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494:. The glacier terminus region also had a consistent velocity of 20 metres (66 ft) per day (maximum of 26 metres (85 ft) per day in the glacier center), from season to season and year to year, the glacier seemed to be in balance from 1955 to 1985. The position of this terminus fluctuated by 2.5 km (1.6 mi) around its annual mean position between 1950 and 1996. After 1997 the glacier began to accelerate and thin rapidly, reaching an average velocity of 34 metres (112 ft) per day in the terminus region. On Jakobshavn, the acceleration began at the
457:
499:
more than 17,000 metres per year. Jakobshavn has afterwards slowed to near its pre-1997 speed, with the terminus retreat still occurring until 2015. In 2016, researchers found the water temperatures in its fjord had dropped to levels as cool as those in the 1980s. Airborne altimetry and satellite imagery show that until early 2019, this temperature drop likely caused the glacier to re-advance, slow down, and thicken (by over 100 feet from 2016 to 2018).
100:
529:
1996 and 1997 for example. They offered a conclusion that the "coupling between surface melting and ice-sheet flow provides a mechanism for rapid, large-scale, dynamic responses of ice sheets to climate warming". The acceleration of the three glaciers had not occurred at the time of this study and they were not concluding or implying that the meltwater increase was the cause of the aforementioned acceleration. Examination of rapid
515:
calving events at
Jakobshavn have produced glacial earthquakes that are detectable on seismographs worldwide with moment magnitudes in excess of 5.0. A large calving of approximately 7 km took place on 15 February 2015. On 16 August 2015 a calving was identified via satellite images as the largest ever recorded at Jakobshavn, with an area of 12.5 km.
537:
buoyant, even becoming afloat at the calving front, and is responsive to tidal changes. The reduced friction due to greater buoyancy allows for an increase in velocity. The reduced resistive force at the calving front is then propagated up glacier via longitudinal extension in what R. Thomas calls a backforce reduction.
484:
Jakobshavn is one of the fastest moving glaciers, flowing at its terminus at speeds that used to be around 20 metres (66 ft) per day but are over 45 metres (150 ft) per day when averaged annually, with summer speeds even higher (as measured 2012–2013). The speed of
Jakobshavn Glacier varied
514:
events where the glacier produces icebergs have also been found to trigger earthquakes due to ice-ice and ice-bottom of the fjord interactions. and from the longer-duration forces exerted on the solid Earth during the capsize of very large (e.g., > 1 km) calved ice volumes. Especially large
498:
front and spread up-glacier 20 km (12 mi) in 1997 and up to 55 km (34 mi) inland by 2003. In 2012 a significant acceleration of
Jakobshavn was observed, with summer speeds up to 4 times its speed in the 1990s, and average annual speeds of 3 times its 1990s speed. Movement reached
528:
is the conduit for the additional meltwater to reach the glacier base. This idea, proposed by Jay Zwally, was observed to be the cause of a brief seasonal acceleration of up to 20% on the
Jakobshavns Glacier in 1998 and 1999 at Swiss Camp. The acceleration lasted 2–3 months and was less than 10% in
489:
by about 0.06 millimetres (0.0024 in) per year, or roughly 4 percent of the 20th century rate of sea level rise. Jakobshavn Isbrae retreated 30 km (19 mi) from 1850 to 1964, followed by a stationary front for 35 years. Jakobshavn has the highest mass flux of any glacier draining the
536:
The second mechanism is a "Jakobshavn effect", coined by Terry Hughes, where a small imbalance of forces caused by some perturbation can cause a substantial non-linear response. In this case an imbalance of forces at the calving front propagates up-glacier. Thinning causes the glacier to be more
545:
and basal ablation as one report presents data that show a sudden increase in subsurface ocean temperature in 1997 along the entire west coast of
Greenland, and suggests that the changes in Jakobshavn Glacier are due to the arrival of relatively warm water originating from the
352:
are often so large (up to 1 km in height) that they are too tall to float down the fjord and lie stuck on the bottom of its shallower areas, sometimes for years, until they are broken up by the force of the glacier and icebergs further up the fjord.
540:
This mechanism is supported by the data indicating no significant seasonal velocity changes at the calving front and the acceleration propagating upglacier from the calving front. The cause of the thinning could be a combination of increased surface
587:. Two EIS videographers waited several weeks in a small tent overlooking the glacier, and were finally able to witness 7.4 cubic kilometres (1.8 cu mi) of ice crashing off the glacier. It was the longest calving ever captured on film.
1388:
Khazendar, Ala; Fenty, Ian G.; Carroll, Dustin; Gardner, Alex; Lee, Craig M.; Fukumori, Ichiro; Wang, Ou; Zhang, Hong; Seroussi, Hélène; Moller, Delwyn; Noël, Brice P. Y.; Van Den Broeke, Michiel R.; Dinardo, Steven; Willis, Josh (2019).
1482:
Walter, Fabian; Amundson, Jason M.; O'Neel, Shad; Truffer, Martin; Fahnestock, Mark; Fricker, Helen A. (2012). "Analysis of low-frequency seismic signals generated during a multiple-iceberg calving event at
Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland".
467:
front of the
Jakobshavn Glacier since 1851. The date of this image is 2006 and the calving front of the glacier can be seen at the 2006 line. The area stretching from the calving front to the sea (towards the bottom left corner) is the
523:
The first mechanism for explaining the change in velocity is the "Zwally effect" and is not the main mechanism, this relies on meltwater reaching the glacier base and reducing the friction through a higher basal water pressure. A
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between 5,700 and 12,600 metres (18,700 and 41,300 ft) per year between 1992 and 2003. The ice stream's speed-up and near-doubling of ice flow from land into the ocean has increased the rate of
2110:
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methods. There are theories that
Greenland consists of three large islands under the ice sheet, separated at the coast by three narrow straits, one of them Jakobshavn Glacier.
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drainage documented short term velocity changes due to such events, but they had little significance to the annual flow of the large outlet glaciers.
2239:
2131:
2136:
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Rink H. (1853). "Om den geographiske
Beskaffenhed af de danske Handelsdistrikter i Nordgrønland, tilligemed en Udsigt over Nordgrønlands Geognosi".
434:
website uses this name, in connection with mention of the
Ilulissat Icefjord world heritage site, which includes the downstream end of the glacier.
2254:
1934:
1815:
1699:
1217:
1087:
796:
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Holland D M., Thomas R.H., Younn B .d, Ribergaard M. H., Lyberth, B. (2008). "Acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbrae triggered by warm ocean waters".
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in 2004, in part because of the importance of the Jakobshavn Glacier in contributing to the current scientific understanding of climate change.
881:
Jakobshavn Isbræ,West Greenland: the 2002-2003 collapse and nomination for the UNESCO World Heritage List. In: Review of Survey activities 2003
364:. Jakobshavn is one of the fastest-declining glaciers in the world, and icebergs calving from Jakobshavn were responsible for 4 percent of the
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92:
148:
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Murray, T.; Nettles, M.; Selmes, N.; Cathles, L. M.; Burton, J. C.; James, T. D.; Edwards, S.; Martin, I.; O'Farrell, T. (17 July 2015).
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There is evidence that people have inhabited the area around the glacier for up to 4000 years. The recently abandoned settlement of
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1964:
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850:
2003:
700:
2009:
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997:
644:
Joughin I.; Abdalati W.; Fahnestock M. (2004). "Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbrae glacier".
918:
1593:
17:
1830:
1088:"Analysis of the motion behaviour of Jakobshavn Glacier Glacier in Greenland by monocular image sequence analysis"
1865:"Subglacial topography and geothermal heat flux: Potential interactions with drainage of the Greenland ice sheet"
1454:"Key Greenland glacier growing again after shrinking for years, NASA study shows "That was kind of a surprise.""
2300:
611:
441:(which means 'place of the glacier people') lies just to the north of the glacier, much nearer than Ilulissat.
971:
Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 5. Række, Naturvidenskabelige og Mathematiske Afdeling
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Jakobshavn has been a name used for this glacier in scientific literature since 1853 when Danish geologist
141:
1942:
1098:
2100:
448:. This form simply replaces Jakobshavn with Ilulissat because of the change in the name of the town.
1769:
1391:"Interruption of two decades of Jakobshavn Isbrae acceleration and thinning as regional ocean cools"
2244:
1639:
1616:"One of the world's fastest melting glaciers may have just lost its biggest chunk of ice on record"
728:"Glacier, fjord, and seismic response to recent large calving events, Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland"
1991:
1152:
2029:
993:"Force-perturbation analysis of recent thinning and acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland"
553:
Evidence also exists for a deep subglacial trench beneath the glacial outlet, identified through
1997:
403:). It is sometimes referred to in the international scientific literature (by glaciologists) as
1038:
616:
356:
Studied for over 250 years, the Jakobshavn Glacier has helped develop modern understanding of
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van der Veen, C.J.; Leftwich, T.; von Frese, R.; Csatho, B.M.; Li, J. (21 June 2007).
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Maas, H-G.; Dietrich, R; Schwalbe, E; Bassler, M.; Westfeld, P. (25 September 2006).
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671:
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1908:
1685:
1538:"Reverse glacier motion during iceberg calving and the cause of glacial earthquakes"
1349:
770:
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Amundsen, J.M., Truffer M., Luthi M.P., Fahnestock M., West M., Motyka R.J. (2008).
407:. Isbræ is Danish for glacier. It is also commonly known by the anglicised version,
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Bennike, Ole; Naja Mikkelsen; Henrick Klinge Pedersen; Anker Weidick (2004).
163:
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Zwally, J., Abdalati W., Herring,T.,Larson, K.,Saba,J., Steffen, K. (2002).
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1305:
884:. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. pp. 85–88. Archived from
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1579:
1341:
1173:
878:
Weidick, Anker; Naja Mikkelsen; Christopher Mayer; Steffen Podlech (2003).
811:"Why a Growing Greenland Glacier Doesn't Mean Good News for Global Warming"
675:
547:
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1504:
1233:"Jakobshavn Glacier, West Greenland: 30 years of spaceborne observations"
752:
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for 'glacier' and "kujalleq" means 'southern'. It lies south of the town
341:
78:
1304:
Joughin I.; Das S.B.; King M.A.; Smith B.E.; Howat I.M. Moon T. (2008).
667:
583:(EIS) team, there is a 75-minute segment showing the Jakobshavn Glacier
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1513:
1423:
761:
438:
400:
361:
119:
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1306:"Seasonal speedup along the western flank of the Greenland Ice Sheet"
1303:
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134:
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992:
2218:
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1998:
Researchers Witness Overnight Breakup, Retreat of Greenland Glacier
1862:
1751:"Moulins, Calving Fronts and Greenland Outlet Glacier Acceleration"
950:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
643:
349:
337:
1965:"Chasing Ice movie reveals largest iceberg break-up ever filmed"
463:
image of Jakobshavn Glacier. The lines show the position of the
2223:
1642:"Surface Melt-Induced Acceleration of Greenland Ice-Sheet Flow"
1481:
427:
381:
1470:
Four outside scientists said the study and results make sense.
1124:"Greenland's fastest glacier sets new speed record | UW Today"
345:
2014:
1387:
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referred to it as Jakobshavn Isstrøm (Danish for Jakobshavn
1831:"Seismic-reflection evidence for a deep subglacial trough"
1535:
2006:
By Oqaasileriffik, The Language Secretariat of Greenland
1364:"Cold Water Currently Slowing Fastest Greenland Glacier"
1176:"Equilibrium state of Jakobshavns Isbræ, West Greenland"
2010:
Cold Water Currently Slowing Fastest Greenland Glacier
1828:
575:
by cinematographer Jeff Orlowski, nature photographer
506:
Aerial view of Jakobshavn Glacier looking to west side
1586:
1174:
Pelto.M, Hughes, T, Fastook J., Brecher, H. (1989).
1594:"Shock News – Massive Calving of Jakobshavn Isbræ"
1231:Sohn H-G.; Jezek K.C.; van der Veen C.J. (1998).
54:
2292:
480:Aerial view of Jakobshavn Glacier from west side
1053:
1485:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
1299:
1297:
1037:. Geological Survey of Denmark. Archived from
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986:
984:
639:
637:
635:
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631:
313:. It is located near the Greenlandic town of
1814:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1713:Hughes, T. (1986). "The Jakobshavn Effect".
1698:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1216:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
795:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
472:icefjord. Courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory
40:
1763:
1633:
1294:
990:
719:
451:
2037:
2023:
1962:
1712:
1706:
981:
871:
843:Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland
828:
628:
99:
1898:
1829:Clarke, Ted S.; Keith Echelmeyer (1996).
1748:
1742:
1667:
1561:
1512:
1422:
1331:
1265:
1224:
1201:
1167:
1018:
760:
695:
693:
336:and produces around 10% of all Greenland
1079:
938:
936:
501:
475:
455:
444:The glacier is sometimes referred to as
1963:Carrington, Damian (12 December 2012),
968:
962:
906:
348:every year. Icebergs breaking from the
14:
2293:
909:"Can $ 500 Million Save This Glacier?"
900:
703:. University of Kansas. Archived from
690:
332:Jakobshavn Glacier drains 6.5% of the
2018:
933:
340:. Some 35 billion tonnes of icebergs
1141:
1027:
2004:Authorized place names in Greenland
1596:. Great White Con. 20 February 2015
414:The local name for this glacier is
24:
1149:"Fastest Glacier doubles in Speed"
1063:. Ilulissat Museum. Archived from
25:
2312:
1994:Animation of the glacier by NASA.
1985:
1460:. Associated Press. 25 March 2019
207:Ocean (was floating now grounded)
183:110 000 km (whole catchment)
98:
91:
71:
1956:
1927:
1856:
1822:
1608:
1529:
1475:
1446:
1381:
1356:
1116:
907:Gertner, Jon (6 January 2024).
803:
612:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
560:
13:
1:
2044:
622:
607:List of glaciers in Greenland
518:
325:) and ends at the sea in the
2127:Arctic Midnight Orienteering
1870:Geophysical Research Letters
1035:"Explore Ilulissat Icefjord"
948:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
426:(colonial name Jakobshavn).
366:increase in global sea level
7:
590:
10:
2317:
1095:IAPRS Volume XXXVI, Part 5
1020:10.3189/172756504781830321
222:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2232:
2201:
2155:
2119:
2078:
2052:
1415:10.1038/s41561-019-0329-3
1203:10.3189/S0260305500007084
1097:. Dresden. Archived from
276:
272:
262:
254:
246:
238:
228:
219:
211:
203:
195:
187:
179:
140:
125:
115:
107:Location within Greenland
86:
70:
39:
34:
2260:Ilulissat Tourist Nature
2202:Districts & Villages
452:Acceleration and retreat
405:Jakobshavn Isbræ glacier
2101:Knud Rasmussen's Museum
1992:Jakobshavn Glacier Flow
1736:10.1029/GL013i001p00046
1669:10.1126/science.1072708
1563:10.1126/science.aab0460
1333:10.1126/science.1153288
390:
191:greater than 65 km
2060:Avannaata Municipality
1941:, 2012, archived from
1151:. NASA. Archived from
617:West Greenland Current
507:
481:
473:
377:
322:
302:
290:
55:
41:
2301:Glaciers of Greenland
1838:Journal of Glaciology
998:Journal of Glaciology
505:
479:
459:
397:Hinrich Johannes Rink
368:in the 20th century.
2265:Ilulissat Water Taxi
2086:Ilulissat Art Museum
1891:10.1029/2007GL030046
1505:10.1029/2011JF002132
1181:Annals of Glaciology
991:Thomas R.H. (2004).
944:"Ilulissat Icefjord"
753:10.1029/2008GL035281
701:"Plummer Jakobshavn"
597:Glacier mass balance
418:, where "sermeq" is
344:and pass out of the
81:front of the glacier
27:Glacier in Greenland
2106:The Icefjord Centre
1915:on 8 September 2011
1883:2007GeoRL..3412501V
1786:2008NatGe...1..659H
1728:1986GeoRL..13...46H
1716:Geophys. Res. Lett.
1660:2002Sci...297..218Z
1554:2015Sci...349..305M
1497:2012JGRF..117.1036W
1407:2019NatGe..12..277K
1324:2008Sci...320..781J
1250:1998GeoRL..25.2699S
1238:Geophys. Res. Lett.
1194:1989AnGla..12..127P
1041:on 15 February 2010
1011:2004JGlac..50...57T
859:on 13 February 2012
745:2008GeoRL..3522501A
733:Geophys. Res. Lett.
668:10.1038/nature03130
660:2004Natur.432..608J
492:Greenland Ice Sheet
432:World Heritage Site
385:World Heritage Site
378:Ilulissat Kangerlua
334:Greenland ice sheet
160: /
2280:World of Greenland
2096:Jakobshavn Glacier
2091:Ilulissat Icefjord
1945:on 9 February 2014
1749:Pelto, M. (2008).
1128:www.washington.edu
914:The New York Times
888:on 31 October 2005
838:Ilulissat Icefjord
581:Extreme Ice Survey
555:seismic reflection
531:supra-glacial lake
508:
482:
474:
409:Jakobshavn Glacier
370:Ilulissat Icefjord
327:Ilulissat Icefjord
317:(colonial name in
283:Jakobshavn Glacier
263:Reference no.
233:Ilulissat Icefjord
35:Jakobshavn Glacier
2288:
2287:
2193:Royal Arctic Line
2188:Port of Ilulissat
2183:Ilulissat Airport
2163:Arctic Umiaq Line
2065:Halibut Greenland
1773:Nature Geoscience
1654:(5579): 218–222.
1548:(6245): 305–308.
1395:Nature Geoscience
1318:(5877): 781–783.
1258:10.1029/98GL01973
1244:(14): 2699–2702.
921:on 7 January 2024
852:978-87-7871-136-6
654:(7017): 608–610.
446:Ilulissat Glacier
380:) was declared a
295:Ilulissat Glacier
293:), also known as
280:
279:
164:69.167°N 49.833°W
18:Jakobshavn Isbrae
16:(Redirected from
2308:
2275:The Glacier Shop
2270:Ilulissat XPRESS
2250:Hotel Hvide Falk
2142:Ilulissat Hallen
2039:
2032:
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2016:
2015:
1980:
1979:
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1960:
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1931:
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1922:
1920:
1911:. Archived from
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1826:
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1278:. Archived from
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988:
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917:. Archived from
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855:. Archived from
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773:. Archived from
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291:Jakobshavn Isbræ
175:
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42:Jakobshavn Isbræ
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2240:Greenland Tours
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2132:Arctic Palerfik
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2074:
2070:Royal Greenland
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416:Sermeq Kujalleq
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1005:(168): 57–66.
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777:on 6 June 2011
739:(22): L22501.
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602:Glacial motion
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307:outlet glacier
305:), is a large
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199:around 2000 m
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2245:Hotel Arctic
2137:Cecilieløbet
2095:
2053:Institutions
1973:, retrieved
1969:The Guardian
1968:
1958:
1947:, retrieved
1943:the original
1938:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:the original
1877:(12): 5 pp.
1874:
1868:
1858:
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1841:
1837:
1824:
1810:cite journal
1777:
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1722:(1): 46–48.
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1694:cite journal
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1371:. Retrieved
1367:
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1280:the original
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1143:
1131:. Retrieved
1127:
1118:
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1099:the original
1094:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1065:the original
1061:"Sermermiut"
1055:
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1029:
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651:
645:
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567:In the 2012
566:
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552:
548:Irminger Sea
539:
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413:
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331:
294:
282:
281:
29:
2147:Kangia Race
2000:- July 2010
1939:Chasing Ice
1756:RealClimate
1625:4 September
1600:22 February
1514:11122/11007
1491:(F1): n/a.
1424:1874/379731
1286:17 February
1188:: 781–783.
1133:4 September
1108:17 February
1071:26 February
1045:26 February
781:17 February
762:11122/11043
711:17 February
577:James Balog
573:Chasing Ice
569:documentary
562:Chasing Ice
420:Greenlandic
374:Greenlandic
360:and icecap
299:Greenlandic
215:Advancing
167: /
142:Coordinates
63:Greenlandic
2178:Disko Line
2173:Icelandair
1975:24 January
1949:24 January
1919:16 January
1900:1808/17298
1873:. L12501.
1267:1808/17340
1159:2 February
623:References
519:Mechanisms
439:Sermermiut
401:Ice Stream
362:glaciology
323:Jakobshavn
255:Designated
120:Ice stream
2156:Transport
2079:Landmarks
2046:Ilulissat
1802:131559096
1572:0036-8075
1523:2156-2202
1433:135428855
1276:128465133
925:7 January
571:entitled
470:Ilulissat
424:Ilulissat
342:calve off
315:Ilulissat
311:Greenland
250:vii, viii
196:Thickness
135:Greenland
131:Ilulissat
2295:Category
2219:Qeqertaq
2209:Ilimanaq
1909:54213033
1848:2 August
1686:37381126
1678:12052902
1580:26113640
1438:25 March
1368:NASA/JPL
1350:37393320
1342:18420901
977:: 37–70.
863:15 March
771:45472361
676:15577906
591:See also
579:and his
543:ablation
338:icebergs
309:in West
247:Criteria
204:Terminus
126:Location
2233:Tourism
2214:Rodebay
1879:Bibcode
1782:Bibcode
1724:Bibcode
1656:Bibcode
1647:Science
1550:Bibcode
1542:Science
1493:Bibcode
1464:1 April
1403:Bibcode
1320:Bibcode
1311:Science
1246:Bibcode
1190:Bibcode
1007:Bibcode
954:19 June
892:1 March
741:Bibcode
684:4406447
656:Bibcode
585:calving
512:calving
496:calving
465:calving
461:Landsat
350:glacier
242:Natural
155:49°50′W
152:69°10′N
79:calving
2224:Saqqaq
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1800:
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769:
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674:
647:Nature
526:moulin
510:Large
428:UNESCO
382:UNESCO
319:Danish
287:Danish
212:Status
188:Length
59:
49:Danish
45:
2120:Sport
1905:S2CID
1844:(141)
1834:(PDF)
1798:S2CID
1682:S2CID
1429:S2CID
1346:S2CID
1272:S2CID
1102:(PDF)
1091:(PDF)
767:S2CID
680:S2CID
346:fjord
129:Near
1977:2014
1971:, UK
1951:2014
1921:2011
1850:2012
1816:link
1700:link
1674:PMID
1627:2016
1602:2015
1576:PMID
1568:ISSN
1519:ISSN
1466:2019
1440:2019
1375:2020
1338:PMID
1288:2009
1218:link
1161:2009
1135:2016
1110:2009
1073:2009
1047:2009
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894:2006
865:2006
847:ISBN
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815:NASA
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783:2009
713:2009
672:PMID
391:Name
267:1149
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239:Type
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116:Type
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