James B. Conant - Knowledge

7002: 1467: 1245: 1997: 1425:

New Deal and Conant's advocacy of meritocracy and of education as a means of social mobility did not escape notice. Conant recognized that education in America contributed to social stratification rather than breaking it down, and that educational opportunity needed to be extended to areas where it was deficient, such as rural areas, small towns and inner cities. He advocated for federal interventions, since these areas were often poor and lacking in the funds needed to improve education, and that they were economically and socially stratified with political and taxation structures that reinforced social stratification.

7344: 376: 1840: 1683:. None had been manufactured on the scale now required, and there was pressure from agricultural interests to choose a process which involved making raw materials from farm products. The Rubber Survey Committee made a series of recommendations, including the appointment of a rubber director, and the construction and operation of 51 factories to supply the materials needed for synthetic rubber production. Technical problems dogged the program through 1943, but by late 1944 plants were in operation with an annual capacity of over a million tons, most of which was Buna-S. 40: 8829: 1742: 1621: 1369:(equivalent to $ 240,000 in 2023) to Conant for a scholarship to enable an outstanding Harvard student to study for a year in Germany. At the next meeting of the Corporation in October, Conant persuaded it to reject the offer due to Hanfstaengl's Nazi associations. When the issue of Hanfstaengl's scholarship came up again in 1936, Conant turned the money down a second time. Hanfstaengl's presence on campus prompted a series of anti-Nazi demonstrations, in which a number of Harvard and 358: 7288: 8817: 8853: 8781: 409: 7298: 1940:

granted control of its own affairs, except for defense and foreign policy, in 1949. While most Germans wanted a neutral and reunited Germany, the Eisenhower administration sought to reduce its defense spending by rearming Germany and replacing American troops with Germans. Meanwhile, the House Un-American Activities Committee slammed Conant's staff as communist sympathizers and called for books by communist authors held in

8841: 2182:– organic chemist and professor emeritus at Harvard University renowned as the inventor of a militarily effective form of napalm. His award-winning research included work on blood-clotting agents including the first synthesis of vitamin K, synthesis and screening of quinones as antimalarial drugs, work with steroids leading to the synthesis of cortisone, and study of the nature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 1433:

creating non-departmental university professorships for scholars whose research crossed the boundaries of multiple disciplines. Undergraduates were required to take general education courses, of which a proportion had to be outside their area of concentration. He took a particular interest in establishing a history of science graduate program and a history of science course for nonscientists.

1444:, the women's college associated with Harvard, for Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences to assume responsibility for the instruction of Radcliffe students. Initially there were separate but identical undergraduate courses for Harvard and Radcliffe students, but this gave way to coeducational classes. It was during his presidency that the first class of women were admitted to 8805: 1659:, cut off 90 percent of the supply of natural rubber, the rubber shortage became a national scandal, and the development of synthetic substitutes, an urgent priority. Baruch dealt with the difficult political issues; Conant concerned himself with the technical ones. There were a number of different synthetic rubber products to choose from. In addition to 1241:" policy, under which scholars who were not promoted were terminated. A small number of extra-departmental positions was set aside for outstanding scholars. This policy led junior faculty to revolt, and nearly resulted in Conant's dismissal in 1938. Conant was fond of saying: "Behold the turtle. It makes progress only when it sticks its neck out." 1526:, a contemporary of Conant's at Harvard in the 1910s, succeeded him as head of Division B. Conant became the driving force of the NDRC on personnel and policy matters. The NDRC would work hand in hand with the Army and Navy's research efforts, supplementing rather than supplanting them. It was specifically charged with investigating 1513:(NDRC), although he remained president of Harvard. Bush envisaged the NDRC as bringing scientists together to "conduct research for the creation and improvement of instrumentalities, methods and materials of warfare." Although the United States had not yet entered the war, Conant was not alone in his conviction that 1984:. His role was now to encourage West Germany to build up its forces, while reassuring the Germans that doing so would not result in a United States withdrawal. Being fluent in German, Conant was able to give speeches to German audiences. He paid numerous visits to German educational and scientific organizations. 2139:. He was survived by his wife and sons. His papers are in the Harvard University Archives. Among them was a sealed brown Manila envelope that Conant had given the archives in 1951, with instructions that it was to be opened by the president of Harvard in the 21st century. Opened by Harvard's 28th president, 1939:

In Germany, there were major issues to be decided. Germany was still occupied by the Soviet Union, the United States, Great Britain and France. Dealing with the wartime allies was a major task for the high commissioner. West Germany, made up of the zones occupied by the three western powers, had been

1859:, only to be overridden by Truman in 1950, diminished its stature. It was reduced further when Oppenheimer and Conant were not reappointed when their terms expired in 1952, depriving the GAC of its two best-known members. Conant was appointed to the National Science Board, which administered the new 1432:

of Harvard students. He toyed with the notion of requiring PhD candidates to study an area outside their speciality. One obstacle was the organization of faculty into specialized departments that had little contact with each other. In 1935, he attempted to break down the specialization of academic by

1424:

and expressed admiration for Roosevelt's goals. He invited Roosevelt to speak at the tercentennial celebrations. This did not sit well with Lowell, and it was only with difficulty that Lowell was persuaded to be presiding officer at an event at which Roosevelt spoke. The parallels between Roosevelt's

1215:

I do not see how one can make very much headway as a student ... of history and literature without a reading knowledge of Latin. I do not see how a person can go very far in any branch of science without a thorough understanding of mathematics, and if the underpinning was bad in school, probably

1987:

While high commissioner, Conant approved the release of many major and other German war criminals after serving only a fraction of their sentences, against protests from American political leaders and veterans' organizations (some of those sentenced had murdered American prisoners), accusing him of

1517:

had to be stopped, and that the United States would inevitably become embroiled in the conflict. The immediate task, as Conant saw it, was therefore to organize American science for war. He became head of the NDRC's Division B, the division responsible for bombs, fuels, gases and chemicals. On June

1979:

At noon on May 6, 1955, Conant, along with the high commissioners from Britain and France, signed the documents ending Allied control of West Germany, admitting it to NATO, and allowing it to rearm. The office of the United States High Commissioner was abolished and Conant became instead the first

1808:

began to take hold, and Conant called for a ban on hiring teachers who were communists, although not for the dismissal of those who had already been hired. A debate ensued over whether communist educators could teach apolitical subjects. Conant was a member of the Educational Policies Commission

2051:

on September 14, 1959. In it, Conant called for a number of reforms, including the consolidation of high schools into larger bodies that could offer a broader range of curriculum choices. Although it was slammed by critics of the American system, who hoped for a system of education based on the

1959:

in September, but this also strengthened his hand in negotiations with Conant. Adenauer did not want his country to become a bargaining chip between the United States and the Soviet Union, nor did he want it to become a nuclear battlefield, a prospect raised by the arrival of American tactical

1616:

as project director. A meeting that included Conant decided Groves should be answerable to a small committee called the Military Policy Committee, chaired by Bush, with Conant as his alternate. Thus, Conant remained involved in the administration of the Manhattan Project at its highest levels.

734:

created a vacancy at Harvard that was offered to Conant. Since he aspired to an academic career, Conant accepted the offer and returned to Harvard. On November 27, 1916, an explosion killed Pennock and two others and completely destroyed the plant. A contributing cause was Conant's faulty test

1874:

program at Harvard. He took the lead personally by teaching a new undergraduate course, Natural Science 4, "On Understanding Science". His course notes became the basis for a book of the same name, published in 1948. In 1952, he began teaching another undergraduate course, Philosophy 150, "A

1780:

that had designed and developed the first atomic bombs. At the same time, the Joint Research and Development Board (JRDC) was established to coordinate defense research, and Bush asked Conant to head its atomic energy subcommittee, on which Oppenheimer also served. When the new AEC chairman

1816:. The two found common ground in their belief in ideology-based education, which Conant called "democratic education". He did not see public education as a side effect of American democracy, but as one of its principal driving forces, and he disapproved of the public funding of 1336:, in 1935, but Conant declined to participate in the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced German Scholars. His vision of building Harvard's faculty involved hiring promising American scholars rather than helping refugees. The two most prominent refugee scholars at Harvard, 1344:

concluded that "Conant's position reflected not only a failure of foresight, but also a failure of compassion and political sensitivity", but added that "Conant was one of the more outspoken anti-Nazis in the United States from 1933 to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939.

1600:, the British atomic project. Conant's tough stance, under which the British were excluded except where their assistance was vital, resulted in British retaliation, and a complete breakdown of cooperation. His objections were swept aside by Roosevelt, who brokered the 1943 1608:, Churchill visited Conant at Harvard, where Conant returned the 1941 gesture and presented Churchill with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree. After the United States entered the war in December 1941, the OSRD handed the atomic bomb project, better known as the 697:

in June 1913. He then went to work on his doctorate, which was an unusual double dissertation. The first part, supervised by Richards, concerned "The Electrochemical Behavior of Liquid Sodium Amalgams"; the second, supervised by Kohler, was "A Study of Certain

1397:, who had toured Germany earlier that year and made no secret of his admiration for the Nazi regime, Conant refused to order Pound not to accept it, and attended the informal award ceremony at Harvard where Pound was presented with the degree by 1224:

As a first step to improving the faculty, Conant established a mandatory retirement age of sixty-six, with exceptional faculty members able to remain until age seventy-six. The latter affected two of the university's most eminent scholars,

1772:(AEC) on January 1, 1947. The Act also established the General Advisory Committee (GAC) within the AEC to provide it with scientific and technical advice. It was widely expected that Conant would chair the GAC, but the position went to 851:

122,782 as of 2024) and a grant of $ 9,000 per annum for research. Conant accepted and stayed at Harvard. In 1929, he became the Sheldon Emery Professor of Organic Chemistry, and then, in 1931, the chairman of the chemistry department.

798:

Conant became an associate professor in 1924. In 1925, he visited Germany, then the heart of chemical research, for eight months. He toured the major universities and laboratories there and met many of the leading chemists, including

567:

to use atomic bombs on Japan. After the war, he served on the Joint Research and Development Board (JRDC) that was established to coordinate burgeoning defense research, and on the influential General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the

1694:

on nuclear weapons. The Interim Committee decided that the atomic bomb should be used against an industrial target in Japan as soon as possible and without warning. On July 16, 1945, Conant was among the dignitaries present at the

1972:. This seemed to be the only way that German rearmament would be accepted, but opposition from France killed the plan. In what Conant considered a minor miracle, France's actions cleared the way for West Germany to become part of 1315:

This quota was replaced with geographic distribution preferences, which had the same effect of limiting Jewish admission. Conant's cool response to the plight of the Jewish academic refugees from Hitler suggest that he shared the

8945: 1202:

and the Latin Oration. While, unlike some other universities, Harvard did not require Greek or Latin for entrance, they were worth double credits towards admission, and students like Conant who had studied Latin were awarded an

2147:... be in charge of a more prosperous and significant institution than the one over which I have the honor to preside", he wrote. "That will maintain the traditions of academic freedom, of tolerance for heresy, I feel sure." 1364:

in Germany. His speech was interrupted by two female students who had chained themselves to the stands near the speaker's platform and chanted "Down with Hitler!" and "Down with Hanfstaengl!" Hanfstaengl wrote out a check for

2071:

in 1963, Conant found much to criticize about the training of teachers. Most controversial was his defense of the arrangement by which teachers were certified by independent bodies rather than the teacher training colleges.

1312:, noted that "Conant was the first president to recognize that meatballs were Harvard men too." Lowell, Conant's predecessor, had imposed a 15 percent quota on Jewish students in 1922, something Conant had voted to support. 4086: 515:

In 1933, Conant became the president of Harvard University with a reformist agenda that involved dispensing with a number of customs, including class rankings and the requirement for Latin classes. He abolished

7254: 1220:

and so forth would not have been taken during the college years. I know that a man cannot be a research chemist without a reading knowledge of German. It is hard to acquire it as the first language in college.

2955:

Conant, J. B.; Kirner, W. R. (1924). "The Relation between the Structure of Organic Halides and the Speed of Their Reaction with Inorganic Iodides. I. The Problem of Alternating Polarity in Chain Compounds".

1373:

students were arrested. Conant made a personal plea for clemency that resulted in two women being acquitted, but six men and a woman were sentenced to six months in jail. They were later pardoned by the

1299:

was a good measure of academic potential. When they reported that it was, Conant adopted it. He waged a ten-year campaign for the consolidation of testing services, which resulted in the creation of the

8930: 1864: 3191:

Dolliver, M. A.; Gresham, T. L.; Kistiakowsky, G. B.; Smith, Elgene A.; Vaughan, W. E. (February 1938). "Heats of Organic Reactions. VI. Heats of Hydrogenation of Some Oxygen-containing Compounds".

2188:– noted chemist at BF Goodrich who worked on the development of synthetic rubber, contributed to understanding of vulcanization, and developed early techniques for small scale evaluation of rubbers. 1820:

that he observed in Australia during his visit there in 1951. He called for increased federal spending on education, and higher taxes to redistribute wealth. His thinking was outlined in his books

3018:

Conant, J. B.; Kirner, W. R.; Hussey, R. E. (February 1925). "The Structure of Organic Halides and The Speeds of their Reaction with Inorganic Iodides. III. The Influence of Unsaturated Groups".

791:

Conant was appointed an assistant professor of chemistry at Harvard in 1919. The following year he became engaged to Richards's daughter, Grace (Patty) Thayer Richards. They were married in the

3793: 1797:, Bush and Conant reassured Lilienthal that they had known about it when they had placed Oppenheimer in charge at Los Alamos in 1942. With such expressions of support, AEC issued Oppenheimer a 1729:, the article stressed that the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were used to avoid the possibility of "over a million casualties", from a figure found in the estimates given to the 1328:, Conant wrote back that Bergmann was "definitely of the Jewish type—rather heavy" with "none of the earmarks of genius". Harvard awarded honorary degrees to two notable displaced scholars, 3717:

Conant, J. B.; Chow, B. F.; Dietz, E. M. (1934). "Studies in the Chlorophyll Series. XIV. Potentiometric Titration in Acetic Acid Solution of the Basic Groups in Chlorophyll Derivatives".

524:" policy, under which untenured faculty who were not promoted were terminated. His egalitarian vision of education required a diversified student body, and he promoted the adoption of the 8656: 7113: 3160:

Kistiakowsky, G. B.; Romeyn Jr., H.; Ruhoff, J. R.; Smith, H. A.; Vaughan, W. E. (January 1935). "Heats of Organic Reactions. I. The Apparatus and the Heat of Hydrogenation of Ethylene".

1855:, after a "revolt" by scientists unhappy with Conant. The GAC was enormously influential throughout the late 1940s, but the opposition of Oppenheimer and Conant to the development of the 8980: 6578:

Kevles, Daniel J. (March 1977). "The National Science Foundation and the Debate over Postwar Research Policy, 1942–1945: A Political Interpretation of Science—The Endless Frontier".

1573:. What most impressed Conant was the British conviction that it was feasible. That the British program was ahead of the American one raised the possibility in Conant's mind that the 5135: 1169:, Harvard's eminent professor of philosophy disagreed with the decision, declaring, "The Corporation should not have elected a chemist to the Presidency." "But," Corporation member 476:. He became an assistant professor of chemistry at Harvard University in 1919 and the Sheldon Emery Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1929. He researched the physical structures of 1349:, writing in 2004, observed that "This, however, was hardly the case." Norwood noted that while Conant was not an apologist for the Nazi regime, he repeatedly failed to speak out. 7284: 8960: 6408:

Hall, Norris F.; Conant, James B. (1927). "A Study of Superacid Solutions. I. The Use of the Chloranil Electrode in Glacial Acetic Acid and the Strength of Certain Weak Bases".

2103:

presented Conant with the Atomic Pioneers Award from the Atomic Energy Commission. Other awards that Conant received during his long career included being made a Commander of

2987:

Conant, J. B.; Hussey, R. E. (February 1925). "The Structure of Organic Halides and the Speeds of their Reaction with Inorganic Iodides. II. A Study of the Alkyl Chlorides".

8925: 8718: 1809:(EPC), a body to which he had been appointed in 1941. When it next met in March 1949, Conant's push for a ban was supported by the president of Columbia University, 1592:

Conant subsequently moved to restrict cooperation with Britain on nuclear energy, particularly its post-war aspects, and became involved in heated negotiations with

917:

Conant's investigations helped in the development of a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of acids and bases. He investigated the properties of certain

1891:, in which he attempted to explain the ways of scientists to laymen. Conant's ideas about scientific progress would come under attack by his own protégés, notably 543:(NDRC) in 1940, becoming its chairman in 1941. In this capacity, he oversaw vital wartime research projects, including the development of synthetic rubber and the 299: 7710: 2008: 1652: 8975: 3269:

Hammett, L. P.; Deyrup, A. J. (1932). "A Series of Simple Basic Indicators. I. The Acidity Functions of Mixtures of Sulfuric and Perchloric Acids with Water".

1936:

meeting on January 12, 1952, Conant announced that he would retire in September 1953 after twenty years at Harvard, having reached the pension age of sixty.

1577:

might be even further ahead, as Germany was generally acknowledged to be a world leader in nuclear physics. Later that year, Churchill, as Chancellor of the

1103:, which in turn had a revised edition in 1946. The text proved a popular one; it was adopted by 75 universities, and Conant received thousands of dollars in 6895:

Urban, Wayne J.; Smith, Marybeth (February–April 2015). "Much ado about something? James Bryant Conant, Harvard University, and Nazi Germany in the 1930s".

8935: 8900: 6642: 1847:

A sign of Conant's declining influence occurred in 1950, when he was passed over for the post of President of the National Academy of Sciences in favor of

7292: 7276: 3306:

Conant, J. B.; Hall, N. F. (1927). "A Study of Superacid Solutions. II. A Chemical Investigation of the Hydrogen-Ion Activity of Acetic Acid Solutions".

2862:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

1956: 744: 1870:

Conant's experience with the Manhattan Project convinced him that the public needed a better understanding of science, and he moved to revitalize the

8985: 2112: 1829: 1284:

was opened to provide non-resident students with increased opportunities for socialization (opportunities provided to resident undergraduates by the

326: 6866:(Spring 1979). "American Higher Education and The Nazis: The Case of James B. Conant and Harvard University's "Diplomatic Relations" with Germany". 6063: 4036: 1192:. This set the tone for Conant's presidency as one of informality and reform. At his inauguration, he accepted the charter and seal presented to 3063: 8940: 8671: 6836: 1519: 6273: 2108: 2067:

segregated schools". This did not go over well with civil rights groups, and by 1964 Conant was forced to admit that he had been wrong. In

1656: 320: 5143: 3343:

Conant, J. B.; Werner, T. H. (1930). "The Determination of the Strength of Weak Bases and Pseudo Bases in Glacial Acetic Acid Solutions".

2897: 795:

at Harvard on April 17, 1920, and had two sons, James Richards Conant, born in May 1923, and Theodore Richards Conant, born in July 1928.

8915: 8236: 8098: 7703: 3551:

Conant, J. B.; Dietz, E. M.; Kamerling, S. E. (March 6, 1931). "The Dehydrogenation of Chlorophyll and the Mechanism of Photosynthesis".

2801: 1647:, a trusted adviser and confidant of Roosevelt, the committee was tasked with reviewing the synthetic rubber program. Corporations used 1404:

What Conant feared most was disruption to Harvard's tercentennial celebrations in 1936, but there was no trouble despite the presence of

4635: 1715:. He played an important behind-the-scenes role in shaping public opinion by instigating and then editing an influential February 1947 847:, made a counter offer: immediate promotion to professor, effective September 1, 1927, with a salary of $ 7,000 (roughly equivalent to 6236: 5864: 3686:

Conant, J. B.; Hyde, J. F. (1929). "Studies in the Chlorophyll Series. I. The Thermal Decomposition of the Magnesium-Free Compounds".

1988:"moral amnesia". Such criticism continued when as ambassador he supported the West German government's leniency toward former Nazis. 954: 8990: 8910: 8563: 5958: 5042: 4340: 2060: 1875:

Philosophy of Science". In his teachings and writing on the philosophy of science, he drew heavily on those of his Harvard colleague

1863:, and was elected its chairman, but this body had little financial or political clout. In April 1951, Truman appointed Conant to the 1703:, the first detonation of an atomic bomb. After the war, Conant became concerned about growing criticism in the United States of the 288: 7343: 3110:

Moulay, S.; Zeffouni, Z. (August 2006). "Application of the Conant-Finkelstein Reaction to the Modification of PVC: Iodinated PVC".

2115:

in 1957. He was also awarded over 50 honorary degrees, and was posthumously inducted into the Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame in 2000.

8895: 8885: 6410: 6361:

Giangreco, D. M. (July 1997). "Casualty Projections for the U.S. Invasions of Japan, 1945–1946: Planning and Policy Implications".

4951: 3719: 3688: 3431: 3394: 3345: 3308: 3271: 3193: 3162: 3020: 2989: 2958: 1981: 1014: 446: 55: 6037: 2882:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

1440:

meant reduced numbers of male students, and this propelled Conant in that direction. In June 1943, he concluded an agreement with

1029:'s ultimate determination of the structure in 1939. Conant's work on chlorophyll was recognised when he was inducted as a foreign 890:

which, together with earlier work, led to what is now known as either the Conant-Finkelstein reaction or more commonly simply the

8890: 7269: 1897: 5229: 8995: 7696: 1833: 1769: 569: 4175: 640:, and his wife Jennett Orr (née Bryant). In 1904, Conant was one of 35 boys who passed the competitive admission exam for the 7016: 6968: 6933: 6846: 6759: 6693: 6343: 5304: 4115: 1144: 1124: 7048: 1466: 7316: 4703: 1189: 1023: 8970: 8955: 8905: 7850: 7311: 7204: 7145: 6751: 5954: 5806: 1510: 1461: 875:

of these systems is sometimes straightforward and simple, yet quite complex in other cases. Conant studied the effect of

540: 29: 6680: 4008: 3980: 7262: 6790:

Organizing Scientific Research for War: The Administrative History of the Office of Scientific Research and Development

4822: 1506: 1490: 1308:, a Boston Jewish "meatball" who received a personal letter of introduction from Conant so that he could report on the 1233:, who were persuaded to retire voluntarily rather than under the new rule. His longest and most bitter battle was over 8965: 8116: 6560: 6524: 6490: 6455: 3758: 1871: 1704: 580: 4743: 1522:(OSRD), with Bush as its director. Conant succeeded Bush as chairman of the NDRC, which was subsumed into the OSRD. 958: 357: 4583: 2093: 2035: 1948: 1941: 1910: 6266:"Putting Pragmatism to Work in the Cold War: Science, Technology, and Politics in the Writings of James B. Conant" 6064:"My Dear Sir: A Sealed Letter from the University Archives Reaches Drew Faust on the Occasion of Her Inauguration" 8950: 8091: 7719: 7086: 6519:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 3879: 3836: 3392:

Conant, J. B.; Wheland, G. W. (1933). "The Structure of the Acids Obtained by the Oxidation of Tri-isobutylene".

2044:, better known as the Conant Report. This became a best seller, resulting in Conant's appearance on the cover of 1185: 469: 442: 116: 4663: 7483: 2430: 2040: 1777: 1409: 1281: 1132: 600: 1276:

for journalists to study at Harvard, the first of which was awarded in 1939. He supported the "meatballs", as

1272:. Conant added new graduate degrees in education, history of science and public policy, and he introduced the 7041: 4944: 4111: 2805: 2085: 1574: 1120: 331: 1356:

attended the 25th anniversary reunion of his class of 1909, and gave a number of speeches. In his inaugural

1244: 982: 8723: 2889: 2869: 2135:, on February 11, 1978. His body was cremated and his ashes interred in the Thayer-Richards family plot at 1128: 855:

Between 1928 and 1933, Conant published 55 papers. Much of his research, like his double thesis, combined

8691: 6363: 2156: 1860: 1549:

had revealed that American technology was some years behind that of Britain in many fields, most notably

1301: 1030: 645: 346: 6265: 2143:, in 2007, it contained a letter in which Conant expressed his hopes and fears for the future. "You will 8795: 8784: 8084: 2164: 1965: 1933: 1668: 1545:

from MIT, to evaluate the research being carried out there and the prospects for cooperation. The 1940

860: 1211:. One of his first efforts at reform was to attempt to abolish this distinction. But in 1937 he wrote: 572:(AEC); in the latter capacity he advised the president against starting a development program for the 8845: 8833: 8666: 8661: 7797: 7515: 2160: 1761: 1375: 1193: 1108: 1022:

and its structure. Though the complete structure eluded him, his work did support and contribute to

633: 183: 2951:

Conant published a series of three papers on the reaction of inorganic iodide with organic halides:

1996: 1280:

students were called. He instituted the Harvard national scholarships for underprivileged students.

1099:, which was published in 1920, with a revised edition in 1929. This was superseded in 1937 by their 1060:

oxidation and reduction, following in the footsteps of the famous German chemist and Nobel laureate

8748: 8281: 8140: 7821: 1852: 1296: 934: 760: 525: 389: 3490:

Conant, J. B.; Hyde, J. F. (August 9, 1929). "The Relationship of Chlorophyll to the Porphyrins".

1208: 718:

and Chauncey Loomis, to form the LPC Laboratories. They opened a plant in a one-story building in

8743: 8640: 8195: 7951: 7935: 7829: 7526: 7365: 6477: 6078: 5170: 3918: 1876: 1696: 1605: 961:. Later work with George Wheland and extended by William Kirk McEwen looked at the properties of 552: 4201: 4061: 1412:, and a Harvard graduate of the class of 1904, whom many fellow Harvard graduates regarded as a 714:

In 1915, Conant entered into a business partnership with two other Harvard chemistry graduates,

8920: 8522: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8155: 7943: 7927: 7890: 7882: 7632: 7574: 7174: 7079: 6184: 2880: 2860: 2132: 1928:

was elected president in 1952, Conant was again offered the job by the new Secretary of State,

1921: 1700: 1636: 1445: 1230: 1166: 844: 726:

that were selling at high prices on account of the interruption of imports from Germany due to

621: 588: 556: 529: 200: 139: 6125: 2809: 2104: 1569:. At a subsequent meeting, Lindemann told Conant about British progress towards developing an 1436:

Although he had no daughters and little interest in the education of women, the exigencies of

1285: 294: 8763: 8588: 8331: 8276: 7964: 7773: 7569: 7559: 7473: 7435: 7236: 6863: 6232: 5034: 2717: 2136: 1969: 1817: 1730: 1578: 1405: 1341: 1269: 1174: 1136: 880: 517: 336: 2721: 1839: 722:, New York City, where they manufactured chemicals used by the pharmaceutical industry like 8880: 8875: 8573: 8568: 8427: 8301: 7505: 7468: 7415: 6818: 6282: 5874: 5139: 4898: 3635: 3562: 3501: 2023:

Conant returned to the United States in February 1957, where he leased an apartment on the

1813: 1721:

article entitled "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb". Written by former Secretary of War

1717: 1533:

In February 1941, Roosevelt sent Conant to Britain as head of a mission that also included

1386: 1357: 1000:

Between 1929 and his retirement from chemical research in 1933, Conant published papers in

891: 868: 848: 703: 660: 641: 485: 450: 79: 1828:

in 1951. In 1952, he went further and endorsed the dismissal of academics who invoked the

1177:

was a chemist, and our best president too." "I know," replied Whitehead, "but Eliot was a

8: 8432: 8387: 8347: 8170: 7610: 7510: 7500: 7494: 7430: 6713:(June 2004). "Legitimating Nazism: Harvard University and the Hitler Regime, 1933–1937". 6633: 5258: 5234: 4748: 4708: 4668: 4640: 4588: 4013: 3985: 2726: 2206: 1867:, but it would not develop into an influential body until the Eisenhower administration. 1810: 1782: 1558: 1204: 1165:, announced on May 8, 1933, that it had elected Conant as the next President of Harvard. 1162: 1112: 994: 986: 903: 673: 651:

Encouraged by his science teacher, Newton H. Black, in September of that year he entered

509: 6588:(1). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society: 4–26. 6286: 6187:(Interview). Interviewed by Herbert A. Endres. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Summit Memory 6147:

Lenoir, D.; Tidwell, T. T. (2009). "Louis Fieser: An Organic Chemist in Peace and War".

5038: 3639: 3566: 3505: 2396: 8497: 8321: 8291: 8231: 7972: 7805: 7380: 7370: 7096: 6926:

Scholarly Leadership in Higher Education: An Intellectual History of James Bryan Conant

6883: 6738: 6710: 6667: 6621: 6605: 6473: 6444: 6396: 6388: 6206: 6041: 6022: 5263: 4827: 3661: 3602: 3586: 3525: 3135: 2542: 2498: 2304: 2265: 2185: 2123:

Between 1965 and 1969, Conant, living with a heart condition, worked on his biography,

1929: 1773: 1534: 1470: 1449: 1346: 1257: 1253: 1156: 895: 824: 820: 756: 656: 533: 465: 269: 151: 4704:"Beard Fears That German Propagandists Seek Support of Harvard And Other Universities" 3893: 3874: 3850: 3831: 1643:

In August 1942, Roosevelt appointed Conant to the Rubber Survey Committee. Chaired by

8712: 8701: 8608: 8467: 8462: 8412: 8261: 8256: 8246: 8107: 8028: 7903: 7866: 7626: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7549: 7544: 7375: 7333: 7214: 7021: 6997: 6974: 6964: 6939: 6929: 6912: 6875: 6842: 6823: 6794: 6788: 6768: 6730: 6689: 6659: 6613: 6597: 6566: 6556: 6530: 6520: 6496: 6486: 6461: 6451: 6427: 6400: 6380: 6349: 6339: 6319: 6312: 6298: 6245: 6164: 5039:"Executive Order 8807 Establishing the Office of Scientific Research and Development" 3935: 3927: 3898: 3855: 3775: 3736: 3705: 3653: 3594: 3578: 3553: 3533: 3517: 3492: 3448: 3411: 3362: 3325: 3288: 3210: 3179: 3127: 3080: 3037: 3006: 2975: 2580: 2573: 2559: 2551: 2529: 2463: 2408: 2384:

Gleichheit der Chancen: Erziehung und Gesellschaftsordnung in den Vereinigten Staaten

2362: 2321: 2313: 2212: 2038:

gave him over a million dollars to write studies of education. In 1959 he published

1961: 1925: 1884: 1790: 1765: 1687: 1644: 1632: 1609: 1566: 1554: 1542: 1538: 1486: 1474: 1441: 1429: 1353: 1309: 1305: 1273: 1234: 1085: 1002: 872: 836: 779:

on July 20, 1918. A pilot plant was built, and then a full-scale production plant in

752: 664: 584: 560: 544: 501: 108: 8512: 6671: 6625: 3606: 3139: 2476: 484:, and he was one of the first to explore the sometimes complex relationship between 8821: 8809: 8733: 8532: 8517: 8482: 8457: 8311: 8266: 8012: 7688: 7616: 7554: 7533: 7478: 7420: 7395: 7385: 7229: 7191: 7106: 7006: 6960: 6956: 6904: 6813: 6722: 6651: 6637: 6589: 6419: 6372: 6290: 6156: 4179: 3888: 3845: 3767: 3728: 3697: 3665: 3643: 3626: 3570: 3509: 3440: 3403: 3354: 3317: 3280: 3202: 3171: 3119: 3072: 3029: 2998: 2967: 2876: 2856: 2387: 2191: 1722: 1712: 1613: 1601: 1361: 1140: 1057: 1042: 1008: 990: 950: 911: 887: 804: 694: 341: 314: 273: 91: 7026: 2441: 1115:'s Chandler Medal in 1932, and the American Chemical Society's highest honor, the 1095:

Conant wrote a chemistry textbook with his former science teacher Black, entitled

894:. A recent application of this reaction involved the preparation of an iodinated 771:, but in May 1918, Conant took charge of a unit concerned with the development of 8857: 8738: 8578: 8542: 8472: 8407: 8397: 8372: 8271: 8251: 8004: 7781: 7749: 7733: 7661: 7655: 7643: 7584: 7579: 7488: 7458: 7440: 7400: 7123: 6908: 6439: 5869: 3156:

on the heats of organic reactions; the first and last papers in that series are:

2683: 2089: 2045: 2024: 1952: 1753: 1749: 1691: 1527: 1482: 1390: 1333: 1261: 1249: 1170: 1116: 1081: 978: 970: 907: 856: 812: 800: 792: 715: 686: 668: 652: 587:

to laymen. In 1953, he retired as president of Harvard University and became the

564: 477: 309: 304: 250: 8946:

Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

8487: 6682:

The Third Reich in the Ivory Tower: Complicity and Conflict on American Campuses

6294: 3916:

Bodansky, O. (1951). "Methemoglobinemia And Methemoglobin-Producing Compounds".

3574: 3513: 2059:

in 1961 was far more controversial in its treatment of racial issues. Regarding

8681: 8676: 8447: 8392: 8382: 8377: 8296: 8221: 8150: 8036: 7911: 7858: 7842: 7813: 7789: 7520: 7425: 7405: 7390: 7167: 6580: 2081: 1917: 1726: 1708: 1582: 1562: 1546: 1337: 1292: 1089: 1034: 946: 690: 678: 6993: 6943: 5962: 5230:"Winston Churchill Stresses Importance of Post-War Anglo-American Cooperation" 3123: 3059:"Darstellung organischer Jodide aus den entsprechenden Bromiden und Chloriden" 1620: 8869: 8696: 8558: 8527: 8507: 8452: 8442: 8352: 8241: 8216: 8160: 7874: 7741: 7410: 7360: 7138: 7062: 7012: 6978: 6916: 6879: 6827: 6798: 6772: 6734: 6663: 6601: 6500: 6431: 6384: 6353: 6331: 6302: 6168: 5950: 5165: 3931: 3902: 3859: 3797: 3779: 3771: 3740: 3709: 3657: 3582: 3521: 3452: 3415: 3366: 3329: 3292: 3214: 3183: 3131: 3084: 3076: 3041: 3010: 2979: 2555: 2317: 2100: 2028: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1856: 1745: 1628: 1624: 1593: 1502: 1478: 1417: 1379: 1317: 1277: 1226: 1069: 922: 899: 864: 828: 816: 682: 637: 598:

On returning to the United States, Conant criticized the education system in

573: 497: 489: 245: 241: 6570: 6465: 6249: 2194:– was the Morris Loeb Professor of Chemistry Emeritus at Harvard University. 8753: 8635: 8492: 8437: 8417: 8402: 8306: 8130: 8044: 7988: 7919: 7757: 7649: 7564: 7463: 6655: 6534: 6160: 3939: 3598: 3537: 2325: 2216: 2179: 1913: 1848: 1794: 1553:, and cooperation was eagerly sought. Conant had lunch with Prime Minister 1514: 1498: 1437: 1394: 1325: 1198: 1049: 1026: 966: 926: 832: 808: 776: 723: 699: 636:, on March 26, 1893, the third child and only son of James Scott Conant, a 592: 493: 412: 6726: 2563: 1741: 579:

In his later years at Harvard, Conant taught undergraduate courses on the

528:

and co-educational classes. During his presidency, women were admitted to

8583: 8537: 8502: 8477: 8422: 8326: 8316: 8200: 8052: 7765: 7672: 7638: 7246: 6617: 6323: 5894: 5892: 3459: 2584: 2252: 1892: 1798: 1597: 1570: 1523: 1398: 1329: 1264:(fifth from left) in June 1947. Conant sits between Marshall and Bradley. 1196:

in 1707, but dropped a number of other customs, including the singing of

1161:

After some months of lobbying and discussion, Harvard's ruling body, the

1061: 1019: 962: 938: 768: 748: 731: 727: 548: 505: 481: 461: 422: 8852: 6887: 6742: 6423: 3732: 3701: 3444: 3407: 3358: 3321: 3284: 3228: 3226: 3206: 3175: 3033: 3002: 2971: 1955:'s deft handling of the issue enabled him to handily win re-election as 1843:

National Science Board Members in July 1951. Conant is front and center.

8686: 8630: 8367: 8357: 8286: 6446:

James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age

6392: 3590: 3529: 2344:

The Growth of Experimental Sciences: An Experiment in General Education

2140: 2088:, with special distinction. He was selected for the award by President 1648: 1366: 1053: 876: 764: 648:, and he graduated near the top of his class from the school in 1910. 6609: 6244:. Biographical Memoirs. Washington, D.C.: The National Academy Press. 5889: 5775: 2208:

Practical Chemistry: Fundamental Facts and Applications to Modern Life

2075: 2052:

European model, it did lead to a wave of reforms across the country.

508:, and contributed important insights that underlie modern theories of 8728: 8594: 8362: 8165: 8020: 7996: 7621: 3648: 3621: 3471: 3238: 3223: 2531:

The Comprehensive High School, A Second Report to Interested Citizens

1805: 1786: 1672: 1413: 1238: 1104: 930: 780: 521: 454: 8076: 7114:

President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

6376: 5865:"Time Magazine Cover: James Bryant Conant – September 14, 1959" 3058: 2302:— (1948). "On Understanding Science, An Historical Approach". 910:

of these reactions supported the later development of the theory of

898:

from regular PVC. A combination of Conant's work on the kinetics of

591:

for Germany, overseeing the restoration of German sovereignty after

39: 8768: 8601: 8135: 6593: 5395: 5383: 3756:

Fischer, H.; Wenderoth, H. (1939). "Zur Kenntnis von Chlorophyll".

1960:

nuclear weapons in 1953 as part of the Eisenhower administration's

1664: 1518:

28, 1941, Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8807, which created the

1421: 1217: 1038: 974: 772: 473: 8931:

Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

6841:(6th ed.). Southbank, Victoria, Australia: Cengage Learning. 6103: 4955: 3794:"Conant, James Bryant – Proposal for Foreign Membership" 1991: 612:(1963). Between 1965 and 1969, Conant authored his autobiography, 8758: 8625: 7297: 6020:"James B. Conant Is Dead at 84; Harvard President for 20 Years". 5602: 5278: 3429:

McEwen, W. K. (1936). "A Further Study of Extremely Weak Acids".

2478:

Thomas Jefferson and the Development of American Public Education

1393:

in 1934 to American legal scholar and Dean of Harvard Law School

1181:

chemist." Clark was very much responsible for Conant's election.

1077: 942: 840: 551:. On July 16, 1945, he was among the dignitaries present at the 438: 408: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5520: 5518: 2465:

Slums and Suburbs, A Commentary on Schools in Metropolitan Areas

1785:

raised security concerns about Oppenheimer's relationships with

8144: 5407: 2895: 2802:"Array of Contemporary American Physicists – James Conant" 2128: 1680: 1676: 1660: 1321: 1080:(Fe) centre found in normal hemoglobin, and this difference in 1073: 884: 719: 617: 6038:"Papers of James Bryant Conant, 1862–1987 : an inventory" 5530: 3682:

on chlorophyll; the first and last papers in that series are:

2111:

by Britain in 1948, and he was awarded the Grand Cross of the

1340:

and Robert Ulich, were not Jewish. Writing in 1979, historian

1033:

on May 2, 1941. He also published three papers describing the

559:, the first detonation of an atomic bomb, and was part of the 7042:

1965 Audio Interview with James B. Conant by Stephane Groueff

5989: 5931: 5821: 5763: 5727: 5715: 5691: 5679: 5655: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5578: 5542: 5515: 5467: 5455: 5443: 5419: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5116: 5104: 1550: 1123:

in 1955, for public service. He was elected a Fellow of the

953:

under these conditions. This observation is consistent with

783:, but the war ended before lewisite could be used in battle. 6752:"James Bryant Conant: The Making of an Iconoclastic Chemist" 5977: 5909: 5907: 4978: 4976: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2663: 2661: 2591:

For a complete list of his published scientific papers, see

1188:

with a low-key installation ceremony in the Faculty Room of

8706: 8175: 5092: 4584:"Corporation Will Decide Upon Fate of Hanfstaengl Donation" 4285: 3946: 2540:— (1967). "Scientific Principles and Moral Conduct". 1973: 1268:

Other reforms included the abolition of class rankings and

1107:. For his accomplishments in chemistry, he was awarded the 1065: 997:

as a developer of modern understanding of acids and bases.

918: 685:, and was initiated as a brother of the Omicron chapter of 6544:

A Very Private Public Citizen: The Life of Grenville Clark

5787: 5703: 5359: 5347: 4764: 4552: 4432: 4408: 4396: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4129: 3872: 3250: 2777: 2765: 1604:

with Churchill, that restored full cooperation. After the

437:(March 26, 1893 – February 11, 1978) was an American 8981:

Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

6001: 5919: 5904: 5845: 5833: 5751: 5739: 5590: 5566: 5554: 5503: 5491: 5479: 5056: 4973: 4913: 4855: 4803: 4540: 4321: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4232: 3963: 3961: 3373: 3091: 2928: 2911: 2741: 2658: 2634: 1370: 277: 6816:(February 1947). "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb". 6485:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 5005: 5003: 4781: 4779: 4384: 2622: 1651:

to restrict competition and stifle innovation. When the

6553:

Making Harvard Modern: the rise of America's University

5431: 4879: 4843: 4724: 4664:"Sentences Given to Seven in The Anti-Hanfstaengl Case" 4480: 4468: 4372: 4355: 4309: 4297: 4220: 4141: 2824: 2753: 1901:. Conant commented on Kuhn's manuscript in draft form. 1653:

Japanese occupation of Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak

1561:, his leading scientific adviser, and an audience with 957:

published in 1923, but cannot be explained under older

616:(1970). He became increasingly infirm, had a series of 595:, and then was Ambassador to West Germany until 1957. 8961:

Honorary commanders of the Order of the British Empire

6632: 5898: 5781: 5667: 5371: 5068: 5015: 4988: 4528: 4456: 4420: 4268: 3958: 3477: 3465: 3244: 3232: 2684:"Fraternity – Awards – Hall of Fame – Alpha Chi Sigma" 2646: 2616: 1455: 8793: 6238:

James Bryant Conant, 1893–1978: A Biographical Memoir

5080: 5000: 4867: 4791: 4776: 4684: 4616: 4604: 4564: 4444: 4244: 4153: 3152:

Kistiakowsky published a series of six papers in the

2698: 2127:. He became increasingly infirm, and had a series of 1360:

in 1934, Conant spoke out against the Nazi threat to

933:" and laid the foundation for the development of the 759:

Sanitary Corps on September 22, 1917. He went to the

8926:

Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

7718: 6643:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

5335: 5323: 4925: 4516: 4504: 3811: 3678:

Conant published a series of fourteen papers in the

3550: 2836: 2550:(3). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 311–28. 1951:. This brought the reunification issue to the fore. 1947:

The first crisis to occur on Conant's watch was the

871:, Conant was one of the first to recognise that the 6546:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. 4492: 4256: 3981:"Nichols Chemistry Medal Given Conant for Research" 2076:

Presidential Medal of Freedom and other recognition

1143:. In 1932 he was also honored by membership of the 6443: 6336:Man of the Hour: James B. Conant—Warrior Scientist 6311: 2572: 2528: 2497: 2475: 2462: 2440: 2407: 2361: 2063:as impractical, Conant urged Americans "to accept 6953:Comprehensive Organic Name Reactions and Reagents 5955:"Remarks on Presenting the Atomic Pioneers Award" 5807:"Remarks on Presenting the Atomic Pioneers Award" 5174:. Launceston, Tasmania. April 14, 1941. p. 1 2678: 2676: 2113:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 1324:asked him for an appraisal of the German chemist 327:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 8867: 6822:. Harpers Magazine Foundation. pp. 97–107. 3755: 1056:system. Conant ran a series of experiments with 7175:American High Commissioner for Occupied Germany 6472: 5413: 5401: 5389: 5284: 1992:Carnegie Corporation grant recipient and author 1883:, including an account of the overthrow of the 1879:. Conant contributed four chapters to the 1957 1150: 1135:in 1935. Notable students of Conant's included 786: 6314:My Several Lives, Memoirs of a Social Inventor 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 4116:Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina 4009:"President Conant Wins Priestley Medal of ACS" 3064:Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 2673: 2575:My Several Lives, Memoirs of a Social Inventor 2410:Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science 2312:(1). New Haven: Yale University Press: 33–55. 2235:Equilibria and Rates of Some Organic Reactions 1924:for Germany, but he declined. However, after 1881:Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science 1401:, the German ambassador to the United States. 835:. After Conant returned to the United States, 8976:Members of the American Philosophical Society 8092: 7704: 7270: 7146:Chairman, National Defense Research Committee 6515:Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969). 6514: 6146: 5661: 5620: 5608: 3829: 3391: 3268: 1690:that was formed to advise the new president, 1520:Office of Scientific Research and Development 1352:In 1934, Harvard-educated German businessman 1295:and William Bender, to determine whether the 6550: 6274:Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 6077:(5). Fall 2007 – Winter 2008. Archived from 4438: 3915: 3342: 2848: 2175:Former graduate students of Conant include: 2109:Commander of the Order of the British Empire 1657:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 1207:degree while those who had not, received an 929:solutions in water. Conant christened them " 730:. In 1916, the departure of organic chemist 321:Commander of the Order of the British Empire 8936:Fellows of the Royal Institute of Chemistry 8901:Ambassadors of the United States to Germany 5290: 3619: 3056: 2482:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2163:, and James B. Conant Elementary School in 1904: 1793:, his wife Kitty and his former girlfriend 1612:, over to the Army, with Brigadier General 745:United States declaration of war on Germany 627: 8099: 8085: 7711: 7697: 7277: 7263: 6894: 6838:General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 6407: 6173:Note: nice anecdote in supplementary info. 5259:"Why They Called It the Manhattan Project" 5182:– via National Library of Australia. 4546: 4341:"Nieman Fellowships – Alumni Fellows" 3489: 3305: 3256: 2716: 1944:(USIA) libraries in Germany to be burned. 1320:common to his social group and time. When 1119:, in 1944. He also received the society's 38: 6688:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6438: 6360: 6007: 5995: 5959:University of California at Santa Barbara 5937: 5913: 5851: 5839: 5827: 5769: 5757: 5745: 5733: 5721: 5697: 5685: 5649: 5632: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5560: 5548: 5536: 5524: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5473: 5461: 5449: 5425: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5122: 5110: 5043:University of California at Santa Barbara 5033: 4982: 4770: 4730: 4558: 4486: 4474: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4315: 4303: 4226: 4202:"President Conant Is Installed in Office" 4147: 4135: 3892: 3849: 3647: 2830: 2783: 2771: 2747: 2667: 2652: 2640: 2489:Germany and Freedom, A Personal Appraisal 2454:Education in the Junior High School Years 1801:, granting him access to atomic secrets. 1291:Conant asked two of his assistant deans, 1286:twelve Harvard College residential houses 702:Derivatives". Harvard awarded Conant his 289:American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal 71:May 14, 1955 – February 19, 1957 8986:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients 6749: 6551:Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). 6411:Journal of the American Chemical Society 6231: 6183:Garvey, Benjamin S. (October 19, 1965). 6104:"James B. Conant High School - About Us" 5983: 4952:Department of Defense Education Activity 4291: 4279: 3967: 3952: 3832:"An Electrochemical Study Of Hemoglobin" 3720:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3689:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3680:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3622:"Structural Formulæ of the Chlorophylls" 3432:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3395:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3346:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3309:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3272:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3194:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3163:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3154:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3021:Journal of the American Chemical Society 2990:Journal of the American Chemical Society 2959:Journal of the American Chemical Society 2939: 2922: 2875: 2855: 2704: 2628: 2592: 2118: 2092:, but the ceremony was delayed prior to 1995: 1982:United States Ambassador to West Germany 1909:In April 1951, Conant was approached by 1838: 1740: 1619: 1465: 1304:in 1946, with Chauncey as its director. 1243: 1015:Journal of the American Chemical Society 839:made him an attractive offer to move to 763:, where he worked on the development of 468:, where he worked on the development of 8069:* indicates acting or interim president 6812: 6786: 6709: 6678: 6185:"Interview with Dr. Benjamin S. Garvey" 5793: 5437: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5021: 5009: 4994: 4534: 4462: 4426: 4170: 4168: 4067:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences 4062:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C" 2898:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 1898:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 1686:In May 1945, Conant became part of the 620:in 1977, and died in a nursing home in 8868: 6862: 6834: 6577: 6330: 6309: 6263: 6182: 5709: 5673: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5257:Broad, William J. (October 30, 2007). 4809: 4797: 4785: 4690: 4622: 4610: 4570: 4522: 4510: 4450: 4327: 4250: 4238: 3817: 3428: 3379: 3057:Finkelstein, H. (April–October 1910). 2842: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2759: 2447:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2414:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2346:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2337:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2288:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2237:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2131:in 1977. He died in a nursing home in 1834:House Un-American Activities Committee 1184:On October 9, 1933, Conant became the 1048:Another line of research involved the 767:. Initially, his work concentrated on 492:of chemical processes. He studied the 227: 8106: 8080: 7692: 7258: 6923: 6793:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 6760:Bulletin for the History of Chemistry 6555:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6149:European Journal of Organic Chemistry 5949: 5925: 5256: 4931: 4919: 4885: 4873: 4861: 4849: 4498: 4262: 3873:Conant, J. B.; Fieser, L. F. (1925). 2896:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 2612: 2610: 1733:by its Joint Planning Staff in 1945. 1145:German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina 1125:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 981:. Conant can be considered alongside 504:, helped to explain the structure of 8941:Foreign members of the Royal Society 7317:Embassy of the United States, Berlin 7293:United States Ambassadors to Germany 7087:23rd President of Harvard University 6950: 6541: 6040:. Harvard University. Archived from 5309:National Historic Chemical Landmarks 5250: 4178:. Harvard University. Archived from 4165: 4159: 4054: 3620:Conant, J. B.; Dietz, E. M. (1933). 3097: 2722:"James Bryant Conant: The Right Man" 2443:The Child, the Parent, and the State 2170: 1932:, and this time he accepted. At the 1697:Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range 1420:. Privately, Conant approved of the 553:Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range 7205:United States Ambassador to Germany 7049:"Participants: James Bryant Conant" 6106:. Township High School District 211 5957:. The American Presidency Project, 5041:. The American Presidency Project, 2789: 2401:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2377:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. 2368:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1511:National Defense Research Committee 1462:National Defense Research Committee 1456:National Defense Research Committee 1088:, a medical condition which causes 541:National Defense Research Committee 500:providing insight into the disease 13: 8916:Commanders of the Legion of Honour 8564:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 7061:Correspondence between Conant and 6338:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6071:Harvard University Library Letters 5899:Kistiakowsky & Westheimer 1979 5782:Kistiakowsky & Westheimer 1979 4823:"Dr. Conant Urges College For All" 3478:Kistiakowsky & Westheimer 1979 3466:Kistiakowsky & Westheimer 1979 3245:Kistiakowsky & Westheimer 1979 3233:Kistiakowsky & Westheimer 1979 2617:Kistiakowsky & Westheimer 1979 2607: 2500:The Education of American Teachers 2295:The Chemistry of Organic Compounds 2277:The Chemistry of Organic Compounds 2244:The Chemistry of Organic Compounds 2107:by France in 1936 and an Honorary 2069:The Education of American Teachers 1789:, including Oppenheimer's brother 1752:presents Conant with the civilian 1671:had licensed German patents for a 1507:Carnegie Institution of Washington 1491:University of California, Berkeley 747:that launched U.S. involvement in 610:The Education of American Teachers 14: 9007: 7003:Works by or about James B. Conant 6987: 6928:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 6207:"James Bryant Conant Family Tree" 5809:. The American Presidency Project 3759:Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 2353:Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry 1968:, which would have established a 1872:history and philosophy of science 1705:bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 583:, and wrote books explaining the 581:history and philosophy of science 8991:Presidents of Harvard University 8911:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery 8851: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8803: 8780: 8779: 7721:Presidents of Harvard University 7342: 7296: 7286: 6264:Biddle, Justin (December 2011). 6199: 6176: 6140: 6118: 6096: 6056: 6030: 6013: 5943: 5857: 5799: 5222: 5158: 5128: 5027: 4937: 4891: 2036:Carnegie Corporation of New York 1949:uprising of 1953 in East Germany 1942:United States Information Agency 407: 374: 356: 8896:20th-century American diplomats 8886:20th-century American academics 7312:Germany–United States relations 7237:Sylvanus Thayer Award recipient 7044:Voices of the Manhattan Project 6640:(1979). "James Bryant Conant". 6026:. February 12, 1978. p. 1. 5305:"U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program" 4815: 4736: 4696: 4656: 4628: 4576: 4333: 4194: 4104: 4079: 4037:"Charles Lathrop Parsons Award" 4029: 4001: 3973: 3909: 3880:Journal of Biological Chemistry 3866: 3837:Journal of Biological Chemistry 3823: 3786: 3749: 3672: 3613: 3544: 3483: 3422: 3385: 3336: 3299: 3262: 3146: 3103: 3050: 2945: 2198: 2080:On December 6, 1963, President 1922:United States High Commissioner 1186:President of Harvard University 955:Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory 751:, Conant was commissioned as a 589:United States High Commissioner 447:U.S. Ambassador to West Germany 443:President of Harvard University 223: 129:October 9, 1933 – 1953 117:President of Harvard University 8891:20th-century American chemists 6961:10.1002/9780470638859.conrr231 6318:. New York: Harper & Row. 4831:. January 26, 1934. p. 19 2710: 2579:. New York: Harper & Row. 2431:The American High School Today 2041:The American High School Today 1778:Los Alamos National Laboratory 1776:, the wartime director of the 1410:President of the United States 1297:Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) 1133:American Philosophical Society 965:as very weak acids, including 863:. Based on his exploration of 601:The American High School Today 526:Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) 1: 8996:U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program 8065:– titled as the Schoolmaster; 7017:"My Grandfather and the Bomb" 6542:Hill, Nancy Peterson (2014). 6476:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). 6224: 3894:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)85044-X 3851:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)85503-X 2806:American Institute of Physics 2086:Presidential Medal of Freedom 1575:German nuclear energy project 1428:Conant sought to enhance the 1131:in 1929, and a Member of the 1121:Charles Lathrop Parsons Award 332:Presidential Medal of Freedom 8724:Oppenheimer security hearing 7354:and Minister Plenipotentiary 6994:Works by James Bryant Conant 6909:10.1080/00309230.2014.997754 6750:Saltzman, Martin D. (2003). 6679:Norwood, Stephen H. (2009). 6128:. Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 4945:"Women's History Month 2012" 2890:American Antiquarian Society 2870:American Antiquarian Society 2686:. Alpha Chi Sigma Fraternity 2491:. New York: Capricorn Books. 2421:Deutschland und die Freiheit 2351:— with Blatt, A. H. (1949). 2335:Education in a Divided World 2293:— with Blatt, A. H. (1947). 2275:— with Tishler, Max (1939). 2264:— with Black, N. H. (1937). 2205:— with Black, N. H. (1920). 2099:In February 1970, President 1822:Education in a Divided World 1151:Harvard University president 1129:National Academy of Sciences 937:. These investigations used 843:. The president of Harvard, 787:Harvard University professor 738: 547:, which developed the first 539:Conant was appointed to the 56:United States Ambassador to 16:American chemist (1893–1978) 7: 6835:Stoker, H. Stephen (2012). 6364:Journal of Military History 6295:10.1016/j.shpsa.2011.07.002 5414:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 5402:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 5390:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 5311:. American Chemical Society 5285:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 5166:"In Battle-Scarred Bristol" 4899:"University Professorships" 3575:10.1126/science.73.1888.268 3514:10.1126/science.70.1806.149 3112:Journal of Polymer Research 2157:James B. Conant High School 2034:Between 1957 and 1965, the 1861:National Science Foundation 1756:(with bronze palm) in 1948. 1736: 1302:Educational Testing Service 1031:Fellow of the Royal Society 959:Arrhenius theory approaches 671:. He was also an editor of 646:West Roxbury, Massachusetts 347:Fellow of the Royal Society 10: 9012: 8971:Medal for Merit recipients 8956:Harvard University faculty 8906:American physical chemists 6126:"Conant Elementary School" 2522:. New York: Trident Press. 2511:Shaping Educational Policy 2165:Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 2155:Conant is the namesake of 2084:presented Conant with the 1966:European Defense Community 1957:Chancellor of West Germany 1934:Harvard Board of Overseers 1865:Science Advisory Committee 1748:watches as U.S. President 1509:, recruited Conant to the 1501:already raging in Europe, 1459: 1154: 1111:'s Nichols Medal in 1932, 861:physical organic chemistry 8777: 8667:Bismuth phosphate process 8662:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 8649: 8618: 8551: 8340: 8209: 8123: 8114: 8063: 7728: 7449: 7351: 7340: 7326: 7306: 7243: 7234: 7226: 7221: 7211: 7202: 7188: 7172: 7164: 7159: 7143: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7111: 7103: 7093: 7084: 7076: 7071: 7051:. Oregon State University 5662:Hewlett & Duncan 1969 5621:Hewlett & Duncan 1969 5609:Hewlett & Duncan 1969 4041:American Chemical Society 3124:10.1007/s10965-005-9034-6 2161:Hoffman Estates, Illinois 2150: 2011:to the three recipients, 1964:. Conant lobbied for the 1832:under questioning by the 1762:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 1376:Governor of Massachusetts 1194:John Leverett the Younger 1127:in 1924, a Member of the 1109:American Chemical Society 1064:. He determined that the 879:structure on the rate of 709: 634:Dorchester, Massachusetts 428: 418: 403: 395: 385: 369: 364: 352: 284: 265: 257: 237: 207: 190: 184:Dorchester, Massachusetts 166: 161: 157: 145: 133: 122: 114: 102: 85: 75: 64: 53: 49: 37: 23: 8966:Manhattan Project people 7450:Ambassador Extraordinary 7327:Minister Plenipotentiary 6924:Urban, Wayne J. (2020). 6517:Atomic Shield, 1947–1952 6479:The New World, 1939–1946 5136:"The Price of Greatness" 4744:"Dean Pound Gets Degree" 4439:Keller & Keller 2001 3772:10.1002/jlac.19395370114 3077:10.1002/cber.19100430257 2601: 2535:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2513:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2504:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2469:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2456:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2434:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2364:Science and Common Sense 2019:, on February 27, 1970. 1905:Allied High Commissioner 1889:Science and Common Sense 1887:. In 1951, he published 1853:Johns Hopkins University 1770:Atomic Energy Commission 1627:, Conant, Major General 1596:, the representative of 1581:, conferred an honorary 1237:reform, shifting to an " 1076:(Fe) centre, unlike the 1054:hemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin 935:Hammett acidity function 761:Camp American University 628:Early life and education 570:Atomic Energy Commission 390:Chemical Warfare Service 8744:S-1 Executive Committee 8692:Einstein–Szilard letter 6787:Stewart, Irvin (1948). 6715:American Jewish History 4112:"Mitgliederverzeichnis" 3919:Pharmacological Reviews 2398:The Citadel of Learning 2267:New Practical Chemistry 2211:. New York: Macmillan. 2094:Kennedy's assassination 1911:U.S. Secretary of State 1877:Willard Van Orman Quine 1804:By September 1948, the 1679:and a related product, 1101:New Practical Chemistry 563:that advised President 457:from Harvard in 1916. 334:with Distinction (1963) 300:Benjamin Franklin Medal 8951:Harvard College alumni 8186:Salt Wells Pilot Plant 7080:Abbott Lawrence Lowell 6864:Tuttle, William M. Jr. 6656:10.1098/rsbm.1979.0006 6310:Conant, J. B. (1970). 6161:10.1002/ejoc.200800969 4547:Urban & Smith 2015 4206:Harvard Library Guides 3830:Conant, J. B. (1923). 3257:Hall & Conant 1927 2718:Halberstam, Michael J. 2423:. Frankfurt: Ullstein. 2355:. New York: Macmillan. 2297:. New York: Macmillan. 2279:. New York: Macmillan. 2270:. New York: Macmillan. 2259:. New York: Macmillan. 2246:. New York: Macmillan. 2228:. New York: Macmillan. 2133:Hanover, New Hampshire 2020: 1844: 1818:denominational schools 1757: 1640: 1637:Hanford Engineer Works 1505:, the director of the 1494: 1446:Harvard Medical School 1265: 1260:(third from left) and 1222: 1167:Alfred North Whitehead 1139:, George Wheland, and 945:and demonstrated that 921:which were many times 845:Abbott Lawrence Lowell 689:in 1912. He graduated 624:, the following year. 622:Hanover, New Hampshire 530:Harvard Medical School 201:Hanover, New Hampshire 140:Abbott Lawrence Lowell 8764:X-10 Graphite Reactor 8719:Nobel Prize laureates 8589:509th Composite Group 7837:Winthrop* (1773-1774) 6955:. Chichester: Wiley. 6951:Wang, Zerong (2010). 6897:Paedagogica Historica 6727:10.1353/ajh.2006.0011 5953:(February 27, 1970). 4176:"James Bryant Conant" 3100:, pp. 1060–1063. 2375:Education and Liberty 2137:Mount Auburn Cemetery 2119:Later years and death 2009:Atomic Pioneers Award 1999: 1970:pan-European military 1842: 1826:Education and Liberty 1764:replaced the wartime 1744: 1731:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1623: 1579:University of Bristol 1469: 1460:Further information: 1406:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1342:William M. Tuttle Jr. 1270:athletic scholarships 1247: 1213: 1155:Further information: 1137:Paul Doughty Bartlett 775:. He was promoted to 520:, and instituted an " 518:athletic scholarships 396:Years of service 337:Sylvanus Thayer Award 213:Patty Thayer Richards 8672:British contribution 8574:Operation Peppermint 8569:Operation Crossroads 8428:Maria Goeppert Mayer 7959:Peabody* (1868–1869) 6634:Kistiakowsky, George 5539:, pp. 586, 592. 5140:The Churchill Centre 4901:. Harvard University 4752:. September 20, 1934 4091:search.amphilsoc.org 4087:"APS Member History" 4017:. September 12, 1944 2520:Two Modes of Thought 2007:, presents the 1969 1814:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1701:Trinity nuclear test 1387:University of Berlin 1358:commencement address 892:Finkelstein reaction 704:Doctor of Philosophy 661:Theodore W. Richards 642:Roxbury Latin School 557:Trinity nuclear test 536:for the first time. 486:chemical equilibrium 449:. Conant obtained a 80:Dwight D. Eisenhower 8433:George Kistiakowsky 8388:Charles Critchfield 7452:and Plenipotentiary 7352:Envoy Extraordinary 7131:Government offices 6711:Norwood, Stephen H. 6474:Hewlett, Richard G. 6450:. New York: Knopf. 6440:Hershberg, James G. 6424:10.1021/ja01411a010 6287:2011SHPSA..42..552B 6044:on January 28, 2012 5998:, pp. 741–742. 5986:, pp. 110–112. 5965:on February 1, 2013 5940:, pp. 735–736. 5928:, pp. 170–172. 5830:, pp. 706–709. 5772:, pp. 693–694. 5736:, pp. 659–666. 5724:, pp. 654–657. 5712:, pp. 533–537. 5700:, pp. 638–646. 5688:, pp. 556–557. 5652:, pp. 409–411. 5635:, pp. 566–567. 5611:, pp. 518–519. 5587:, pp. 484–486. 5551:, pp. 366–367. 5527:, pp. 401–403. 5476:, pp. 316–319. 5464:, pp. 305–309. 5452:, pp. 536–537. 5428:, pp. 294–299. 5404:, pp. 360–361. 5392:, pp. 344–345. 5368:, pp. 319–320. 5356:, pp. 311–317. 5238:. September 6, 1943 5235:The Harvard Crimson 5219:, pp. 190–191. 5207:, pp. 181–187. 5195:, pp. 173–174. 5125:, pp. 160–162. 5113:, pp. 144–146. 5101:, pp. 168–169. 5035:Roosevelt, Franklin 4922:, pp. 114–121. 4864:, pp. 59, 105. 4812:, pp. 150–151. 4749:The Harvard Crimson 4709:The Harvard Crimson 4669:The Harvard Crimson 4644:. February 13, 1936 4641:The Harvard Crimson 4589:The Harvard Crimson 4343:. Nieman Foundation 4330:, pp. 399–402. 4294:, pp. 107–109. 4241:, pp. 419–420. 4014:The Harvard Crimson 3986:The Harvard Crimson 3955:, pp. 121–124. 3733:10.1021/ja01325a060 3702:10.1021/ja01387a032 3640:1933Natur.131..131C 3567:1931Sci....73..268. 3506:1929Sci....70..149C 3445:10.1021/ja01298a017 3408:10.1021/ja01333a043 3382:, pp. 272–275. 3359:10.1021/ja01374a038 3322:10.1021/ja01411a011 3285:10.1021/ja01346a015 3207:10.1021/ja01269a060 3176:10.1021/ja01304a019 3034:10.1021/ja01679a032 3003:10.1021/ja01679a031 2972:10.1021/ja01666a031 2727:The Harvard Crimson 2595:, pp. 113–121. 1976:with its own army. 1851:, the president of 1811:General of the Army 1783:David E. Lilienthal 1559:Frederick Lindemann 1497:In June 1940, with 1163:Harvard Corporation 1113:Columbia University 1097:Practical Chemistry 904:George Kistiakowsky 869:chemical equilibria 674:The Harvard Crimson 655:, where he studied 632:Conant was born in 510:acid-base chemistry 464:, he served in the 441:, a transformative 435:James Bryant Conant 325:Grand Cross of the 171:James Bryant Conant 8846:Nuclear technology 8834:History of science 8498:Henry DeWolf Smyth 8277:Robert Oppenheimer 8232:Priscilla Duffield 7097:Nathan Marsh Pusey 6084:on August 23, 2014 6023:The New York Times 5264:The New York Times 4828:The New York Times 4712:. October 19, 1934 4672:. October 24, 1934 4208:. October 13, 1933 3989:. January 22, 1932 3468:, p. 212-213. 2812:on August 30, 2010 2543:American Scientist 2305:American Scientist 2286:Our Fighting Faith 2186:Benjamin S. Garvey 2021: 1930:John Foster Dulles 1845: 1774:Robert Oppenheimer 1758: 1655:, followed by the 1641: 1535:Frederick L. Hovde 1495: 1471:Ernest O. Lawrence 1450:Harvard Law School 1367:ℛ︁ℳ︁ 1347:Stephen H. Norwood 1266: 1258:George C. Marshall 1254:Robert Oppenheimer 1157:Harvard University 896:polyvinyl chloride 825:Hermann Staudinger 821:Jakob Meisenheimer 657:physical chemistry 534:Harvard Law School 270:Harvard University 152:Nathan Marsh Pusey 8791: 8790: 8713:Los Alamos Primer 8702:Interim Committee 8657:African Americans 8609:The Great Artiste 8468:Isidor Isaac Rabi 8463:Norman Ramsey Jr. 8262:Franklin Matthias 8201:Heavy water sites 8108:Manhattan Project 8074: 8073: 7898:Ware* (1828-1829) 7686: 7685: 7253: 7252: 7244:Succeeded by 7215:David K. E. Bruce 7212:Succeeded by 7197:chargé d'affaires 7160:Diplomatic posts 7121:Succeeded by 7094:Succeeded by 7072:Academic offices 7022:Los Angeles Times 6998:Project Gutenberg 6970:978-0-470-63885-9 6935:978-1-350-12928-3 6848:978-1-133-10394-3 6819:Harper's Magazine 6814:Stimson, Henry L. 6695:978-0-521-76243-4 6638:Westheimer, Frank 6418:(12): 3062–3070. 6345:978-1-4767-3088-2 6233:Bartlett, Paul D. 5796:, p. 243-50. 5287:, pp. 78–83. 5065:, pp. 36–38. 5037:(June 28, 1941). 4888:, pp. 36–37. 4852:, pp. 90–91. 4773:, pp. 90–91. 4561:, pp. 85–86. 4417:, pp. 81–83. 4405:, pp. 58–59. 4182:on April 15, 2012 4162:, pp. 85–86. 4138:, pp. 70–75. 3727:(10): 2185–2189. 3696:(12): 3668–3674. 3353:(11): 4436–4450. 3316:(12): 3062–3070. 2942:, pp. 94–97. 2925:, pp. 89–90. 2786:, pp. 50–53. 2774:, pp. 44–48. 2762:, pp. 44–45. 2750:, pp. 38–39. 2720:(June 19, 1952). 2670:, pp. 27–31. 2643:, pp. 17–18. 2631:, pp. 91–92. 2257:Organic Chemistry 2226:Organic Chemistry 2171:Graduate students 2057:Slums and Suburbs 1926:Dwight Eisenhower 1885:phlogiston theory 1791:Frank Oppenheimer 1766:Manhattan Project 1725:with the help of 1688:Interim Committee 1645:Bernard M. Baruch 1633:Franklin Matthias 1610:Manhattan Project 1606:Quebec Conference 1585:degree on Conant 1567:Buckingham Palace 1555:Winston Churchill 1543:Carroll L. Wilson 1539:Purdue University 1475:Arthur H. Compton 1442:Radcliffe College 1430:liberal education 1354:Ernst Hanfstaengl 1310:Chinese Civil War 1306:Theodore H. White 1274:Nieman Fellowship 1086:methemoglobinemia 837:Arthur Amos Noyes 753:second lieutenant 665:organic chemistry 606:Slums and Suburbs 585:scientific method 561:Interim Committee 545:Manhattan Project 502:methemoglobinemia 432: 431: 194:February 11, 1978 109:David K. E. Bruce 96:chargé d'affaires 9003: 8856: 8855: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8799: 8783: 8782: 8734:Quebec Agreement 8518:John von Neumann 8458:George B. Pegram 8267:Dorothy McKibbin 8101: 8094: 8087: 8078: 8077: 8068: 8056: 8048: 8040: 8032: 8024: 8016: 8008: 8000: 7992: 7984: 7976: 7968: 7960: 7955: 7947: 7939: 7931: 7923: 7915: 7907: 7899: 7894: 7886: 7878: 7870: 7862: 7854: 7846: 7838: 7833: 7825: 7817: 7809: 7801: 7793: 7785: 7777: 7769: 7761: 7753: 7745: 7737: 7722: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7690: 7689: 7346: 7301: 7300: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7256: 7255: 7230:Robert A. Lovett 7227:Preceded by 7192:Leland B. Morris 7189:Preceded by 7165:Preceded by 7136:Preceded by 7107:Anton J. Carlson 7104:Preceded by 7077:Preceded by 7069: 7068: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7029:on June 16, 2012 7025:. Archived from 7007:Internet Archive 6982: 6947: 6920: 6903:(1–2): 152–165. 6891: 6868:American Studies 6859: 6857: 6855: 6831: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6756: 6746: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6687: 6675: 6629: 6574: 6547: 6538: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6484: 6469: 6449: 6435: 6404: 6357: 6327: 6317: 6306: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6243: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6209:. Chemistry Tree 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6180: 6174: 6172: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6083: 6068: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5961:. Archived from 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5902: 5896: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5877:on March 7, 2008 5873:. Archived from 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5301: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5142:. Archived from 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4960: 4954:. Archived from 4949: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4172: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4066: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3896: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3853: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3713: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3651: 3649:10.1038/131131a0 3617: 3611: 3610: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3439:(7): 1124–1129. 3426: 3420: 3419: 3402:(6): 2499–2504. 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3279:(7): 2721–2739. 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3221: 3218: 3187: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3071:(2): 1528–1532. 3054: 3048: 3045: 3014: 2983: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2926: 2920: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2873: 2867: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2808:. Archived from 2798: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2680: 2671: 2665: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2588: 2578: 2571:— (1970). 2567: 2536: 2534: 2527:— (1967). 2523: 2518:— (1964). 2514: 2509:— (1964). 2505: 2503: 2496:— (1963). 2492: 2487:— (1962). 2483: 2481: 2474:— (1962). 2470: 2468: 2461:— (1961). 2457: 2452:— (1960). 2448: 2446: 2439:— (1959). 2435: 2428:— (1959). 2424: 2419:— (1958). 2415: 2413: 2406:— (1957). 2402: 2395:— (1956). 2391: 2388:Christian Verlag 2382:— (1955). 2378: 2373:— (1953). 2369: 2367: 2360:— (1951). 2356: 2347: 2342:— (1949). 2338: 2333:— (1948). 2329: 2298: 2289: 2284:— (1944). 2280: 2271: 2260: 2247: 2242:— (1933). 2238: 2233:— (1932). 2229: 2224:— (1928). 2220: 2192:Frank Westheimer 2146: 2125:My Several Lives 2105:Légion d'honneur 1916:about replacing 1723:Henry L. Stimson 1713:Reinhold Niebuhr 1707:by figures like 1614:Leslie R. Groves 1602:Quebec Agreement 1487:Alfred L. Loomis 1362:academic freedom 1250:honorary degrees 1231:George Kittredge 1141:Frank Westheimer 1084:is the cause of 1043:synthetic rubber 912:hyperconjugation 908:enthalpy changes 805:Kazimierz Fajans 706:degree in 1916. 695:Bachelor of Arts 677:. He joined the 614:My Several Lives 478:natural products 445:, and the first 411: 380: 378: 377: 365:Military service 360: 342:Clark Kerr Medal 315:Kentucky colonel 295:Légion d'honneur 231: 229: 225: 197: 180: 178: 162:Personal details 148: 136: 127: 105: 92:Leland B. Morris 88: 69: 59: 42: 32: 21: 20: 9011: 9010: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8866: 8865: 8862: 8850: 8840: 8838: 8828: 8826: 8816: 8814: 8804: 8802: 8794: 8792: 8787: 8773: 8739:RaLa Experiment 8645: 8614: 8579:Project Alberta 8547: 8543:Chien-Shiung Wu 8473:James Rainwater 8408:Richard Feynman 8398:John R. Dunning 8373:Norris Bradbury 8336: 8322:Stafford Warren 8292:William Purnell 8272:Kenneth Nichols 8252:Ernest Lawrence 8227:James B. Conant 8205: 8119: 8110: 8105: 8075: 8070: 8066: 8059: 8051: 8043: 8035: 8027: 8019: 8011: 8003: 7995: 7987: 7979: 7971: 7963: 7958: 7950: 7942: 7934: 7926: 7918: 7910: 7902: 7897: 7889: 7881: 7873: 7865: 7857: 7849: 7841: 7836: 7828: 7820: 7812: 7804: 7796: 7788: 7780: 7772: 7764: 7756: 7748: 7740: 7732: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7687: 7682: 7451: 7445: 7353: 7347: 7338: 7322: 7321: 7302: 7295: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7249: 7240: 7232: 7217: 7208: 7200: 7194: 7178: 7170: 7149: 7141: 7126: 7124:C. F. Kettering 7117: 7109: 7099: 7090: 7082: 7054: 7052: 7047: 7032: 7030: 7015:(May 2, 2005). 7011: 6990: 6985: 6971: 6936: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6803: 6801: 6777: 6775: 6754: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6685: 6563: 6527: 6505: 6503: 6493: 6482: 6458: 6377:10.2307/2954035 6346: 6268: 6254: 6252: 6241: 6227: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6181: 6177: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5916:, pp. 726. 5912: 5905: 5897: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5854:, pp. 714. 5850: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5146:on May 10, 2012 5134: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4961:on June 4, 2012 4958: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3914: 3910: 3875:"Methemoglobin" 3871: 3867: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3754: 3750: 3716: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3618: 3614: 3549: 3545: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3427: 3423: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3341: 3337: 3304: 3300: 3267: 3263: 3259:, p. 3047. 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3224: 3190: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3055: 3051: 3017: 2986: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2929: 2921: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2885: 2877:McCusker, J. J. 2865: 2857:McCusker, J. J. 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2800: 2799: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2666: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2608: 2604: 2570: 2539: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2495: 2486: 2473: 2460: 2451: 2438: 2427: 2418: 2405: 2394: 2386:. Bad Manheim: 2381: 2372: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2332: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2263: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2204: 2201: 2173: 2153: 2144: 2121: 2090:John F. Kennedy 2078: 2055:His subsequent 2025:Upper East Side 1994: 1962:New Look policy 1953:Konrad Adenauer 1907: 1754:Medal for Merit 1750:Harry S. Truman 1739: 1692:Harry S. Truman 1528:nuclear fission 1483:Karl T. Compton 1464: 1458: 1391:honorary degree 1334:Albert Einstein 1262:Omar N. Bradley 1190:University Hall 1173:reminded him, " 1171:Grenville Clark 1159: 1153: 1117:Priestley Medal 1082:oxidation state 1058:electrochemical 979:diphenylmethane 971:phenylacetylene 906:'s work on the 883:with inorganic 859:chemistry with 857:natural product 813:Arthur Hantzsch 801:Theodor Curtius 793:Appleton Chapel 789: 741: 716:Stanley Pennock 712: 687:Alpha Chi Sigma 669:Elmer P. Kohler 653:Harvard College 630: 565:Harry S. Truman 480:, particularly 375: 373: 345: 340: 335: 330: 324: 318: 313: 310:Medal for Merit 308: 305:Priestley Medal 303: 298: 292: 251:James F. Conant 249: 248:(granddaughter) 244: 233: 221: 217: 214: 199: 195: 182: 176: 174: 173: 172: 146: 134: 128: 123: 103: 86: 70: 65: 57: 45: 33: 28: 26: 25:James B. Conant 17: 12: 11: 5: 9009: 8999: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8861: 8860: 8848: 8836: 8824: 8812: 8789: 8788: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8682:Chicago Pile-1 8679: 8677:Calutron Girls 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8653: 8651: 8650:Related topics 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8513:Stanisław Ulam 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8448:Edwin McMillan 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8393:Harry Daghlian 8390: 8385: 8383:John Cockcroft 8380: 8378:James Chadwick 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8302:Charles Thomas 8299: 8297:Frank Spedding 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8257:James Marshall 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8237:Thomas Farrell 8234: 8229: 8224: 8222:Arthur Compton 8219: 8213: 8211: 8210:Administrators 8207: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8138: 8133: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8104: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8081: 8072: 8071: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8055:(2024–present) 8049: 8041: 8033: 8025: 8017: 8009: 8001: 7993: 7985: 7977: 7969: 7961: 7956: 7948: 7940: 7932: 7924: 7916: 7908: 7900: 7895: 7887: 7879: 7871: 7863: 7855: 7847: 7839: 7834: 7826: 7818: 7810: 7802: 7794: 7786: 7778: 7770: 7762: 7754: 7746: 7738: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7716: 7715: 7708: 7701: 7693: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7658: 7653: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7455: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7282: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7259: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7242: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7210: 7201: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7171: 7168:John J. McCloy 7166: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7142: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7119: 7110: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7092: 7083: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7045: 7039: 7013:Conant, Jennet 7009: 7000: 6989: 6988:External links 6986: 6984: 6983: 6969: 6948: 6934: 6921: 6892: 6860: 6847: 6832: 6810: 6784: 6747: 6721:(2): 189–223. 6707: 6694: 6676: 6630: 6594:10.1086/351711 6575: 6561: 6548: 6539: 6525: 6512: 6491: 6470: 6456: 6436: 6405: 6371:(3): 521–582. 6358: 6344: 6332:Conant, Jennet 6328: 6307: 6281:(4): 552–561. 6261: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6198: 6175: 6155:(4): 481–491. 6139: 6117: 6095: 6055: 6029: 6012: 6010:, p. 754. 6008:Hershberg 1993 6000: 5996:Hershberg 1993 5988: 5976: 5951:Nixon, Richard 5942: 5938:Hershberg 1993 5930: 5918: 5914:Hershberg 1993 5903: 5901:, p. 225. 5888: 5856: 5852:Hershberg 1993 5844: 5842:, p. 740. 5840:Hershberg 1993 5832: 5828:Hershberg 1993 5820: 5798: 5786: 5784:, p. 224. 5774: 5770:Hershberg 1993 5762: 5760:, p. 687. 5758:Hershberg 1993 5750: 5748:, p. 685. 5746:Hershberg 1993 5738: 5734:Hershberg 1993 5726: 5722:Hershberg 1993 5714: 5702: 5698:Hershberg 1993 5690: 5686:Hershberg 1993 5678: 5676:, p. 552. 5666: 5664:, p. 587. 5654: 5650:Hershberg 1993 5637: 5633:Hershberg 1993 5625: 5623:, p. 560. 5613: 5601: 5599:, p. 482. 5597:Hershberg 1993 5589: 5585:Hershberg 1993 5577: 5575:, p. 625. 5573:Hershberg 1993 5565: 5563:, p. 587. 5561:Hershberg 1993 5553: 5549:Hershberg 1993 5541: 5537:Hershberg 1993 5529: 5525:Hershberg 1993 5514: 5512:, p. 443. 5510:Hershberg 1993 5502: 5500:, p. 430. 5498:Hershberg 1993 5490: 5488:, p. 424. 5486:Hershberg 1993 5478: 5474:Hershberg 1993 5466: 5462:Hershberg 1993 5454: 5450:Giangreco 1997 5442: 5440:, p. 102. 5430: 5426:Hershberg 1993 5418: 5416:, p. 378. 5406: 5394: 5382: 5380:, p. 327. 5370: 5358: 5346: 5334: 5322: 5289: 5277: 5249: 5221: 5217:Hershberg 1993 5209: 5205:Hershberg 1993 5197: 5193:Hershberg 1993 5185: 5157: 5127: 5123:Hershberg 1993 5115: 5111:Hershberg 1993 5103: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5026: 5014: 4999: 4987: 4985:, p. 126. 4983:Hershberg 1993 4972: 4936: 4924: 4912: 4890: 4878: 4876:, p. 103. 4866: 4854: 4842: 4814: 4802: 4800:, p. 153. 4790: 4788:, p. 151. 4775: 4771:Hershberg 1993 4763: 4735: 4731:Hershberg 1993 4723: 4695: 4693:, p. 140. 4683: 4655: 4627: 4625:, p. 144. 4615: 4613:, p. 142. 4603: 4592:. June 8, 1934 4575: 4573:, p. 138. 4563: 4559:Hershberg 1993 4551: 4549:, p. 159. 4539: 4537:, p. 189. 4527: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4487:Hershberg 1993 4479: 4475:Hershberg 1993 4467: 4465:, p. 192. 4455: 4453:, p. 143. 4443: 4431: 4429:, p. 191. 4419: 4415:Hershberg 1993 4407: 4403:Hershberg 1993 4395: 4393:, p. 707. 4391:Hershberg 1993 4383: 4379:Hershberg 1993 4371: 4367:Hershberg 1993 4354: 4332: 4320: 4316:Hershberg 1993 4308: 4304:Hershberg 1993 4296: 4284: 4267: 4255: 4253:, p. 189. 4243: 4231: 4227:Hershberg 1993 4219: 4193: 4164: 4152: 4148:Hershberg 1993 4140: 4136:Hershberg 1993 4128: 4103: 4078: 4053: 4028: 4000: 3972: 3957: 3945: 3926:(2): 144–191. 3908: 3887:(3): 595–622. 3865: 3844:(2): 401–414. 3822: 3810: 3785: 3766:(1): 170–177. 3748: 3746: 3745: 3714: 3671: 3612: 3543: 3482: 3480:, p. 214. 3470: 3458: 3421: 3384: 3372: 3335: 3298: 3261: 3249: 3247:, p. 212. 3237: 3235:, p. 213. 3222: 3220: 3219: 3201:(2): 440–450. 3188: 3145: 3118:(4): 267–275. 3102: 3090: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3028:(2): 488–501. 3015: 2997:(2): 476–488. 2984: 2966:(1): 232–252. 2944: 2927: 2910: 2894:1800–present: 2847: 2835: 2831:Hershberg 1993 2823: 2788: 2784:Hershberg 1993 2776: 2772:Hershberg 1993 2764: 2752: 2748:Hershberg 1993 2740: 2709: 2697: 2672: 2668:Hershberg 1993 2657: 2653:Hershberg 1993 2645: 2641:Hershberg 1993 2633: 2621: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2568: 2537: 2524: 2515: 2506: 2493: 2484: 2471: 2458: 2449: 2436: 2425: 2416: 2403: 2392: 2379: 2370: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2261: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2172: 2169: 2152: 2149: 2120: 2117: 2082:Lyndon Johnson 2077: 2074: 1993: 1990: 1918:John J. McCloy 1906: 1903: 1738: 1735: 1727:McGeorge Bundy 1709:Norman Cousins 1583:Doctor of Laws 1563:King George VI 1547:Tizard Mission 1457: 1454: 1338:Walter Gropius 1293:Henry Chauncey 1252:at Harvard to 1216:the necessary 1152: 1149: 1090:tissue hypoxia 1035:polymerisation 1024:Nobel laureate 947:sodium acetate 865:reaction rates 788: 785: 743:Following the 740: 737: 711: 708: 691:Phi Beta Kappa 679:Signet Society 629: 626: 430: 429: 426: 425: 420: 416: 415: 405: 401: 400: 397: 393: 392: 387: 386:Branch/service 383: 382: 371: 367: 366: 362: 361: 354: 350: 349: 286: 282: 281: 267: 263: 262: 259: 255: 254: 239: 235: 234: 219: 215: 212: 211: 209: 205: 204: 198:(aged 84) 192: 188: 187: 181:March 26, 1893 170: 168: 164: 163: 159: 158: 155: 154: 149: 143: 142: 137: 131: 130: 120: 119: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 89: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 62: 61: 51: 50: 47: 46: 44:Conant in 1932 43: 35: 34: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9008: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8921:Conant family 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8847: 8837: 8835: 8825: 8823: 8813: 8811: 8801: 8800: 8797: 8786: 8776: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8697:Franck Report 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8559:Alsos Mission 8557: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8533:Robert Wilson 8531: 8529: 8528:Eugene Wigner 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8508:Edward Teller 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8483:Glenn Seaborg 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8453:Mark Oliphant 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8443:Willard Libby 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8353:Robert Bacher 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8332:Roscoe Wilson 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8247:John Lansdale 8245: 8243: 8242:Leslie Groves 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8217:Vannevar Bush 8215: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8113: 8109: 8102: 8097: 8095: 8090: 8088: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8062: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8023:* (2006–2007) 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7946:* (1860–1862) 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7869:* (1804–1806) 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7853:* (1780-1781) 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7792:* (1701–1707) 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7723: 7714: 7709: 7707: 7702: 7700: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7350: 7345: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7294: 7280: 7275: 7273: 7268: 7266: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7248: 7239: 7238: 7231: 7225: 7220: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7198: 7193: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7169: 7163: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7140: 7139:Vannevar Bush 7134: 7129: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7108: 7102: 7098: 7089: 7088: 7081: 7075: 7070: 7064: 7063:Linus Pauling 7050: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7028: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6854:September 13, 6850: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6785: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6697: 6691: 6684: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6562:0-19-514457-0 6558: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6526:0-520-07187-5 6522: 6518: 6513: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6492:0-520-07186-7 6488: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6457:0-394-57966-6 6453: 6448: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6267: 6262: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6208: 6202: 6186: 6179: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6127: 6121: 6105: 6099: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6059: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6025: 6024: 6016: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5992: 5985: 5984:Bartlett 1983 5980: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5870:Time magazine 5866: 5860: 5853: 5848: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5824: 5808: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5634: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5519: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5391: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5286: 5281: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5189: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5077:, p. 68. 5076: 5071: 5064: 5059: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5024:, p. 10. 5023: 5018: 5011: 5006: 5004: 4997:, p. 26. 4996: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4940: 4934:, p. 78. 4933: 4928: 4921: 4916: 4905:September 16, 4900: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4772: 4767: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4733:, p. 87. 4732: 4727: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4636:"Hanfstaengl" 4631: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4531: 4525:, p. 60. 4524: 4519: 4513:, p. 54. 4512: 4507: 4501:, p. 45. 4500: 4495: 4489:, p. 84. 4488: 4483: 4477:, p. 88. 4476: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4441:, p. 49. 4440: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4381:, p. 81. 4380: 4375: 4369:, p. 80. 4368: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4342: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4318:, p. 79. 4317: 4312: 4306:, p. 89. 4305: 4300: 4293: 4292:Bartlett 1983 4288: 4282:, p. 98. 4281: 4280:Bartlett 1983 4276: 4274: 4272: 4265:, p. 26. 4264: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4240: 4235: 4229:, p. 77. 4228: 4223: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4161: 4156: 4150:, p. 75. 4149: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4117: 4114:(in German). 4113: 4107: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4063: 4057: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4004: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3976: 3970:, p. 93. 3969: 3968:Saltzman 2003 3964: 3962: 3954: 3953:Bartlett 1983 3949: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3920: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3820:, p. 60. 3819: 3814: 3799: 3798:Royal Society 3795: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3762:(in German). 3761: 3760: 3752: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3634:(3300): 131. 3633: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3561:(1888): 268. 3560: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3500:(1806): 149. 3499: 3495: 3494: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2940:Bartlett 1983 2936: 2934: 2932: 2924: 2923:Saltzman 2003 2919: 2917: 2915: 2899: 2891: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2845:, p. 30. 2844: 2839: 2833:, p. 55. 2832: 2827: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2749: 2744: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2707:, p. 86. 2706: 2705:Saltzman 2003 2701: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2655:, p. 20. 2654: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2629:Bartlett 1983 2625: 2619:, p. 208 2618: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2594: 2593:Bartlett 1983 2590: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2411: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2365: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101:Richard Nixon 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2029:New York City 2026: 2018: 2017:Leslie Groves 2015:, Conant and 2014: 2013:Vannevar Bush 2010: 2006: 2005:Richard Nixon 2002: 2001:Glenn Seaborg 1998: 1989: 1985: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:hydrogen bomb 1854: 1850: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1824:in 1948, and 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:Vannevar Bush 1743: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629:Leslie Groves 1626: 1625:Vannevar Bush 1622: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:Wallace Akers 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503:Vannevar Bush 1500: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479:Vannevar Bush 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1448:in 1945, and 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1418:class traitor 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1380:Joseph B. Ely 1377: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:anti-semitism 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:Frank Taussig 1221: 1219: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070:methemoglobin 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1004: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 949:behaves as a 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900:hydrogenation 897: 893: 889: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 829:Adolf Windaus 826: 822: 818: 817:Hans Meerwein 814: 810: 806: 802: 796: 794: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 736: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 707: 705: 701: 696: 692: 688: 684: 683:Delta Upsilon 680: 676: 675: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 638:photoengraver 635: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 574:hydrogen bomb 571: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 498:oxyhemoglobin 495: 491: 490:reaction rate 487: 483: 479: 475: 472:, especially 471: 467: 463: 458: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 427: 424: 421: 417: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 391: 388: 384: 381:United States 372: 368: 363: 359: 355: 351: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 322: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 290: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 246:Jennet Conant 243: 242:Conant family 240: 236: 210: 206: 202: 193: 189: 185: 169: 165: 160: 156: 153: 150: 144: 141: 138: 132: 126: 121: 118: 113: 110: 107: 101: 97: 93: 90: 84: 81: 78: 74: 68: 63: 60: 52: 48: 41: 36: 31: 22: 19: 8863: 8769:Y-12 Project 8754:Smyth Report 8749:S-50 Project 8711: 8707:K-25 Project 8636:Pumpkin bomb 8607: 8600: 8593: 8523:John Wheeler 8493:Louis Slotin 8488:Emilio Segrè 8438:George Koval 8418:James Franck 8403:Enrico Fermi 8348:Luis Alvarez 8307:Paul Tibbets 8282:Deak Parsons 8226: 7980: 7851:Wigglesworth 7677: 7667: 7660: 7648: 7631: 7609: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7493: 7235: 7203: 7196: 7182: 7173: 7153: 7144: 7112: 7085: 7053:. Retrieved 7031:. Retrieved 7027:the original 7020: 6952: 6925: 6900: 6896: 6874:(1): 49–70. 6871: 6867: 6852:. Retrieved 6837: 6817: 6802:. Retrieved 6789: 6776:. Retrieved 6764: 6758: 6718: 6714: 6699:. Retrieved 6681: 6647: 6641: 6585: 6579: 6552: 6543: 6516: 6504:. Retrieved 6478: 6445: 6415: 6409: 6368: 6362: 6335: 6313: 6278: 6272: 6253:. Retrieved 6237: 6213:November 22, 6211:. Retrieved 6201: 6189:. Retrieved 6178: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6130:. Retrieved 6120: 6110:February 25, 6108:. Retrieved 6098: 6086:. Retrieved 6079:the original 6074: 6070: 6058: 6046:. Retrieved 6042:the original 6032: 6021: 6015: 6003: 5991: 5979: 5967:. Retrieved 5963:the original 5945: 5933: 5921: 5881:December 22, 5879:. Retrieved 5875:the original 5868: 5859: 5847: 5835: 5823: 5811:. Retrieved 5801: 5794:Norwood 2009 5789: 5777: 5765: 5753: 5741: 5729: 5717: 5705: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5657: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5580: 5568: 5556: 5544: 5532: 5505: 5493: 5481: 5469: 5457: 5445: 5438:Stimson 1947 5433: 5421: 5409: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5344:, p. 8. 5337: 5332:, p. 6. 5325: 5315:February 21, 5313:. Retrieved 5308: 5280: 5268:. Retrieved 5262: 5252: 5240:. Retrieved 5233: 5224: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5178:December 21, 5176:. Retrieved 5171:The Examiner 5169: 5160: 5148:. Retrieved 5144:the original 5130: 5118: 5106: 5099:Stewart 1948 5094: 5089:, p. 9. 5087:Stewart 1948 5082: 5075:Stewart 1948 5070: 5063:Stewart 1948 5058: 5046:. Retrieved 5029: 5022:Stewart 1948 5017: 5012:, p. 8. 5010:Stewart 1948 4995:Stewart 1948 4990: 4963:. Retrieved 4956:the original 4939: 4927: 4915: 4903:. Retrieved 4893: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4845: 4833:. Retrieved 4826: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4766: 4756:December 24, 4754:. Retrieved 4747: 4738: 4726: 4716:December 24, 4714:. Retrieved 4707: 4698: 4686: 4674:. Retrieved 4667: 4658: 4646:. Retrieved 4639: 4630: 4618: 4606: 4594:. Retrieved 4587: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4542: 4535:Norwood 2004 4530: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4463:Norwood 2004 4458: 4446: 4434: 4427:Norwood 2004 4422: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4347:December 21, 4345:. Retrieved 4335: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4258: 4246: 4234: 4222: 4210:. Retrieved 4205: 4196: 4184:. Retrieved 4180:the original 4155: 4143: 4131: 4119:. Retrieved 4106: 4094:. Retrieved 4090: 4081: 4069:. Retrieved 4056: 4044:. Retrieved 4040: 4031: 4019:. Retrieved 4012: 4003: 3991:. Retrieved 3984: 3975: 3948: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3884: 3878: 3868: 3841: 3835: 3825: 3813: 3803:December 25, 3801:. Retrieved 3788: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3724: 3718: 3693: 3687: 3679: 3674: 3631: 3625: 3615: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3375: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3252: 3240: 3198: 3192: 3170:(1): 65–75. 3167: 3161: 3153: 3148: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3093: 3068: 3062: 3052: 3025: 3019: 2994: 2988: 2963: 2957: 2947: 2903:February 29, 2901:. Retrieved 2881: 2861: 2850: 2838: 2826: 2814:. Retrieved 2810:the original 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731:. Retrieved 2725: 2712: 2700: 2688:. Retrieved 2648: 2636: 2624: 2574: 2547: 2541: 2530: 2519: 2510: 2499: 2488: 2477: 2464: 2453: 2442: 2429: 2420: 2409: 2397: 2383: 2374: 2363: 2352: 2343: 2334: 2309: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2266: 2256: 2253:Tishler, Max 2243: 2234: 2225: 2207: 2199:Bibliography 2180:Louis Fieser 2174: 2154: 2124: 2122: 2098: 2079: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2054: 2046: 2039: 2033: 2022: 2003:, President 1986: 1978: 1946: 1938: 1914:Dean Acheson 1908: 1896: 1888: 1880: 1869: 1849:Detlev Bronk 1846: 1825: 1821: 1803: 1795:Jean Tatlock 1759: 1716: 1685: 1669:Standard Oil 1642: 1639:in July 1945 1631:and Colonel 1591: 1586: 1532: 1515:Nazi Germany 1499:World War II 1496: 1438:World War II 1435: 1427: 1403: 1395:Roscoe Pound 1384: 1351: 1326:Max Bergmann 1314: 1290: 1282:Dudley House 1267: 1223: 1214: 1199:Gloria Patri 1197: 1183: 1178: 1160: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1050:biochemistry 1047: 1027:Hans Fischer 1013: 1007: 1001: 999: 967:acetophenone 963:hydrocarbons 927:mineral acid 916: 881:substitution 854: 833:Karl Ziegler 809:Hans Fischer 797: 790: 765:poison gases 742: 735:procedures. 724:benzoic acid 713: 700:Cyclopropane 672: 650: 631: 613: 609: 608:(1961), and 605: 599: 597: 593:World War II 578: 549:atomic bombs 538: 514: 494:biochemistry 470:poison gases 459: 434: 433: 419:Battles/wars 293:Commandeur, 196:(1978-02-11) 147:Succeeded by 124: 104:Succeeded by 95: 66: 58:West Germany 18: 8881:1978 deaths 8876:1893 births 8584:Silverplate 8538:Leona Woods 8503:Leo Szilard 8478:Bruno Rossi 8423:Klaus Fuchs 8327:Ed Westcott 8317:Harold Urey 8047:(2023–2024) 8039:(2018–2023) 8031:(2007–2018) 8015:(2001–2006) 8007:(1991–2001) 7999:(1971–1991) 7991:(1953–1971) 7983:(1933–1953) 7975:(1909–1933) 7967:(1869–1909) 7954:(1862-1868) 7938:(1860–1862) 7930:(1853–1860) 7922:(1849–1853) 7914:(1846–1849) 7906:(1829–1845) 7893:(1810–1828) 7877:(1806–1810) 7861:(1781–1804) 7845:(1774–1780) 7832:(1770–1773) 7816:(1737–1769) 7808:(1725–1737) 7800:(1708–1724) 7784:(1685–1701) 7776:(1682–1684) 7768:(1675–1681) 7760:(1672–1675) 7752:(1654–1672) 7744:(1640–1654) 7736:(1637–1639) 7570:Hillenbrand 7247:Carl Vinson 6650:: 209–232. 5710:Conant 1970 5674:Biddle 2011 5378:Conant 1970 5366:Conant 1970 5354:Conant 1970 5342:Kevles 1977 5330:Kevles 1977 5270:October 27, 4810:Conant 2017 4798:Conant 1970 4786:Conant 2017 4691:Conant 2017 4623:Conant 1970 4611:Conant 1970 4571:Conant 2017 4523:Tuttle 1979 4511:Tuttle 1979 4451:Conant 2017 4328:Conant 1970 4251:Conant 1970 4239:Conant 1970 4046:January 14, 3818:Conant 1970 3380:Stoker 2012 2874:1700–1799: 2854:1634–1699: 2843:Conant 1970 2760:Conant 1970 1893:Thomas Kuhn 1799:Q clearance 1649:patent laws 1598:Tube Alloys 1587:in absentia 1571:atomic bomb 1524:Roger Adams 1399:Hans Luther 1389:awarded an 1365:2,500 1330:Thomas Mann 1278:lower class 1062:Fritz Haber 1041:to prepare 1020:chlorophyll 939:acetic acid 769:mustard gas 749:World War I 732:Roger Adams 728:World War I 506:chlorophyll 482:chlorophyll 462:World War I 423:World War I 135:Preceded by 87:Preceded by 8870:Categories 8687:Demon core 8631:Little Boy 8552:Operations 8368:Niels Bohr 8358:Hans Bethe 8341:Scientists 8287:Boris Pash 8166:Los Alamos 8005:Rudenstine 7859:J. Willard 7790:S. Willard 7611:Bindenagel 7209:1955–1957 7179:1953–1955 7150:1941–1947 7091:1933–1953 6944:1225197437 6701:January 5, 6225:References 5926:Urban 2020 4932:Urban 2020 4920:Urban 2020 4886:Urban 2020 4874:Urban 2020 4862:Urban 2020 4850:Urban 2020 4499:Urban 2020 4263:Urban 2020 4212:January 4, 2141:Drew Faust 1787:communists 1481:, Conant, 1068:centre in 1012:, and the 931:superacids 877:haloalkane 370:Allegiance 253:(grandson) 177:1893-03-26 8822:Chemistry 8810:Biography 8729:Plutonium 8595:Enola Gay 8413:Val Fitch 8363:Aage Bohr 8312:Bud Uanna 8181:Oak Ridge 7806:Wadsworth 7662:Quinville 7600:Holbrooke 7431:Pendleton 6979:933749360 6917:0030-9230 6880:0026-3079 6828:0017-789X 6799:500138898 6773:1053-4385 6735:1086-3141 6664:1748-8494 6602:0021-1753 6506:March 26, 6501:637004643 6432:0002-7863 6401:159870872 6385:1543-7795 6354:981640008 6303:0039-3681 6255:April 27, 6169:1099-0690 6048:April 29, 5969:April 22, 5813:August 2, 4965:April 29, 4835:August 4, 4676:April 30, 4648:April 30, 4596:April 30, 4186:April 28, 4160:Hill 2014 4121:March 27, 4071:April 14, 4021:April 28, 3993:April 28, 3932:0031-6997 3903:0021-9258 3860:0021-9258 3780:0075-4617 3741:0002-7863 3710:0002-7863 3658:0028-0836 3583:0036-8075 3522:0036-8075 3453:0002-7863 3416:0002-7863 3367:0002-7863 3330:0002-7863 3293:0002-7863 3215:0002-7863 3184:0002-7863 3132:1572-8935 3098:Wang 2010 3085:0365-9496 3042:0002-7863 3011:0002-7863 2980:0002-7863 2816:April 28, 2733:April 25, 2690:April 24, 2556:0003-0996 2318:0003-0996 1806:Red Scare 1768:with the 1673:copolymer 1452:in 1950. 1414:socialist 1385:When the 1248:Award of 1239:up or out 1105:royalties 781:Cleveland 757:U.S. Army 739:U.S. Army 693:with his 522:up or out 466:U.S. Army 455:chemistry 399:1917–1919 353:Signature 319:Honorary 266:Education 238:Relations 125:In office 76:President 67:In office 8858:Politics 8785:Category 8641:Thin Man 8602:Bockscar 8196:Wendover 8176:New York 8171:Montreal 8161:Inyokern 8136:Berkeley 8117:Timeline 7891:Kirkland 7885:* (1810) 7824:* (1769) 7822:Winthrop 7798:Leverett 7617:Kornblum 7575:Stoessel 7506:Schurman 7501:Houghton 7484:Leishman 7401:Bancroft 7371:Hannegan 7366:Donelson 7199:in 1941) 7183:Extinct 7154:Extinct 7055:June 16, 7033:June 16, 6888:40641411 6804:April 1, 6743:23887353 6672:73248264 6626:32956693 6571:47045081 6466:27678159 6442:(1993). 6334:(2017). 6250:41889424 6235:(1983). 6191:July 31, 6132:July 31, 5048:June 28, 3940:14843826 3607:41018863 3599:17755309 3538:17836678 3140:95486966 2879:(1992). 2859:(1997). 2326:20282982 2255:(1936). 2065:de facto 2049:magazine 1737:Cold War 1718:Harper's 1699:for the 1665:neoprene 1422:New Deal 1256:(left), 1218:calculus 1039:isoprene 983:Brønsted 975:fluorene 923:stronger 873:kinetics 773:lewisite 604:(1959), 555:for the 488:and the 474:Lewisite 258:Children 30:ForMemRS 8796:Portals 8759:Uranium 8626:Fat Man 8619:Weapons 8191:Trinity 8156:Hanford 8141:Chicago 8013:Summers 7944:Peabody 7912:Everett 7867:Pearson 7843:Langdon 7814:Holyoke 7750:Chauncy 7742:Dunster 7673:Gutmann 7656:Grenell 7650:Logsdon 7644:Emerson 7595:Kimmitt 7590:Walters 7550:Dowling 7511:Sackett 7421:Sargent 7376:Barnard 7361:Wheaton 7222:Awards 7005:at the 6535:3717478 6393:2954035 6283:Bibcode 4096:June 7, 3666:4103199 3636:Bibcode 3591:1655595 3563:Bibcode 3554:Science 3530:1654542 3502:Bibcode 3493:Science 2564:6050417 2251:— with 2217:3639905 2129:strokes 1675:called 1635:at the 1493:in 1940 1489:at the 1078:ferrous 1052:of the 1003:Science 995:Hammett 943:solvent 941:as the 841:Caltech 755:in the 618:strokes 460:During 439:chemist 232: 220: 216: 98:, 1941) 8151:Dayton 8145:Site A 8067: 8053:Garber 7981:Conant 7973:Lowell 7936:Felton 7928:Walker 7920:Sparks 7904:Quincy 7875:Webber 7782:Mather 7774:Rogers 7639:Murphy 7633:Koenig 7627:Timken 7605:Redman 7555:McGhee 7540:Conant 7534:Morris 7521:Wilson 7495:Dresel 7489:Gerard 7459:Runyon 7441:Runyon 7436:Phelps 7426:Kasson 7411:Taylor 7396:Wright 7386:Wright 6977: 6967: 6942: 6932: 6915: 6886: 6878: 6845: 6826: 6797: 6778:May 2, 6771: 6741: 6733: 6692: 6670: 6662: 6624: 6618:320157 6616: 6610:230370 6608: 6600: 6569: 6559: 6533: 6523: 6499: 6489: 6464: 6454: 6430: 6399: 6391: 6383: 6352: 6342: 6322: 6301: 6248: 6167: 6088:May 6, 5242:May 3, 5150:May 3, 3938: 3930: 3901: 3858: 3778: 3739: 3708: 3664: 3656: 3627:Nature 3605: 3597: 3589: 3581: 3536: 3528: 3520: 3451: 3414: 3365: 3328: 3291: 3213: 3182: 3138: 3130: 3083: 3040: 3009: 2978: 2583: 2562: 2554: 2324: 2316: 2215: 2151:Legacy 2145: 2061:busing 1681:Buna-S 1677:Buna-N 1661:DuPont 1485:, and 1416:and a 1408:, the 1322:DuPont 1235:tenure 1074:ferric 1018:about 1009:Nature 993:, and 885:iodide 720:Queens 710:Career 667:under 659:under 379: 344:(1977) 339:(1965) 329:(1957) 323:(1948) 317:(1946) 312:(1946) 307:(1944) 302:(1943) 297:(1936) 291:(1934) 285:Awards 226: 208:Spouse 203:, U.S. 186:, U.S. 8124:Sites 8037:Bacow 8029:Faust 7989:Pusey 7965:Eliot 7830:Locke 7766:Oakes 7734:Eaton 7678:Price 7668:Price 7622:Coats 7580:Burns 7560:Lodge 7545:Bruce 7474:Tower 7469:White 7416:White 7406:Davis 7381:Vroom 7334:Adams 7241:1965 7118:1945 6884:JSTOR 6767:(2). 6755:(PDF) 6739:JSTOR 6686:(PDF) 6668:S2CID 6622:S2CID 6606:JSTOR 6483:(PDF) 6397:S2CID 6389:JSTOR 6324:58674 6269:(PDF) 6242:(PDF) 6082:(PDF) 6067:(PDF) 4959:(PDF) 4948:(PDF) 4065:(PDF) 3662:S2CID 3603:S2CID 3587:JSTOR 3526:JSTOR 3136:S2CID 2886:(PDF) 2866:(PDF) 2602:Notes 2585:58674 1830:Fifth 1551:radar 1537:from 1175:Eliot 1072:is a 991:Lewis 987:Lowry 925:than 919:acids 888:salts 777:major 451:Ph.D. 413:Major 230:) 222:( 218: 115:23rd 8131:Ames 7952:Hill 7883:Ware 7758:Hoar 7585:Burt 7565:Rush 7527:Kirk 7516:Dodd 7479:Hill 7391:Judd 7195:(as 7057:2012 7035:2012 6975:OCLC 6965:ISBN 6940:OCLC 6930:ISBN 6913:ISSN 6876:ISSN 6856:2023 6843:ISBN 6824:ISSN 6806:2012 6795:OCLC 6780:2012 6769:ISSN 6731:ISSN 6703:2022 6690:ISBN 6660:ISSN 6614:PMID 6598:ISSN 6581:Isis 6567:OCLC 6557:ISBN 6531:OCLC 6521:ISBN 6508:2013 6497:OCLC 6487:ISBN 6462:OCLC 6452:ISBN 6428:ISSN 6381:ISSN 6350:OCLC 6340:ISBN 6320:OCLC 6299:ISSN 6257:2012 6246:OCLC 6215:2015 6193:2023 6165:ISSN 6153:2009 6134:2023 6112:2019 6090:2012 6050:2012 5971:2012 5883:2014 5815:2023 5317:2014 5272:2010 5244:2012 5180:2012 5152:2012 5050:2011 4967:2012 4907:2023 4837:2023 4758:2012 4718:2012 4678:2012 4650:2012 4598:2012 4349:2012 4214:2024 4188:2012 4123:2013 4098:2023 4073:2011 4048:2016 4023:2012 3995:2012 3936:PMID 3928:ISSN 3899:ISSN 3856:ISSN 3805:2012 3776:ISSN 3737:ISSN 3706:ISSN 3654:ISSN 3595:PMID 3579:ISSN 3534:PMID 3518:ISSN 3449:ISSN 3412:ISSN 3363:ISSN 3326:ISSN 3289:ISSN 3211:ISSN 3180:ISSN 3128:ISSN 3081:ISSN 3038:ISSN 3007:ISSN 2976:ISSN 2905:2024 2818:2012 2735:2012 2692:2013 2581:OCLC 2560:PMID 2552:ISSN 2322:PMID 2314:ISSN 2213:OCLC 2047:Time 1974:NATO 1760:The 1711:and 1557:and 1541:and 1332:and 1229:and 1205:A.B. 1066:iron 977:and 951:base 902:and 849:US$ 831:and 681:and 663:and 532:and 404:Rank 228:1920 191:Died 167:Born 94:(as 54:1st 8045:Gay 8021:Bok 7997:Bok 7464:Uhl 6996:at 6957:doi 6905:doi 6723:doi 6652:doi 6590:doi 6420:doi 6373:doi 6291:doi 6157:doi 3889:doi 3846:doi 3768:doi 3764:537 3729:doi 3698:doi 3644:doi 3632:131 3571:doi 3510:doi 3441:doi 3404:doi 3355:doi 3318:doi 3281:doi 3203:doi 3172:doi 3120:doi 3073:doi 3030:doi 2999:doi 2968:doi 2159:in 2096:. 2031:. 2027:in 1920:as 1895:in 1663:'s 1565:at 1371:MIT 1288:). 1209:S.B 1179:bad 1037:of 867:in 644:in 496:of 453:in 278:PhD 8872:: 7019:. 6973:. 6963:. 6938:. 6911:. 6901:51 6899:. 6882:. 6872:20 6870:. 6765:28 6763:. 6757:. 6737:. 6729:. 6719:92 6717:. 6666:. 6658:. 6648:25 6646:. 6636:; 6620:. 6612:. 6604:. 6596:. 6586:68 6584:. 6565:. 6529:. 6495:. 6460:. 6426:. 6416:49 6414:. 6395:. 6387:. 6379:. 6369:61 6367:. 6348:. 6297:. 6289:. 6279:42 6277:. 6271:. 6163:. 6151:. 6073:. 6069:. 5906:^ 5891:^ 5867:. 5640:^ 5517:^ 5307:. 5292:^ 5261:. 5232:. 5168:. 5138:. 5002:^ 4975:^ 4950:. 4825:. 4778:^ 4746:. 4706:. 4666:. 4638:. 4586:. 4357:^ 4270:^ 4204:. 4167:^ 4089:. 4039:. 4011:. 3983:. 3960:^ 3934:. 3922:. 3897:. 3885:62 3883:. 3877:. 3854:. 3842:57 3840:. 3834:. 3796:. 3774:. 3735:. 3725:56 3723:. 3704:. 3694:51 3692:. 3660:. 3652:. 3642:. 3630:. 3624:. 3601:. 3593:. 3585:. 3577:. 3569:. 3559:73 3557:. 3532:. 3524:. 3516:. 3508:. 3498:70 3496:. 3447:. 3437:58 3435:. 3410:. 3400:55 3398:. 3361:. 3351:52 3349:. 3324:. 3314:49 3312:. 3287:. 3277:54 3275:. 3225:^ 3209:. 3199:60 3197:. 3178:. 3168:57 3166:. 3134:. 3126:. 3114:. 3079:. 3069:43 3067:. 3061:. 3036:. 3026:47 3024:. 3005:. 2995:47 2993:. 2974:. 2964:46 2962:. 2930:^ 2913:^ 2888:. 2868:. 2804:. 2791:^ 2724:. 2675:^ 2660:^ 2609:^ 2558:. 2548:55 2546:. 2320:. 2310:35 2308:. 2167:. 1836:. 1667:, 1589:. 1530:. 1477:, 1473:, 1382:. 1378:, 1147:. 1092:. 1045:. 1006:, 989:, 985:, 973:, 969:, 914:. 827:, 823:, 819:, 815:, 811:, 807:, 803:, 576:. 512:. 276:, 274:AB 224:m. 8798:: 8147:) 8143:( 8100:e 8093:t 8086:v 7712:e 7705:t 7698:v 7278:e 7271:t 7264:v 7065:. 7059:. 7037:. 6981:. 6959:: 6946:. 6919:. 6907:: 6890:. 6858:. 6830:. 6808:. 6782:. 6745:. 6725:: 6705:. 6674:. 6654:: 6628:. 6592:: 6573:. 6537:. 6510:. 6468:. 6434:. 6422:: 6403:. 6375:: 6356:. 6326:. 6305:. 6293:: 6285:: 6259:. 6217:. 6195:. 6171:. 6159:: 6136:. 6114:. 6092:. 6075:2 6052:. 5973:. 5885:. 5817:. 5319:. 5274:. 5246:. 5154:. 5052:. 4969:. 4909:. 4839:. 4760:. 4720:. 4680:. 4652:. 4600:. 4351:. 4216:. 4190:. 4125:. 4100:. 4075:. 4050:. 4025:. 3997:. 3942:. 3924:3 3905:. 3891:: 3862:. 3848:: 3807:. 3782:. 3770:: 3743:. 3731:: 3712:. 3700:: 3668:. 3646:: 3638:: 3609:. 3573:: 3565:: 3540:. 3512:: 3504:: 3455:. 3443:: 3418:. 3406:: 3369:. 3357:: 3332:. 3320:: 3295:. 3283:: 3217:. 3205:: 3186:. 3174:: 3142:. 3122:: 3116:3 3087:. 3075:: 3044:. 3032:: 3013:. 3001:: 2982:. 2970:: 2907:. 2892:. 2872:. 2820:. 2737:. 2694:. 2587:. 2566:. 2390:. 2328:. 2219:. 280:) 272:( 261:2 179:) 175:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.