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both involved in the administration of
Harvard, where their feud sometimes became ugly. For example, in 1776, while Hancock was simultaneously treasurer of Harvard and president of the Second Continental Congress, a committee headed by Bowdoin decided that securities physically held by Hancock were at risk because of the war, and a delegation was sent to Philadelphia to receive an accounting of them and physical custody of the papers. Hancock's dilatory responses and refusal to produce an accounting of the college books dragged on for several years, as a result of which Bowdoin orchestrated his censure by the Harvard board of overseers. The matter reached a peak of sorts in 1783 when the college's issues with Hancock were read and discussed in an open meeting at which Hancock was the presiding officer. Both Bowdoin and Hancock attended the
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845:, Bowdoin worked hard for its ratification, bringing a skeptical Samuel Adams and his supporters into the fold by inviting him to a dinner with other pro-ratification delegates, and offering Federalist support to John Hancock in future elections. Bowdoin's Federalist supporters backed Hancock in the 1789 election, even though Bowdoin also stood for election. He remained active in his charitable and scientific pursuits in his later years, continuing his leadership of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as well as that of the Humane Society. He also continued to engage in new business ventures, buying in 1789 an interest in one of the first American merchant ships to sail to China.
726:. The campaign was at times nasty. Bowdoin and Samuel Adams went after the Hancock-Cushing faction, seizing on the recently established and locally controversial social club (known either as "Sans Souci" or the "Tea Assembly"), at which card play and dancing took place (these activities had previously been banned in socially conservative Boston), as a sign of moral decay that took place under Hancock's term. Cushing supporters accused Bowdoin of cowardice in the war and insulting the people for refusing the lieutenant governorship in 1780. The electorate gave no candidate a majority, and the General Court ended up choosing Bowdoin over the others in bitterly divisive voting.
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305:. In 1785, following Hancock's resignation, he was elected governor. Due to the large debts of Massachusetts, incurred from the Revolutionary War, Bowdoin ran on a platform of fiscal responsibility. During his two years in office, the combination of poor economic conditions and his harsh fiscal policy laid down by his government led to the uprising known as
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502:, where he was frequently involved in legal proceedings with squatters on the land, and with competing land interests. The dealings with squatters in particular left Bowdoin with a dislike of the lower classes in Massachusetts society, something that affected his politics. His inheritance also included
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Governor
Hancock had, during his time in office, refused to vigorously act to collect delinquent taxes. Bowdoin, seeking to make payments the state owed against the nation's foreign debt, raised taxes and stepped up collection of back taxes. These actions, which were combined with a general post-war
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head of the
Massachusetts government. Citing his ongoing poor health, he resigned the post and withdrew from public view. He continued to correspond with other revolutionaries, and enjoyed their confidence, although his absence from the war effort would lead to later political difficulties. He began
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In 1785, apparently sensitive to rising unrest in western
Massachusetts over the poor economy, Hancock offered to resign, expecting to be asked to stay in office. However, the legislature made no such request, and he eventually did resign, pleading poor health. The gubernatorial race that year was
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In the first gubernatorial election, held in 1780, Bowdoin ran for the office against John
Hancock. In the absence of formal party politics, the contest was one of personality, popularity, and patriotism. Hancock was immensely popular, and unquestionably patriotic given his personal sacrifices and
514:) that he sold in 1770, apparently because it was too time-consuming to manage. Despite the upheavals of the Revolution, Bowdoin was careful to always manage his financial affairs. He supported the cause of independence financially, but he did so without damaging his own business interests, unlike
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Bowdoin ran against
Hancock in subsequent elections, but was never able to overcome Hancock's enormous popularity. The contest between the two men was just one element of a long-running rivalry that encompassed business, politics, and religion, and was apparently deeply personal. The two men were
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in the 1760s. By 1769 Bowdoin was one of the principal spokesmen of the opposition to the governor on the council. In that year
Bernard rejected Bowdoin's renewed election to the council. Bowdoin, however, was instrumental in causing Bernard's downfall from office. Private letters critical of the
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was shut down by similar action on
September 5, the county militia (composed mainly of men sympathetic to the protestors) refused to turn out, much to Bowdoin's chagrin. The closure of the Worcester court was followed by closings in Concord and Taunton, and when the militia marched into Great
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in 1756. Although at first supportive of the royal governor, his politics became more radical as
British colonial policy became increasingly unpopular, and Bowdoin believed those policies would have a negative effect on the New England economy. Personal factors may also have played a role in
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Because the federal government had been unable to raise any significant number of troops and
Bowdoin could no longer trust local militias in the western counties, he proposed in early January 1787 the creation of a private militia to be funded by eastern merchants. Revolutionary War General
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The crushing of the rebellion and the harsh terms of reconciliation imposed by the Disqualification Act all worked against Governor Bowdoin politically. In the election held in April 1787, Bowdoin received few votes from the rural parts of the state and was trounced by John Hancock.
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390:), before finally settling in Boston in 1690. James Bowdoin I had a modest inheritance from his parents, but greatly expanded his father's merchant business and land holdings to become one of the wealthiest men in the province. Young James attended the South Grammar School (now
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These court closings mirrored closings in 1774, when colonists had shut down the King's business everywhere west of Boston. Fearing a new Revolution, and continuing to ignore the farmers' petitions, Bowdoin and Samuel Adams and their legislature enacted a Riot Act, suspended
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Barrington to force court open there, one of the Judges, William Whiting asked the militiamen to take sides. 800 of the 1,000 men took the people's side of the road. By October, one correspondent wrote, "We are now in a state of Anarchy and Confusion bordering on Civil War".
745:, wrought havoc throughout the rural parts of the state. Conventions organized in the rural parts of the state submitted letters of protest to the state legislature, which was dominated by Bowdoin and the conservative wholesale merchants of the coastal portions of the state.
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troops that were stationed in Boston, and is characterized by historian Francis Walett as one of the major propaganda pieces influencing public opinion in the colonies. Bowdoin's opposition to British policies continued during the Hutchinson administration, and when
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provincial government that Bernard had written were published in 1769 to great outrage. Bowdoin rebutted the charges and claims made in Bernard's letters, and published a highly polemic pamphlet arguing for Bernard's removal that was sent to the colonial secretary,
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Bowdoin also had extensive business interests. Although he was often characterized as a merchant, and he engaged in the Atlantic trade, his principal interest was in land. His inheritance included major tracts of land, most of which he kept, in present-day
783:, and passed a bill that unsuccessfully attempted to address the financial reasons for the protests. By January 1787, the protests, which began as demands for reform, had grown to become a direct attack on the "tyrannical government of Massachusetts".
309:. Bowdoin personally funded militia forces that were instrumental in putting down the uprising. His high-handed treatment of the rebels may have contributed to his loss of the 1787 election, in which the populist Hancock was returned to office.
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offered Bowdoin either the lieutenant governorship or a seat in the state senate, but Bowdoin declined both on account of his poor health. After the election Hancock appointed him to a commission to revise and consolidate the state's laws.
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from the 1750s to the 1770s. Although he was initially supportive of the royal governors, he opposed British colonial policy and eventually became an influential advocate of independence. He authored a highly political report on the 1770
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captured the differences between the two men: "I don't envy either of them their feelings. the Vanity of one will Sting like an Adder if it is disappointed, and the Advancements made by the other if they dont succeed will hurt his
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in 1745. When his father died in 1747, he inherited a considerable fortune. He married Elizabeth Erving, sister of his Harvard roommate, in 1748. They had two children. That same year, he received his master's degree from Harvard.
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He died in Boston on November 6, 1790, of "putrid fever and dysentery". Bowdoin's funeral was one of the largest of the time in Boston, with people lining the streets to view the funeral procession. He was interred in Boston's
431:. Through the offices of Franklin, some of Bowdoin's letters were read to the Society. Bowdoin was instrumental in gaining support in the provincial assembly for an expedition to Newfoundland to observe the 1761
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acquiesced to Bowdoin's return to the council, reasoning that he was less dangerous there than as an outspoken critic in the lower house. However, the seat Bowdoin vacated in the assembly was taken by
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to return to public life in 1778, and when Massachusetts wrote its own constitution in 1779, he was president of the convention called to create it, and chairman of the committee that drafted it.
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to outrage similar to the Bernard letters affair, Bowdoin again penned works highly critical of the governor and calling for his removal. Hutchinson's successor, General
665:, also a committee member, is generally credited as the major author of the new constitution, although Bowdoin and Samuel Adams likely made significant contributions.
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to meet with Franklin. Bowdoin was interested in Franklin's experiments on electricity, and Franklin solicited his advice on papers he prepared for submission to the
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as early as 1743, and the two became frequent collaborators and correspondents on scientific subjects. During his Harvard years, he was educated in the sciences by
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constructed by clockmaker Joseph Pope, now in Harvard's science department, includes bronze figures of Bowdoin and Benjamin Franklin that were supposedly cast by
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Bowdoin won reelection to the assembly in 1770, and was promptly reelected to the council the same year, soon after Bernard left the province. Acting Governor
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701:, where they competed with each other over the size and quality of the improvements to the building (and even the location of a new one) that they funded.
652:.) Despite his convalescence he was kept apprised of events occurring in and around Boston, and was elected president of the executive council of the
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to serve on a committee that investigated the affair. The committee took depositions and produced a report describing the event that was published as
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that has been described by historian Francis Walett as one of the most influential pieces of writing that shaped public opinion in the colonies.
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After the legislature adjourned on July 18, 1786, without substantively addressing these complaints, rural Massachusetts protestors organized
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462:. He served as its first president until his death and left the society his library. Bowdoin published not only scientific papers, but
577:, another leading political opponent of the royal governors, and Hutchinson was faced with the prospect of opposition on both fronts.
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and the following decade. He initially gained fame and influence as a wealthy merchant. He served in both branches of the
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on January 25 resulted in the death of several rebels, and Lincoln broke the main rebel force on February 4 in
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The same day that Lincoln arrived at Petersham, the state legislature passed bills authorizing a state of
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in 1774 but did not attend, citing the poor health of his wife. A bout of poor health, probably caused by
722:(who was widely viewed as a stand-in for Hancock but lacked his charisma), and Revolutionary War General
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557:, the local customs commissioner and Bowdoin's son in law, was embroiled in nasty disputes with Governor
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who pandered to the populace. Hancock won the election easily, receiving more than 90% of the vote. The
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off the state's south coast. Bowdoin expanded his holdings, eventually acquiring property in all of the
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In addition to his political activities, Bowdoin was active in scientific pursuits, collaborating with
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Bowdoin maintained a lifelong interest in the sciences. In 1780 he was one of the founders of the
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James Bowdoin II was born in Boston to Hannah Portage Bowdoin and James Bowdoin, a wealthy Boston
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892:. (Bowdoin was responsible for having the device rescued when Pope's house caught fire in 1787.)
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Woolf, Harry (October 1956). "British Preparations for Observing the Transit of Venus of 1761".
620:(British mezzotint, 1775) was a perennial opponent of Bowdoin in matters political and personal.
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The colonists' account of the Boston Massacre, which Bowdoin was partly responsible for writing
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Stearns, Raymond (April 1951). "Colonial Fellows of the Royal Society of London, 1661–1788".
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265:; August 7, 1726 – November 6, 1790) was an American political and intellectual leader from
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Bowdoin was elected to the provincial assembly in 1753 and served there until named to the
451:'s theory that light was transmitted by "corpuscles", citing both natural observations and
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Adams, p. 10; Adams makes incorrect statements about their relationships and origins.
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In 1788 Bowdoin served as a member of the Massachusetts convention that ratified the
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broke out, and the family was relocated from British-occupied Boston (which was then
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Greene, John (December 1954). "Some Aspects of American Astronomy 1750–1815".
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in his pioneering research on electricity. He was elected a Fellow of the
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Walett, Francis (September 1950). "James Bowdoin, Patriot Propagandist".
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pride." The rivalry between the men was so bitter that the founding of
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head of the Massachusetts government. He was elected president of the
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1762:
Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History
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498:. He was one of the managing proprietors of a large territory on the
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was the first such honor bestowed on an American after independence.
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economic depression and a credit squeeze caused by a shortage of
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beginning to organize for an attack on government institutions.
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in 1779, and ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1780, losing to
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Members of the colonial Massachusetts House of Representatives
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Counties) had become a hotbed of rebellion, with leaders like
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This contemporary woodcut depicts two of the rebel leaders,
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For his son, the American philanthropist and statesman, see
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447:. In 1785 he published a series of memoirs arguing against
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raised funds and men for the effort, and had 3,000 men in
2019:
Shays's Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection
1951:
Shays's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle
1733:
Maine Place Names and the Peopling of its Towns, Volume 5
1308:
674:
246:
911:, incorporated 1788, was named for Bowdoin; neighboring
656:. This position, which he held until 1777, made him the
1903:
Manuel, Frank Edward; Manuel, Fritzie Prigohzy (2004).
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In later years he served as the first president of the
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and made a fellow of Harvard. His 1788 election to the
1933:
The Federalist Party in Massachusetts to the Year 1800
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Landmarks bearing the Bowdoin name in Boston include
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in 1787. He was a founder and first president of the
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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237:
1887:
James Bowdoin, Patriot and Man of the Enlightenment
1687:
Samuel Adams: the Life of an American Revolutionary
584:on March 5, 1770, Bowdoin was chosen by the Boston
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1953:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1861:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
1788:
1730:
336:was named in his honor after a bequest by his son
1858:Politics Without Parties: Massachusetts 1780–1791
533:Governor's Council and opposition to British rule
439:across the sun, and in the same year published a
285:From 1775 to 1777, he served as president of the
3118:Huguenot participants in the American Revolution
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1978:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1907:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
1665:The History of the Town of Bowdoinham, 1762–1912
787:in particular (which then included what are now
525:in 1784 and was also the first president of the
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1668:. Fairfield, ME: Fairfield Publishing. p.
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3158:Members of the American Philosophical Society
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1936:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
936:American Philosophical Society Member History
466:in both English and Latin. He was awarded an
386:, then to eastern Massachusetts (present-day
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877:, as well as funds and books, to establish
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1905:James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers
1728:
718:dominated by Bowdoin, Lieutenant Governor
374:. His grandfather, Pierre Baudouin, was a
320:of London and was elected a member of the
38:
1684:
1099:
2163:A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre
2065:
2012:
1948:
1689:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
1580:"Harvard University: Prize Descriptions"
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873:donated lands from the family estate in
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590:A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre
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518:, whose business suffered from neglect.
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2127:A People's History of the United States
1975:
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3163:18th-century Massachusetts politicians
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682:Massachusetts House of Representatives
624:Bowdoin as named as a delegate to the
486:as well as in the agriculturally rich
3088:18th-century deaths from tuberculosis
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2069:The Life and Service of James Bowdoin
2022:. University of Massachusetts Press.
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460:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
328:, to whom he bequeathed his library.
326:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3123:Tuberculosis deaths in Massachusetts
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1854:
1608:. Harvard University. Archived from
1582:. Harvard University. Archived from
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599:letters by Hutchinson were published
72:May 27, 1785 – May 30, 1787
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13:
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1890:. Brunswick, ME: Bowdoin College.
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971:
382:. Pierre took his family first to
352:Portrait of Bowdoin as a child by
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3083:Burials at Granary Burying Ground
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823:, ending large-scale resistance.
815:by January 19. A standoff at the
654:Massachusetts Provincial Congress
287:Massachusetts Provincial Congress
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2186:
1737:. Portland, ME: B. Wheelwright.
938:. American Philosophical Society
363:Portrait of Elizabeth Erving by
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1764:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
1714:John Hancock: Patriot in Purple
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443:suggesting improvements to the
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16:American politician (1726–1790)
2097:The William and Mary Quarterly
1287:Manuel and Manuel, pp. 143–145
1230:Manuel and Manuel, pp. 109–110
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322:American Philosophical Society
1:
3148:18th-century writers in Latin
3048:indicate acting officeholders
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1082:Manuel and Manuel, pp. 53, 84
411:Coat of Arms of James Bowdoin
403:Scientific and other pursuits
343:
141:Province of Massachusetts Bay
3098:Fellows of the Royal Society
2166:. London: W. Bingley. 1770.
1949:Richards, Leonard L (2002).
1795:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1194:Manuel and Manuel, pp. 96–97
1073:Manuel and Manuel, pp. 52–57
527:Massachusetts Humane Society
269:, Massachusetts, during the
7:
3143:18th-century American poets
3133:People from colonial Boston
2130:. New York: HarperCollins.
671:Second Continental Congress
609:Government of Massachusetts
275:Massachusetts General Court
10:
3179:
3108:Governors of Massachusetts
3078:Boston Latin School alumni
2273:Governors of Massachusetts
839:United States Constitution
733:
640:by area militia) first to
634:American Revolutionary War
626:First Continental Congress
553:Bowdoin's shift in views:
289:'s executive council, the
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3153:American writers in Latin
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2230:
2224:Governor of Massachusetts
2221:
2206:
2201:
2072:. Boston: Little, Brown.
2066:Winthrop, Robert (1852).
2039:The New England Quarterly
1630:Manuel and Manuel, p. 237
1560:Manuel and Manuel, p. 247
1551:Manuel and Manuel, p. 240
1542:Manuel and Manuel, p. 238
1506:Manuel and Manuel, p. 241
1317:Manuel and Manuel, p. 249
1305:Manuel and Manuel, p. 146
1296:Manuel and Manuel, p. 142
1212:Manuel and Manuel, p. 101
295:constitutional convention
219:
207:
199:
176:
168:
150:
123:
118:
114:
102:
88:
76:
65:
60:Governor of Massachusetts
57:
53:
37:
30:
1884:Kershaw, Gordon (1976).
1791:The Baron of Beacon Hill
1787:Fowler, William (1980).
1729:Chadbourne, Ava (1955).
1685:Alexander, John (2011).
1257:Manuel and Manuel, p. 39
1185:Manuel and Manuel, p. 93
1114:Manuel and Manuel, p. 88
1096:Manuel and Manuel, p. 86
1019:Manuel and Manuel, p. 74
980:Manuel and Manuel, p. 44
918:
841:. A strong supporter of
299:the state's constitution
1855:Hall, Van Beck (1972).
1760:Danver, Steven (2010).
1716:. New York: Macmillan.
1712:Allan, Herbert (1948).
476:Royal Society of London
472:University of Edinburgh
394:), then graduated from
3113:Harvard College alumni
3103:Independent scientists
1990:10.1098/rsnr.1951.0017
1371:Szatmary, pp. 38–42,45
867:Granary Burying Ground
861:
859:Granary Burying Ground
857:Bowdoin's tomb in the
761:
693:
692:James Bowdoin portrait
669:his leadership of the
621:
545:
412:
367:
356:
2124:Zinn, Howard (2005).
1930:Morse, Anson (1909).
1662:Adams, Silas (1912).
1470:Szatmary, pp. 102–105
1055:Kersaw, pp. 62, 66–69
856:
751:
699:Brattle Street Church
691:
616:
540:
415:Bowdoin may have met
410:
362:
351:
1046:Stearns, pp. 243–244
905:Bowdoin MBTA station
644:, and eventually to
98:(as acting governor)
1612:on December 5, 2014
1497:Richards, pp. 38–39
1461:Szatmary, pp. 84–86
1452:Szatmary, pp. 98–99
1398:Szatmary, pp. 79–80
1362:Richards, pp. 87–88
1221:Winthrop, pp. 60–61
1203:Winthrop, pp. 58–60
1137:Walett, pp. 324–325
1037:Greene, pp. 355–356
968:Winthrop, pp. 91–94
392:Boston Latin School
271:American Revolution
2657:Governor's Council
2567:Governor's Council
2488:Governor's Council
2476:Governor's Council
2216:as acting governor
2202:Political offices
2014:Szatmary, David P.
1648:Chadbourne, p. 241
1524:Allan, pp. 328–329
1028:Woolf, pp. 501–502
862:
817:Springfield Armory
762:
694:
622:
550:governor's council
546:
523:Massachusetts Bank
468:honorary doctorate
413:
368:
357:
3055:
3054:
2240:
2239:
2231:Succeeded by
2219:
2191:Works related to
2137:978-0-06-083865-2
2029:978-0-87023-419-4
1960:978-0-8122-1870-1
1914:978-0-87169-247-4
1868:978-0-8229-3234-5
1771:978-1-59884-221-0
1744:978-0-87027-112-0
1696:978-0-7425-7033-7
1380:Richards, pp. 6–9
1344:Hall, pp. 137–138
1335:Hall, pp. 136–137
1128:Alexander, p. 112
913:Bowdoinham, Maine
571:Thomas Hutchinson
564:Lord Hillsborough
488:Elizabeth Islands
417:Benjamin Franklin
314:Benjamin Franklin
223:
222:
21:James Bowdoin III
3170:
2609:
2443:
2411:
2400:
2399:
2285:
2266:
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2213:
2207:Preceded by
2199:
2198:
2190:
2175:
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2091:
2062:
2033:
2009:
1972:
1945:
1926:
1899:
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1619:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1586:on June 19, 2017
1576:
1570:
1569:Winthrop, p. 130
1567:
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1267:
1266:Winthrop, p. 111
1264:
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1240:
1239:Morse, pp. 21–22
1237:
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1149:Winthrop, p. 104
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875:Brunswick, Maine
849:Death and legacy
809:Benjamin Lincoln
785:Hampshire County
736:Shays' Rebellion
730:Shays' Rebellion
724:Benjamin Lincoln
307:Shays' Rebellion
261:
256:
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252:
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248:
245:
242:
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226:James Bowdoin II
215:
193:
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182:Elizabeth Erving
157:
154:November 6, 1790
133:
131:
119:Personal details
105:
91:
70:
42:
28:
27:
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3138:Neo-Latin poets
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2155:Further reading
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2138:
2109:10.2307/1917021
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1488:Richards, p. 33
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1479:Richards, p. 32
1478:
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1443:Szatmary, p. 97
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1425:Szatmary, p. 92
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1389:Szatmary, p. 38
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1353:Richards, p. 85
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989:Winthrop, p. 94
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951:
941:
939:
932:"James Bowdoin"
930:
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921:
879:Bowdoin College
851:
738:
732:
712:Bowdoin College
611:
582:Boston Massacre
559:Francis Bernard
543:Francis Bernard
535:
405:
396:Harvard College
346:
330:Bowdoin College
280:Boston Massacre
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192: 1748)
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169:Political party
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145:British America
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2181:External links
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2103:(4): 499–518.
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1984:(2): 178–246.
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959:Danver, p. 217
949:
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909:Bowdoin, Maine
901:Bowdoin Square
897:Bowdoin Street
881:in his honor.
850:
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734:Main article:
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22:
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3010:
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2608:(since 1776)
2577:
2565:
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2546:
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2234:John Hancock
2222:
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2018:
1981:
1977:
1950:
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1616:February 24,
1614:. Retrieved
1610:the original
1600:
1590:February 23,
1588:. Retrieved
1584:the original
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1278:Hall, p. 136
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1176:Morse, p. 22
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935:
926:
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832:
825:
805:
797:Daniel Shays
778:
775:
763:
758:Job Shattuck
754:Daniel Shays
739:
716:
707:
703:James Warren
695:
667:
657:
630:tuberculosis
623:
618:John Hancock
594:British Army
589:
586:town meeting
579:
575:Samuel Adams
568:
547:
520:
516:John Hancock
504:an ironworks
496:Rhode Island
480:
457:
449:Isaac Newton
425:Philadelphia
414:
369:
354:John Smibert
311:
303:John Hancock
290:
284:
225:
224:
156:(1790-11-06)
109:John Hancock
104:Succeeded by
67:
44:Portrait by
25:
3073:1790 deaths
3068:1726 births
2936:Saltonstall
2794:W. Washburn
2764:E. Washburn
2712:Lincoln Jr.
2674:Lincoln Sr.
2442:(1692–1776)
2410:(1686–1689)
2284:(1629–1686)
1434:Zinn, p. 93
942:December 8,
890:Paul Revere
828:martial law
638:under siege
603:Thomas Gage
555:John Temple
512:Bridgewater
492:New England
365:Robert Feke
90:Preceded by
46:Robert Feke
3062:Categories
2851:Greenhalge
2590:Hutchinson
2579:Hutchinson
2429:Bradstreet
2388:Bradstreet
2378:Bellingham
2368:Bellingham
2328:Bellingham
2228:1785–1787
1655:References
903:, and the
843:Federalism
663:John Adams
642:Dorchester
580:After the
344:Early life
130:1726-08-07
78:Lieutenant
2723:Armstrong
2494:J. Dudley
2482:J. Dudley
2469:Stoughton
2463:Bellomont
2457:Stoughton
2439:Province
2419:J. Dudley
2407:Dominion
2358:T. Dudley
2343:T. Dudley
2323:T. Dudley
2303:T. Dudley
2172:510892519
2006:145506021
1923:231993575
1848:145808158
1811:163369557
1780:475446571
1705:678924183
871:James III
821:Petersham
813:Worcester
770:Worcester
678:demagogue
541:Governor
508:Attleboro
453:Scripture
445:telescope
338:James III
208:Signature
68:In office
3006:Cellucci
2946:Bradford
2901:Coolidge
2841:Brackett
2831:Robinson
2759:Clifford
2754:Boutwell
2668:Sullivan
2560:S. Phips
2548:S. Phips
2451:W. Phips
2383:Leverett
2373:Endecott
2363:Endecott
2353:Endecott
2348:Winthrop
2338:Endecott
2333:Winthrop
2318:Winthrop
2298:Winthrop
2293:Endecott
2146:61265580
2016:(1980).
1969:56029217
801:Luke Day
793:Franklin
658:de facto
441:treatise
376:Huguenot
372:merchant
291:de facto
200:Children
160:Boston,
58:2nd
3046:Italics
3023:Patrick
2996:Dukakis
2986:Dukakis
2981:Sargent
2971:Peabody
2961:Furcolo
2871:Douglas
2856:Wolcott
2846:Russell
2789:Claflin
2784:Bullock
2769:Gardner
2729:Everett
2634:Hancock
2629:Bowdoin
2623:Cushing
2617:Hancock
2585:Bernard
2573:Pownall
2554:Shirley
2542:Shirley
2537:Belcher
2281:Colony
2117:1917021
1998:3087199
1896:3117145
1753:1231296
1678:5816084
789:Hampden
675:foppish
470:by the
433:transit
384:Ireland
194:
186:
3033:Healey
3018:Romney
2956:Herter
2931:Hurley
2926:Curley
2911:Fuller
2896:McCall
2881:Draper
2826:Butler
2816:Talbot
2806:Gaston
2800:Talbot
2779:Andrew
2749:Briggs
2744:Morton
2734:Morton
2706:Morton
2700:Eustis
2695:Brooks
2690:Strong
2663:Strong
2644:Sumner
2531:Tailer
2524:Dummer
2518:Burnet
2512:Dummer
2500:Tailer
2424:Andros
2308:Haynes
2170:
2144:
2134:
2115:
2088:296634
2086:
2076:
2059:361420
2057:
2026:
2004:
1996:
1967:
1957:
1942:718724
1940:
1921:
1911:
1894:
1877:315459
1875:
1865:
1846:
1840:226781
1838:
1809:
1799:
1778:
1768:
1751:
1741:
1722:424881
1720:
1703:
1693:
1676:
886:orrery
708:Modest
464:poetry
380:France
267:Boston
177:Spouse
164:, U.S.
137:Boston
48:, 1748
3028:Baker
3012:Swift
2976:Volpe
2966:Volpe
2951:Dever
2941:Tobin
2916:Allen
2891:Walsh
2876:Guild
2866:Bates
2861:Crane
2774:Banks
2739:Davis
2717:Davis
2685:Gerry
2639:Adams
2506:Shute
2113:JSTOR
2055:JSTOR
2002:S2CID
1994:JSTOR
1844:S2CID
1836:JSTOR
919:Notes
510:(now
484:Maine
437:Venus
388:Maine
334:Maine
188:(
184:
3001:Weld
2991:King
2886:Foss
2836:Ames
2821:Long
2811:Rice
2680:Gore
2650:Gill
2595:Gage
2313:Vane
2168:OCLC
2142:OCLC
2132:ISBN
2084:OCLC
2074:ISBN
2024:ISBN
1965:OCLC
1955:ISBN
1938:OCLC
1919:OCLC
1909:ISBN
1892:OCLC
1873:OCLC
1863:ISBN
1820:Isis
1807:OCLC
1797:ISBN
1776:OCLC
1766:ISBN
1749:OCLC
1739:ISBN
1718:OCLC
1701:OCLC
1691:ISBN
1674:OCLC
1618:2012
1592:2012
944:2020
799:and
791:and
756:and
262:-din
172:None
151:Died
124:Born
2921:Ely
2906:Cox
2105:doi
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1986:doi
1828:doi
884:An
506:in
435:of
332:in
260:BOH
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2000:.
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1980:.
1963:.
1917:.
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1834:.
1824:45
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1670:10
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241:oʊ
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2008:.
1988::
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1944:.
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253:/
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247:ɪ
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238:b
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