazdakism
19034:Hungarian
19007:Mysteries
18916:Dravidian
18698:Hungarian
18614:Caucasian
18585:Godianism
18545:Agni Yoga
18535:Theosophy
18498:Rastafari
18473:Modekngei
18453:Brahmoism
18446:Syncretic
18438:movements
18436:religious
18348:Quimbanda
18296:Candomblé
18289:Diasporic
18068:Bathouism
18058:Benzhuism
17973:Tsimshian
17924:Purépecha
17845:Longhouse
17820:Sun Dance
17752:Blackfoot
17740:Wabunowin
17735:Midewiwin
17656:Malaysian
17646:Kapitayan
17456:Digambara
17441:Ayyavazhi
17406:Vajrayana
17371:Theravada
17284:Ganapatya
17257:Ramanandi
17186:Hoahaoism
17064:Yiguandao
16959:Yarsanism
16954:Shabakism
16941:Yazdânism
16931:Zurvanism
16926:Mazdaznan
16885:Rastafari
16880:Mandaeism
16754:Wahhabism
16734:Ash'arism
16697:Tolstoyan
16687:Spiritual
16677:Mormonism
16648:Judaizers
16621:Quakerism
16599:Methodist
16589:Irvingism
16540:Calvinism
16493:Adventism
16476:Moravians
16313:Abrahamic
16112:Sculpture
16048:Ekendriya
15909:Singapore
15894:Hong Kong
15874:Australia
15843:Rajasthan
15814:Karnataka
15726:Community
15711:Bal Patil
15666:Chandabai
15635:Pattavali
15587:Shrivatsa
15572:Jain flag
15449:Festivals
15405:Practices
15393:Terapanth
15380:Tristutik
15370:Kharatara
15332:Terapanth
15327:Bispanthi
15297:Digambara
15120:Five Vows
15097:Ganadhara
14973:Ahmedabad
14755:(1953) ,
14447:146540567
14439:0026-749X
14362:23 August
13757:Routledge
13713:Routledge
13608:(2012b),
13591:, Brill,
13585:(2012a),
13452:(1988) ,
13433:Routledge
13112:Routledge
13098:151841865
13060:Routledge
13038:Routledge
12926:Routledge
12818:, Delhi:
12611:Routledge
12501:Routledge
12432:Routledge
12258:Routledge
12253:The Jains
12250:(2002) ,
12028:0029-5973
11987:Routledge
11826:, India:
11801:Routledge
11762:Routledge
11229:Cort 2010
11132:647405338
11045:17 August
11016:Cort 1998
10995:0955-2340
10896:13 August
10891:Scroll.in
10591:Cort 2010
10358:Long 2013
10013:3 January
9985:Cort 2010
9903:The Hindu
9871:The Hindu
9815:proel.org
9784:The Hindu
9605:Cort 2010
9500:Babb 1996
9488:Babb 1996
9302:0012-8376
9236:Long 2009
9077:Babb 1996
9038:Pope 1880
8915:Long 2013
8777:0004-3648
8361:Vyas 1995
8298:Long 2013
8124:Fohr 2015
7986:Cort 1995
7865:Babb 1996
7778:Cort 1987
7703:Cort 2010
7102:Long 2009
6924:Long 2009
6812:2161-0002
6491:Fohr 2015
6258:Long 2013
6073:Long 2013
5971:Soni 2000
5944:Long 2013
5764:Long 2009
5727:Citations
5508:in 1987.
5422:(4.79%),
5418:(9.89%),
5416:Karnataka
5404:Rajasthan
5274:Dharampur
5219:Aurangzeb
5195:Aurangzeb
5097:Kalachuri
5041:(Jains).
5039:Niganthas
5006:built by
4938:Bimbisara
4888:Chaumukha
4818:Neminatha
4707:Jain flag
4636:, chair,
4630:fly-whisk
4592:Upajjhaya
4547:Jain flag
4501:monoliths
4461:Karnataka
4278:Kundalpur
4270:Mahavirji
4244:Vasupujya
4232:Mahaveera
4224:Neminatha
4212:Shikharji
4204:Ashtapada
4168:Shikharji
4096:Karnataka
4092:Moodbidri
4014:Khajuraho
3892:Jharkhand
3874:Shikharji
3862:Mount Abu
3833:moolnayak
3798:Chitharal
3750:Tirumalai
3606:Udayagiri
3542:Khajuraho
3510:Bawangaja
3478:Kundalpur
3462:Shikharji
3398:Mount Abu
3328:Kahavaali
3225:Ayagapata
3209:yakshinis
3115:beliefs.
3094:Khajuraho
2969:All four
2841:Niryuktis
2815:Bhutabali
2705:Yapaniyas
2606:Digambara
2397:Festivals
2361:abhisheka
2341:Sarasvati
2333:Padmavati
2270:Neminatha
2110:paryusana
1971:reaching
1879:Practices
1796:anuvratas
1789:Karnataka
1403:utsarpiṇī
1384:adho loka
1322:Cosmology
1237:chaitanya
1186:telepathy
1123:pratyaksa
873:Ashtanika
771:(truth),
738:cosmology
732:with the
569:Jain flag
559:Ekendriya
534:Shikharji
474:Festivals
369:Digambara
321:Ganadhara
110:Cosmology
21249:Category
21213:Suriname
21203:Paraguay
21188:Colombia
21095:Kiribati
21022:Honduras
20992:Dominica
20967:Barbados
20932:Scotland
20892:Slovenia
20887:Slovakia
20862:Portugal
20732:Bulgaria
20654:Thailand
20604:Pakistan
20584:Mongolia
20579:Maldives
20574:Malaysia
20462:Cambodia
20409:Zimbabwe
20384:Tanzania
20234:Ethiopia
20229:Eswatini
20209:Djibouti
20174:Cameroon
20159:Botswana
20103:Timeline
20098:Scholars
20058:Founders
19918:Violence
19873:Politics
19743:Business
19706:Theology
19450:Prophecy
19440:Paganism
19328:Covenant
19295:Apostasy
19230:Scythian
19171:Rapa Nui
19125:Thracian
19120:Illyrian
19110:Albanian
19081:Sumerian
19024:Harappan
18960:Germanic
18955:Georgian
18948:Selk'nam
18933:Etruscan
18921:Egyptian
18899:Druidism
18862:Armenian
18785:Satanism
18765:Eckankar
18688:Estonian
18673:Romanian
18663:Ossetian
18643:Germanic
18592:Armenian
18581:African
18574:paganism
18503:Sant Mat
18493:Rajneesh
18468:Meivazhi
18463:Japanese
18420:Siberian
18353:Santería
18323:Convince
18189:Bushongo
18093:Kiratism
18020:Hmongism
17887:Wocekiye
17872:Jivaroan
17840:Iroquois
17835:Ho-Chunk
17784:Cherokee
17707:American
17678:Hawaiian
17591:Sarnaism
17561:Tungusic
17549:Tengrism
17539:Mongolic
17468:Sarnaism
17399:Nichiren
17376:Mahayana
17363:Buddhism
17341:Sant Mat
17331:Sauraism
17326:Smartism
17321:Shaktism
17314:Balinese
17299:Kaumaram
17294:Kapalika
17289:Kashmiri
17274:Shaivism
17214:Hinduism
17181:Caodaism
17125:Ryukyuan
17120:Tenrikyo
17115:Shugendō
17093:Japanese
16964:Yazidism
16949:Ishikism
16827:Quranism
16800:Khawarij
16749:Salafism
16744:Atharism
16633:Esoteric
16604:Holiness
16594:Lutheran
16555:Reformed
16535:Baptists
16508:Brethren
16472:Hussites
16460:Assyrian
16376:Haymanot
16330:Orthodox
16279:Religion
16204:Scholars
16182:Navboxes
16041:Timeline
15990:Ikshvaku
15975:Chalukya
15944:Hinduism
15939:Buddhism
15904:Pakistan
15862:Overseas
15649:Scholars
15630:Kshullak
15613:Ascetics
15604:Swastika
15422:Sāmāyika
15337:Yapaniya
15288:Branches
14965:(1976),
14712:(1993),
14578:(2015),
14551:(2014),
14520:(1925),
14373:(2008),
14356:archived
14166:(1987),
14095:(2016),
14013:(1908),
13938:(1980),
13828:(2013),
13631:(1986),
13568:(2): 1,
13191:(2009),
12792:(1991),
12709:(1978),
12481:; ePub:
12473:; ePDF:
12392:(eds.),
12200:(2005),
11979:(2009),
11921:(1917),
11865:(2003),
11820:(2010),
11708:(2003),
11634:(2007),
11523:Archived
11521:. 2011.
11486:Archived
11453:Archived
11420:Archived
11363:Archived
11361:. 2011.
11003:26198197
10825:(2003).
10757:Das 2005
10112:Archived
10088:16 April
10082:Archived
10040:Archived
10007:Archived
9960:Archived
9876:Archived
9819:Archived
9789:Archived
9726:14 March
9720:Archived
9693:14 March
9687:Archived
9576:(1879).
9310:29757253
8500:Archived
8445:1 August
8420:1 August
8415:"Nudity"
8383:1 August
7045:Archived
6816:Archived
5634:samayika
5539:Jain law
5512:See also
5211:Jahangir
5191:Jahangir
5168:Alp Khan
5134:Medieval
5128:Ramanuja
5105:Lingayat
5085:Mularaja
4803:Mahavira
4717:swastika
4660:(seat),
4643:Srivatsa
4638:hand fan
4602:Ṇamōkāra
4557:swastika
4505:rock cut
4499:, stone
4425:Religion
4417:Bahubali
4385:Bahubali
4360:Idol of
4319:acharyas
4260:Pandavas
4256:Palitana
4228:Pawapuri
4132:Lakkundi
4046:Pawapuri
3870:Ranakpur
3718:Kulpakji
3670:Halebidu
3558:Varanasi
3526:Ranakpur
3494:Pawapuri
3414:Sonagiri
3366:Palitana
3246:triratna
3125:Jain art
2983:Buddhism
2975:Hinduism
2849:Umaswati
2845:Samhitas
2819:Āchāryas
2772:Mangulam
2575:Mahāvīra
2353:namaskar
2349:devapuja
2282:Bahubali
2229:Bahubali
2207:samayika
2199:samayika
2191:Sāmāyika
2182:Sāmāyika
2165:posture)
2078:Veganism
2048:Dandasan
1873:Santhara
1655:anekānta
1474:Arihants
1465:Hinduism
1343:Rebirth
970:Sanskrit
891:Dipawali
830:śrāvikas
825:śrāvakas
724:Mahavira
689:, is an
524:Palitana
309:Mahavira
299:Rishabha
229:Sāmāyika
80:Timeline
44:a series
42:Part of
21300:Nāstika
21280:Jainism
21218:Uruguay
21193:Ecuador
21173:Bolivia
21150:Vanuatu
21077:Oceania
21027:Jamaica
21007:Grenada
20962:Bahamas
20922:England
20912:Ukraine
20867:Romania
20827:Moldova
20787:Ireland
20782:Iceland
20777:Hungary
20767:Germany
20757:Finland
20752:Estonia
20747:Denmark
20742:Czechia
20737:Croatia
20722:Belgium
20717:Belarus
20712:Austria
20707:Andorra
20702:Albania
20679:Vietnam
20589:Myanmar
20564:Lebanon
20482:Georgia
20442:Bahrain
20432:Armenia
20394:Tunisia
20364:Somalia
20349:Senegal
20334:Nigeria
20324:Namibia
20314:Morocco
20279:Liberia
20274:Lesotho
20224:Eritrea
20194:Comoros
20169:Burundi
20144:Algeria
20088:Outline
20053:Deities
19980:Atheism
19893:Science
19811:Freedom
19669:History
19636:studies
19589:Dualism
19579:Animism
19544:Worship
19524:Symbols
19465:Liturgy
19378:Goddess
19338:Deities
19319:Laicism
19309:Beliefs
19288:Aspects
19260:Zapotec
19255:Vainakh
19223:Yahwism
19208:Semitic
19137:Iranian
19039:Hurrian
19029:Hittite
19019:Guanche
19012:Orphism
18943:Fuegian
18938:Finnish
18926:Atenism
18872:Latvian
18857:Arabian
18800:Raëlism
18780:Jediism
18775:Goddess
18748:De novo
18636:Druidry
18530:Thelema
18483:New Age
18368:Umbanda
18259:Tumbuka
18244:Odinala
18229:Lugbara
18149:African
18115:African
18063:Bimoism
18053:Burmese
17899:Mapuche
17865:Wyandot
17825:Guarani
17806:Choctaw
17801:Chilote
17720:Alaskan
17715:Abenaki
17666:Tagalog
17639:Kejawèn
17488:Sikhism
17451:Jainism
17411:Tibetan
17394:Amidism
17262:Warkari
17176:Đạo Mẫu
17026:Chinese
17008:Eastern
16985:Roshani
16904:Iranian
16812:Alevism
16805:Ibadism
16778:Zaydism
16455:Ancient
16426:Eastern
16386:Renewal
16371:Karaite
16352:Zionist
16340:Hasidic
16322:Judaism
16304:Western
16214:America
16209:Temples
16058:Pratima
16036:History
16029:Related
16020:Santara
16000:Kalinga
15995:Kadamba
15985:Hoysala
15954:Sikhism
15879:Belgium
15809:Haryana
15804:Gujarat
15734:Śrāvaka
15640:Acharya
15564:Symbols
15518:Mantra
15471:Upadhan
15444:Rituals
15439:Fasting
15278:Kashaya
15268:Saṃsāra
15247:Nirjara
15242:Samvara
15213:Pudgala
15102:Arihant
15029:(ed.).
14960::
14930::
14900::
14870::
14840::
14819::
14759:(ed.),
14284:1400179
11637:Udayana
11584:Sources
10953:2929852
8803:vmis.in
8785:3249941
8506:16 June
5749:19 July
5606:matter.
5506:Acharya
5408:Gujarat
5306:Gujarat
5256:in 1893
5254:Chicago
5203:Gwalior
5183:Humayun
5109:Hoysala
5101:Bijjala
5053:of the
4915:Śramaṇa
4838:Śramaṇa
4828:Ancient
4822:Krishna
4748:History
4699:saṃsāra
4679:nirvana
4666:(pot),
4663:Kalasha
4625:kalasha
4586:Acharya
4575:Arihant
4511:Symbols
4435:Jainism
4381:Arihant
4332:temples
4300:Vidisha
4296:Ayodhya
4196:kevalin
4192:arihant
4114:Belgium
3932:Madurai
3846:Vidisha
3823:, is a
3817:Derasar
3782:Madurai
3622:Kumbhoj
3446:Ayodhya
3338:Temples
3255:Mathura
3204:Yakshas
3073:monsoon
3064:being.
3061:Brahman
3044:siddhas
2991:rebirth
2979:Sikhism
2934:Mathura
2823:anuyoga
2639:Acharya
2635:Acharya
2627:Acharya
2619:Aryikas
2502:Chaitra
2435:in the
2377:mantras
2370:upadhye
2345:Lakshmi
2321:darsana
2098:tapasya
2094:upavasa
2044:samuday
2036:śrāvikā
2031:śrāvaka
1653:, from
1523:tattvas
1484:Siddhas
1479:without
1316:Saṃsāra
1301:abhavya
1291:abhavya
1283:Saṃsāra
1263:Saṃsāra
1255:in the
1151:upamana
1127:anumana
1118:pramana
1103:Pramana
1092:tattvas
1080:tattvas
1069:Nirjarā
1063:Saṃvara
1034:tattvas
993:adharma
981:pudgala
926:saṃsāra
682:-niz-əm
643:Jainism
564:Temples
315:Arihant
165:Saṃsāra
75:History
52:Jainism
21259:Portal
21198:Guyana
21178:Brazil
21145:Tuvalu
21042:Panama
21032:Mexico
20977:Canada
20972:Belize
20902:Sweden
20882:Serbia
20872:Russia
20857:Poland
20852:Norway
20832:Monaco
20802:Latvia
20797:Kosovo
20772:Greece
20762:France
20694:Europe
20659:Turkey
20644:Taiwan
20549:Kuwait
20522:Jordan
20512:Israel
20472:Cyprus
20457:Brunei
20452:Bhutan
20404:Zambia
20399:Uganda
20339:Rwanda
20294:Malawi
20254:Guinea
20244:Gambia
20149:Angola
20136:Africa
19945:Wealth
19888:Schism
19843:Growth
19767:Priest
19752:Clergy
19571:Theism
19554:Nature
19549:Astral
19492:Groves
19460:Ritual
19445:Prayer
19403:Novice
19353:Ethnic
19278:Topics
19250:Urartu
19245:Tongan
19240:Somali
19235:Slavic
19115:Dacian
18894:Celtic
18889:Basque
18867:Baltic
18718:Udmurt
18683:Uralic
18678:Slavic
18631:Celtic
18619:Abkhaz
18607:Romuva
18597:Baltic
18572:Modern
18415:Papuan
18378:Voodoo
18333:Kumina
18274:Yoruba
18264:Urhobo
18234:Maasai
18219:Lotuko
18167:Baluba
18157:Akamba
18130:Berber
18088:Heraka
18078:Dongba
17956:Pueblo
17951:Pawnee
17941:Navajo
17931:Muisca
17894:Lenape
17882:Lakota
17860:Seneca
17850:Mohawk
17772:Ohlone
17747:Apache
17730:Ojibwe
17705:Native
17571:Manchu
17566:Evenki
17527:Altaic
17518:Ethnic
17493:Khalsa
17446:Kalash
17336:Śrauta
17205:Indian
17135:Korean
17101:Shinto
17071:Taoism
17044:Luoism
16870:Baháʼí
16865:Bábism
16817:Ahmadi
16795:Sufism
16788:Alawis
16438:Church
16366:Reform
16347:Modern
16335:Haredi
16219:Bengal
16127:Nigoda
16102:Temple
16068:Tirtha
16010:Pandya
16005:Maurya
15889:Europe
15884:Canada
15869:Africa
15836:Mumbai
15826:Kerala
15625:Aryika
15365:Gaccha
15237:Bandha
15232:Asrava
15227:Tattva
15218:Dharma
15198:Dravya
15186:Causes
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