2057:
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570:
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1476:
2778:, in 1558. Shortly afterwards, Akbar's army completed its annexation of Kabul, and to further secure the north-western boundaries of his empire, it proceeded to Qandahar. The city capitulated without resistance on 18 April 1595, and the ruler Muzaffar Hussain joined Akbar's court. Subsequent to this, Bairam Khan sent an envoy to the court of Tahmasp I in an effort to maintain peaceful relations with the Safavids. This gesture was reciprocated and a cordial relationship prevailed between the two empires during the remainder of the first two decades of Akbar's reign. The death of Tahmasp I in 1576 resulted in civil war and instability in the Safavid empire, and diplomatic relations between the two empires ceased for more than a decade. They were restored only in 1587 following the accession of
1606:
70:
4618:, p. 222: "Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Hindu custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise profound impact on socio-cultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar. Salim (later Jahangir), heir to the throne, was born of this wedlock on 30th August, 1569."
1540:
2473:
opinions of the majority of commoners in the imperial court. The interaction between Hindu and Muslim nobles in the imperial court resulted in an exchange of thoughts and a blending of the two cultures. Newer generations of the Mughal line also represented a merger of Mughal and Rajput blood, thereby strengthening ties between the two. As a result, the
Rajputs became the strongest allies of the Mughals, and Rajput soldiers and generals fought for the Mughal army under Akbar, leading it in several campaigns, including the conquest of Gujarat in 1572. Akbar's policy of religious tolerance ensured that employment in the imperial administration was open to all on merit, irrespective of creed, strengthening his imperial rule.
3728:
2940:
7800:, p. 49: "When the world-conquering armies had been deputed, the Shāhinshāh proceeded stage by stage. On the day that he reached Sirohī, Mādhū* Singh and a number of men were sent to fetch that nursling of fortune's garden, Shahzāda Sultān Daniel, who had been conveyed from Ajmīr to Amber, so that he might be brought back to Ajmīr, and might come under the shadow of the Presence. In order to do honour to Rajah Bhagwān Das, his auspicious sister, who held high rank in the imperial harem, was sent off in order so that she might be present at the mourning for her brother Bhūpat, who had fallen in the battle of Sarnāl."
3170:
3134:
1536:. Baz Bahadur temporarily regained control of Malwa until, in the next year, Akbar sent another Mughal army to invade and annexe the kingdom. Malwa became a province of the nascent imperial administration of Akbar's regime. Baz Bahadur survived as a refugee at various courts until, eight years later in 1570, he took service under Akbar. When Adham Khan confronted Akbar following another dispute in late 1561, the emperor threw him from a terrace into the palace courtyard at Agra. Still alive, Adham Khan was dragged up and thrown to the courtyard once again by Akbar to ensure his death.
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1598:
1366:
4601:, p. 223: "Akbur, after this conquest, made pilgrimage to Khwaja Moyin-ood-Deen Chishty at Ajmere and returned to Agra; from whence he proceeded to visit the venerable Sheikh Sulim Chishty, in the village of Seekry. As all the king's children had hitherto died, he solicited the Sheikh's prayers, who consoled him, by assuring him he would soon have a son, who would live to a good old age. Shortly after, his favourite sooltana, being then pregnant, on Wednesday the 17th of Rubbee-ool-Awul, in the year 997 was delivered of a son, who was called Sulim."
3118:. Virtues in Din-i-Ilahi included generosity, forgiveness, abstinence, prudence, wisdom, kindness, and piety. Celibacy was respected, chastity enforced, the slaughter of animals was discouraged, and there were no sacred scriptures or a priestly hierarchy. A leading noble of Akbar's court, Aziz Koka, wrote a letter to him from Mecca in 1594 arguing that the discipleship promoted by Akbar amounted to nothing more than a desire on Akbar's part to portray his superiority regarding religious matters. To commemorate Din-e-Ilahi, Akbar changed the name of
3620:). Akbar insisted that the Raja should submit to him personally; it was also suggested that his daughter should be married to him as a sign of complete submission. Her marriage is considered one of the most important events in the history of the Mughal Empire. She became his first wife to have given birth to Akbar's sons. In 1564, she delivered twins named Mirza Hassan and Mirza Hussain and in 1569, she was honoured with the title of 'Mariam-uz-Zamani' after giving birth to their third and first surviving son, Prince Salim (the future emperor
2822:
1560:—Akbar's brother and the Mughal ruler of Kabul—several Uzbek chieftains were slain and the rebel leaders trampled to death under elephants. Simultaneously, the Mirzas, a group of Akbar's distant cousins who held important fiefs near Agra, rebelled and were defeated by Akbar. In 1566, Akbar moved to meet the forces of his brother, Muhammad Hakim, who had marched into the Punjab with the intention of seizing the imperial throne. Following a brief confrontation, Muhammad Hakim accepted Akbar's supremacy and retreated back to Kabul.
2180:. The village continued to remain the primary unit of revenue assessment. Cultivated areas were measured and taxed through fixed rates—on the basis of prices prevailing the imperial court—based on the type of crop and productivity. This system burdened the peasantry because prices at the imperial court were often higher than those in the countryside. Akbar also introduced a decentralised system of annual assessment, which resulted in corruption among local officials. The system was abandoned in 1580 and replaced with the
1718:
2980:
increasingly came under the influence of pantheistic Sufi mysticism from the early 1570s, his outlook shifted from orthodox Islam as traditionally professed, to a new concept of Islam that transcended the limits of Islam. Consequently, during the latter half of his reign, he adopted a policy of tolerance towards the Shias and declared a prohibition on Shia-Sunni conflict, and the empire remained neutral in matters of internal sectarian conflict. In 1579, the Mughal
Emperor Akbar referred to himself as:
2404:. The coins were issued in both round and square shapes, including a unique 'mehrab' (lozenge) shaped coin. Akbar's portrait type gold coin (Mohur) is generally attributed to his son, Prince Salim (later Emperor Jahangir), who had rebelled and then sought reconciliation by minting and presenting his father with gold Mohurs bearing Akbar's portrait. During the latter part of Akbar's reign, coins portrayed the concept of Akbar's newly promoted religion, with the Ilahi type and Jalla Jalal-Hu types.
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3066:
11058:
1778:, forced his return to Gujarat. Akbar crossed Rajputana and reached Ahmedabad in 11 days—a journey that normally took six weeks. The outnumbered Mughal army won a decisive victory on 2 September 1573. Akbar slew the rebel leaders and erected a tower out of their severed heads. The conquest and subjugation of Gujarat proved highly profitable for the Mughals; after expenses, the territory yielded a revenue of more than five million rupees annually to Akbar's treasury.
7812:, p. 242:"The Rajah from right thinking and elevated fortune considered that he should bring himself of the ruck of landholders and make himself one of the distinguished ones of the Court. In order to effect this purpose he thought of a special alliance, to wit that he should by means of those who had the right of entree introduce his eldest daughter, in whose forehead shone the lights of chastity and intellect, among the attendants on the glorious pavilion."
3662:. In 1564, he sent presents to the court with a request that his daughter be married to Akbar. Miran's request acceded and an order was issued. Itimad Khan was sent with Miran's ambassadors. Miran welcomed Itimad with honour and despatched his daughter with him. A large number of nobles accompanied her. The marriage took place in September 1564 when she reached Akbar's court. As a dowry, Mubarak Shah ceded Bijagarh and Handia to his imperial son-in-law.
3632:
3373:, was always ready to risk his life, regardless of political consequences". He often plunged on his horse into flooded rivers during the rainy seasons and safely crossed them. He rarely indulged in cruelty and is said to have been affectionate towards his relatives. He pardoned his brother Hakim, who had rebelled. On rare occasions, he dealt cruelly with offenders, such as his maternal uncle Muazzam and his foster-brother Adham Khan, who was twice
2382:
2422:
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1822:
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celebrated the occasion by holding extravagant feasts for fifteen days. On the day of the wedding, the ulema, saints, and nobles were honoured with rewards. Mahmud offered 30,000 rupees in cash and kind to Itimad Khan and sent his daughter with a grand dowry and an entourage. She came to Ajmer and waited upon Akbar. The gifts of Sultan Mahmud, carried by the delegation, were presented to the ladies of the imperial harem.
3441:, and Jesuit missionaries, apart from contemporary accounts by Brahminical and Muslim orthodoxy. Existing sects and denominations, as well as various religious figures who represented popular worship felt they had a claim to him. The diversity of these accounts is attributed to the fact that his reign resulted in the formation of a flexible centralised state accompanied by personal authority and cultural heterogeneity.
1914:
1294:
10940:
793:, and aunts, in particular, Kamran Mirza's wife. He spent his youth learning to hunt, run, and fight, and although he never learned to read or write, when he retired in the evening, he would have someone read to him. On 20 November 1551, Humayun's youngest brother, Hindal Mirza, died in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief.
4584:, p. 437: "Ruqayya-Sultan Begam, the daughter of Mirza Hindal and wife of His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani , had passed away in Akbarabad. She was His Majesty's chief wife. Since she did not have children, when Shahjahan was born His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani entrusted that 'unique pearl of the caliphate' to the begam's care, and she undertook to raise the prince. She departed this life at the age of eighty-four."
2281:
1652:, he possessed the highest ritual status of all the Rajput kings and chieftains in India. The Mughals viewed defeating Udai Singh as essential to asserting their imperial authority among the Rajputs. During this period of his reign, Akbar was still devoted to Islam and sought to impress the superiority of his faith over what were regarded by contemporaries as the most prestigious warriors in Hinduism.
7788:, p. 543: "An order was issued that when this celestial star should be a month old, his cradle should be conveyed to the town of Amber and the care of him committed to the Rani, the wife of Rajah Bara Mal ... The making over Daniel to this Rani would seem to imply that the mother of Daniel was related to her; it might also strengthen the tradition that the Rani's daughter was Jahangir's mother."
3161:, which formed the essence of Din-i-Ilahi, was adopted by Akbar not merely for religious purposes, but as a part of general imperial administrative policy. This also formed the basis for Akbar's policy of religious tolerance. At the time of Akbar's death in 1605, there were no signs of discontent among his Muslim subjects, and even theologians like Abdu'l Haq accepted that close ties remained.
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3361:
like a sea shimmering in the sunlight. His eyelashes are very long. His eyebrows are not strongly marked. His nose is straight and small though not insignificant. His nostrils are widely open as though in derision. Between the left nostril and the upper lip there is a mole. He shaves his beard but wears a moustache. He limps in his left leg though he has never received an injury there.
3669:. The marriage took place in 1570 when Akbar came to this part of the country. Kalyan made a homage to Akbar and requested that his brother's daughter be married to him. Akbar accepted his proposal, and the marriage was arranged. He also married Bhanmati, daughter of Bhim Raj, another brother of Rai Kalyan Mal. He also married Nathi Bai, daughter of Rawal Har Rai, the ruler of
1737:. Akbar first moved against Gujarat, which lay in the crook of the Mughal provinces of Rajputana and Malwa. Gujarat possessed areas of rich agricultural production in its central plain, an impressive output of textiles and other industrial goods, and the busiest seaports of India. Akbar intended to link the maritime state with the massive resources of the Indo-Gangetic plains.
1425:, 50 miles (80 km) north of Delhi. Soon after the battle, Mughal forces occupied Delhi and then Agra. Akbar made a triumphant entry into Delhi, where he stayed for a month. Then, he and Bairam Khan returned to Punjab to deal with Sikandar Shah Suri, who had become active again. In the next six months, the Mughals won another major battle against Sikander, who fled east to
774:
1675:. The fall of Chittor was proclaimed by Akbar as "the victory of Islam over infidels ." In his Fathnama (dispatches announcing victory) issued on 9 March 1575 conveying his news of victory, Akbar wrote: "With the help of our blood-thirsty sword we have erased the signs of infidelity in their minds and destroyed the temples in those places and all over Hindustan."
2196:), under which revenue was calculated as one-third of the average produce of the previous ten years, to be paid to the state in cash. This system was later refined, taking into account local prices and grouping areas with similar productivity into assessment circles. Remission was given to peasants when the harvest failed during times of flood or drought. The
1576:
slain at the Fall of
Chauragarh, the mountain fortress of the Gonds. The Mughals seized immense wealth, including an uncalculated amount of gold and silver, jewels, and 1,000 elephants. Kamala Devi, a younger sister of Durgavati, was sent to the Mughal harem. The brother of Durgavati's deceased husband was installed as the Mughal administrator of the region.
2048:. Kandahar was secured in 1595 with the arrival of a garrison headed by the Mughal general, Shah Bayg Khan. The reconquest of Kandahar did not overtly disturb Mughal-Persian relations. Akbar and the Persian Shah continued to exchange ambassadors and presents. However, the power equation between the two had now changed in favour of the Mughals.
4490:, which had a full moon) and was originally named Badr ud-din ("The full moon of religion"). According to Smith, the recorded date of birth was changed at the time of Akbar's circumcision ceremony in March 1546 to throw off astrologers and sorcerers, and his name was accordingly changed to Jalal ud-din ("Splendour of Religion")
1884:, a renowned minister in Akbar's court, was also given military command. The expedition failed, and on their retreat from the mountains, Birbal and his entourage were ambushed and killed by Afghans at the Malandarai Pass in February 1586. Akbar immediately fielded new armies to reinvade the Yusufzai lands under the command of
7734:, p. 186: "The most influential queen of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542–1605), and mother of Emperor Jahangir, was the beautiful Empress Mariam-uz- Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai ... Akbar allowed his favourite and most loved wife to build ships for trade and Haj pilgrims at the Khizri Darwaza on the River Ravi."
8129:, p. 661: "One of the occurrences was the birth of Ārām Bānū Begam.* On 12 Dai, 22 December 1584, divine month, and the 19th degree of Sagittarius, and according to the calculation of the Indians, one degree and 54 minutes, that night-gleaming jewel of fortune appeared and glorified the harem of the Shāhinshāh."
1845:, and returned to India. He then pardoned his brother, who took up de facto control of the Mughal administration in Kabul; Bakht-un-Nissa continued to be the official governor. In 1585, after Muhammad Hakim died, Kabul passed into the hands of Akbar and was officially incorporated as a province of the Mughal Empire.
7346:, pp. 288–289: "Akbar arranged for discussions ... involving not only mainstream Hindu and Muslim philosophers ... Arguing with Jains, Akbar would remain sceptical of their rituals, and yet become convinced by their argument for vegetarianism and end up deploring the eating of all flesh"
3348:
Akbar was said to have been a wise emperor and a sound judge of character. His son and heir, Jahangir, wrote effusive praise of Akbar's character in his memoirs, and dozens of anecdotes to illustrate his virtues. According to
Jahangir, Akbar was "of the hue of wheat; his eyes and eyebrows were black,
2979:
in 1573 during his campaign in
Gujarat, in the course of which the Mahdavi leader Bandagi Miyan Sheik Mustafa was arrested and brought in chains to the court for debate and released after eighteen months. Akbar was reportedly angered by acts of embezzlement by many high level Muslim clerics. As Akbar
2730:
The imperial Mughal entourage stayed in Mecca and Medina for nearly four years and attended the Hajj four times. In 1582, the
Ottoman authorities forced them to return to India. Historian Naimur Rahman Farooqi has suggested that their expulsion may explain why Akbar broke relations with the Hijaz and
2215:
were required to provide loans and agricultural implements in times of need, and to encourage farmers to plough as much land as possible and sow high-quality seeds. In turn, the zamindars were given a hereditary right to collect a share of the produce. Peasants had a hereditary right to cultivate the
1507:
to rebel. He was defeated by the Mughal army in the Punjab and forced to submit. Akbar forgave him and gave him the option of either continuing in his court or resuming his pilgrimage; Bairam chose the latter. Bairam Khan was assassinated on his way to Mecca, by a group of
Afghans led by Mubarak Khan
3537:, and his wife Sultanam Begum. In 1551, Hindal Mirza died fighting in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief. Hindal's daughter Ruqaiya married Akbar about the time of his first appointment, at age nine, as governor of
3360:
One could easily recognize even at first glance that he is King. He has broad shoulders, somewhat bandy legs well-suited for horsemanship, and a light brown complexion. He carries his head bent towards the right shoulder. His forehead is broad and open, his eyes so bright and flashing that they seem
3257:. Santichandra, disciple of Suri, was sent to the Emperor, who in turn left his disciples Bhanuchandra and Siddhichandra in the court. Akbar invited Hiravijaya Suri's successor Vijayasena Suri to his court who visited him between 1593 and 1595. Akbar's religious tolerance was not followed by his son
3101:
with them. These discussions, initially restricted to
Muslims, were acrimonious and resulted in the participants shouting at and abusing each other. Upset by this, Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists, resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening, even
2519:
At the time of Akbar's ascension in 1556, the
Portuguese had established several fortresses and factories on the western coast of the subcontinent, and largely controlled navigation and sea trade in that region. As a consequence, all other trading entities were subject to the terms and conditions of
2417:
Prior to Akbar's reign, marriages between Hindu princesses and Muslim kings failed to produce stable relations between the families involved; the women were lost to their families and did not return after marriage. Akbar departed from that practice, providing that the Hindu
Rajputs who married their
1551:
After Adham Khan's death, Akbar distributed authority among specialised ministerial posts relating to different aspects of imperial governance to prevent any one noble from becoming too powerful. When a powerful clan of Uzbek chiefs broke out in rebellion in 1564, Akbar routed them in Malwa and then
1527:
for refuge, leaving behind his harem, treasure, and war elephants. Despite initial success, Akbar was ultimately displeased with the aftermath of the campaign; his foster brother retained all of the spoils and followed through with the Central Asian practice of slaughtering the surrendered garrison,
3365:
Akbar was not tall, but powerfully built and very agile. He was also noted for various acts of courage. One such incident occurred on his way back from Malwa to Agra when Akbar was 19 years old. Akbar rode alone in advance of his escort and was confronted by a tigress who, along with her cubs, came
2299:
who lived in the region of Sikri near Agra. Believing the area to be lucky, Akbar had a mosque constructed there for the use of the priest. Subsequently, he celebrated the victories over Chittor and Ranthambore by laying the foundations of a new walled capital, 23 miles (37 km) west of Agra in
2263:
was required to maintain a certain number of cavalrymen and twice that number of horses. The number of horses was greater because they had to be rested and rapidly replaced in times of war. Akbar employed strict measures to ensure that the quality of the armed forces was maintained at a high level;
1678:
Akbar had the surviving defenders and 30,000 non-combatants massacred and their heads displayed upon towers erected throughout the region to demonstrate his authority. Akbar remained in Chittorgarh for three days, then returned to Agra, where, to commemorate the victory, he set up statues of Jaimal
647:
to include much of the Indian subcontinent through Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve
3646:
She commanded a high rank in the imperial harem and was a recipient of many privileges. She was an intellectual woman who held a considerable influence in Akbar's court and is known as the prime driving force for Akbar's promotion of secularism and religious neutrality. She was also a great female
3236:
Akbar was impressed with his scholarly approach. He held several inter-faith dialogues among philosophers of different religions. The arguments of Jains against eating meat persuaded him to become a vegetarian. Akbar also issued many imperial orders that were favourable for Jain interests, such as
2472:
The political effect of these alliances was significant. While some Rajput women who entered Akbar's harem converted to Islam, they were generally provided full religious freedom; their relatives, who continued to remain Hindu, formed a significant part of the nobility and served to articulate the
2418:
daughters or sisters to him would be treated equally to his Muslim fathers- and brothers-in-law, except that they would not be allowed to dine or pray with him or take Muslim wives. Akbar also made those Rajputs members of his court. Some Rajputs considered marriage to Akbar a sign of humiliation.
1857:, a military chieftain who had seized Badakhshan and Balkh from Akbar's distant Timurid relatives, and whose troops challenged the northwestern frontiers of the Mughal Empire. The Uzbeks also subsidised Afghan tribes on the border that were hostile to the Mughals. The tribes felt challenged by the
1829:
Following his conquests of Gujarat and Bengal, Akbar was preoccupied with domestic concerns. He did not leave Fatehpur Sikri on a military campaign until 1581, when Punjab was again invaded by his brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim. Akbar expelled his brother to Kabul and waged a campaign to remove him
1575:
warrior queen of the Gonds. Akbar did not personally lead the campaign because he was preoccupied with the Uzbek rebellion, leaving the expedition in the hands of Asaf Khan, the Mughal governor of Kara. Durgavati committed suicide after her defeat at the Battle of Damoh, while Raja Vir Narayan was
3794:
that depicts the various Hindu holy days and includes a section devoted to the various dynasties that ruled India, dating its oldest portion to 500 CE and its newest to the 18th century. It contains a story about Akbar in which he is compared to the other Mughal rulers. The section, titled "Akbar
3685:
Another of his wives was Bhakkari Begum, the daughter of Sultan Mahmud of Bhakkar. On 2 July 1572, Akbar's envoy Itimad Khan reached Mahmud's court to escort his daughter to Akbar. Itimad Khan brought a dress, a bejewelled scimitar belt, a horse with a saddle and reins, and four elephants. Mahmud
3650:
In 1562, Akbar married the former wife of Abdul Wasi, the son of Shaikh Bada, lord of Agra. Akbar was enamored with her beauty and ordered Abdul Wasi to divorce her. Another of his wives was Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum, the daughter of Shaikh Muhammad Bakhtiyar and the sister of Shaikh Jamal Bakhtiyar.
3192:
His son Jahangir and grandson Shahjahan maintained many of Akbar's concessions, such as the ban on cow slaughter, having only vegetarian dishes on certain days of the week, and drinking only Ganges water. When Akbar was in Punjab, 200 miles away from the Ganges, water was sealed in large jars and
3109:
Akbar's effort to evolve a meeting point among the representatives of various religions was not successful, as each of them attempted to assert the superiority of their respective religions by denouncing other religions. The debates at the Ibadat Khana grew more acrimonious and, contrary to their
2773:
region, which formed the border between the two empires. Military strategists of the time considered the region to be militarily significant due to its geography. The city, which was administered by Bairam Khan at the time of Akbar's accession, was invaded and captured by the Persian ruler Husain
2456:
Other Rajput kingdoms also established matrimonial alliances with Akbar, but Akbar did not insist upon matrimony as a precondition for forming alliances. When Akbar met with the Hada leader, Surjan Hada, to effect an alliance, Surjan accepted on the condition that Akbar could not marry any of his
1880:. In return, Abdullah Khan agreed to refrain from supporting, subsidising, or offering refuge to the Afghan tribes hostile to the Mughals. Akbar, in turn, began a series of campaigns to pacify the Yusufzais and other rebels. Akbar ordered Zain Khan to lead an expedition against the Afghan tribes.
1746:
for warring with Gujarat was that the rebel Mirzas, who had previously been driven out of India, were now operating out of a base in southern Gujarat. Moreover, Akbar had received invitations from cliques in Gujarat to oust the reigning king, which further served as justification for his military
1588:
In January 1564, an assassin shot an arrow at Akbar, which pierced his right shoulder, as he was returning from a visit to the Dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin near Delhi. The Emperor ordered the apprehended assassin, a slave of Mirza Sharfuddin—a noble in Akbar's court whose recent rebellion had been
1579:
As with Malwa, Akbar entered into a dispute with his vassals over the conquest of Gondwana. Asaf Khan was accused of keeping most of the treasures and sending back only 200 elephants to Akbar. When summoned to give accounts, he fled Gondwana. He went first to the Uzbeks, then returned to Gondwana
2348:
were enlisted to patrol roads and ensure the safety of traders. Other active measures taken included the construction and protection of routes of commerce and communications. Akbar made concerted efforts to improve roads to facilitate the use of wheeled vehicles through the Khyber Pass, the most
3759:
Akbar firmly entrenched the authority of the Mughal Empire in India and beyond, after it had been threatened by the Afghans during his father's reign, establishing its military and diplomatic superiority. During his reign, he created a secular and liberal government with an emphasis on cultural
1891:
Despite his pact with the Uzbeks, Akbar nurtured a secret hope of reconquering Central Asia, but Badakshan and Balkh remained firmly part of the Uzbek dominion. Abdullah Khan died in 1598 and the last of the rebellious Afghan tribes were subdued by 1600. Additionally, he Roshaniyya movement was
1456:
Royal begums (ladies), along with the families of Mughal amirs, were brought from Kabul to India at the time, "so that men might become settled and be restrained in some measure from departing to a country to which they were accustomed", according to Fazl. Akbar made clear that he would stay in
3702:
born on 22 December 1584. His next wife was the daughter of Shams Chak, a Kashmiri. The marriage took place on 3 November 1592. In 1593, he married the daughter of Qazi Isa and the cousin of Najib Khan. Najib told Akbar that his uncle had made his daughter a present for him. Akbar accepted his
2028:
seized Kandahar and expelled its Mughal governor. The recovery of Kandahar had not been a priority for Akbar, but after his military activity in the northern frontiers, he moved to restore Mughal control. At the time, the region was also under threat from the Uzbeks, but the Emperor of Persia,
2718:
Order's dervish lodge in the Hijaz. Akbar's attempts to build Mughal presence in Mecca and Medina reassured the local Sharifs of the Mughal Empire's ability to provide financial support, lessening their dependency upon Ottoman bounties. Mughal-Ottoman trade also flourished during this period;
2308:
in 1585. Historians have advanced several reasons for the move, including an insufficient or poor quality water supply at Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar's campaigns in the northwest areas of the Empire or loss of interest. In 1599, Akbar moved his capital back to Agra, where he ruled until his death.
1972:, the river capital of the region. Jani Beg mustered a large army to meet the Mughals. The outnumbered Mughal forces defeated the Sindhi forces at the Battle of Sehwan. After suffering further defeats, Jani Beg surrendered to the Mughals in 1591, and in 1593, paid homage to Akbar in Lahore.
2757:
and the Mughals had a long history of diplomatic relations. The Safavid ruler Tahmasp I provided refuge to Humayun when he was forced to flee the Indian subcontinent following his defeat by Sher Shah Suri. However, the Safavids differed from the Sunni Mughals and Ottomans in following the
2339:
Akbar's government prioritized commercial expansion, encouraging traders, providing protection and security for transactions, and levying a low custom duty to stimulate foreign trade. It also required that local administrators provide restitution to traders for goods stolen while in their
3694:
requested that his daughter be married to Akbar. Akbar granted his request. Rai Loukaran and Rajah Birbar, servants of the Rajah, were sent from Dihalpur to do the honour of conveying his daughter. The two delivered her to Akbar's court where the marriage took place on 12 July 1577.
3602:, and became one of Akbar's chief consorts. She gradually became one of his influential wives and was said to possess uncommon beauty. Shortly after marriage, Akbar named her 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessings/Gift of God). Their marriage took place when Akbar was on his way back from
1830:
from power. At the same time, Akbar's nobles were resisting leaving India to administer the Empire's holdings in Afghanistan; they were, according to Abul Fazl "afraid of the cold of Afghanistan". Likewise, Hindu officers in the Mughal army were inhibited by the traditional
2569:
Akbar accepted the offer of diplomacy, but the Portuguese continually asserted their authority and power in the Indian Ocean; Akbar expressed concern when he was required to request a permit from the Portuguese before any ships from the Mughal Empire could depart for the
2782:
to the Safavid throne. Diplomatic relations continued to be maintained between the Safavid and Mughal courts until the end of Akbar's reign. Qandahar continued to remain in Mughal possession, and the Hindukush was the empire's western frontier for several decades until
3244:
has cited examples of the co-existence of Jain and Mughal architecture, calling Akbar "the architect of modern India" and stating that "he had great respect" for Jainism. In 1584, 1592, and 1598, Akbar declared "Amari Ghosana", which prohibited animal slaughter during
3799:" of a sage who immolated himself on seeing the first Mughal ruler Babur, who is described as the "cruel king of Mlecchas (Muslims)". Akbar is described as "a miraculous child", and the text notes that he would not follow the previous "violent ways" of the Mughals.
2208:, who also served as a revenue officer under Sher Shah Suri, in a detailed memorandum submitted to the emperor in 1582–1583. Other local methods of assessment continued in some areas. Lands which were fallow or uncultivated were assessed at concessional rates.
1690:
Rajputs and reputed to be the most powerful fortress in India. However, it fell only after a couple of months. At that point, most of the Rajput kings had submitted to the Mughals; only the clans of Mewar continued to resist. Udai Singh's son and successor,
1900:
tribes, which had risen up under the Roshaniyyas, were subjugated; and he leaders of the movement were captured and driven into exile. Jalaluddin, the son of the Roshaniyya movement's founder, Bayazid, was killed in 1601 in a fight with Mughal troops near
3366:
out from the shrubbery across his path. When the tigress charged the emperor, he was alleged to have dispatched the animal with his sword in a solitary blow. His approaching attendants found the emperor standing quietly by the side of the dead animal.
2445:, and an early member of Akbar's court, allied with Akbar by giving his daughter, Mariam-uz-Zamani—who would go on to be Akbar's favorite wife—in marriage to Akbar. Bharmal was made a noble of high rank in the imperial court, and subsequently, his son
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translated and participated in native festivals. Akbar established the library of Fatehpur Sikri exclusively for women, and he decreed the establishment of schools for the education of both Muslims and Hindus throughout the realm. He also encouraged
1848:
The Kabul expedition was the beginning of a long period of activity over the northern frontiers of the empire. For thirteen years, beginning in 1585, Akbar remained in the north, shifting his capital to Lahore while he dealt with challenges from
2638:; the rebels sought to overthrow Akbar and put his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim on the Mughal throne. Akbar successfully defeated the rebels, but he became more cautious about inviting guests to his court, seeking advice from his counselors.
1402:, called a council of war to marshall the Mughal forces, none of Akbar's chieftains approved. Bairam Khan was ultimately able to prevail over the nobles and it was decided that the Mughals would march against the strongest of the Sur rulers,
1491:. However, Akbar's disputes with his regent, Bairam Khan, temporarily put an end to the expansion. The young emperor, at the age of eighteen, wanted to take a more active part in managing the Empire's affairs. Urged on by his foster mother,
4512:, p. 67: "It may be recalled that as an adolescent, Akbar had earned the title of Ghazi by beheading the defenseless infidel Himu. Under Akbar and Jahangir 'five or six hundred thousand human beings were killed,' says emperor Jahangir"
3831:, who said that, due to his religious tolerance, "Akbar had so weakened Islam through his policies that it could not be restored to its dominant position in the affairs". A common thread among Pakistani historians is criticism of Akbar's
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were divided into 33 classes. The top three commanding ranks, ranging from 7,000 to 10,000 troops, were normally reserved for princes. Ranks between 10 and 5,000 were assigned to other members of the nobility. The empire's permanent
3156:
Scholars have also argued that the theory that Din-i-Ilahi was a new religion is a misconception that arose because of erroneous translations of Abul Fazl's work by later British historians. It has been accepted that the policy of
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support, but Mughal rule was still precarious when Akbar took the throne. When the Surs reconquered Agra and Delhi following the death of Humayun, Akbar's young age and the lack of military assistance from the Mughal stronghold of
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in 1572, the Portuguese, recognising the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to adopt diplomacy instead of war. The Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent him an ambassador to establish friendly relations.
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of Ahmadnagar, Berar, and Khandesh under Prince Daniyal. "By the time of his death in 1605, Akbar controlled a broad sweep of territory from the Bay of Bengal to Qandahar and Badakshan. He touched the western sea in Sind and at
1421:. Urged by Bairam Khan, who re-marshalled the Mughal army before Hemu could consolidate his position, Akbar marched on Delhi to reclaim it. His army, led by Bairam Khan, defeated Hemu and the Sur army on 5 November 1556 at the
3780:, are popular in India. He and his Hindu wife, Mariam-uz-Zamani are widely popular, as the latter is believed to have been the prime inspiration and driving force for Akbar's promotion of secularism and universal benevolence.
2592:. The Portuguese, in turn, issued passes for members of Akbar's family to go on Hajj to Mecca. The Portuguese made mention of the extraordinary status of the vessel and the special status to be accorded to its occupants.
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His eleventh wife was Qasima Banu Begum, the daughter of Arab Shah. The marriage took place in 1575. A fest was held, at which the high officers and other pillars of the state were present. In 1577, the Rawal Askaran of
2000:, and defeated a coalition of local chieftains in battle. They were required to acknowledge Mughal supremacy and attend Akbar's court. As a result, the modern-day Pakistani and Afghan parts of Baluchistan, including the
3823:, in a study of the image of Akbar in Pakistani textbooks, has observed that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation", as opposed to the omnipresence of
3673:
in 1570. Rawal had sent a request that his daughter be married to Akbar. The proposal was accepted by Akbar. Raja Bhagwan Das was despatched on this service. The marriage ceremony took place after Akbar's return from
2696:(honorific robes) for the needy of Mecca and Medina. In October 1576, Akbar sent a delegation, which included his aunt Gulbadan Begum and his consort Salima, on Hajj by two ships, including an Ottoman vessel, from
3113:
Akbar's interaction with various religious theologians had convinced him that despite their differences, all religions had several good practices, which he sought to combine into a new religious movement known as
3177:
Akbar decreed that Hindus who had been forced to convert to Islam could reconvert to Hinduism without facing the death penalty. Akbar was well-liked by Hindus, who sang religious hymns to him and his eulogies.
1532:. Akbar personally rode to Malwa to confront Adham Khan and relieve him of command. Pir Muhammad Khan was then sent in pursuit of Baz Bahadur, but was beaten back by the alliance of the rulers of Khandesh and
2056:
1888:. Over the next six years, the Mughals contained the Yusufzai in the mountain valleys, forcing the submission of many chiefs in Swat and Bajaur. Dozens of forts were built and occupied to secure the region.
3579:. She was a poet and actively played a role in the politics of the Mughal court during Akbar's and Jahangir's reigns. She is regarded as the senior-most wife of Akbar. She died childless on 2 January 1613.
2984:
Emperor of Islam, Emir of the Faithful, Shadow of God on earth, Abul Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi (whose empire Allah perpetuate), is a most just, most wise, and a most God-fearing ruler.
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union as opposed to a formal marriage, representing the bride's lower status in her father's household, and serving as an expression of vassalage to an overlord. The dating of this event is not recorded.
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land as long as they paid the land revenue. Revenue officials were guaranteed only three-quarters of their salary, with the remaining quarter dependent on their full realisation of the revenue assessed.
2630:, who objected to the remarks, but Akbar ordered their comments to be recorded. This event was followed by a rebellion of Muslim clerics in 1581 led by Mullah Muhammad Yazdi and Muiz-ul-Mulk, the chief
3835:
policy. Ali has stated that "Akbar is criticized for bringing Muslims and Hindus together as one nation and putting the separate identity of the Muslims in danger. This policy of Akbar contradicts the
8281:, p. 171: "His first child was a daughter, Fatima Banu Begum, but she died in infancy, and so did the first sons born to him, twins named Hasan and Husain, born in 1564; they lived only a month."
1567:, a thinly populated, hilly area in central India that was of interest to the Mughals because of its herd of wild elephants. The territory was ruled over by Raja Vir Narayan, a minor, and his mother,
4096:
2032:
In 1593, Akbar received the exiled Safavid prince, Rostam Mirza. Rostam Mirza pledged allegiance to the Mughals; he was granted a rank (mansab) of command over 5,000 men and received Multan as a
1751:, the capital, and other northern cities, and was proclaimed the lawful sovereign of Gujarat. By 1573, he had driven out the Mirzas who, after offering token resistance, fled for refuge in the
1721:
The court of young Akbar, aged 13, showing his first imperial act: the arrest of an unruly courtier, who was once a favourite of Akbar's father. Illustration from a manuscript of the Akbarnama.
1617:, which was strategically important as it was a rival centre of power that flanked the Indo-Gangetic plains. The Mughals had already established domination over parts of northern Rajputana in
2020:, the warlord who had conquered much of Western, Central, and parts of South Asia in the 14th century. However, the Safavids considered it to be an appanage of the Persian-ruled territory of
3081:
mysticism that was being preached in the country at that time. He moved away from orthodoxy, appointing to his court several people with liberal religious philosophies, including Abul Fazl,
1353:
once declared that "with the exception of Turkey, there is perhaps no country in which its guns has more means of securing the Government than ." Scholars and historians have used the term "
2162:
was in charge of the imperial household, including the harems, and supervised the functioning of the court and royal bodyguard. The judiciary was a separate organisation headed by a chief
1813:
and fled into exile. Daud Khan was later captured and executed by Mughal forces. His severed head was sent to Akbar, while his limbs were gibbeted at Tandah, the Mughal capital in Bengal.
3493:, is an official biographical account of Akbar written in Persian. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times. The work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by
1941:, crowned himself as king, leading a resistance against the Mughal armies. In June 1589, Akbar travelled from Lahore to Srinagar to receive the surrender of Yaqub and his rebel forces.
3509:) of Akbar's royal court. The book reportedly took seven years to complete and the original manuscripts contained a number of paintings supporting the texts. The paintings are in the
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1556:. He pardoned the rebellious leaders, hoping to conciliate them, but they rebelled again; Akbar quelled their second uprising. Following a third revolt, with the proclamation of
569:
10558:"Book Reviews: Naimur Rahman Farooqi, Mughal-Ottoman Relations: A Study of the Political and Diplomatic Relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748, Delhi"
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resulted in a series of religious attributions to him in terms of positions of assimilation, doubt, or uncertainty, which he either assisted himself or left unchallenged. Such
1629:. Beginning in 1561, the Mughals actively engaged the Rajputs in warfare and diplomacy. Most Rajput states accepted Akbar's suzerainty; however, the rulers of Mewar and Marwar—
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daughters. Consequently, no matrimonial alliance was entered into, but Surjan was made a noble and placed in charge of Garh-Katanga. Two major Rajput clans remained aloof—the
3560:, and so he regarded Abdullah as a partisan of Kamran. Bairam Khan opposed the match until Nasir-al-Mulk persuaded him that he could not oppose it. Nasir-al-Mulk arranged an
9550:
History of the Arghuns and Tarkhans of Sindh, 1507–1593: An Annotated Translation of the Relevant Parts of Mir Ma'sums Ta'rikh-i-Sindh, with an Introduction & Appendices
3575:. She was at first betrothed to Bairam Khan by Humayun. After Bairam Khan died in 1561, Akbar married her in the same year. She was the foster mother of Akbar's second son,
3110:
purpose of leading to a better understanding among religions, instead led to greater bitterness among them, resulting in the discontinuance of the debates by Akbar in 1582.
4482:, record Akbar's birth name and date as Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar and 15 October 1542. However, based on recollections of Humayun's personal attendant Jauhar, historian
1797:
from Daud Khan, who fled to Bengal. Akbar then returned to Fatehpur Sikri and left his generals to finish the campaign. The Mughal army was subsequently victorious at the
804:, his first wife. Humayun gave Akbar command of Hindal's troops and conferred on the imperial couple all of Hindal's wealth. Akbar's marriage to Ruqaiya was solemnised in
1699:
in 1576. Akbar would celebrate his conquest of Rajputana by laying the foundation of a new capital, 23 miles (37 km) west-southwest of Agra, in 1569. It was called
8597:
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throughout the frontier to secure the overland trade route with Persia and Central Asia. He also established an international trading business for his chief consort,
2036:. The Safavid prince and governor of Kandahar, Mozaffar Hosayn, also agreed to defect to the Mughals. Hosayn, who was in an adversary relationship with his overlord,
3545:, Punjab, when both of them were 14 years old. She was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar. She died childless in January 1626 and was buried next to her father's grave.
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banning animal slaughter. Jain authors also wrote about their experience at the Mughal court in Sanskrit texts that are still largely unknown to Mughal historians.
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and acquired its first access to the sea, but local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese had begun to exert control in the Indian Ocean. Akbar obtained a
648:
peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects, including abolishing the
7361:
1725:
Akbar's next military objectives were the conquest of Gujarat and Bengal, which connected India with the trading centres of Asia, Africa, and Europe through the
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655:
Under Akbar, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of an
2998:. Akbar suppressed the rebellion and handed out severe punishments to the Qazis. To further strengthen his position in dealing with the Qazis, Akbar issued a
2024:, and declared its association with the Mughal emperors to be a usurpation. In 1558, while Akbar was consolidating his rule over northern India, Safavid Shah
3201:
8377:
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3097:) at Fatehpur Sikri, to which he invited theologians, mystics, and selected courtiers renowned for their intellectual achievements to discuss matters of
1809:, albeit as a fief of the Mughal Empire. A year later, however, Daud Khan rebelled and attempted to regain Bengal. He was defeated by the Mughal general
3369:
Abul Fazl, as well as Akbar's critic Badayuni, described him as having a commanding personality. He was notable for his command in battle, and, "like
3026:; in case of a difference of opinion among the Mujtahids, Akbar could select any one opinion and could also issue decrees that did not go against the
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in 1577 and then proceeded to Mecca and Medina. Four more caravans were sent from 1577 to 1580, with gifts for the authorities of Mecca and Medina.
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into Mughal India. He also strategically occupied the northwestern cities of Multan and Lahore in Punjab and constructed forts, such as the one at
1663:
and was also considered a key to holding the interior parts of Rajputana. Udai Singh retreated to the hills of Mewar, leaving two Rajput warriors,
3651:
Their dynasty was called Din Laqab they lived in Chandwar and Jalesar near Agra. He married the daughter of Jagmal Rathore, son of Rao Viramde of
3647:
patron of the architecture of her time. She died on 19 May 1623 in Agra and was buried in a grave close to her husband, Akbar, in Sikandra, Agra.
5765:
2734:
According to some accounts, Akbar expressed a desire to form an alliance with the Portuguese against the Ottomans, but nothing came of the idea.
1793:, the Mughal governor of Bihar, was ordered to chastise Daud Khan. Eventually, Akbar himself set out to Bengal, and in 1574, the Mughals seized
3106:
and the nature of God. This shocked orthodox theologians, who sought to discredit Akbar by circulating rumours of his desire to forsake Islam.
10224:
7524:
2876:, and influenced Akbar's policy of tolerance in matters of religion. Akbar's childhood tutors, including two Irani Shias, were largely above
2677:
3077:
Akbar was deeply interested in religious and philosophical matters. An orthodox Muslim at the outset, he later came to be influenced by the
1876:
In 1586, Akbar negotiated a pact with Abdullah Khan in which the Mughals agreed to remain neutral during the Uzbek invasion of Safavid-held
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630:. He is generally considered one of the greatest emperors in Indian history and led a successful campaign to unify the various kingdoms of
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and allowed Brahman priests to tie jewelled strings around his wrists by way of blessing. Following his lead, many nobles took to wearing
3036:
helped stabilise the religious situation in the empire. It also helped him eliminate the religious and political influence of the Ottoman
2959:
During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as
1733:. Gujarat had also been a haven for rebellious Mughal nobles. In Bengal, the Afghans still held considerable influence under their ruler,
1703:, or the "City of Victory". Pratap Singh continued to attack the Mughals and was able to retain most of his kingdom during Akbar's reign.
823:, concealed his death to prepare for Akbar's succession. Akbar succeeded Humayun on 14 February 1556, while in the midst of a war against
10540:
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1937:, refused to send his son as a hostage to the Mughal court. Yousuf Shah surrendered immediately to the Mughals, but another of his sons,
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Martí Escayol, Maria Antònia. "Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature",
10021:
3398:'s memoirs, he was fond of fruits and had little liking for meat, which he stopped eating in his later years. In 1570, Akbar visited
2064:
of Akbar, minted in Asir, issued in the name of Akbar to commemorate the capture of Asirgarh Fort of the on 17 January 1601. Legend:
17:
5658:
1679:
and Patta mounted on elephants at the gates of his fort. Thereafter, Udai Singh never ventured out of his mountain refuge in Mewar.
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attracted holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans, and became known as centres of the arts, letters, and learning.
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8985:
4545:
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and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements into a distinct style of Mughal arts, including
9318:
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3417:, and had children raised in isolation, not allowed to be spoken to, and pointed out that as they grew older, they remained mute.
1495:, and other relatives, Akbar dismissed Bairam Khan following a dispute at court in the spring of 1560 and ordered him to leave on
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Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748
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Sind under the Mughals: An Introduction to, translation of and commentary on the Mazhar-i Shahjahani of Yusuf Mirak (1044/1634)
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saint. This reflected a restrictive attitude towards the Shia, which continued to persist until the early 1570s. He suppressed
2300:
1569, which was named Fatehpur ("Town of Victory") after the conquest of Gujarat in 1573, and subsequently came to be known as
1625:, and Nagor. Akbar sought to conquer Rajputana's heartlands, which had rarely previously submitted to the Muslim rulers of the
10585:
8475:
5112:
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was in charge of intelligence gathering, and made recommendations to the emperor for military appointments and promotion. The
1417:, a minister and general of one of the Sur rulers, who had proclaimed himself Hindu emperor and expelled the Mughals from the
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3313:(reputedly keeping thousands of hunting cheetahs during his reign and training many himself), and theologian. Believed to be
2868:, which advocated human sympathy and a liberal outlook. The Timurid ethos of religious tolerance persisted from the times of
2844:
was frowned upon. From the 15th century, a number of rulers in various parts of the country adopted a more liberal policy of
1605:
831:, the 14-year-old Akbar was enthroned by Bairam Khan on a newly constructed platform (which still stands) and was proclaimed
10329:
3306:. Other contemporary sources of Akbar's reign include the works of Badayuni, Shaikhzada Rashidi, and Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi.
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scholars and was impacted by their teachings. His first encounter with Jain rituals was when he saw a procession of a Jain
1960:
had remained under imperial control. In 1586, the Mughal governor of Multan tried and failed to secure the capitulation of
1672:
683:. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated
637:
3806:, as well as the lasting legacy of "pluralism and tolerance" that "underlies the values of the modern republic of India",
8633:
4881:
3032:. Given the prevailing Islamic sectarian conflicts in various parts of the country at that time, it is believed that the
2082:
In 1593, Akbar began military operations against the Deccan Sultans, who had not submitted to his authority. He besieged
1984:
chiefs, under nominal Pani Afghan rule, had been persuaded to subordinate themselves to Akbar. In preparation for taking
1949:, which were Tibetan provinces adjacent to Kashmir, pledged their allegiance to Akbar. The Mughals also moved to conquer
1410:. Sikandar Shah Suri, his army weakened by earlier lost battles, withdrew to avoid combat as the Mughal army approached.
4654:
4201:
In the Motu Patlu episode "Motu Akbar The Great", John fools Motu into believing that he is playing Akbar in a Hit Film.
3678:. She was the mother of Princess Mahi Begum, who died on 8 April 1577. In 1570, Narhardas, a grandson of Rao Viramde of
3665:
He married another Rajput princess in 1570, Raj Kunwari, daughter of Kanha, the brother of Rai Kalyan Mal, the ruler of
1841:. He stayed there for three weeks and his brother fled into the mountains. Akbar left Kabul in the hands of his sister,
10096:
4369:
3571:, the daughter of Nur-ud-din Muhammad Mirza and his wife Gulrukh Begum, also known as Gulrang, the daughter of Emperor
1445:, after the defeat and flight of its Muslim ruler. The Mughals also besieged and defeated the Sur forces in control of
7357:
3610:. Raja Bharmal had conveyed to Akbar that he was being harassed by his brother-in-law Sharif-ud-din Mirza (the Mughal
2690:
In 1576, Akbar sent a contingent of pilgrims on Hajj, led by Khwaja Sultan Naqshbandi, with 600,000 rupees and 12,000
1801:
in 1575, which led to the annexation of Bengal and parts of Bihar that had been under the dominion of Daud Khan. Only
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Farooqi, N. R. (2017). "An Overview of Ottoman Archival Documents and Their Relevance for Medieval Indian History".
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Muslims. His early days were spent in the backdrop of an atmosphere in which liberal sentiments were encouraged and
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69:
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visited the Empire. These Ottoman admirals sought to end the growing threats of the Portuguese Empire during their
5264:, p. 104: "But the arch-enemy was neither Sikandar, who had become a spent force after Māchīwārā and Sirhind"
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for his education. While debating at court, the Jesuits denigrated Islam and Muhammad. Their comments enraged the
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directing Mughal administrative officials in Gujarat not to provoke the Portuguese in the territory they held in
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in Mewar. The fortress-capital of Mewar was of strategic importance as it lay on the shortest route from Agra to
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accounts of Akbar traversed a wide range of denominational and sectarian spaces, including several accounts by
3317:, he was read to every day and had a remarkable memory. He created a library of over 24,000 volumes written in
10670:
3548:
His second wife was the daughter of Abdullah Khan Mughal. The marriage took place in 1557 during the siege of
2765:
One of the longest-standing disputes between the Safavids and the Mughals pertained to control of the city of
1580:
where he was pursued by Mughal forces. Finally, he submitted and Akbar restored him to his previous position.
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2963:. In 1567, on the advice of Shaikh Abdu'n Nabi, he ordered the exhumation of Mir Murtaza Sharifi Shirazi – a
2852:
between Hindus and Muslims. These sentiments were earlier encouraged by the teachings of popular saints like
2304:
to distinguish it from other similarly named towns. The city was soon abandoned and the capital was moved to
9679:
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1968). "The Nobility under Akbar and the Development of His Religious Policy, 1560–80".
2136:. Akbar reorganised the sections with a detailed set of regulations. The revenue department was headed by a
1759:, the commercial capital of the region, and other coastal cities soon capitulated to the Mughals. The king,
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to Akbar requesting liberty to trade in his dominions on terms as good as those enjoyed by the Portuguese.
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3541:. Akbar was also given the command of his uncle's army. Akbar's marriage with Ruqaiya was solemnised near
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prejudices, and made a significant contribution to Akbar's later inclination towards religious tolerance.
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The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 3: The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries
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His twelfth wife was Bibi Daulat Shad. She was the mother of Princess Shakr-un-Nissa Begum, and Princess
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After conquering Gujarat, the remaining centre of Afghan power was Bengal. In 1572, Sulaiman Khan's son,
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August 1609)—daughter of Sekhavat Kachvahi Durjan Sal. Akbar took her as his own and had her married to
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3682:, married his sister, Puram Bai, to Akbar in return for Akbar's support of Keshodas's claims on Merta.
2373:, who ran an extensive trade of indigo, spices, and cotton to Gulf nations through merchant's vessels.
1785:, succeeded him. Daud Khan defined Mughal rule, assuming the insignia of royalty and ordering that the
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75:
10601:
Syed, Jawad (2011). "Akbar's multiculturalism: lessons for diversity management in the 21st century".
7462:
Medieval India from Contemporary Sources: Extracts from Arabic and Persian annals and European travels
4649:
2599:
pieces from the Portuguese, hindering his efforts to establish a Mughal navy along the Gujarat coast.
1853:
tribes, which had driven his grandfather, Babur, out of Central Asia. The Uzbeks were organised under
12489:
11816:
11515:
11510:
11357:
11225:
11210:
10888:
10749:
8562:
8544:
8526:
8504:
3494:
3462:
3293:
2939:
2931:. He was also partial to Sufism; he proclaimed that "the wisdom of Vedanta is the wisdom of Sufism".
1544:
1350:
770:(in modern-day Sindh), where his parents had been given refuge by the local Hindu ruler Rana Prasad.
10785:
edited & Annotated by Haji Mu'in'd-Din Nadwi, Dr. Azhar 'Ali Dihlawi & Imtiyaz 'Ali 'Arshi (
8508:
8352:
7707:, p. 77: "The mother of Jahangir was a pious Hindu princess, the most favourite queen of Akbar"
5764:
Shah, Mir Hussain (2003). "Afghanistan". In Adle, Chahryar; Habib, Irfan; Baipakov, Karl M. (eds.).
12484:
12474:
12267:
11910:
11505:
11480:
11420:
11387:
11332:
10944:
10209:
9811:
3748:
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2849:
2684:
1988:
from the Safavids, Akbar ordered the Mughal forces to conquer the rest of the Afghan-held parts of
1564:
1519:, and a Mughal commander, Pir Muhammad Khan, began the Mughal conquest of Malwa. The Afghan ruler,
1515:
In 1560, Akbar resumed military operations. A Mughal army under the command of his foster brother,
1470:
1422:
9877:
7532:
4373:, the story revolves around a young painter during Akbar's time who paints his own version of the
3874:
3856:
3743:, from which he never recovered. He is believed to have died on 26 October 1605. He was buried at
3703:
representation and on 3 July 1593, he visited Najib Khan's house and married Qazi Isa's daughter.
3169:
1613:
Having established Mughal rule over northern India, Akbar turned his attention to the conquest of
750:. Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar was born to them the next year on 25 October 1542 (the fifth day of
421:
416:
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11844:
11788:
11617:
11485:
11475:
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8751:
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5338:
4754:
4267:
4088:
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3229:, to Fatehpur Sikri. Hiravijaya accepted the invitation and travelled to the Mughal capital from
2521:
1770:
to commemorate his victories. But, a rebellion by Afghan nobles supported by the Rajput ruler of
9061:
8329:
3556:
did not approve of this marriage because Abdullah's sister was married to Akbar's uncle, Prince
3141:
Some modern scholars claim that Akbar did not initiate a new religion, instead introducing what
2503:
A monarch should be ever intent on conquest, otherwise his neighbours rise in arms against him.
12087:
11821:
11773:
11425:
11033:
10899:
10884:
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river, which he called "the water of immortality". Servants were stationed at Sorun, and later
3250:
3133:
3048:
1961:
31:
10518:
10188:
10117:
9940:
9882:. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VII. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
9832:
9758:
9734:
9567:
9452:
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9097:
8899:
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named Champa after a six-month-long fast. Impressed by her power and devotion, he invited her
2400:
Akbar introduced coins with decorative features, including floral motifs, dotted borders, and
1601:
Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1568.
11920:
11874:
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10152:
9907:
9853:
9338:
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7528:
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4178:
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2589:
1734:
1597:
1524:
7113:
1365:
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11957:
11450:
10956:
10846:
The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 2)
10835:
The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 1)
10471:
10457:
10439:
10379:
10065:
9620:
9209:
A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun
8727:
7638:
6372:
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4483:
4396:
4338:
4279:
4114:
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3982:
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2861:
2845:
2799:
2619:
2176:
Akbar reformed the administration land revenues by adopting a system that had been used by
1842:
1763:, was caught hiding in a corn field; he was pensioned off by Akbar with a small allowance.
1696:
1557:
1528:
their wives and children, and many Muslim theologians and Sayyids, who were descendants of
1509:
933:
875:
801:
688:
656:
441:
235:
4405:, the third book in a sextet based on the six great Mughal Emperors of the Mughal Dynasty.
3189:(protection charms). He renounced beef and forbade the sale of all meats on certain days.
8:
11738:
11637:
11495:
11470:
11198:
11167:
10786:
10774:. Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1877–1887 Three Vols. (
8518:
8379:
Taj – Divided By Blood: Naseeruddin Shah All Set To Play Emperor Akbar In New Web Series!
5650:
4537:
4294:
4263:
4095:, a documentary film about the emperor, in 1967, directed by Shanti S. Varma. It won the
4084:
4024:
3914:
3658:
His next marriage took place in 1564 to the daughter of Miran Mubarak Shah, the ruler of
3568:
3407:
2318:
1458:
1418:
1310:
815:, Humayun reconquered Delhi in 1555, leading an army partly provided by his Persian ally
680:
672:
627:
258:
10069:
9389:
9047:
8771:
2833:
Akbar, as well as his mother and other members of his family, are believed to have been
2429:, commonly known as Jodha Bai, giving birth to Prince Salim, the future emperor Jahangir
2132:
Akbar's system of central government was based on the system that had evolved since the
11801:
11591:
11530:
11500:
11435:
11327:
11177:
11147:
11112:
10921:
10662:
10577:
10345:
10138:
10083:
9704:
9696:
9526:
9514:
9310:
9290:
9277:
8994:
8983:
Codrington, K. de B. (March 1943). "Portraits of Akbar, the Great Mughal (1542–1605)".
8963:
8715:
8530:
8514:
8324:
4133:
4107:
3595:
2615:
1838:
1634:
1403:
824:
9639:
4276:
is a 2017 Indian drama television series tracing Akbar's journey to the Mughal throne.
2988:
In 1580, a rebellion broke out in the eastern part of Akbar's empire, and a number of
12063:
11884:
11879:
11859:
11826:
11704:
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11571:
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10815:
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10693:
10666:
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10514:
10500:
10481:
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10443:
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10402:
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10295:
10276:
10248:
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9913:
9892:
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9764:
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9708:
9665:
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9614:
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9534:
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9422:
9344:
9281:
9236:
9192:
9170:
9146:
9125:
9103:
9082:
9032:
9011:
8969:
8948:
8929:
8905:
8881:
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8836:
8794:
8755:
8707:
8673:
8618:
8587:
8455:
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8405:
7646:
7150:
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4766:
4289:
4209:
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3824:
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has observed that the merchant Mildenhall was employed in 1600 to bear a letter from
2779:
2650:
2536:
2077:
1926:
1831:
1798:
1782:
1760:
1671:, in charge of the defence of his capital. Chittorgarh fell in February 1568 after a
1660:
1609:
Bullocks dragging siege-guns uphill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort in 1568
1354:
1343:
1182:
739:
727:
544:
400:
58:
9412:
6265:
5120:
3624:), the heir to the throne. She was also the foster mother of Akbar's favourite son,
3586:, commonly known by the misnomer Jodha Bai, was the daughter of the ruler of Amer,
3142:
2821:
2610:
were invited to visit the court of Akbar. The emperor had his scribes translate the
2251:
was small and the imperial forces mostly consisted of contingents maintained by the
11864:
11854:
11689:
11601:
11576:
11546:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11440:
11230:
10790:
10775:
10760:
10719:
10654:
10610:
10569:
10522:
10519:"Drudges, dancing girls, concubines: female slaves in the Rajput polity, 1500–1850"
10243:
Sangari, Kumkum (2007). "Akbar: The Name of a Conjuncture". In Grewal, J.S. (ed.).
10184:
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10073:
9688:
9506:
9302:
9269:
9117:
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4758:
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3193:
transported to him. He referred to the Ganges water as the "water of immortality".
3146:
2603:
2426:
2370:
2358:
2103:
2094:. A subsequent revolt forced Akbar to take the fort in August 1600. Akbar occupied
2021:
1930:
1877:
1854:
1683:
1645:
836:
828:
723:
610:
278:
10557:
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1338:
and effectively employed them during various conflicts. He sought the help of the
12226:
12191:
12053:
11977:
11962:
11952:
11915:
11849:
11811:
11694:
11669:
11430:
11302:
11287:
11193:
11132:
11069:
11055:
10971:
10878:
10658:
10313:
10309:
10148:
9790:
9334:
5424:
5334:
4827:
4705:
4402:
4323:
4118:
3992:
3970:
3958:
3807:
3762:
3744:
3732:
3699:
3691:
3670:
3538:
3510:
3345:, scribes, bookbinders, and readers, and he did much of the cataloguing himself.
3279:
2810:
2653:
ambush against the galleys of Seydi Ali Reis (Akbar's allies) in the Indian Ocean
2480:
and might have played a role in his coming to Akbar's court. Tansen converted to
2458:
2133:
2083:
2041:
2037:
1938:
1862:
1806:
1692:
1626:
1533:
1488:
1407:
1386:
797:
676:
615:
524:
475:
451:
431:
214:
54:
11352:
10890:
The History of Aryan Rule in India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar
9720:
9644:. Broadway Travellers. Translated by Payne, C. H. London: Harper & Brothers.
3394:, to dispatch water, in sealed jars, to wherever he was stationed. According to
3043:
Throughout his reign, Akbar was a patron of influential Muslim scholars such as
1717:
12424:
12398:
12196:
12171:
12058:
12048:
12023:
11992:
11905:
11659:
11581:
11556:
11415:
11372:
11157:
11117:
11097:
11007:
10912:
The commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J., on his journey to the court of Akbar
10573:
9873:
9754:
9591:
9065:
9057:
8858:
4351:
4167:
4146:
4126:
3707:
3430:
3386:
mentions that during his travels and while at home, Akbar drank water from the
3374:
3350:
3334:
3330:
3310:
2944:
2841:
2754:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2301:
2205:
2177:
1885:
1767:
1752:
1700:
1664:
1568:
1339:
1327:
731:
700:
668:
632:
512:
187:
90:
9960:
9692:
9394:. Translated by Robinson, Lydia G. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company.
8739:. Vol. II. Translated by Lowe, W. H. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal.
7875:
Ma'asir al-Umara by Nawab Shams-ud-Daulah Shahnawaz Khan – Volume II (Persian)
3899:
28 October 1627)—with Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum—He succeeded Akbar to the throne.
3458:
1921:
While Akbar was in Lahore dealing with the Uzbeks, he sought to subjugate the
1461:, in contrast to his grandfather and father, who reigned as transient rulers.
12418:
12307:
12130:
12110:
11967:
11377:
11277:
11142:
11137:
11122:
11061:
10849:. Translated by Annette Susannah Beveridge. Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta.
10838:. Translated by Annette Susannah Beveridge. Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta.
9730:
9291:"Six Ottoman Documents on Mughal-Ottoman Relations During The Reign of Akbar"
9273:
9184:
9160:
8759:
8711:
7184:. This letter is preserved in Cambridge University Library. p. ff.5b–8b.
6957:
4847:
4780:
4644:
4479:
4381:
4240:
4063:
4020:
3966:
3920:
3803:
3796:
3711:
3666:
3625:
3612:
3342:
3065:
2892:
2775:
2611:
2544:
2292:
2265:
2248:
2099:
2029:
himself beleaguered by the Ottoman Turks, was unable to send reinforcements.
1981:
1866:
1802:
1730:
1668:
1630:
1297:
644:
446:
200:
195:
9376:
History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, Till the Year A.D. 1612
9240:
2561:
region. At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the
1508:
Lohani, whose father had been killed while fighting with the Mughals at the
1483:
with Mughal chieftains and nobleman, accompanied by his guardian Bairam Khan
839:
for "King of Kings"). Bairam Khan ruled on his behalf until he came of age.
626:, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the
12362:
12357:
12282:
12262:
12257:
12252:
11987:
11806:
11763:
11649:
11642:
11627:
11292:
11267:
11162:
11127:
10771:
8965:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – and Why They Fall
8661:
7914:
Khandesh under the Mughals, 1601–1724 A.D.: mainly based on Persian sources
7154:
6466:
4256:
4205:
4151:
4028:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3557:
3534:
3425:
During Akbar's reign, the ongoing process of inter-religious discourse and
3382:
3218:
3098:
3090:
3070:
3028:
2968:
2877:
2558:
2510:
2446:
2016:) had connections with the Mughals from the time of the Empire's ancestor,
1934:
1922:
1834:. To encourage them, Akbar provided them with pay eight months in advance.
1810:
1656:
1649:
1446:
1331:
790:
786:
759:
747:
157:
9778:
9026:
8776:
The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record
5053:"Remembering Akbar the Great: Facts about the most liberal Mughal emperor"
3529:
Akbar's first wife and one of the chief consorts was his cousin, Princess
3476:
2971:, arguing that a "heretic" could not be buried so close to the grave of a
2230:
Akbar organised his army and the nobility by means of a system called the
1869:
and were motivated by a new religious leader, Bayazid, the founder of the
1487:
By 1559, the Mughals had launched a drive to the south into Rajputana and
12372:
12302:
12216:
12038:
11947:
11758:
11709:
11674:
11297:
11282:
11272:
11262:
11257:
10868:
10371:
9587:
9494:
9472:
9448:
9306:
8790:
The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present
8687:
4487:
4247:
4195:
4190:
4182:
4102:
3820:
3576:
3553:
3115:
3060:
2928:
2912:
2884:
2466:
2442:
2362:
2354:
2323:
2091:
1989:
1881:
1742:
1726:
1687:
1520:
1399:
1017:
820:
796:
About the time of nine-year-old Akbar's first appointment as governor of
684:
623:
558:
554:
138:
9700:
9314:
5975:
4097:
National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film
3137:
Silver square rupee of Akbar, Lahore mint, struck in Aban month of Ilahi
2340:
territories. To minimise such incidents, bands of highway police called
2102:
in 1599, and took it on 17 January 1601, when Miran Bahadur Shah of the
706:
Akbar was succeeded as emperor by his son, Prince Salim, later known as
12347:
12079:
12068:
12033:
12013:
11719:
11654:
11382:
11307:
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11152:
11102:
10950:
9518:
8719:
4364:
3795:
Bahshaha Varnan", is written in Sanskrit and describes his birth as a "
3760:
integration. He also introduced several reforms, including prohibiting
3679:
3652:
3594:. They got married on 6 February 1562 at the imperial military camp in
3518:
3506:
3426:
3226:
2952:
2888:
2853:
2788:
2784:
2759:
2614:
and granted the Jesuits freedom to preach the Gospel. One of his sons,
2532:
2401:
2296:
2225:
2150:
2087:
2045:
1993:
1968:
in southern Sindh. Akbar responded by sending a Mughal army to besiege
1870:
1790:
1771:
1641:
1516:
1492:
1395:
1319:
system, establishing a hierarchical scale of military and civil ranks.
812:
781:
During the extended period of Humayun's exile, Akbar was brought up in
755:
191:
105:
8998:
8904:. Vol. II (Revised ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications.
3917:
for the first few years, he returned to his mother's care before 1575.
3631:
3413:
To defend his stance that speech arose from hearing, he carried out a
1925:
to secure the frontier provinces. In 1585, he sent an army to conquer
12403:
12393:
12377:
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12028:
11869:
11753:
11714:
11107:
10756:
10614:
10078:
10053:
10020:
Muzaffar, H. Syed; Kumar, Anil; Usmani, B. D.; Gupta, Pramod (2022).
9786:
9716:
4486:
holds that Akbar was born on 23 November 1542 (the fourteenth day of
4416:
4251:
4236:
4059:
4016:
3885:
29 October 1564) (twin with Hassan Mirza)—with Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum
3802:
Citing Akbar's melding of the disparate "fiefdoms" of India into the
3740:
3542:
3517:, whose use of portraiture in its illustrations was an innovation in
3467:
3453:
3399:
3349:
and his complexion rather dark than fair". Antoni de Montserrat, the
3298:
3246:
3123:
3119:
2770:
2712:
2596:
2450:
2434:
2381:
2259:
and then promoted based on merit and the favour of the emperor. Each
2234:. Under this system, each officer in the army was assigned a rank (a
2095:
2025:
1942:
1748:
1614:
1442:
1335:
1315:
816:
805:
767:
161:
9510:
9454:
Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500–1700
9416:
8703:
8307:. London : British Film Institute – via Internet Archive.
3513:, and included works of masters of the imperial workshop, including
3410:, which were Madana-mohana, Govindaji, Gopinatha, and Jugal Kisore.
2520:
the Portuguese, which was resented by rulers and traders, including
2421:
2211:
Akbar also encouraged the improvement and extension of agriculture.
1346:
and Italians, in procuring advanced firearms and artillery. Akbar's
30:
This article is about the third Mughal emperor. For other uses, see
12367:
12352:
12342:
12327:
12312:
12297:
12292:
12277:
12186:
12181:
12151:
11768:
11622:
11172:
11092:
11017:
10642:
9418:
Tantrism in the Society of Jesus – from Tibet to the Vaticcan today
9370:
4444:
4384:
4292:
portrayed the emperor in the 2020 Indian comedy television series,
4214:
4122:
3888:
3816:
3769:
3659:
3621:
3567:
His third wife and one of his three chief consorts was his cousin,
3395:
3391:
3318:
3314:
3258:
3254:
3022:
2976:
2948:
2908:
2883:
Akbar sponsored religious debates between different Muslim groups (
2766:
2672:. In 1569, during the early years of Akbar's rule, Ottoman Admiral
2646:
2485:
2392:
2349:
popular route frequented by traders and travellers journeying from
2212:
2107:
2013:
1985:
1858:
1821:
1529:
1480:
1398:, Prince Mirza Suleiman—aggravated the situation. When his regent,
1300:
under Akbar's rule (yellow) after the end of his military campaigns
743:
707:
696:
426:
128:
50:
10800:, ed. Shormistha Panja et al., Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2009.
8216:
3341:; the library was staffed by many scholars, translators, artists,
1682:
The fall of Chittorgarh was followed up by a Mughal attack on the
12322:
12221:
12211:
12161:
11684:
11082:
11000:
10643:"Setting the Record Wrong: A Sanskrit Vision of Mughal Conquests"
9681:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
9077:
Deefholts, Margaret; Deefholts, Glenn; Acharya, Quentine (2006).
3514:
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were the highest paid military service in the world at the time.
2239:
2067:
1957:
1897:
1786:
1450:
1323:
959:
763:
719:
619:
534:
519:
507:
166:
118:
9605:
4194:
aired on Zee TV, in which the role of Akbar was played by actor
3766:, legalising widow remarriage, and raising the age of marriage.
3292:
Akbar's reign was chronicled extensively by his court historian
2707:
During this period, Akbar financed the pilgrimages of many poor
2168:, who was also responsible for religious beliefs and practices.
1996:
led an attack on the stronghold of Sibi, which was northeast of
1913:
1293:
12332:
12201:
11679:
10939:
9569:
E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 4
8833:
Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India
4986:
4984:
4741:
4739:
4449:
4163:
3989:
1 January 1653)—with Bibi Daulat Shad—Married to Shahrukh Mirza
3832:
3790:
3773:
3706:
At some point, Akbar took into his harem Rukmavati, a daughter
3549:
3387:
3353:
3182:
3086:
3016:
3000:
2960:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2837:
2747:
2720:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2681:
2680:. During his reign, Akbar six documents addressing the Ottoman
2635:
2584:
2579:
2553:
2488:, apparently on the eve of his marriage with Akbar's daughter.
2477:
2305:
2280:
2001:
1997:
1969:
1965:
1946:
1902:
1893:
1850:
1572:
1503:. Bairam Khan left for Mecca, but on his way, was persuaded by
1434:
1430:
1426:
1374:
1347:
5976:"Qadi | Definition, Islam, & Facts | Britannica"
2967:
buried in Delhi – because of the grave's proximity to that of
2711:
from the Mughal Empire and also funded the foundations of the
12337:
12317:
11243:
11077:
9616:
The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India
9166:
Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls
6461:. Vol. IV. Cambridge: The University Press. p. 14.
4138:
4052:
3675:
3617:
3603:
3572:
3502:
3434:
3206:
3103:
3082:
3006:
2990:
2972:
2916:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2834:
2794:
2724:
2697:
2627:
2575:
2481:
2476:
Akbar's daughter Meherunnissa was rumoured to be enamored of
2462:
2350:
2116:
2111:
2061:
2033:
2017:
1950:
1794:
1756:
1622:
1618:
1553:
1500:
1438:
1391:
1378:
901:
782:
751:
735:
692:
660:
649:
618:, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father,
170:
9855:
The Indian diaspora in Central Asia and its trade, 1550–1900
8641:(PhD). Australian National university. pp. 78, 79, 81.
8539:(2000 reproduction ed.). Calcutta: The Asiatic Society.
4981:
4736:
4337:
A fictionalised Akbar plays an important supporting role in
3931:
19 March 1605)—with a concubine—Fostered by Mariam-uz-Zamani
3274:
3069:
Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the
2242:, which he was required to supply to the imperial army. The
2154:, appointed from among the leading nobles of the court. The
1837:
In August 1581, Akbar seized Kabul and took up residence at
1816:
811:
Following chaos over the succession of Sher Shah Suri's son
12156:
11664:
8666:
Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and Culture
4305:
3438:
3322:
3222:
3214:
3078:
2995:
2964:
2715:
2631:
2623:
2571:
2164:
1766:
Akbar then returned to Fatehpur Sikiri, where he built the
1496:
1414:
1382:
1309:
Akbar's military campaigns consolidated Mughal rule in the
664:
218:
10352:
The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art, and Culture
8690:(September–October 1992). "Akbar in Pakistani Textbooks".
4266:
played the role of Akbar in ABP News' documentary series,
3839:
and therefore makes him an unpopular figure in Pakistan."
3406:, and gave permission for four temples to be built by the
2934:
1706:
1322:
Organisational reforms were accompanied by innovations in
12166:
10798:
Word, Image, Text: Studies in Literary and Visual Culture
10418:
A Lamp for the Dark World: Akbar, India's Greatest Mughal
10208:
Safdar, Aiysha; Khan, Muhammad Azam (January–June 2021).
9076:
7877:. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. pp. 564, 566.
7206:
4067:(The Great Mughal), in which his character was played by
3253:. He removed the Jazia tax from Jain pilgrim places like
3145:
has called a transtheistic outlook, derived from tantric
2826:
2607:
10019:
6136:
5273:
3380:
He is said to have been extremely moderate in his diet.
2365:. He also constructed a network of smaller forts called
773:
10843:
Augustus, Frederick (1890). Gustav von Buchwald (ed.).
9889:
Jaisalmer: The City of Golden Sands and Strange Spirits
8925:
Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan
8228:
4282:
played the role of Akbar in the Colors television show
3040:
over his subjects, thus ensuring their loyalty to him.
1394:—which was in the midst of an invasion by the ruler of
10210:"History of Indian Ocean – A South Indian perspective"
6173:
6171:
6169:
5016:
5014:
3747:
in Sikandra, Agra, which lies a kilometer next to the
2012:
Kandahar (also known as the ancient Indian kingdom of
1975:
1523:, was defeated at the Battle of Sarangpur and fled to
819:. A few months later, Humayun died. Akbar's guardian,
652:
and appointing them to high civil and military posts.
10759:(Kanpur-Lucknow: Nawal Kishore) 1881–83 Three Vols. (
9212:. Vol. II. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
8503:
7511:
7316:
7314:
7301:
7299:
6551:
Akbar's letter of invitation in John Correia-Afonso,
6360:
4949:
4870:
Quote: "Akbar, The greatest Mughal emperor of India."
3181:
Akbar practised several Hindu customs. He celebrated
2825:
Portrait of the Mughal Emperor Akbar invocation of a
2737:
2342:
2198:
2190:
2182:
10783:
Tarikh-i-Akbari (Better known as Tarikh-i-Qandahari)
9945:. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers.
8561:
8150:
8138:
8126:
8102:
8090:
8078:
7797:
7585:"Art Access: Indian, Himalayan, and Southeast Asian"
4158:
Akbar and Birbal were portrayed in the Hindi series
3739:
On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill from an attack of
2641:
2040:, was granted a rank of 5,000 men, and his daughter
9008:
The Emperor's writings: Memories of Akbar the great
8543:
7992:
7980:
7944:
7940:
7938:
7899:
7809:
7785:
7758:
7680:
7469:
7114:"Din-i Ilahi – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
6166:
6042:
6040:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5011:
4577:
4575:
4166:in the late 1990s where Akbar's role was played by
2719:merchants loyal to Akbar are known to have reached
2317:Akbar was a patron of the arts and culture. He had
2044:was married to Akbar's grandson, the Mughal prince
1373:Akbar's father Humayun had regained control of the
10356:. Translated by Attwood, Corinne. Reaktion Books.
10349:
9763:. Vol. 3 pt. 1. University of Chicago Press.
9497:(September–October 1992). "Akbar and Technology".
8525:
7311:
7296:
6057:
6055:
5911:
4730:
4478:Official sources, such as contemporary biographer
3812:included him in its list of top 25 world leaders.
3533:, the only daughter of his paternal uncle, Prince
2994:, declaring Akbar to be a heretic, were issued by
1457:India, reintroducing the historical legacy of the
1357:" to analyse the success of the Mughals in India.
10621:
8062:
8060:
7664:
7662:
7645:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 194.
7082:
5153:
3356:who visited his court, described him as follows:
3102:extending into areas such as the validity of the
2264:horses were regularly inspected and usually only
1640:Udai Singh was descended from the Sisodia ruler,
1437:in the Punjab. In 1558, Akbar took possession of
1406:, in Punjab. Delhi was left under the regency of
1313:. Akbar introduced organisational changes to the
12416:
9099:Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization
8583:Invasion of the Genes: Genetic Heritage of India
8317:
8156:
7935:
7607:
6757:
6755:
6037:
5733:
5533:
5531:
4572:
4212:channel's critically acclaimed historical drama
4007:He had also adopted several children including:
3867:5 November 1564) (twin with Hussain Mirza)—with
2496:
1908:
1825:Plate and helmet of the personal armour of Akbar
1789:be proclaimed in his name, rather than Akbar's.
10622:Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (2012).
10562:The Indian Economic & Social History Review
9942:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
9834:Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World
9556:
8476:"Ruler of the World (Empire of the Moghul, #3)"
8262:
8260:
7925:
7923:
7872:
7552:
7550:
6670:
6668:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6052:
5001:
4999:
4598:
4520:
4518:
3965:21 November 1569)—with Bibi Salima—Fostered by
3444:
3173:The great Mogul discoursing with a Humble Fakir
3004:, or declaration, that was signed by all major
2508: – Akbar, quoted in Abu'l Fazl (c. 1590).
1464:
10901:India at the death of Akbar: An economic study
10294:. Vol. II. University of Michigan Press.
9552:. Institute of Sindhology, University of Sind.
8057:
7769:
7767:
7727:
7725:
7659:
7591:. The Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from
7465:. Dalcassian Publishing Company. January 1901.
7260:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5041:
4058:Akbar was portrayed in the award-winning 1960
2809:Akbar was also visited by the French explorer
2385:Silver coin of Akbar with inscriptions of the
2148:land. The head of the military was called the
1776:as well as the renewed intrigues of the Mirzas
12095:
11041:
10289:
10275:. Vol. I. University of Michigan Press.
10270:
9547:
9531:Religion, State and Society in Medieval India
9383:. Calcutta: R. Cambrey & Co. p. 169.
8290:
8028:
8016:
8004:
7887:
7036:
7034:
7032:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6921:
6919:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6752:
6320:
6318:
6096:
6094:
5807:
5528:
5382:
4638:
4636:
4380:Akbar is mentioned as 'Raja Baadshah' in the
4129:, with Rao also portraying the role of Akbar.
2723:after journeying upriver through the port of
2595:Akbar was unsuccessful in purchasing compact
2140:, responsible for finances and management of
1547:, son of Bairam Khan, being received by Akbar
10718:
10555:
10290:Saran, Richard; Ziegler, Norman P. (2001b).
10271:Saran, Richard; Ziegler, Norman P. (2001a).
9792:Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India
9753:
9405:Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
8901:Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals
8878:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
8302:
8257:
8168:
7920:
7547:
7142:
6857:
6665:
6623:
6296:
6246:
6160:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5690:
5688:
5548:
5546:
5481:
5479:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
4996:
4515:
2657:In 1555, while Akbar was still a child, the
2557:(permit) from the Portuguese to sail in the
2287:(Hall of Private Audience) in Fatehpur Sikri
808:, Punjab, when they were both 14 years old.
738:. There, he met and married the 14-year-old
389:
10919:
10603:Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences
10513:
10436:The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors
9049:The Modern Traveller: a popular description
8247:
8245:
8243:
8162:
7764:
7722:
7326:
6581:
6458:The Cambridge history of the British Empire
6363:"Profile: Tansen – the mesmerizing maestro"
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5038:
4642:
4425:as a "great general" available in the game.
3913:12 May 1599)—with a concubine—Entrusted to
3635:Portrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with
2255:. Persons were normally appointed to a low
2004:coast, became a part of the Mughal Empire.
1747:expedition. In 1572, Akbar moved to occupy
1695:, was later defeated by the Mughals at the
1360:
483:
12102:
12088:
11048:
11034:
10908:
10722:; Davis, Donald G., eds. (1994). "India".
10207:
9982:People, Taxation and Trade in Mughal India
9340:The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It
9189:The Mughal World: India's Tainted Paradise
9024:
8982:
8579:
8399:
7731:
7475:
7320:
7305:
7179:
7146:The Din-i-Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar
7029:
6976:
6964:
6916:
6892:
6875:
6315:
6148:
6091:
6015:
6013:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5466:
5333:
5296:
5294:
4971:
4969:
4943:
4633:
4627:
4594:
4592:
4590:
3562:assemblage of pleasure and banquet of joy,
3524:
2795:Relations with other contemporary kingdoms
2731:stopped sending Hajj caravans after 1581.
68:
10077:
9886:
9387:
8942:
8766:
8632:Akhtar, Muhammad Saleem (February 1983).
8350:
8234:
7956:
7704:
7487:
7442:
6361:Maryam Juzer Kherulla (12 October 2002).
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5823:
5817:
5784:
5770:. Vol. V. UNESCO. pp. 276–277.
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5685:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5543:
5476:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5392:
5359:
5345:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5306:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5198:
5147:
4907:
4852:, Encyclopaedia of britanica, p. 2,
4845:
4839:
4823:"Top 25 Political Icons: Akbar the Great"
4643:Ballhatchet, Kenneth A. (31 March 2023).
4611:
4609:
4607:
3714:, by his mistress, Tipu Gudi. This was a
3020:of the age, a higher rank than that of a
2453:also rose to high ranks in the nobility.
1917:Mughal Empire under Akbar's rule (yellow)
1817:Campaigns in Afghanistan and Central Asia
12109:
11241:
10897:
10872:by Flora Annie Steel, 1847–1929 -(ebook)
10853:
10842:
10831:
10640:
10344:
10183:
10115:
10094:
9872:
9612:
9557:Hindu Shah, Muhammad Qasim (1595–1612).
9369:
8986:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
8726:
8424:
8240:
8210:
8186:
8114:
7860:
7848:
7820:
7818:
7692:
7625:
7613:
7499:
7481:
7448:
7382:
7355:
7167:
6821:
6809:
6797:
6785:
6761:
6734:
6189:
6124:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5811:
5767:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
5750:
5727:
5721:
5694:
5673:
5485:
5426:The Great Mughals and their India p. 149
5386:
5321:
5261:
5204:
5192:
5186:
5005:
4581:
4428:Akbar is the AI Personality of India in
4188:In 2013–15, a television series, called
3726:
3630:
3457:
3273:
3200:
3168:
3132:
3064:
2938:
2820:
2741:
2645:
2526:
2420:
2412:
2380:
2279:
2219:
2055:
2007:
1912:
1820:
1716:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1538:
1474:
1364:
1292:
772:
10857:Akbar and the Rise of the Mughal Empire
10420:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
10292:The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan
10273:The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan
10266:(in Hindi). Jain Vishwa Bharati, Ladnu.
10245:The State and Society in Medieval India
10242:
9565:
9447:
9333:
9288:
9259:
9228:
9205:
9079:The Way We Were: Anglo-Indian Cronicles
9072:. Vol. V. Charles Scribner's Sons.
9005:
8918:
8894:
8880:. Vol. I. Har-Anand Publications.
8875:
8849:
8743:
8449:
8303:Rajadhyaksha, Ashish (1 January 1999).
8174:
7911:
7637:
7579:
7577:
7568:
7556:
7207:Deefholts, Deefholts & Acharya 2006
7149:. University of Calcutta. p. 279.
7100:
7088:
7040:
6937:
6898:
6886:
6722:
6710:
6698:
6686:
6674:
6635:
6611:
6454:
6309:
6252:
6224:
6222:
6195:
6112:
6100:
6061:
6046:
6019:
6010:
6004:
5892:
5886:
5679:
5651:"Rana Pratap Singh | Indian ruler"
5576:
5558:
5537:
5510:
5491:
5422:
5410:
5300:
5291:
5285:
5228:
5222:
4975:
4966:
4913:
4820:
4816:
4814:
4699:
4587:
4566:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4431:Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties
4040:
3309:Akbar was a warrior, emperor, general,
3164:
2935:Association with the Muslim aristocracy
1707:Annexation of Western and Eastern India
1342:, as well as Europeans, especially the
1304:
742:, daughter of Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, a
100:11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605
14:
12417:
10883:
10685:
10543:from the original on 22 September 2023
10494:
10433:
10415:
10308:
10261:
10247:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
10147:
10136:
10052:
9998:
9984:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
9979:
9967:from the original on 22 September 2023
9926:from the original on 22 September 2023
9905:
9637:
9533:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
9479:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
9357:from the original on 22 September 2023
9247:from the original on 22 September 2023
9138:
9095:
9056:
9045:
8807:from the original on 22 September 2023
8631:
8222:
8051:
7968:
7929:
7773:
7430:
7406:from the original on 20 September 2018
7332:
7230:
7194:
6647:
6587:
6576:
6393:
6348:
6336:
6324:
6284:
6177:
6073:
6031:
5992:
5844:
5700:
5637:
5594:
5582:
5522:
5443:
5234:
5216:
5210:
5164:
5162:
5032:
4787:from the original on 22 September 2023
4604:
4232:Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap
4027:of Marwar and Manbhavati Bai, wife of
3815:Akbar's legacy is largely negative in
3606:after offering prayers to the tomb of
3264:
3213:Akbar regularly held discussions with
3196:
3149:, and that Akbar did not use the word
3089:. In 1575, he built a hall called the
2127:
1089:
1085:
1075:
975:
865:
861:
734:, Humayun fled westward to modern-day
579:Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar
470:Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar
12083:
11029:
10588:from the original on 29 November 2022
10470:
10456:
10399:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
10230:from the original on 18 December 2021
9938:
9729:
9586:
9525:
9493:
9471:
9435:from the original on 28 November 2022
9411:
9398:
9183:
9159:
9116:
9028:Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors
8928:. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.
8830:
8819:
8786:
8612:
8311:
8278:
8198:
8066:
8040:
7815:
7743:
7668:
7436:
7424:
7266:
7218:
7076:
7064:
7023:
6999:
6987:
6970:
6925:
6910:
6869:
6845:
6599:
6564:
6539:
6527:
6515:
6503:
6491:
6442:
6417:
6354:
6290:
6266:"Coins of Akbar | Mintage World"
6201:
6085:
5950:
5938:
5915:Iran and the World in the Safavid Age
5912:Floor, Willem; Edmund Herzig (2012).
5898:
5880:
5869:
5863:
5744:
5715:
5625:
5588:
5564:
5470:
5398:
5249:
5180:
5174:
5141:
5020:
4990:
4960:
4937:
4925:
4879:
4687:
4675:
4615:
4524:
4035:
3261:, who later threatened Bhanuchandra.
2864:, and the verses of the Persian poet
2119:and was well astride central India."
1980:As early as 1586, about half a dozen
1956:Since 1574, the northern fortress of
1686:in 1568. Ranthambore was held by the
1637:—remained outside the imperial fold.
1288:
1241:
1238:
1228:
1216:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1186:
1180:
1170:
1158:
1148:
1144:
1132:
1129:
1119:
1107:
1097:
1093:
1069:
1059:
1047:
1037:
1033:
1021:
1015:
1005:
993:
983:
979:
963:
957:
947:
931:
921:
917:
905:
899:
889:
873:
869:
746:teacher of Humayun's younger brother
609:
597:27 October 1605), popularly known as
10893:. Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York.
10600:
9851:
9715:
9678:
9659:
9648:
9235:. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli.
8961:
8648:from the original on 31 October 2022
8344:
7916:. Islamic Wonders Bureau. p. 4.
7836:
7574:
7388:
7356:Truschke, Audrey (29 October 2020).
7290:
7278:
6659:
6558:
6405:
6240:
6228:
6219:
6213:
5956:
5827:A History of Modern India: 1480–1950
5763:
5552:
4811:
4805:
4763:10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001
4710:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
4548:from the original on 27 January 2013
4467:
4415:Akbar is featured in the video game
3969:—Married to Muzaffar Hussain Mirza,
2531:Death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat at
2491:
10909:Monserrate, Father Antonio (1922).
10755:Edited with commentary by Muhammad
10624:Events That Formed the Modern World
10396:
10370:
10348:(2004). Waghmar, Burzine K. (ed.).
10064:(3812): 600–601. 21 November 1942.
10026:. Vol. 2. K. K. Publications.
10002:The library: an illustrated history
9830:
9809:
9785:
9216:from the original on 10 August 2023
9070:Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
8686:
8660:
8266:
8251:
7824:
7716:
7343:
7254:
7242:
7052:
7011:
6942:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6833:
6773:
6746:
6473:from the original on 17 August 2023
6420:A Dictionary of Military Quotations
5962:
5168:
5159:
4821:Tharoor, Ishaan (4 February 2011).
4509:
4350:Akbar is also a major character in
4003:17 June 1624)—with Bibi Daulat Shad
3582:Akbar's fourth and favourite wife,
3486:
2816:
2746:The Akbari Mosque, overlooking the
1976:Subjugation of parts of Baluchistan
24:
10923:A short history of Akbar the Great
10742:
10706:from the original on 18 March 2023
10556:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (June 1994).
10098:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
9909:Cultural History of Medieval India
9124:. University of California Press.
8826:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
8357:The News International (newspaper)
8318:Vijayakar, Rajiv (6 August 2010).
6272:from the original on 5 August 2020
4322:Akbar is a principal character in
4235:, Akbar was at first portrayed by
4080:, he was portrayed by Himalyawala.
2738:Relations with the Safavid dynasty
2391:There is no god except Allah, and
493:One who nests on the divine throne
25:
12511:
12500:16th-century Mughal Empire people
12136:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
10932:
10689:A Persian historiography in India
10673:from the original on 7 March 2022
10143:(2nd ed.). The Indian Press.
10040:from the original on 27 June 2023
9321:from the original on 2 March 2012
9081:. Calcutta Tiljallah Relief Inc.
8600:from the original on 8 April 2023
7364:from the original on 8 March 2018
7182:King's College Collection, MS 194
5661:from the original on 16 June 2018
4846:Britanica, Encyclopaedia (2024),
4712:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
4455:List of people known as the Great
4422:Civilization IV: Beyond the Sword
4284:Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali
4055:-language film about the emperor.
2642:Relations with the Ottoman Empire
2122:
2051:
1563:In 1564, Mughal forces began the
1334:. Akbar also took an interest in
827:to reclaim the Mughal throne. In
74:Akbar with a lion and a calf, by
12465:Indian people of Iranian descent
11056:
10938:
10864:. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
10854:Malleson, Colonel G. B. (1899).
10466:. Oxford at The Clarendon Press.
10463:Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542–1605
10332:from the original on 3 July 2023
10264:Jain Dharma ke Prabhavak Acharya
10171:from the original on 1 July 2023
9548:Hasan Siddiqi, Mahmudul (1972).
8468:
8443:
8418:
8393:
8370:
8305:"Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema"
8296:
8284:
8272:
8204:
8192:
8180:
8144:
8132:
8120:
8108:
8096:
8084:
8072:
8045:
8034:
8022:
8010:
7998:
7986:
7974:
7962:
7950:
7905:
7893:
7881:
7866:
7854:
7842:
7830:
7803:
7791:
7779:
7752:
7744:Price, Mahor David, ed. (1829).
7737:
7710:
7698:
7686:
7674:
7631:
7619:
7562:
7517:
7505:
7493:
7453:
7418:
7376:
7349:
7337:
7284:
7272:
7248:
7236:
7224:
7212:
7200:
7188:
7173:
7161:
7143:Roychoudhury, Makhanlal (1941).
7136:
7124:from the original on 14 May 2008
7106:
7094:
7070:
7058:
7046:
7017:
7005:
6993:
6931:
6904:
6863:
6851:
6839:
6827:
6815:
6803:
6791:
6779:
6767:
6740:
6728:
6716:
6704:
6692:
6680:
6653:
6641:
6629:
6617:
6605:
6593:
6570:
6545:
6533:
6521:
6509:
6497:
6485:
6448:
6436:
6411:
6399:
6387:
6342:
6330:
6258:
5063:from the original on 6 June 2020
4657:from the original on 25 May 2023
4330:(2002) as well as in its sequel
3564:and a royal feast was provided.
3402:, regarded as the birthplace of
1933:, the reigning king of the Shia
1832:taboo against crossing the Indus
1429:. Akbar and his forces occupied
800:, he married Hindal's daughter,
568:
27:Mughal emperor from 1556 to 1605
11353:Suppression of Tilpat rebellion
10724:Encyclopedia of Library History
10647:South Asian History and Culture
10527:Slavery and South Asian History
9229:Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989).
8571:. Vol. III. Translated by
8496:
8353:"'Anarkali' screened at Mandwa"
7396:"Ahmedabad turned Akbar veggie"
6455:Dodwell, Henry H., ed. (1929).
6234:
6207:
6183:
6154:
6142:
6130:
6118:
6106:
6079:
6067:
6025:
5998:
5986:
5968:
5944:
5932:
5643:
5631:
5570:
5516:
5416:
5404:
5327:
5279:
5267:
5255:
5135:
5105:
5075:
5026:
4954:
4931:
4919:
4873:
4799:
4724:
4693:
4681:
4669:
4394:Akbar is the main character in
4105:played Akbar in the 1978 movie
3415:language deprivation experiment
1929:in the upper Indus basin after
370:
352:
334:
316:
287:
267:
247:
11890:List of tombs of Mughal Empire
11348:Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)
11343:Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)
10904:. Macmillan & Co., London.
10781:Haji Muhammad 'Arif Qandahari
10686:Waseem, Shah Mohammad (2003).
10193:. Cambridge University Press.
9837:. Cambridge University Press.
9379:. Vol. II. Translated by
8793:. Edinburgh University Press.
8617:. Roli Books Private Limited.
8553:. Vol. II. Translated by
8425:Robinson, Kim Stanley (2002).
7643:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes
5423:Collier, Dirk (1 March 2016).
4621:
4560:
4530:
4503:
4409:
3420:
3269:
3054:
1644:, who had fought Babur at the
713:
13:
1:
12480:Emperors of the Mughal Empire
10826:Letters from the Mughal court
10814:, Trafford Publishing, 2009,
10495:Somani, Ramavallabha (1990).
10318:. New Delhi: Orient Longman.
9757:; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1965).
9652:A History of Hindi Literature
9600:. Columbia University Press.
9191:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
9142:Firearms of the Islamic World
8586:. Strategic Book Publishing.
8535:. Vol. I. Translated by
8513:. Vol. I. Translated by
7912:Quddusi, Mohd. Ilyas (2002).
6938:Doniger, Wendy (March 2014).
6553:Letters from the Mughal Court
5154:Thackeray & Findling 2012
4883:The Saga of the Great Mughals
4497:
4274:Akbar Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar
4012:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3976:
3962:
3952:
3945:
3928:
3924:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3878:
3864:
3860:
3283:
2497:Relations with the Portuguese
2110:. Akbar then established the
1909:Conquests in the Indus Valley
1805:was left in the hands of the
643:Akbar gradually enlarged the
79:
12445:17th-century Indian monarchs
12440:16th-century Indian monarchs
10832:Augustus, Frederick (1890).
10659:10.1080/19472498.2012.693710
10529:. Indiana University Press.
9939:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1984) .
9891:. New Delhi: HarperCollins.
9852:Levi, Scott Cameron (2002).
9760:Asia in the Making of Europe
9597:Muslim Civilization in India
9401:"On two Enormous Gold Coins"
9262:The Medieval History Journal
8943:Chaudhary, S.N. Roy (2011).
8575:. Calcutta: Asiatic Society.
8568:The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl
8557:. Calcutta: Asiatic Society.
8550:The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl
8532:The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl
5918:. I.B. Tauris. p. 136.
5830:. Anthem Press. p. 93.
4173:A television series, called
3979:7 April 1577)—with Nathi Bai
3935:
3014:asserted that Akbar was the
2700:, which reached the port of
2407:
2387:Islamic declaration of faith
1992:in 1595. The Mughal general
1655:In 1567, Akbar attacked the
1648:in 1527. As the head of the
1465:Expansion into Central India
1449:, a stronghold north of the
62:(King of Kings of Hindustan)
7:
11398:Mughal–Portuguese conflicts
10920:Shrivastava, A. L. (1957).
10726:. Garland Publishing, Inc.
10480:. Oxford University Press.
10477:The Oxford History of India
9660:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1999).
9388:von Garbe, Richard (1909).
9122:India in the Persianate Age
9031:. Oxford University Press.
9025:Collingham, Lizzie (2006).
8835:. Oxford University Press.
8452:The Enchantress of Florence
4886:. Sterling Publishers Pvt.
4438:
4357:The Enchantress of Florence
4149:in the 2008 Bollywood film
4023:. She became the mother of
3477:
3377:for drawing Akbar's wrath.
3045:Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi
2842:religious narrow-mindedness
2343:
2275:
2238:) and assigned a number of
2199:
2191:
2183:
2171:
1964:, the independent ruler of
1953:in the lower Indus valley.
1589:suppressed—to be beheaded.
842:
153:Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar
10:
12516:
11797:Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad
10915:. Oxford University Press.
10574:10.1177/001946469403100210
10122:. Rosen Publishing Group.
10116:Pletcher, Kenneth (2010).
9906:Khanna, Meenakshi (2007).
9816:. University of Michigan.
9638:Jarric, du Pierre (1926).
9295:Journal of Islamic Studies
8580:Ahloowalia, B. S. (2009).
8427:The Years of Rice and Salt
5824:Markovitz, Claude (2002).
4344:The Years of Rice and Salt
4316:
3471:to Akbar, Mughal miniature
3451:
3058:
2582:. In 1573, Akbar issued a
2441:, of the small kingdom of
2395:is the messenger of Allah.
2329:
2312:
2223:
2075:
1713:Mughal conquest of Gujarat
1710:
1468:
1369:Akbar training an elephant
1087:
969:
863:
406:
29:
12386:
12240:
12144:
12118:
12006:
11940:
11898:
11835:
11817:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta
11787:
11746:
11737:
11610:
11539:
11406:
11320:
11186:
11068:
11014:
11005:
10997:
10992:
10965:
10641:Truschke, Audrey (2012).
10626:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO.
10521:. In Indrani Chatterjee;
10217:Journal of Indian Studies
10095:Petersen, Andrew (1996).
10054:"Akbar, the Great Mughal"
10005:. Chicago: ALA Editions.
9887:Manchanda, Bindu (2001).
9693:10.1017/S0035869X00126115
9623:Oxford University Press.
9206:Erskine, William (1854).
8947:. Gyan Publishing House.
8945:Restoration of Split Milk
8855:History of Medieval India
8823:Akbar: The Greatest Mogul
8400:Sundaresan, Indu (2003).
8291:Saran & Ziegler 2001b
8151:Beveridge Volume III 1907
8139:Beveridge Volume III 1907
8127:Beveridge Volume III 1907
8103:Beveridge Volume III 1907
8091:Beveridge Volume III 1907
8079:Beveridge Volume III 1907
8017:Saran & Ziegler 2001b
8005:Saran & Ziegler 2001a
7888:Saran & Ziegler 2001b
7798:Beveridge Volume III 1907
5439:– via Google Books.
4121:-language film about the
3772:revolving around him and
3754:
3751:, his favourite consort.
3511:Mughal school of painting
3489:), which literally means
2753:Before Akbar's rule, the
2389:; the declaration reads:
2357:near the crossing of the
2070:Ilahi 45, struck at Asir"
1545:Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan
1222:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1164:
1146:
1138:
1113:
1095:
1091:
1053:
1035:
1027:
999:
981:
977:
941:
919:
911:
883:
867:
564:
550:
540:
530:
518:
506:
481:
474:
469:
464:
460:
399:
300:
226:
207:
177:
149:
145:
134:
124:
114:
104:
96:
89:
67:
48:
43:
18:Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar
12450:Child monarchs from Asia
11388:Indian Rebellion of 1857
11333:Mughal conquest of Malwa
10898:Moreland, W. H. (1920).
10877:2 September 2020 at the
10766:Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak
10499:. Panchsheel Prakashan.
10434:Sharma, Sri Ram (1988).
10416:Sharma, Parvati (2023).
10376:The Argumentative Indian
10023:History of Indian Nation
9980:Moosvi, Shireen (2008).
9664:. Northern Book Centre.
9421:. Editorial MenteClara.
9274:10.1177/0971945816687687
8876:Chandra, Satish (2001).
8450:Rushdie, Salman (2008).
8404:. Simon & Schuster.
8351:Aijaz Gul (8 May 2016).
7993:Beveridge Volume II 1907
7981:Beveridge Volume II 1907
7945:Beveridge Volume II 1907
7900:Beveridge Volume II 1907
7810:Beveridge Volume II 1907
7786:Beveridge Volume II 1907
7759:Beveridge Volume II 1907
7681:Beveridge Volume II 1907
6858:Lach & Van Kley 1965
6161:Wiegand & Davis 1994
4538:"Akbar (Mughal emperor)"
4460:
3842:
3749:tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani
3722:
2685:Suleiman the Magnificent
2514:. Translated by Jarrett.
2427:Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani
2376:
2334:
2291:Akbar was a follower of
1471:Mughal conquest of Malwa
1423:Second Battle of Panipat
1361:Struggle for North India
785:by his paternal uncles,
730:(1540) by the forces of
11363:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
10870:The Adventures of Akbar
10692:. Kanishka Publishers.
10397:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
9999:Murray, Stuart (2009).
9566:Houtsma, M. T. (1993).
9391:Akbar, Emperor of India
9371:Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim
9289:Farooqi, N. R. (1996).
9139:Elgood, Robert (1995).
9046:Conder, Josiah (1828).
8831:Busch, Allison (2011).
8752:Oxford University Press
8670:Oxford University Press
7358:"Jains and the Mughals"
7118:Encyclopædia Britannica
6418:Royle, Trevor (2021) .
5655:Encyclopædia Britannica
4880:Early, Abraham (2000).
4755:Oxford University Press
4731:Beveridge Volume I 1907
4650:Encyclopædia Britannica
4542:Encyclopædia Britannica
4326:'s award-winning novel
4204:Akbar was portrayed by
4145:Akbar was portrayed by
4132:Akbar was portrayed by
3847:
3829:Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi
3735:at Sikandra, Agra, 1795
3590:, and by birth, was of
3525:Consorts and concubines
3251:Mahavira Janma Kalyanak
2947:Akbar welcomes his son
2848:, attempting to foster
2522:Bahadur Shah of Gujarat
1855:Abdullah Khan Shaybanid
1130:6.Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami
699:as well as elements of
10862:Rulers of India series
10750:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
9102:. Simon and Schuster.
9096:Durant, Will (2011) .
9006:Collier, Dirk (2011).
8787:Black, Antony (2011).
8772:"The Garden of Climes"
8770:(January–April 1900).
8744:Banerji, S.K. (1938).
8613:Ahsan, Aitzaz (2005).
7732:Safdar & Khan 2021
7512:Abul Fazl 'Allami 1873
4950:Abul Fazl 'Allami 1873
4246:Akbar is portrayed by
4074:In the 1958 Urdu film
3827:. He quotes historian
3736:
3643:
3472:
3463:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
3363:
3289:
3210:
3174:
3138:
3074:
3049:Tahir Muhammad Thattvi
2986:
2956:
2830:
2750:
2678:Indian Ocean campaigns
2654:
2540:
2505:
2430:
2397:
2326:to become a high art.
2288:
2204:system was set out by
2106:refused to relinquish
2073:
1918:
1826:
1722:
1610:
1602:
1548:
1484:
1370:
1301:
778:
607:Persian pronunciation:
215:Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra
32:Akbar (disambiguation)
12460:Founders of religions
12455:Deaths from dysentery
11875:Tomb of Salim Chishti
11358:Ahom–Mughal conflicts
11108:Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)
10926:. Shiva Lal Agarwala.
10824:John Correia-Afonso,
10458:Smith, Vincent Arthur
10137:Prasad, Beni (1930).
9641:Akbar and the Jesuits
9621:Thackston, Wheeler M.
8820:Burke, S. M. (1989).
8733:Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh
8728:Badayuni, Abdul Qadir
8054:, pp. 78, 79, 81
7873:Maulavi Abdur Rahim.
7529:University of Hamburg
4310:Taj: Divided by Blood
4115:Akbar Saleem Anarkali
3730:
3634:
3461:
3358:
3277:
3204:
3172:
3136:
3068:
2982:
2942:
2824:
2745:
2649:
2530:
2501:
2424:
2413:Matrimonial alliances
2384:
2283:
2220:Military organisation
2059:
2008:Safavids and Kandahar
1916:
1824:
1735:Sulaiman Khan Karrani
1720:
1608:
1600:
1593:Conquest of Rajputana
1584:Assassination attempt
1542:
1478:
1368:
1296:
776:
718:After Mughal Emperor
379:Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum
12470:Indian Sunni Muslims
11837:Tombs and mausoleums
10957:Muhammad Husain Azad
10947:at Wikimedia Commons
10497:History of Jaisalmer
10440:Munshiram Manoharlal
10119:The History of India
9795:. Aditya Prakashan.
9655:. Association Press.
9649:Keay, F. E. (1920).
8320:"Celluloid Monument"
7746:Tarikh-i-Salim Shahi
7595:on 19 September 2009
7402:. 23 November 2009.
6137:Muzaffar et al. 2022
5274:Muzaffar et al. 2022
5087:Government of Punjab
4700:Lehmann, F. (2014).
4599:Hindu Shah 1595–1612
4484:Vincent Arthur Smith
4399:: Ruler of the World
4397:Empire of the Moghul
4389:Mohna de gori kayina
4339:Kim Stanley Robinson
4229:'s historical drama
4218:(based on the novel
4041:Films and television
4017:Sawai Raja Sur Singh
3983:Shakr-un-Nissa Begum
3940:His daughters were:
3837:theory of Two-Nation
3639:, commonly known as
3531:Ruqaiya Sultan Begum
3371:Alexander of Macedon
3242:Indian Supreme Court
3165:Relation with Hindus
2800:Vincent Arthur Smith
2620:Antoni de Montserrat
1843:Bakht-un-Nissa Begum
1697:Battle of Haldighati
1673:siege of four months
1558:Mirza Muhammad Hakim
1510:Battle of Machhiwara
1419:Indo-Gangetic Plains
1305:Military innovations
934:Qutlugh Nigar Khanum
876:Umar Shaikh Mirza II
802:Ruqaiya Sultan Begum
691:derived mainly from
659:. Akbar's courts at
657:Indo-Persian culture
442:Shakr-un-Nissa Begum
236:Ruqaiya Sultan Begum
91:Emperor of Hindustan
12495:People from Umerkot
11802:Jama Masjid (Delhi)
11368:Mughal–Maratha wars
10787:Rampur Raza Library
10346:Schimmel, Annemarie
10315:A History of Jaipur
10140:History of Jahangir
10070:1942Natur.150R.600.
9722:Mughal architecture
9477:Akbar and His India
8519:The Asiatic Society
8515:Blochmann, Heinrich
8165:, pp. 152, 159
7535:on 22 February 2008
7180:Koka, Aziz (1594).
6375:on 21 November 2007
5965:, pp. 164, 188
5059:. 27 October 2016.
5023:, pp. 123, 272
4978:, pp. 403, 404
4835:on 7 February 2011.
4753:(online ed.).
4527:, pp. 114, 117
4295:Akbar Ka Bal Birbal
4264:Mohammed Iqbal Khan
4125:legend directed by
4085:Government of India
3944:Fatima Banu Begum (
3927:11 September 1572;
3915:Salima Sultan Begum
3852:Akbar's sons were:
3637:Mariam Zamani Begum
3569:Salima Sultan Begum
3278:Akbar hunting with
3265:Historical accounts
3197:Relation with Jains
2951:at Fatehpur Sikri (
2846:religious tolerance
2787:'s expedition into
2776:cousin of Tahmasp I
2674:Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis
2618:, was entrusted to
2602:In September 1579,
2319:Sanskrit literature
2268:were employed. The
2128:Political structure
1839:Babur's old citadel
1740:Akbar's ostensible
1459:Timurid Renaissance
1311:Indian subcontinent
628:Indian subcontinent
259:Salima Sultan Begum
12054:Nizam of Hyderabad
11328:Mughal-Rajput wars
11148:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
11113:Muhammad Azam Shah
10952:The Drama of Akbar
10770:Edited by Maulavi
10515:Sreenivasan, Ramya
9912:. Berghahn Books.
9831:Lal, Ruby (2005).
9810:Lal, Muni (1980).
9736:A history of India
9592:Embree, Ainslie T.
9559:Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi
9399:Gibbs, J. (1883).
9307:10.1093/jis/7.1.32
8962:Chua, Amy (2007).
8402:The Twentieth Wife
8382:, 14 February 2023
8325:The Indian Express
8237:, pp. 158–161
8189:, pp. 168–169
8081:, pp. 167–168
8029:Hasan Siddiqi 1972
7983:, pp. 518–519
7890:, pp. 366–367
7761:, pp. 240–243
7639:Ruggles, Fairchild
7400:The Times of India
7245:, pp. 163–164
7014:, pp. 165–166
6812:, pp. 154–155
6788:, pp. 153–154
6776:, pp. 327–328
6713:, pp. 118–119
6701:, pp. 192–229
6494:, pp. 256–257
5995:, pp. 164–165
5980:www.britannica.com
5866:, pp. 156–157
5718:, pp. 148–154
5628:, pp. 143–147
5513:, pp. 105–106
5473:, pp. 140–141
5429:. Hay House, Inc.
5288:, pp. 226–227
5252:, pp. 118–124
5117:Gurdaspur District
5035:, pp. 600–601
4916:, pp. 253–254
4751:World Encyclopedia
4733:, pp. 139–140
4332:The Feast of Roses
4328:The Twentieth Wife
4220:The Twentieth Wife
4136:in the 1979 movie
4108:Bhakti Mein Shakti
4036:In popular culture
4025:Maharaja Gaj Singh
3999:22 December 1584;
3737:
3644:
3596:Sambhar, Rajasthan
3473:
3408:Gaudiya Vaishnavas
3290:
3211:
3175:
3139:
3095:"House of Worship"
3075:
3073:in Fatehpur Sikri.
2957:
2831:
2751:
2655:
2616:Sultan Murad Mirza
2541:
2535:, in front of the
2431:
2398:
2289:
2104:Khandesh Sultanate
2074:
1919:
1827:
1723:
1635:Chandrasen Rathore
1611:
1603:
1549:
1485:
1441:, the aperture to
1404:Sikandar Shah Suri
1371:
1302:
1289:Military campaigns
1239:7. Mah Afroz Begum
851:Ancestors of Akbar
779:
703:and Christianity.
622:, under a regent,
589:15 October 1542 –
12412:
12411:
12077:
12076:
12064:Kingdom of Mysore
11998:Foreign relations
11936:
11935:
11885:Tomb of Nur Jahan
11880:Tomb of Aurangzeb
11827:Wazir Khan Mosque
11747:Forts and palaces
11733:
11732:
11705:Guru Gobind Singh
11633:Bayazid of Sylhet
11316:
11315:
11216:Foreign relations
11024:
11023:
11015:Succeeded by
10943:Media related to
10820:978-1-4269-1561-1
10810:Satyananda Giri,
10806:978-81-250-3735-4
10720:Wiegand, Wayne A.
10699:978-81-7391-537-6
10633:978-1-59884-902-8
10506:978-81-7056-070-8
10487:978-0-19-561297-4
10472:Smith, Vincent A.
10427:978-1-5381-7790-7
10408:978-93-80607-34-4
10363:978-1-86189-185-3
10301:978-0-89148-085-3
10282:978-0-939512-43-0
10254:978-0-19-566720-2
10200:978-0-521-56603-2
10190:The Mughal Empire
10185:Richards, John F.
10164:978-0-14-341415-5
10129:978-1-61530-201-7
10033:978-81-7844-129-0
10012:978-1-60239-706-4
9991:978-0-19-569315-7
9952:978-81-207-1015-3
9919:978-81-87358-30-5
9898:978-81-7223-434-8
9879:The Mughul Empire
9865:978-90-04-12320-5
9844:978-0-521-85022-3
9823:978-0-7069-1076-6
9802:978-81-86471-72-2
9770:978-0-226-46765-8
9746:978-0-415-32920-0
9671:978-81-7211-108-3
9662:Akbar and his age
9630:978-0-19-512718-8
9613:Jahangir (1999).
9579:978-90-04-09796-4
9540:978-0-19-569660-8
9486:978-0-19-563791-5
9464:978-0-415-23988-2
9428:978-987-24510-3-5
9350:978-1-84511-122-9
9198:978-0-297-85209-4
9176:978-0-14-100143-2
9169:. Penguin Books.
9152:978-1-85043-963-9
9131:978-0-520-97423-4
9118:Eaton, Richard M.
9109:978-1-4516-4668-9
9038:978-0-19-532001-5
9017:978-81-910673-6-1
8975:978-0-385-51284-8
8954:978-81-212-1046-1
8935:978-0-7069-6385-4
8911:978-81-241-1066-9
8887:978-81-241-0522-1
8868:978-81-250-3226-7
8842:978-0-19-976592-8
8800:978-0-7486-8878-4
8782:(17–18): 145–162.
8679:978-0-19-569661-5
8624:978-9-351-94073-9
8593:978-1-60860-691-7
8563:Abul Fazl 'Allami
8545:Abul Fazl 'Allami
8527:Abul Fazl 'Allami
8505:Abul Fazl 'Allami
8480:www.goodreads.com
7652:978-0-8122-0728-6
6949:978-0-19-936007-9
6624:Subrahmanyam 1994
6429:978-1-00-037061-4
5925:978-1-85043-930-1
5837:978-1-84331-004-4
5777:978-92-3-103876-1
5525:, pp. 99–100
5352:978-0-521-85031-5
4859:978-0-521-56603-2
4772:978-0-19-954609-1
4304:portrayed him in
4117:is a 1979 Indian
4069:Prithviraj Kapoor
4051:is a 1943 Indian
3881:19 October 1564;
3863:19 October 1564;
3825:emperor Aurangzeb
3733:Akbar's mausoleum
3608:Moinuddin Chishti
2762:branch of Islam.
2492:Foreign relations
2086:in 1595, forcing
2078:Deccan sultanates
2066:"Allah is great,
1799:Battle of Tukaroi
1761:Muzaffar Shah III
1565:conquest of Garha
1413:Akbar also faced
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1183:Hamida Banu Begum
740:Hamida Banu Begum
614:), was the third
576:
575:
545:Hamida Banu Begum
502:
501:
363:Qasima Banu Begum
59:Shahenshah-e-Hind
16:(Redirected from
12507:
12490:People from Agra
12145:Cities and towns
12104:
12097:
12090:
12081:
12080:
12044:Nawabs of Bengal
12007:Successor states
11911:Shalimar Gardens
11855:Gardens of Babur
11744:
11743:
11690:Lachit Borphukan
11404:
11403:
11393:Mughal–Sikh wars
11338:Gujarat conquest
11239:
11238:
11231:Mughal artillery
11060:
11050:
11043:
11036:
11027:
11026:
10998:Preceded by
10988:
10981:
10963:
10962:
10942:
10927:
10916:
10905:
10894:
10865:
10850:
10839:
10737:
10715:
10713:
10711:
10682:
10680:
10678:
10637:
10618:
10615:10.1002/CJAS.185
10597:
10595:
10593:
10552:
10550:
10548:
10523:Richard M. Eaton
10510:
10491:
10467:
10453:
10431:
10412:
10401:. Primus Books.
10393:
10367:
10355:
10341:
10339:
10337:
10310:Sarkar, Jadunath
10305:
10286:
10267:
10258:
10239:
10237:
10235:
10229:
10214:
10204:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10149:Prasad, Rajendra
10144:
10133:
10112:
10091:
10081:
10079:10.1038/150600b0
10049:
10047:
10045:
10016:
9995:
9976:
9974:
9972:
9935:
9933:
9931:
9902:
9883:
9869:
9848:
9827:
9806:
9782:
9750:
9726:
9712:
9675:
9656:
9645:
9634:
9619:. Translated by
9609:
9583:
9562:
9553:
9544:
9522:
9499:Social Scientist
9490:
9468:
9444:
9442:
9440:
9408:
9395:
9384:
9366:
9364:
9362:
9335:Faroqhi, Suraiya
9330:
9328:
9326:
9285:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9202:
9180:
9156:
9135:
9113:
9092:
9073:
9062:"Fatehpur-Sīkrī"
9053:
9042:
9021:
9002:
8979:
8958:
8939:
8915:
8891:
8872:
8846:
8827:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8783:
8763:
8740:
8738:
8723:
8692:Social Scientist
8683:
8657:
8655:
8653:
8647:
8640:
8628:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8576:
8573:Beveridge, Henry
8558:
8555:Beveridge, Henry
8540:
8537:Beveridge, Henry
8522:
8510:The Ain i Akbari
8491:
8490:
8488:
8486:
8472:
8466:
8465:
8454:. Random House.
8447:
8441:
8440:
8429:. Bantam Books.
8422:
8416:
8415:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8389:
8387:
8374:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8328:. Archived from
8315:
8309:
8308:
8300:
8294:
8288:
8282:
8276:
8270:
8264:
8255:
8254:, pp. 73–76
8249:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8225:, pp. 34–35
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8177:, pp. 17–18
8172:
8166:
8163:Sreenivasan 2006
8160:
8154:
8148:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8106:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8064:
8055:
8049:
8043:
8038:
8032:
8026:
8020:
8014:
8008:
8002:
7996:
7990:
7984:
7978:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7954:
7948:
7942:
7933:
7932:, pp. 78–79
7927:
7918:
7917:
7909:
7903:
7897:
7891:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7870:
7864:
7863:, pp. 59–60
7858:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7834:
7828:
7822:
7813:
7807:
7801:
7795:
7789:
7783:
7777:
7771:
7762:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7720:
7714:
7708:
7702:
7696:
7690:
7684:
7678:
7672:
7666:
7657:
7656:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7617:
7611:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7581:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7531:. Archived from
7521:
7515:
7509:
7503:
7497:
7491:
7485:
7479:
7478:, pp. 64–67
7473:
7467:
7466:
7457:
7451:
7446:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7392:
7386:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7353:
7347:
7341:
7335:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7309:
7303:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7177:
7171:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7110:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7079:, pp. 82–83
7074:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:
7003:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6974:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6935:
6929:
6923:
6914:
6908:
6902:
6896:
6890:
6884:
6873:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6771:
6765:
6759:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6726:
6725:, pp. 20–21
6720:
6714:
6708:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6627:
6621:
6615:
6614:, pp. 32–48
6609:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6371:. Archived from
6358:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6339:, pp. 38–40
6334:
6328:
6322:
6313:
6307:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6268:. 29 July 2016.
6262:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6232:
6226:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6127:, pp. 82–83
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6050:
6044:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5909:
5896:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5867:
5861:
5842:
5841:
5821:
5815:
5814:, pp. 49–51
5809:
5782:
5781:
5761:
5748:
5742:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5698:
5692:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5541:
5535:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5489:
5488:, pp. 17–21
5483:
5474:
5468:
5441:
5440:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5389:, pp. 14–15
5384:
5357:
5356:
5335:Morgan, David O.
5331:
5325:
5319:
5304:
5298:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5123:on 2 August 2005
5119:. Archived from
5113:"About District"
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5089:. Archived from
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5049:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5009:
5003:
4994:
4988:
4979:
4973:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4940:, pp. 12–19
4935:
4929:
4928:, pp. 18–19
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4831:. Archived from
4818:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4743:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4706:Yarshater, Ehsan
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4640:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4602:
4596:
4585:
4579:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4513:
4507:
4491:
4476:
4302:Naseeruddin Shah
4048:Shahenshah Akbar
4014:
4011:Kishnavati Bai (
4002:
3998:
3988:
3978:
3964:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3930:
3926:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3895:31 August 1569;
3894:
3884:
3880:
3869:Mariam-uz-Zamani
3866:
3862:
3785:Bhavishya Purana
3584:Mariam-uz-Zamani
3563:
3488:
3480:
3288:
3285:
3147:Tibetan Buddhism
2850:communal harmony
2817:Religious policy
2515:
2469:of Ranthambore.
2371:Mariam-uz-Zamani
2359:Grand Trunk Road
2346:
2202:
2194:
2186:
1892:suppressed; the
1777:
1684:Ranthambore Fort
1646:Battle of Khanwa
1506:
1433:and then seized
1355:gunpowder empire
1332:use of elephants
857:
856:
848:
847:
829:Kalanaur, Punjab
722:was defeated at
613:
611:[ak.baɾ]
608:
596:
594:
588:
586:
572:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
462:
461:
410:
382:Bibi Daulat Shad
374:
372:
356:
354:
338:
336:
320:
318:
291:
289:
279:Mariam-uz-Zamani
271:
269:
251:
249:
184:
110:14 February 1556
84:
81:
72:
41:
40:
21:
12515:
12514:
12510:
12509:
12508:
12506:
12505:
12504:
12485:Muslim monarchs
12475:Indian warriors
12415:
12414:
12413:
12408:
12382:
12236:
12140:
12114:
12108:
12078:
12073:
12049:Nawabs of Awadh
12002:
11983:Persian Mughals
11932:
11916:Achabal Gardens
11894:
11865:Jahangir's Tomb
11850:Bibi Ka Maqbara
11831:
11812:Badshahi Mosque
11783:
11729:
11695:Khushal Khattak
11670:Maharana Pratap
11606:
11535:
11516:Thanesar (1710)
11511:Thanesar (1567)
11402:
11312:
11237:
11182:
11178:Bahadur Shah II
11133:Rafi ud-Darajat
11064:
11054:
11020:
11011:
11003:
10987:27 October 1605
10982:
10980:14 October 1542
10976:
10975:
10972:Timurid dynasty
10968:
10935:
10930:
10879:Wayback Machine
10828:, Bombay, 1980.
10745:
10743:Further reading
10740:
10734:
10709:
10707:
10700:
10676:
10674:
10634:
10591:
10589:
10546:
10544:
10537:
10507:
10488:
10450:
10428:
10409:
10390:
10364:
10335:
10333:
10326:
10302:
10283:
10255:
10233:
10231:
10227:
10212:
10201:
10174:
10172:
10165:
10130:
10109:
10043:
10041:
10034:
10013:
9992:
9970:
9968:
9953:
9929:
9927:
9920:
9899:
9874:Majumdar, R. C.
9866:
9845:
9824:
9803:
9771:
9755:Lach, Donald F.
9747:
9672:
9631:
9580:
9541:
9511:10.2307/3517712
9487:
9465:
9438:
9436:
9429:
9413:Gómez, Oscar R.
9360:
9358:
9351:
9343:. I.B. Tauris.
9324:
9322:
9250:
9248:
9219:
9217:
9199:
9177:
9153:
9145:. I.B. Tauris.
9132:
9110:
9089:
9066:Hastings, James
9039:
9018:
8976:
8955:
8936:
8920:Chandra, Satish
8912:
8896:Chandra, Satish
8888:
8869:
8851:Chandra, Satish
8843:
8810:
8808:
8801:
8747:Humāyun Bādshāh
8736:
8704:10.2307/3517719
8698:(9/10): 73–76.
8680:
8651:
8649:
8645:
8638:
8625:
8603:
8601:
8594:
8499:
8494:
8484:
8482:
8474:
8473:
8469:
8462:
8448:
8444:
8437:
8423:
8419:
8412:
8398:
8394:
8385:
8383:
8376:
8375:
8371:
8361:
8359:
8349:
8345:
8335:
8333:
8316:
8312:
8301:
8297:
8289:
8285:
8277:
8273:
8265:
8258:
8250:
8241:
8233:
8229:
8221:
8217:
8209:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8185:
8181:
8173:
8169:
8161:
8157:
8149:
8145:
8137:
8133:
8125:
8121:
8113:
8109:
8101:
8097:
8089:
8085:
8077:
8073:
8065:
8058:
8050:
8046:
8039:
8035:
8027:
8023:
8015:
8011:
8003:
7999:
7991:
7987:
7979:
7975:
7967:
7963:
7955:
7951:
7943:
7936:
7928:
7921:
7910:
7906:
7898:
7894:
7886:
7882:
7871:
7867:
7859:
7855:
7847:
7843:
7835:
7831:
7823:
7816:
7808:
7804:
7796:
7792:
7784:
7780:
7772:
7765:
7757:
7753:
7742:
7738:
7730:
7723:
7715:
7711:
7703:
7699:
7691:
7687:
7679:
7675:
7667:
7660:
7653:
7636:
7632:
7624:
7620:
7612:
7608:
7598:
7596:
7583:
7582:
7575:
7567:
7563:
7555:
7548:
7538:
7536:
7523:
7522:
7518:
7510:
7506:
7498:
7494:
7486:
7482:
7476:Codrington 1943
7474:
7470:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7447:
7443:
7439:, pp. 3–15
7435:
7431:
7423:
7419:
7409:
7407:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7381:
7377:
7367:
7365:
7354:
7350:
7342:
7338:
7331:
7327:
7321:Collingham 2006
7319:
7312:
7306:Collingham 2006
7304:
7297:
7289:
7285:
7277:
7273:
7265:
7261:
7253:
7249:
7241:
7237:
7229:
7225:
7217:
7213:
7205:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7178:
7174:
7166:
7162:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7125:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7099:
7095:
7087:
7083:
7075:
7071:
7063:
7059:
7051:
7047:
7039:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7010:
7006:
6998:
6994:
6986:
6977:
6969:
6965:
6950:
6936:
6932:
6924:
6917:
6909:
6905:
6897:
6893:
6885:
6876:
6868:
6864:
6856:
6852:
6844:
6840:
6832:
6828:
6820:
6816:
6808:
6804:
6796:
6792:
6784:
6780:
6772:
6768:
6760:
6753:
6745:
6741:
6733:
6729:
6721:
6717:
6709:
6705:
6697:
6693:
6685:
6681:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6646:
6642:
6634:
6630:
6622:
6618:
6610:
6606:
6598:
6594:
6586:
6582:
6575:
6571:
6563:
6559:
6555:, Bombay, 1980.
6550:
6546:
6538:
6534:
6526:
6522:
6514:
6510:
6502:
6498:
6490:
6486:
6476:
6474:
6453:
6449:
6441:
6437:
6430:
6416:
6412:
6404:
6400:
6392:
6388:
6378:
6376:
6359:
6355:
6347:
6343:
6335:
6331:
6323:
6316:
6308:
6297:
6289:
6285:
6275:
6273:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6251:
6247:
6239:
6235:
6227:
6220:
6212:
6208:
6200:
6196:
6188:
6184:
6176:
6167:
6159:
6155:
6149:Ahloowalia 2009
6147:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6123:
6119:
6111:
6107:
6099:
6092:
6084:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6060:
6053:
6045:
6038:
6030:
6026:
6018:
6011:
6003:
5999:
5991:
5987:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5937:
5933:
5926:
5910:
5899:
5891:
5887:
5879:
5870:
5862:
5845:
5838:
5822:
5818:
5810:
5785:
5778:
5762:
5751:
5743:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5714:
5701:
5693:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5664:
5662:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5624:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5551:
5544:
5536:
5529:
5521:
5517:
5509:
5492:
5484:
5477:
5469:
5444:
5437:
5421:
5417:
5409:
5405:
5397:
5393:
5385:
5360:
5353:
5341:, eds. (2010).
5332:
5328:
5324:, pp. 9–13
5320:
5307:
5299:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5272:
5268:
5260:
5256:
5248:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5051:
5050:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5019:
5012:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4982:
4974:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4844:
4840:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4788:
4773:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4698:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4641:
4634:
4628:Ahloowalia 2009
4626:
4622:
4614:
4605:
4597:
4588:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4477:
4468:
4463:
4441:
4412:
4403:Alex Rutherford
4370:The Miniaturist
4341:'s 2002 novel,
4324:Indu Sundaresan
4319:
4175:Akbar the Great
4043:
4038:
3993:Aram Banu Begum
3959:Shahzada Khanam
3948:
3938:
3850:
3845:
3757:
3725:
3700:Aram Banu Begum
3692:Dungarpur State
3561:
3539:Ghazni Province
3527:
3456:
3450:
3445:Akbarnāma, the
3423:
3286:
3272:
3267:
3199:
3167:
3126:(pronounced as
3063:
3057:
2937:
2819:
2811:Pierre Malherbe
2804:Queen Elizabeth
2797:
2740:
2644:
2517:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2415:
2410:
2379:
2337:
2332:
2315:
2278:
2228:
2222:
2188:(also known as
2174:
2134:Delhi Sultanate
2130:
2125:
2084:Ahmednagar Fort
2080:
2054:
2042:Kandahari Begum
2010:
1978:
1911:
1819:
1811:Khan Jahan Quli
1807:Karrani dynasty
1775:
1715:
1709:
1693:Maharana Pratap
1627:Delhi Sultanate
1595:
1586:
1504:
1473:
1467:
1408:Tardi Baig Khan
1363:
1307:
1291:
1286:
845:
760:Rajput Fortress
716:
689:syncretic creed
606:
599:Akbar the Great
592:
590:
584:
582:
557:
495:
492:
489:
486:
476:Posthumous name
456:
452:Aram Banu Begum
432:Shahzada Khanam
404:
403:
395:
376:
373: 1575)
368:
364:
358:
355: 1572)
350:
346:
340:
337: 1570)
332:
328:
322:
319: 1570)
314:
310:
296:
293:
290: 1562)
285:
281:
273:
270: 1561)
265:
261:
253:
250: 1556)
245:
241:
238:
222:
212:
198:
186:
182:
181:27 October 1605
164:
156:
155:15 October 1542
154:
85:
82:
61:
57:
53:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12513:
12503:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12410:
12409:
12407:
12406:
12401:
12399:Buland Darwaza
12396:
12390:
12388:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12244:
12242:
12238:
12237:
12235:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12197:Fatehpur Sikri
12194:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12148:
12146:
12142:
12141:
12139:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12122:
12120:
12116:
12115:
12107:
12106:
12099:
12092:
12084:
12075:
12074:
12072:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12024:Maratha Empire
12021:
12010:
12008:
12004:
12003:
12001:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11944:
11942:
11938:
11937:
11934:
11933:
11931:
11930:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11906:Fatehpur Sikri
11902:
11900:
11896:
11895:
11893:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11860:Humayun's Tomb
11857:
11852:
11847:
11841:
11839:
11833:
11832:
11830:
11829:
11824:
11822:Sunehri Masjid
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11793:
11791:
11785:
11784:
11782:
11781:
11776:
11774:Jahangir Mahal
11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11750:
11748:
11741:
11735:
11734:
11731:
11730:
11728:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11660:Sher Shah Suri
11657:
11652:
11647:
11646:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11614:
11612:
11608:
11607:
11605:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11543:
11541:
11537:
11536:
11534:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11488:
11486:Panipat (1761)
11483:
11481:Panipat (1556)
11478:
11476:Panipat (1526)
11473:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11421:Badli-ki-Serai
11418:
11412:
11410:
11401:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11324:
11322:
11318:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11311:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11249:
11247:
11236:
11235:
11234:
11233:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11202:
11201:
11190:
11188:
11187:Administration
11184:
11183:
11181:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11158:Shah Jahan III
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11118:Bahadur Shah I
11115:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11074:
11072:
11066:
11065:
11053:
11052:
11045:
11038:
11030:
11022:
11021:
11016:
11013:
11008:Mughal Emperor
11004:
10999:
10995:
10994:
10993:Regnal titles
10990:
10989:
10969:
10966:
10961:
10960:
10948:
10934:
10933:External links
10931:
10929:
10928:
10917:
10906:
10895:
10881:
10866:
10851:
10840:
10829:
10822:
10808:
10794:
10779:
10764:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10738:
10732:
10716:
10698:
10683:
10653:(3): 373–396.
10638:
10632:
10619:
10609:(4): 402–412.
10598:
10553:
10535:
10511:
10505:
10492:
10486:
10468:
10454:
10448:
10426:
10413:
10407:
10394:
10388:
10368:
10362:
10342:
10324:
10306:
10300:
10287:
10281:
10268:
10259:
10253:
10240:
10205:
10199:
10181:
10163:
10145:
10134:
10128:
10113:
10107:
10092:
10050:
10032:
10017:
10011:
9996:
9990:
9977:
9951:
9936:
9918:
9903:
9897:
9884:
9876:, ed. (1974).
9870:
9864:
9849:
9843:
9828:
9822:
9807:
9801:
9783:
9769:
9751:
9745:
9731:Kulke, Hermann
9727:
9713:
9687:(1/2): 29–36.
9676:
9670:
9657:
9646:
9635:
9629:
9610:
9584:
9578:
9563:
9561:. Vol. 2.
9554:
9545:
9539:
9523:
9505:(9–10): 3–15.
9491:
9485:
9469:
9463:
9445:
9427:
9409:
9396:
9385:
9367:
9349:
9331:
9286:
9268:(1): 192–229.
9257:
9226:
9203:
9197:
9185:Eraly, Abraham
9181:
9175:
9161:Eraly, Abraham
9157:
9151:
9136:
9130:
9114:
9108:
9093:
9087:
9074:
9054:
9043:
9037:
9022:
9016:
9003:
8993:(480): 64–67.
8980:
8974:
8959:
8953:
8940:
8934:
8916:
8910:
8892:
8886:
8873:
8867:
8859:Orient Longman
8847:
8841:
8828:
8817:
8799:
8784:
8764:
8741:
8724:
8684:
8678:
8658:
8629:
8623:
8615:The Indus Saga
8610:
8592:
8577:
8559:
8541:
8523:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8492:
8467:
8460:
8442:
8435:
8417:
8410:
8392:
8369:
8343:
8332:on 3 July 2013
8310:
8295:
8283:
8271:
8256:
8239:
8235:Beveridge 1900
8227:
8215:
8203:
8191:
8179:
8167:
8155:
8143:
8131:
8119:
8107:
8095:
8083:
8071:
8056:
8044:
8033:
8021:
8009:
7997:
7985:
7973:
7961:
7957:Manchanda 2001
7949:
7934:
7919:
7904:
7892:
7880:
7865:
7853:
7841:
7829:
7814:
7802:
7790:
7778:
7763:
7751:
7736:
7721:
7709:
7705:Chaudhary 2011
7697:
7685:
7673:
7658:
7651:
7630:
7618:
7606:
7573:
7561:
7546:
7516:
7504:
7492:
7488:von Garbe 1909
7480:
7468:
7452:
7441:
7429:
7417:
7387:
7375:
7348:
7336:
7325:
7310:
7295:
7283:
7271:
7259:
7247:
7235:
7223:
7211:
7199:
7187:
7172:
7160:
7135:
7105:
7093:
7081:
7069:
7057:
7045:
7028:
7016:
7004:
6992:
6975:
6963:
6948:
6930:
6915:
6903:
6891:
6874:
6862:
6850:
6838:
6826:
6814:
6802:
6790:
6778:
6766:
6751:
6739:
6727:
6715:
6703:
6691:
6679:
6664:
6652:
6640:
6628:
6616:
6604:
6592:
6580:
6569:
6557:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6508:
6496:
6484:
6447:
6435:
6428:
6410:
6398:
6386:
6353:
6341:
6329:
6314:
6295:
6283:
6257:
6245:
6233:
6218:
6206:
6194:
6182:
6165:
6153:
6141:
6129:
6117:
6105:
6090:
6078:
6066:
6051:
6036:
6024:
6009:
5997:
5985:
5967:
5955:
5953:, pp. 4–5
5943:
5931:
5924:
5897:
5885:
5868:
5843:
5836:
5816:
5783:
5776:
5749:
5732:
5720:
5699:
5684:
5672:
5642:
5630:
5593:
5581:
5569:
5557:
5542:
5527:
5515:
5490:
5475:
5442:
5435:
5415:
5403:
5391:
5358:
5351:
5326:
5305:
5290:
5278:
5266:
5254:
5233:
5221:
5209:
5197:
5185:
5173:
5158:
5146:
5134:
5104:
5093:on 27 May 2008
5074:
5037:
5025:
5010:
4995:
4980:
4965:
4953:
4942:
4930:
4918:
4906:
4892:
4872:
4858:
4838:
4810:
4798:
4771:
4735:
4723:
4692:
4680:
4668:
4632:
4620:
4603:
4586:
4571:
4559:
4529:
4514:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4426:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4392:
4378:
4361:
4354:'s 2008 novel
4352:Salman Rushdie
4348:
4335:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:'s web series
4299:
4287:
4277:
4271:
4261:
4244:
4223:
4202:
4199:
4186:
4177:, directed by
4171:
4168:Vikram Gokhale
4156:
4147:Hrithik Roshan
4143:
4130:
4127:N. T. Rama Rao
4112:
4100:
4089:Films Division
4081:
4072:
4056:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4005:
4004:
3990:
3980:
3973:
3971:Timurid Prince
3956:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3918:
3909:15 June 1570;
3900:
3889:Shahzada Salim
3886:
3872:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3756:
3753:
3724:
3721:
3708:Maldeo Rathore
3526:
3523:
3452:Main article:
3449:
3443:
3431:hagiographical
3422:
3419:
3337:, Arabic, and
3311:animal trainer
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3198:
3195:
3166:
3163:
3143:Oscar R. Gómez
3059:Main article:
3056:
3053:
2945:Mughal Emperor
2936:
2933:
2818:
2815:
2796:
2793:
2739:
2736:
2667:Mughal Emperor
2663:Seydi Ali Reis
2643:
2640:
2563:Siege of Surat
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2378:
2375:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2314:
2311:
2302:Fatehpur Sikri
2277:
2274:
2266:Arabian horses
2224:Main article:
2221:
2218:
2206:Raja Todar Mal
2178:Sher Shah Suri
2173:
2170:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:Administration
2121:
2076:Main article:
2053:
2052:Deccan Sultans
2050:
2009:
2006:
1977:
1974:
1962:Mirza Jani Beg
1910:
1907:
1886:Raja Todar Mal
1818:
1815:
1768:Buland Darwaza
1708:
1705:
1701:Fatehpur Sikri
1594:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1466:
1463:
1362:
1359:
1328:fortifications
1306:
1303:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
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1234:
1233:
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1223:
1221:
1218:
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1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
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1163:
1160:
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1153:
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1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
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1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
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1080:
1077:
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1038:
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1026:
1023:
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1020:
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1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
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994:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
971:
970:
968:
965:
964:
962:
956:
953:
952:
949:
948:
946:
943:
942:
940:
937:
936:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
920:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
898:
895:
894:
891:
890:
888:
885:
884:
882:
879:
878:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
853:
852:
846:
844:
841:
777:Akbar as a boy
732:Sher Shah Suri
715:
712:
701:Zoroastrianism
669:Fatehpur Sikri
616:Mughal emperor
601:, and also as
574:
573:
566:
562:
561:
552:
548:
547:
542:
538:
537:
532:
528:
527:
522:
516:
515:
513:House of Babur
510:
504:
503:
500:
499:
482:Arsh-Ashyani (
479:
478:
472:
471:
467:
466:
458:
457:
455:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
413:
411:
397:
396:
394:
393:
390:several others
386:
383:
380:
377:
366:
362:
361:
359:
348:
345:Bhakkari Begum
344:
343:
341:
330:
326:
325:
323:
312:
308:
307:
304:
302:
298:
297:
295:
294:
283:
277:
276:
274:
263:
257:
256:
254:
243:
239:
234:
233:
230:
228:
224:
223:
213:
209:
205:
204:
188:Fatehpur Sikri
185:(aged 63)
179:
175:
174:
151:
147:
146:
143:
142:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
108:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
87:
86:
73:
65:
64:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12512:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
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12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
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12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12391:
12389:
12385:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12308:Garhi Udairaj
12306:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12245:
12243:
12239:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12149:
12147:
12143:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12131:Mughal empire
12129:
12127:
12124:
12123:
12121:
12117:
12112:
12111:Agra district
12105:
12100:
12098:
12093:
12091:
12086:
12085:
12082:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12029:Rajput states
12027:
12025:
12022:
12019:
12015:
12012:
12011:
12009:
12005:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11945:
11943:
11939:
11929:
11928:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11903:
11901:
11897:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11842:
11840:
11838:
11834:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11794:
11792:
11790:
11786:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11751:
11749:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11736:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11620:
11619:
11616:
11615:
11613:
11609:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11544:
11542:
11538:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11409:
11405:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11378:Carnatic wars
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11325:
11323:
11319:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11246:
11245:
11240:
11232:
11229:
11228:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11200:
11197:
11196:
11195:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11185:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11168:Shah Jahan IV
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11143:Muhammad Shah
11141:
11139:
11138:Shah Jahan II
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11123:Jahandar Shah
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11071:
11067:
11063:
11062:Mughal Empire
11059:
11051:
11046:
11044:
11039:
11037:
11032:
11031:
11028:
11019:
11010:
11009:
11002:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10979:
10974:
10973:
10964:
10958:
10954:
10953:
10949:
10946:
10941:
10937:
10936:
10925:
10924:
10918:
10914:
10913:
10907:
10903:
10902:
10896:
10892:
10891:
10886:
10885:Havell, E. B.
10882:
10880:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10867:
10863:
10859:
10858:
10852:
10848:
10847:
10841:
10837:
10836:
10830:
10827:
10823:
10821:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10807:
10803:
10799:
10795:
10792:
10788:
10784:
10780:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10762:
10758:
10754:
10751:
10748:
10747:
10735:
10733:0-8240-5787-2
10729:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10705:
10701:
10695:
10691:
10690:
10684:
10672:
10668:
10664:
10660:
10656:
10652:
10648:
10644:
10639:
10635:
10629:
10625:
10620:
10616:
10612:
10608:
10604:
10599:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10567:
10563:
10559:
10554:
10542:
10538:
10536:0-253-11671-6
10532:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10502:
10498:
10493:
10489:
10483:
10479:
10478:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10464:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10449:81-215-0395-7
10445:
10441:
10437:
10429:
10423:
10419:
10414:
10410:
10404:
10400:
10395:
10391:
10389:0-7139-9687-0
10385:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10359:
10354:
10353:
10347:
10343:
10331:
10327:
10325:81-250-0333-9
10321:
10317:
10316:
10311:
10307:
10303:
10297:
10293:
10288:
10284:
10278:
10274:
10269:
10265:
10260:
10256:
10250:
10246:
10241:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10211:
10206:
10202:
10196:
10192:
10191:
10186:
10182:
10170:
10166:
10160:
10156:
10155:
10154:India Divided
10150:
10146:
10142:
10141:
10135:
10131:
10125:
10121:
10120:
10114:
10110:
10108:0-415-06084-2
10104:
10101:. Routledge.
10100:
10099:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10063:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10039:
10035:
10029:
10025:
10024:
10018:
10014:
10008:
10004:
10003:
9997:
9993:
9987:
9983:
9978:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9948:
9944:
9943:
9937:
9925:
9921:
9915:
9911:
9910:
9904:
9900:
9894:
9890:
9885:
9881:
9880:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9861:
9857:
9856:
9850:
9846:
9840:
9836:
9835:
9829:
9825:
9819:
9815:
9814:
9808:
9804:
9798:
9794:
9793:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9766:
9762:
9761:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9742:
9739:. Routledge.
9738:
9737:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9677:
9673:
9667:
9663:
9658:
9654:
9653:
9647:
9643:
9642:
9636:
9632:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9617:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9598:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9575:
9571:
9570:
9564:
9560:
9555:
9551:
9546:
9542:
9536:
9532:
9528:
9524:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9492:
9488:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9460:
9457:. Routledge.
9456:
9455:
9450:
9446:
9434:
9430:
9424:
9420:
9419:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9397:
9393:
9392:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9377:
9372:
9368:
9356:
9352:
9346:
9342:
9341:
9336:
9332:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9258:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9233:
9227:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9204:
9200:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9172:
9168:
9167:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9148:
9144:
9143:
9137:
9133:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9105:
9101:
9100:
9094:
9090:
9088:0-9754639-3-4
9084:
9080:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9050:
9044:
9040:
9034:
9030:
9029:
9023:
9019:
9013:
9010:. Amaryllis.
9009:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8987:
8981:
8977:
8971:
8968:. Doubleday.
8967:
8966:
8960:
8956:
8950:
8946:
8941:
8937:
8931:
8927:
8926:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8907:
8903:
8902:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8883:
8879:
8874:
8870:
8864:
8860:
8857:. New Delhi:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8838:
8834:
8829:
8825:
8824:
8818:
8806:
8802:
8796:
8792:
8791:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8768:Beveridge, H.
8765:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8748:
8742:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8662:Ali, M. Athar
8659:
8644:
8637:
8636:
8630:
8626:
8620:
8616:
8611:
8599:
8595:
8589:
8585:
8584:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8569:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8551:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8533:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8511:
8506:
8502:
8501:
8481:
8477:
8471:
8463:
8461:9780099421924
8457:
8453:
8446:
8438:
8436:0-553-10920-0
8432:
8428:
8421:
8413:
8407:
8403:
8396:
8381:
8380:
8373:
8358:
8354:
8347:
8331:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8314:
8306:
8299:
8292:
8287:
8280:
8275:
8269:, p. 133
8268:
8263:
8261:
8253:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8236:
8231:
8224:
8219:
8213:, p. 170
8212:
8211:Majumdar 1974
8207:
8200:
8195:
8188:
8187:Majumdar 1974
8183:
8176:
8171:
8164:
8159:
8153:, p. 985
8152:
8147:
8141:, p. 958
8140:
8135:
8128:
8123:
8116:
8115:Jahangir 1999
8111:
8105:, p. 295
8104:
8099:
8093:, p. 278
8092:
8087:
8080:
8075:
8069:, p. 144
8068:
8063:
8061:
8053:
8048:
8042:
8037:
8031:, p. 166
8030:
8025:
8019:, p. 362
8018:
8013:
8006:
8001:
7995:, p. 283
7994:
7989:
7982:
7977:
7970:
7965:
7958:
7953:
7947:, p. 518
7946:
7941:
7939:
7931:
7926:
7924:
7915:
7908:
7902:, p. 352
7901:
7896:
7889:
7884:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7861:Badayuni 1884
7857:
7851:, p. 397
7850:
7849:Jahangir 1999
7845:
7838:
7833:
7827:, p. 222
7826:
7821:
7819:
7811:
7806:
7799:
7794:
7787:
7782:
7775:
7770:
7768:
7760:
7755:
7747:
7740:
7733:
7728:
7726:
7719:, p. 322
7718:
7713:
7706:
7701:
7695:, p. 140
7694:
7693:Jahangir 1999
7689:
7682:
7677:
7671:, p. 143
7670:
7665:
7663:
7654:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7634:
7627:
7626:Jahangir 1999
7622:
7616:, p. 149
7615:
7614:Schimmel 2004
7610:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7580:
7578:
7571:, p. 475
7570:
7565:
7559:, p. 497
7558:
7553:
7551:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7513:
7508:
7501:
7500:Richards 1996
7496:
7489:
7484:
7477:
7472:
7464:
7463:
7456:
7450:
7449:Jahangir 1999
7445:
7438:
7433:
7427:, p. 137
7426:
7421:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7391:
7385:, p. 373
7384:
7383:Truschke 2012
7379:
7363:
7360:. JAINpedia.
7359:
7352:
7345:
7340:
7334:
7329:
7322:
7317:
7315:
7307:
7302:
7300:
7293:, p. 126
7292:
7287:
7281:, p. 187
7280:
7275:
7268:
7263:
7257:, p. 164
7256:
7251:
7244:
7239:
7232:
7227:
7220:
7215:
7208:
7203:
7197:, p. 282
7196:
7191:
7183:
7176:
7170:, p. 138
7169:
7168:Majumdar 1974
7164:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7147:
7139:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7103:, p. 256
7102:
7097:
7091:, p. 255
7090:
7085:
7078:
7073:
7066:
7061:
7055:, p. 159
7054:
7049:
7043:, p. 254
7042:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7026:, p. 235
7025:
7020:
7013:
7008:
7002:, p. 348
7001:
6996:
6989:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6972:
6967:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6945:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6922:
6920:
6912:
6907:
6901:, p. 252
6900:
6895:
6889:, p. 253
6888:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6871:
6866:
6860:, p. 393
6859:
6854:
6848:, p. 292
6847:
6842:
6836:, p. 327
6835:
6830:
6824:, p. 155
6823:
6822:Majumdar 1974
6818:
6811:
6810:Majumdar 1974
6806:
6800:, p. 154
6799:
6798:Majumdar 1974
6794:
6787:
6786:Majumdar 1974
6782:
6775:
6770:
6764:, p. 153
6763:
6762:Majumdar 1974
6758:
6756:
6748:
6743:
6737:, p. 158
6736:
6735:Majumdar 1974
6731:
6724:
6719:
6712:
6707:
6700:
6695:
6689:, p. 138
6688:
6683:
6676:
6671:
6669:
6662:, p. 217
6661:
6656:
6650:, p. 246
6649:
6644:
6638:, p. 114
6637:
6632:
6626:, p. 249
6625:
6620:
6613:
6608:
6602:, p. 160
6601:
6596:
6590:, p. 738
6589:
6584:
6578:
6573:
6566:
6561:
6554:
6548:
6542:, p. 218
6541:
6536:
6530:, p. 260
6529:
6524:
6518:, p. 274
6517:
6512:
6506:, p. 259
6505:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6451:
6445:, p. 256
6444:
6439:
6431:
6425:
6422:. Routledge.
6421:
6414:
6407:
6402:
6395:
6390:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6338:
6333:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6312:, p. 243
6311:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6293:, p. 136
6292:
6287:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6255:, p. 326
6254:
6249:
6242:
6237:
6230:
6225:
6223:
6215:
6210:
6204:, p. 223
6203:
6198:
6191:
6190:Richards 1996
6186:
6180:, p. 104
6179:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6163:, p. 273
6162:
6157:
6151:, p. 129
6150:
6145:
6139:, p. 126
6138:
6133:
6126:
6125:Petersen 1996
6121:
6115:, p. 237
6114:
6109:
6103:, p. 238
6102:
6097:
6095:
6088:, p. 359
6087:
6082:
6076:, p. 165
6075:
6070:
6064:, p. 235
6063:
6058:
6056:
6049:, p. 236
6048:
6043:
6041:
6034:, p. 160
6033:
6028:
6022:, p. 234
6021:
6016:
6014:
6007:, p. 233
6006:
6001:
5994:
5989:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5964:
5959:
5952:
5947:
5941:, p. 274
5940:
5935:
5927:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5895:, p. 711
5894:
5889:
5883:, p. 258
5882:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5865:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5839:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5820:
5813:
5812:Richards 1996
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5779:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5747:, p. 145
5746:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5730:, p. 170
5729:
5728:Pletcher 2010
5724:
5717:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5696:
5695:Richards 1996
5691:
5689:
5682:, p. 232
5681:
5676:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5640:, p. 796
5639:
5634:
5627:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5590:
5585:
5579:, p. 107
5578:
5573:
5567:, p. 342
5566:
5561:
5554:
5549:
5547:
5540:, p. 231
5539:
5534:
5532:
5524:
5519:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5487:
5486:Richards 1996
5482:
5480:
5472:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5438:
5436:9789384544980
5432:
5428:
5427:
5419:
5413:, p. 228
5412:
5407:
5401:, p. 339
5400:
5395:
5388:
5387:Richards 1996
5383:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5354:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5339:Reid, Anthony
5336:
5330:
5323:
5322:Richards 1996
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5303:, p. 227
5302:
5297:
5295:
5287:
5282:
5276:, p. 119
5275:
5270:
5263:
5262:Majumdar 1974
5258:
5251:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5231:, p. 134
5230:
5225:
5219:, p. 135
5218:
5213:
5207:, p. 288
5206:
5205:Richards 1996
5201:
5194:
5193:Schimmel 2004
5189:
5183:, p. 205
5182:
5177:
5171:, p. 140
5170:
5165:
5163:
5156:, p. 254
5155:
5150:
5144:, p. 337
5143:
5138:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5034:
5029:
5022:
5017:
5015:
5008:, p. 169
5007:
5006:Ferishta 1909
5002:
5000:
4993:, p. 189
4992:
4987:
4985:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4946:
4939:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4895:
4893:9781932705546
4889:
4885:
4884:
4876:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4817:
4815:
4808:, p. 404
4807:
4802:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4732:
4727:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4690:, p. 189
4689:
4684:
4678:, p. 245
4677:
4672:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4639:
4637:
4630:, p. 130
4629:
4624:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4600:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4583:
4582:Jahangir 1999
4578:
4576:
4568:
4563:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4466:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4382:Chhattisgarhi
4379:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:Avinesh Rekhi
4239:and later by
4238:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4185:in the 1990s.
4184:
4181:was aired on
4180:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4064:Mughal-e-Azam
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3994:
3991:
3984:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:Mariam Makani
3960:
3957:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3922:
3921:Daniyal Mirza
3919:
3916:
3904:
3901:
3890:
3887:
3876:
3875:Hussain Mirza
3873:
3870:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3804:Mughal Empire
3800:
3798:
3797:reincarnation
3793:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3776:, one of his
3775:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3745:his mausoleum
3742:
3734:
3729:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:Daniyal Mirza
3623:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3497:, one of the
3496:
3492:
3491:Book of Akbar
3484:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3448:
3447:Book of Akbar
3442:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3375:defenestrated
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3343:calligraphers
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3296:in the books
3295:
3281:
3276:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:triumphantly.
3208:
3205:Akbar enters
3203:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3171:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3010:in 1579. The
3009:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:New Testament
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2545:Mughal Empire
2543:In 1572, the
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2449:and grandson
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:Rajput, Raja
2436:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2405:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2374:
2372:
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2364:
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2356:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2327:
2325:
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2310:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2293:Salim Chishti
2286:
2282:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:standing army
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:Asirgarh Fort
2098:and besieged
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1915:
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1904:
1899:
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1883:
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1874:
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1796:
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1779:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:Bay of Bengal
1728:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
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1647:
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1638:
1636:
1632:
1631:Udai Singh II
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1505:his opponents
1502:
1498:
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1295:
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1259:
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1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1196:
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1190:
1189:
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1177:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
991:
990:
987:
986:
973:
972:
967:
966:
961:
955:
954:
951:
950:
945:
944:
939:
938:
935:
929:
928:
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915:
914:
909:
908:
903:
897:
896:
893:
892:
887:
886:
881:
880:
877:
871:
859:
858:
855:
854:
850:
849:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Sikandar Shah
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
775:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
711:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
650:sectarian tax
646:
645:Mughal Empire
641:
639:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
604:
600:
580:
571:
567:
563:
560:
556:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
526:
523:
521:
517:
514:
511:
509:
505:
480:
477:
473:
468:
463:
459:
453:
450:
448:
447:Daniyal Mirza
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
422:Hussain Mirza
420:
418:
415:
414:
412:
409:
408:
402:
398:
392:
391:
387:
384:
381:
378:
360:
342:
324:
306:
305:
303:
299:
280:
275:
260:
255:
237:
232:
231:
229:
225:
220:
216:
211:November 1605
210:
206:
202:
201:Uttar Pradesh
197:
196:Mughal Empire
193:
189:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
77:
71:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
47:
42:
39:
37:
33:
19:
12283:Chhai Pokhar
12258:Barauli Ahir
12125:
12017:
11925:
11921:Shahi Bridge
11845:Akbar's Tomb
11807:Chawk Mosque
11779:Sheesh Mahal
11764:Lalbagh Fort
11739:Architecture
11725:Hector Munro
11700:Josiah Child
11650:Ibrahim Lodi
11643:Pratapaditya
11628:Khwaja Usman
11426:Bhuchar Mori
11242:
11163:Shah Alam II
11128:Farrukhsiyar
11087:
11006:
10984:
10977:
10970:
10951:
10922:
10911:
10900:
10889:
10869:
10856:
10845:
10834:
10825:
10811:
10797:
10782:
10772:Abd Al-Rahim
10767:
10752:
10723:
10708:. Retrieved
10688:
10675:. Retrieved
10650:
10646:
10623:
10606:
10602:
10590:. Retrieved
10565:
10561:
10545:. Retrieved
10526:
10496:
10476:
10462:
10442:Publishers.
10435:
10417:
10398:
10375:
10372:Sen, Amartya
10351:
10334:. Retrieved
10314:
10291:
10272:
10263:
10262:Sanghmitra.
10244:
10232:. Retrieved
10220:
10216:
10189:
10173:. Retrieved
10153:
10139:
10118:
10097:
10061:
10057:
10042:. Retrieved
10022:
10001:
9981:
9969:. Retrieved
9941:
9928:. Retrieved
9908:
9888:
9878:
9854:
9833:
9812:
9791:
9759:
9735:
9721:
9684:
9680:
9661:
9651:
9640:
9615:
9596:
9588:Ikram, S. M.
9568:
9558:
9549:
9530:
9527:Hasan, Nurul
9502:
9498:
9495:Habib, Irfan
9476:
9473:Habib, Irfan
9453:
9449:Gommans, Jos
9437:. Retrieved
9417:
9404:
9390:
9381:Briggs, John
9375:
9359:. Retrieved
9339:
9323:. Retrieved
9301:(1): 32–48.
9298:
9294:
9265:
9261:
9249:. Retrieved
9231:
9218:. Retrieved
9208:
9188:
9165:
9141:
9121:
9098:
9078:
9069:
9048:
9027:
9007:
8990:
8984:
8964:
8944:
8924:
8900:
8877:
8854:
8832:
8822:
8809:. Retrieved
8789:
8779:
8775:
8750:. Calcutta:
8746:
8732:
8695:
8691:
8688:Ali, Mubarak
8665:
8650:. Retrieved
8634:
8614:
8602:. Retrieved
8582:
8567:
8549:
8531:
8517:. Calcutta:
8509:
8497:Bibliography
8483:. Retrieved
8479:
8470:
8451:
8445:
8426:
8420:
8401:
8395:
8384:, retrieved
8378:
8372:
8360:. Retrieved
8356:
8346:
8334:. Retrieved
8330:the original
8323:
8313:
8298:
8293:, p. 51
8286:
8274:
8230:
8218:
8206:
8201:, p. 79
8194:
8182:
8175:Chandra 1993
8170:
8158:
8146:
8134:
8122:
8117:, p. 39
8110:
8098:
8086:
8074:
8047:
8036:
8024:
8012:
8000:
7988:
7976:
7971:, p. 55
7964:
7959:, p. 24
7952:
7913:
7907:
7895:
7883:
7874:
7868:
7856:
7844:
7839:, p. 90
7832:
7805:
7793:
7781:
7754:
7745:
7739:
7712:
7700:
7688:
7683:, p. 88
7676:
7642:
7633:
7628:, p. 40
7621:
7609:
7597:. Retrieved
7593:the original
7588:
7569:Sangari 2007
7564:
7557:Sangari 2007
7537:. Retrieved
7533:the original
7519:
7514:, p. 55
7507:
7502:, p. 15
7495:
7483:
7471:
7461:
7455:
7444:
7432:
7420:
7408:. Retrieved
7399:
7390:
7378:
7366:. Retrieved
7351:
7339:
7328:
7323:, p. 31
7308:, p. 30
7286:
7274:
7269:, p. 96
7262:
7250:
7238:
7233:, p. 42
7226:
7221:, p. 51
7214:
7209:, p. 87
7202:
7190:
7181:
7175:
7163:
7145:
7138:
7126:. Retrieved
7117:
7108:
7101:Chandra 2007
7096:
7089:Chandra 2007
7084:
7072:
7067:, p. 79
7060:
7048:
7041:Chandra 2007
7019:
7007:
6995:
6990:, p. 86
6973:, p. 85
6966:
6939:
6933:
6928:, p. 81
6913:, p. 72
6906:
6899:Chandra 2007
6894:
6887:Chandra 2007
6872:, p. 80
6865:
6853:
6841:
6829:
6817:
6805:
6793:
6781:
6769:
6749:, p. 94
6742:
6730:
6723:Farooqi 1989
6718:
6711:Farooqi 1989
6706:
6699:Farooqi 2017
6694:
6687:Faroqhi 2006
6682:
6677:, p. 88
6675:Faroqhi 2006
6655:
6643:
6636:Farooqi 1989
6631:
6619:
6612:Farooqi 1996
6607:
6595:
6583:
6572:
6567:, p. 58
6560:
6552:
6547:
6535:
6523:
6511:
6499:
6487:
6475:. Retrieved
6457:
6450:
6438:
6419:
6413:
6408:, p. 36
6401:
6396:, p. 80
6389:
6377:. Retrieved
6373:the original
6366:
6356:
6351:, p. 38
6344:
6332:
6327:, p. 37
6310:Chandra 2007
6286:
6274:. Retrieved
6260:
6253:Collier 2011
6248:
6243:, p. 40
6236:
6231:, p. 39
6216:, p. 44
6209:
6197:
6192:, p. 35
6185:
6156:
6144:
6132:
6120:
6113:Chandra 2007
6108:
6101:Chandra 2007
6081:
6069:
6062:Chandra 2007
6047:Chandra 2007
6027:
6020:Chandra 2007
6005:Chandra 2007
6000:
5988:
5979:
5970:
5958:
5946:
5934:
5914:
5893:Houtsma 1993
5888:
5826:
5819:
5766:
5723:
5697:, p. 32
5680:Chandra 2007
5675:
5663:. Retrieved
5654:
5645:
5633:
5591:, p. 11
5584:
5577:Chandra 2001
5572:
5560:
5555:, p. 32
5538:Chandra 2007
5518:
5511:Chandra 2005
5425:
5418:
5411:Chandra 2007
5406:
5394:
5342:
5329:
5301:Chandra 2007
5286:Chandra 2007
5281:
5269:
5257:
5229:Gommans 2002
5224:
5212:
5200:
5195:, p. 88
5188:
5176:
5149:
5137:
5125:. Retrieved
5121:the original
5116:
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5091:the original
5077:
5065:. Retrieved
5056:
5028:
4976:Erskine 1854
4963:, p. 22
4956:
4945:
4933:
4921:
4914:Banerji 1938
4909:
4897:. Retrieved
4882:
4875:
4863:, retrieved
4848:
4841:
4833:the original
4826:
4801:
4789:. Retrieved
4750:
4726:
4714:. Retrieved
4709:
4695:
4683:
4671:
4659:. Retrieved
4648:
4623:
4569:, p. 95
4567:Chandra 2005
4562:
4550:. Retrieved
4541:
4532:
4505:
4429:
4420:
4395:
4374:
4368:
4355:
4342:
4331:
4327:
4293:
4280:Shahbaz Khan
4273:
4257:Akbar Birbal
4255:
4230:
4219:
4213:
4206:Uday Tikekar
4189:
4174:
4160:Akbar-Birbal
4159:
4152:Jodhaa Akbar
4150:
4137:
4106:
4092:
4075:
4062:
4046:
4029:Parviz Mirza
4006:
3975:Mahi Begum (
3939:
3857:Hassan Mirza
3851:
3819:. Historian
3814:
3808:
3801:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3768:
3761:
3758:
3738:
3715:
3705:
3697:
3688:
3684:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3611:
3592:Rajput caste
3588:Raja Bharmal
3581:
3566:
3558:Kamran Mirza
3547:
3535:Hindal Mirza
3528:
3498:
3490:
3474:
3466:
3446:
3424:
3412:
3383:Ain-e-Akbari
3381:
3379:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3347:
3308:
3304:Ain-i-akbari
3303:
3297:
3291:
3239:
3235:
3212:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3140:
3127:
3112:
3108:
3099:spirituality
3094:
3091:Ibadat Khana
3076:
3071:Ibadat Khana
3042:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2969:Amir Khusrau
2958:
2949:Prince Salim
2929:Materialists
2882:
2832:
2808:
2798:
2764:
2752:
2733:
2729:
2706:
2691:
2689:
2665:visited the
2656:
2601:
2594:
2583:
2568:
2559:Persian Gulf
2552:
2542:
2518:
2511:Ain-i-Akbari
2509:
2506:
2502:
2475:
2471:
2455:
2447:Bhagwant Das
2432:
2425:Portrait of
2416:
2399:
2390:
2366:
2341:
2338:
2316:
2290:
2285:Diwan-i-Khas
2284:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2210:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2081:
2065:
2031:
2011:
1979:
1955:
1935:Chak dynasty
1923:Indus valley
1920:
1890:
1875:
1847:
1836:
1828:
1780:
1765:
1741:
1739:
1724:
1681:
1677:
1657:Chittor Fort
1654:
1650:Sisodia clan
1639:
1612:
1587:
1578:
1562:
1550:
1514:
1486:
1455:
1447:Gwalior Fort
1412:
1372:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1298:Mughal India
1071:
832:
810:
795:
791:Askari Mirza
787:Kamran Mirza
780:
748:Hindal Mirza
717:
705:
681:architecture
654:
642:
638:India proper
631:
602:
598:
578:
577:
417:Hassan Mirza
405:
388:
199:(modern-day
183:(1605-10-27)
165:(modern-day
49:
38:
36:
12435:1605 deaths
12430:1542 births
12373:Sarokhipura
12217:Nainana Jat
12039:Sikh Empire
12018:interrupted
11759:Lahore Fort
11710:Henry Every
11675:Malik Ambar
11618:Baro-Bhuyan
11611:Adversaries
11597:Ranthambore
11552:Chittorgarh
11373:Child's war
11199:family tree
10753:Akbar-namah
10710:18 February
10336:15 November
10157:. Penguin.
9361:11 November
9052:. R.H.Tims.
8386:17 February
8223:Khanna 2007
8052:Akhtar 1983
8007:, p. 4
7969:Somani 1990
7930:Waseem 2003
7776:, p. 2
7774:Prasad 1930
7599:20 February
7525:"1200–1750"
7490:, p. 8
7410:23 November
7231:Sharma 1988
7195:Conder 1828
6940:On Hinduism
6648:Moosvi 2008
6588:Durant 2011
6577:Jarric 1926
6477:15 November
6394:Prasad 2017
6349:Sarkar 1984
6337:Sarkar 1984
6325:Sarkar 1984
6178:Murray 2009
6074:Moosvi 2008
6032:Moosvi 2008
5993:Moosvi 2008
5638:Crooke 1912
5523:Sharma 2023
5217:Elgood 1995
5057:India Today
5033:Nature 1942
4410:Video games
4268:Bharatvarsh
4248:Kiku Sharda
4196:Rajat Tokas
4191:Jodha Akbar
4183:DD National
4103:Om Shivpuri
4060:Hindi movie
3949: 1562
3903:Murad Mirza
3821:Mubarak Ali
3788:is a minor
3577:Murad Mirza
3554:Bairam Khan
3499:Nine Jewels
3465:presenting
3421:Hagiography
3287: 1602
3270:Personality
3151:Din-i-Ilahi
3130:) in 1583.
3116:Din-i-Ilahi
3061:Din-i Ilahi
3055:Din-i Ilahi
2363:Indus river
2324:bookbinding
1990:Baluchistan
1931:Yousuf Shah
1882:Raja Birbal
1743:casus belli
1727:Arabian Sea
1521:Baz Bahadur
1400:Bairam Khan
1018:Maham Begum
821:Bairam Khan
726:(1539) and
714:Early years
685:Din-i Ilahi
624:Bairam Khan
559:Din-i-Ilahi
555:Sunni Islam
437:Murad Mirza
309:Raj Kunwari
173:, Pakistan)
141:(1556–1560)
139:Bairam Khan
115:Predecessor
83: 1630
12419:Categories
12348:Purabirbal
12069:Rohilkhand
12014:Sur Empire
11720:Nader Shah
11655:Rana Sanga
11567:Daulatabad
11451:Haldighati
11383:Bengal war
11221:Government
11153:Alamgir II
11103:Shah Jahan
11012:1556–1605
10959:from 1922.
10768:Akbarnamah
10677:1 November
10592:18 January
10380:Allen Lane
9961:1008395679
9787:Lal, K. S.
9717:Koch, Ebba
9325:18 January
9058:Crooke, W.
8811:14 October
8521:of Bengal.
8411:0743428188
8279:Eraly 2000
8199:Habib 1997
8067:Burke 1989
8041:Ahsan 2005
7669:Burke 1989
7437:Habib 1992
7425:Busch 2011
7368:3 November
7333:Sanghmitra
7267:Habib 1997
7219:Gómez 2013
7077:Hasan 2007
7065:Hasan 2007
7024:Eaton 2019
7000:Smith 2002
6988:Habib 1997
6971:Habib 1997
6926:Habib 1997
6911:Hasan 2007
6870:Habib 1997
6846:Smith 1917
6600:Ikram 1964
6565:Gómez 2013
6540:Ikram 1964
6528:Habib 1997
6516:Ikram 1964
6504:Habib 1997
6492:Habib 1997
6443:Habib 1997
6291:Eraly 2000
6202:Ikram 1964
6086:Smith 2002
5951:Gibbs 1883
5939:Smith 1917
5881:Mehta 1984
5864:Eraly 2000
5745:Ikram 1964
5716:Eraly 2000
5626:Eraly 2000
5589:Eraly 2007
5565:Smith 2002
5471:Eraly 2000
5399:Smith 2002
5250:Eraly 2000
5181:Kulke 2004
5142:Smith 2002
5067:31 January
5021:Eraly 2000
4991:Mehta 1984
4961:Smith 1917
4938:Smith 1917
4926:Smith 1917
4688:Eraly 2000
4676:Black 2011
4616:Mehta 1984
4552:18 January
4525:Eraly 2000
4498:References
4480:Abu'l-Fazl
4365:Kunal Basu
4254:'s sitcom
4179:Akbar Khan
4134:Amjad Khan
3770:Folk tales
3519:Indian art
3507:Navaratnas
3427:syncretism
3227:Hiravijaya
3159:sulh-e-kul
2953:Akbarnameh
2854:Guru Nanak
2789:Badakhshan
2785:Shah Jahan
2780:Shah Abbas
2651:Portuguese
2537:Portuguese
2402:quatrefoil
2270:mansabdars
2253:mansabdars
2244:mansabdars
2232:mansabdari
2226:Mansabdari
2156:mir bakshi
2151:mir bakshi
2088:Chand Bibi
2038:Shah Abbas
1939:Yaqub Shah
1871:Roshaniyya
1791:Munim Khan
1711:See also:
1642:Rana Sanga
1517:Adham Khan
1493:Maham Anga
1469:See also:
1396:Badakhshan
1344:Portuguese
1336:matchlocks
1330:, and the
1316:mansabdari
833:Shahanshah
813:Islam Shah
593:1605-10-27
585:1542-10-15
192:Agra Subah
106:Coronation
12404:Taj Mahal
12394:Agra Fort
12387:Buildings
12378:Tarrakpur
12288:Daultabad
12273:Beesalpur
12268:Bateshwar
12248:Chamrauli
12232:Swamibagh
12227:Shamsabad
12207:Kheragarh
12192:Fatehabad
12177:Dayalbagh
11870:Taj Mahal
11754:Agra Fort
11715:Bajirao I
11638:Musa Khan
11592:Purandhar
11496:Raj Mahal
11471:Najafgarh
11321:Conflicts
11288:Hyderabad
11244:Provinces
10757:Sadiq Ali
10667:145619920
10582:143346476
10474:(2002) .
10151:(2017) .
9971:3 January
9858:. Brill.
9709:159780897
9572:. Brill.
9439:5 January
9373:(1909) .
9282:164261762
9251:15 August
9187:(2007) .
9163:(2000) .
8898:(2005) .
8760:952877148
8712:0970-0293
8485:14 August
7837:Koch 1990
7589:artic.edu
7291:Chua 2007
7279:Chua 2007
6958:858660095
6660:Khan 1999
6406:Keay 1920
6379:2 October
6241:Levi 2002
6229:Levi 2002
6214:Levi 2002
5665:15 August
5553:Khan 1968
4806:Syed 2011
4781:150655825
4757:. 2014 .
4747:"Akbar I"
4702:"Akbar I"
4417:Sid Meier
4375:Akbarnamu
4290:Ali Asgar
4252:BIG Magic
4237:Krip Suri
4162:aired on
4091:produced
3936:Daughters
3778:navratnas
3741:dysentery
3710:, Rao of
3671:Jaisalmer
3655:in 1562.
3641:Jodha Bai
3543:Jalandhar
3495:Abul Fazl
3487:اکبر نامہ
3478:Akbarnāma
3468:Akbarnama
3454:Akbarnama
3400:Vrindavan
3299:Akbarnama
3294:Abul Fazl
3247:Paryushan
3124:Allahabad
2977:Mahdavism
2961:heretical
2913:Vaishnava
2878:sectarian
2862:Chaitanya
2791:in 1646.
2774:Mirza, a
2771:Hindukush
2713:Qadiriyya
2597:artillery
2459:Sisodiyas
2451:Man Singh
2435:Kacchwaha
2408:Diplomacy
2261:mansabdar
2236:mansabdar
2213:Zamindars
2160:mir saman
2096:Burhanpur
2026:Tahmasp I
1994:Mir Masum
1943:Baltistan
1783:Daud Khan
1749:Ahmedabad
1615:Rajputana
1569:Durgavati
1512:in 1555.
1443:Rajputana
1351:Abul Fazl
817:Tahmasp I
806:Jalandhar
768:Rajputana
758:) at the
633:Hindūstān
385:Rukmavati
327:Nathi Bai
162:Rajputana
125:Successor
76:Govardhan
12368:Sakatpur
12353:Rudhmuli
12343:Midhakur
12328:Karahara
12313:Holipura
12298:Digrauta
12293:Dhimsiri
12278:Bichpuri
12241:Villages
12187:Etmadpur
12182:Dhanauli
12152:Achhnera
12059:Carnatic
11978:Painting
11973:Language
11941:See also
11769:Red Fort
11623:Isa Khan
11587:Kandahar
11572:Golconda
11501:Samugarh
11436:Chanderi
11226:Military
11173:Akbar II
11098:Shahryar
11093:Jahangir
11070:Emperors
11018:Jahangir
10887:(1918).
10875:Archived
10789:) 1962 (
10704:Archived
10671:Archived
10586:Archived
10541:Archived
10525:(eds.).
10517:(2006).
10460:(1917).
10374:(2005).
10330:Archived
10312:(1984).
10225:Archived
10187:(1996).
10169:Archived
10044:26 March
10038:Archived
9965:Archived
9924:Archived
9789:(1999).
9733:(2004).
9719:(1990).
9701:25203020
9606:64-14656
9590:(1964).
9529:(2007).
9475:(1997).
9451:(2002).
9433:Archived
9415:(2013).
9355:Archived
9337:(2006).
9319:Archived
9315:26195476
9245:Archived
9241:20894584
9220:9 August
9214:Archived
9120:(2019).
9060:(1912).
8922:(1993).
8853:(2007).
8805:Archived
8730:(1884).
8664:(2006).
8652:4 August
8643:Archived
8604:26 March
8598:Archived
8565:(1907).
8547:(1907).
8529:(1907).
8507:(1873).
8267:Lal 1980
8252:Ali 1992
7825:Lal 1980
7717:Lal 1980
7641:(2011).
7404:Archived
7362:Archived
7344:Sen 2005
7255:Ali 2006
7243:Ali 2006
7122:Archived
7053:Ali 2006
7012:Ali 2006
6834:Ali 2006
6774:Ali 2006
6747:Ali 2006
6471:Archived
6270:Archived
5963:Sen 2013
5659:Archived
5169:Lal 2005
5083:"Gurdas"
5061:Archived
4865:9 August
4785:Archived
4655:Archived
4546:Archived
4510:Lal 1999
4488:Sha'aban
4445:Akbar II
4439:See also
4385:folktale
4215:Siyaasat
4123:Anarkali
4077:Anarkali
3955:infancy)
3817:Pakistan
3731:Gate of
3660:Khandesh
3622:Jahangir
3396:Jahangir
3392:Haridwar
3339:Kashmiri
3319:Sanskrit
3315:dyslexic
3280:cheetahs
3259:Jahangir
3255:Palitana
3219:Shravaka
3128:ilahabad
3023:Mujtahid
2923:, Jews,
2909:Shaivite
2767:Qandahar
2755:Safavids
2661:Admiral
2547:annexed
2486:Hinduism
2393:Muhammad
2361:and the
2297:holy man
2276:Capitals
2172:Taxation
2108:Khandesh
2090:to cede
2022:Khorasan
2014:Gandhara
1986:Kandahar
1878:Khorasan
1859:Yusufzai
1729:and the
1530:Muhammad
1525:Khandesh
1340:Ottomans
843:Ancestry
708:Jahangir
697:Hinduism
677:painting
551:Religion
427:Jahangir
227:Consorts
203:, India)
129:Jahangir
51:Padishah
12323:Kagarol
12222:Pinahat
12212:Kiraoli
12162:Azizpur
12119:History
11993:Weapons
11968:Gardens
11963:Fashion
11958:Culture
11953:Cuisine
11789:Mosques
11685:Shivaji
11602:Sambhal
11577:Hooghly
11547:Bijapur
11521:Tukaroi
11506:Sirhind
11491:Plassey
11408:Battles
11278:Gujarat
11206:Economy
11194:Dynasty
11083:Humayun
11001:Humayun
10945:Akbar I
10791:Persian
10776:Persian
10761:Persian
10547:4 April
10234:21 June
10088:4084248
10066:Bibcode
9930:30 June
9594:(ed.).
9519:3517712
9068:(ed.).
8720:3517719
8362:11 June
8336:12 June
7155:3312929
7128:18 July
6467:1473561
6276:20 July
4708:(ed.).
4645:"Akbar"
4334:(2003).
4317:Fiction
4227:Sony TV
3667:Bikanir
3598:, near
3515:Basawan
3483:Persian
3404:Krishna
3351:Catalan
3327:Persian
3231:Gujarat
3038:Khalifa
3017:Khalifa
2925:Jesuits
2893:Ismaili
2874:Humayun
2769:in the
2709:Muslims
2693:khalats
2670:Humayun
2659:Ottoman
2604:Jesuits
2549:Gujarat
2539:in 1537
2439:Bharmal
2344:rahdars
2330:Economy
2313:Culture
2240:cavalry
2200:dahsala
2184:dahsala
2068:Khordad
2060:Falcon
2046:Khurram
1982:Baluchi
1958:Bhakkar
1927:Kashmir
1898:Orakzai
1787:khutbah
1661:Gujarat
1481:hawking
1453:river.
1451:Narmada
1387:Safavid
1324:cannons
1072:Akbar I
960:Humayun
837:Persian
764:Amarkot
744:Persian
728:Kannauj
720:Humayun
673:Timurid
620:Humayun
603:Akbar I
535:Humayun
525:Timurid
520:Dynasty
487:
375:
367:
357:
349:
339:
331:
321:
313:
292:
284:
272:
264:
252:
244:
240:
221:, India
167:Umerkot
158:Amarkot
119:Humayun
12363:Saivan
12358:Sahara
12333:Khanwa
12263:Barhan
12253:Barara
12202:Jagner
12172:Barhan
12113:topics
11899:Others
11680:Gokula
11540:Sieges
11531:Bhulua
11466:Khanwa
11461:Khajwa
11456:Karnal
11446:Ghagra
11441:Chausa
11303:Multan
11293:Lahore
11268:Bengal
10983:
10967:Akbar
10818:
10804:
10730:
10696:
10665:
10630:
10580:
10533:
10503:
10484:
10446:
10424:
10405:
10386:
10360:
10322:
10298:
10279:
10251:
10197:
10175:1 July
10161:
10126:
10105:
10086:
10058:Nature
10030:
10009:
9988:
9959:
9949:
9916:
9895:
9862:
9841:
9820:
9799:
9779:295911
9777:
9767:
9743:
9707:
9699:
9668:
9627:
9604:
9576:
9537:
9517:
9483:
9461:
9425:
9407:: 4–5.
9347:
9313:
9280:
9239:
9195:
9173:
9149:
9128:
9106:
9085:
9035:
9014:
8999:868499
8997:
8972:
8951:
8932:
8908:
8884:
8865:
8839:
8797:
8758:
8718:
8710:
8676:
8621:
8590:
8458:
8433:
8408:
7649:
7539:30 May
7153:
6956:
6946:
6465:
6426:
5922:
5834:
5774:
5433:
5349:
5127:28 May
5097:30 May
4899:19 May
4890:
4856:
4791:29 May
4779:
4769:
4716:29 May
4661:28 May
4450:Ashoka
4164:Zee TV
4119:Telugu
4021:Marwar
3833:Rajput
3791:Purana
3774:Birbal
3755:Legacy
3712:Marwar
3550:Mankot
3435:Parsis
3388:Ganges
3354:Jesuit
3183:Diwali
3120:Prayag
3087:Birbal
3085:, and
3034:Mazhar
3012:mahzar
3007:ulemas
3001:mazhar
2991:fatwas
2927:, and
2905:Hindus
2901:Parsis
2895:, and
2860:, and
2838:Hanafi
2829:prayer
2748:Ganges
2721:Aleppo
2702:Jeddah
2682:Sultan
2636:Bengal
2585:firman
2580:Medina
2554:cartaz
2478:Tansen
2367:thanas
2355:Attock
2306:Lahore
2257:mansab
2112:Subahs
2002:Makran
1998:Quetta
1970:Sehwan
1966:Thatta
1947:Ladakh
1903:Ghazni
1894:Afridi
1873:sect.
1863:Bajaur
1803:Orissa
1753:Deccan
1665:Jaimal
1573:Rajput
1543:Young
1479:Akbar
1435:Multan
1431:Lahore
1427:Bengal
1381:, and
1375:Punjab
1348:vizier
798:Ghazni
754:, 949
724:Chausa
667:, and
541:Mother
531:Father
407:Detail
208:Burial
135:Regent
12425:Akbar
12338:Meoli
12318:Jarar
12303:Doora
12126:Akbar
11988:Tribe
11582:Jinji
11562:Daman
11557:Delhi
11526:Bakla
11431:Buxar
11298:Malwa
11283:Delhi
11273:Berar
11263:Awadh
11258:Ajmer
11088:Akbar
11078:Babur
10985:Died:
10978:Born:
10812:Akbar
10663:S2CID
10578:S2CID
10568:(2).
10228:(PDF)
10223:(1).
10213:(PDF)
10084:S2CID
9813:Akbar
9705:S2CID
9697:JSTOR
9515:JSTOR
9311:JSTOR
9278:S2CID
9064:. In
8995:JSTOR
8737:(PDF)
8716:JSTOR
8646:(PDF)
8639:(PDF)
4849:Akbar
4704:. In
4461:Notes
4139:Meera
4093:Akbar
4053:Hindi
3871:Begum
3843:Issue
3723:Death
3680:Merta
3676:Nagor
3653:Merta
3618:Mewat
3613:hakim
3604:Ajmer
3573:Babur
3503:Hindi
3439:Jains
3335:Latin
3331:Greek
3207:Surat
3187:rakhi
3104:Quran
3083:Faizi
2996:Qazis
2973:Sunni
2921:Jains
2917:Sikhs
2897:Sufis
2885:Sunni
2870:Timur
2866:Hafez
2858:Kabir
2835:Sunni
2725:Basra
2698:Surat
2628:Ulama
2624:Imams
2606:from
2590:Daman
2576:Mecca
2484:from
2482:Islam
2467:Hadas
2463:Mewar
2377:Coins
2351:Kabul
2335:Trade
2192:zabti
2142:jagir
2138:wazir
2117:Surat
2092:Berar
2062:Mohur
2034:jagir
2018:Timur
1951:Sindh
1851:Uzbek
1795:Patna
1757:Surat
1669:Patta
1623:Ajmer
1619:Mewat
1554:Bihar
1534:Berar
1501:Mecca
1489:Malwa
1439:Ajmer
1392:Kabul
1385:with
1379:Delhi
902:Babur
783:Kabul
752:Rajab
736:Sindh
693:Islam
661:Delhi
508:House
465:Names
401:Issue
369:(
365:
351:(
347:
333:(
329:
315:(
311:
301:Wives
286:(
282:
266:(
262:
246:(
242:
171:Sindh
97:Reign
55:Ghazi
44:Akbar
12157:Agra
12034:Jats
11927:more
11665:Hemu
11416:Agra
11308:Sira
11253:Agra
11211:Flag
10816:ISBN
10802:ISBN
10728:ISBN
10712:2022
10694:ISBN
10679:2017
10628:ISBN
10594:2014
10549:2021
10531:ISBN
10501:ISBN
10482:ISBN
10444:ISBN
10422:ISBN
10403:ISBN
10384:ISBN
10358:ISBN
10338:2015
10320:ISBN
10296:ISBN
10277:ISBN
10249:ISBN
10236:2022
10195:ISBN
10177:2023
10159:ISBN
10124:ISBN
10103:ISBN
10046:2023
10028:ISBN
10007:ISBN
9986:ISBN
9973:2022
9957:OCLC
9947:ISBN
9932:2013
9914:ISBN
9893:ISBN
9860:ISBN
9839:ISBN
9818:ISBN
9797:ISBN
9775:OCLC
9765:ISBN
9741:ISBN
9666:ISBN
9625:ISBN
9602:LCCN
9574:ISBN
9535:ISBN
9481:ISBN
9459:ISBN
9441:2016
9423:ISBN
9363:2019
9345:ISBN
9327:2014
9253:2020
9237:OCLC
9222:2023
9193:ISBN
9171:ISBN
9147:ISBN
9126:ISBN
9104:ISBN
9083:ISBN
9033:ISBN
9012:ISBN
8970:ISBN
8949:ISBN
8930:ISBN
8906:ISBN
8882:ISBN
8863:ISBN
8837:ISBN
8813:2020
8795:ISBN
8756:OCLC
8708:ISSN
8674:ISBN
8654:2023
8619:ISBN
8606:2023
8588:ISBN
8487:2021
8456:ISBN
8431:ISBN
8406:ISBN
8388:2023
8364:2022
8338:2012
7647:ISBN
7601:2010
7541:2008
7412:2009
7370:2015
7151:OCLC
7130:2009
6954:OCLC
6944:ISBN
6479:2015
6463:OCLC
6424:ISBN
6381:2007
6368:Dawn
6278:2020
5920:ISBN
5832:ISBN
5772:ISBN
5667:2020
5431:ISBN
5347:ISBN
5129:2023
5099:2008
5069:2021
4901:2024
4888:ISBN
4867:2017
4854:ISBN
4828:Time
4793:2023
4777:OCLC
4767:ISBN
4718:2023
4663:2023
4554:2013
4387:of "
4306:ZEE5
4210:EPIC
4083:The
3848:Sons
3809:Time
3763:sati
3716:dolo
3600:Amer
3475:The
3323:Urdu
3302:and
3249:and
3240:The
3223:guru
3215:Jain
3079:Sufi
3047:and
3029:nass
2965:Shia
2943:The
2911:and
2889:Shia
2760:Shia
2716:Sufi
2632:Qadi
2626:and
2578:and
2572:Hajj
2465:and
2443:Amer
2433:The
2295:, a
2165:qazi
2146:inam
2144:and
1945:and
1896:and
1867:Swat
1865:and
1772:Idar
1688:Hada
1667:and
1633:and
1571:, a
1497:Hajj
1415:Hemu
1383:Agra
789:and
695:and
687:, a
679:and
665:Agra
565:Seal
484:lit.
219:Agra
178:Died
150:Born
12167:Bah
11948:Art
10955:by
10655:doi
10611:doi
10570:doi
10074:doi
10062:150
9689:doi
9685:100
9507:doi
9303:doi
9270:doi
8700:doi
4759:doi
4419:'s
4401:by
4367:'s
4363:In
4250:in
4225:In
4208:in
4087:'s
4019:of
3616:of
3122:to
2915:),
2899:),
2872:to
2827:Dua
2634:of
2608:Goa
2574:to
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