1108:
1061:
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1033:, who was limited to one term as governor, decided to run for the Senate. Because Johnston was also a pro-Roosevelt New Dealer, he would have divided the New Deal vote with Maybank and ensured a victory for Smith. Johnston was also supportive of the New Deal's labor legislation, but Byrnes's support was limited, and a series of labor strikes in the fall of 1937 made Byrnes withdraw consideration for potentially endorsing Johnston. Taking advice from Byrnes, Maybank decided to run for governor instead, and Byrnes made the reluctant decision to support Smith. Byrnes envisioned that Smith would retire in 1944 and that Maybank would successfully run for Smith's Senate seat and build a strong
1367:
1473:, which was not mentioned in the final communiquΓ©. "I had been left in the dark about the Moscow conference," Truman told Byrnes bluntly. In a subsequent letter to Byrnes, Truman took a harder line in reference to Iran: "Without these supplies furnished by the United States, Russia would have been ignominiously defeated. Yet now Russia stirs up rebellion and keeps troops on the soil of her friend and allyβ Iran. .. Unless Russia is faced with an iron fist and strong language another war is in the making. Only one language do they understand.... I do not think we should play compromise any longer.... I am tired of babying the Soviets". That led to the
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presidency. When Truman met
Roosevelt's coffin in Washington, he asked Byrnes and former Vice President Wallace, the two other men who might well have succeeded Roosevelt, to join him at the train station. Truman originally intended for both men to play leading roles in his administration to signal continuity with Roosevelt's policies. Truman quickly fell out with Wallace but retained a good working relationship with Byrnes and increasingly turned to him for support.
5655:
2627:"A revealing moment during Byrnes' swearing-in ceremony as secretary of state offers insight into the relationship : The diary of Byrnes' friend and assistant Walter Brown records that 'when the oath was completed, the President said, "Jimmy, kiss the Bible." He did and then handed it over to the President and told him to kiss it, too. The President did so as the crowd laughed l ..."
960:, Byrnes managed to get the federal government to authorize a loan for the entire project, which was completed and put into operation in February 1942. The loan was later paid back to the federal government with full interest and at no cost to South Carolina taxpayers. Santee Cooper has continued to be a model for public-owned electrical utilities worldwide.
1461:. Byrnes sent Mark Ethridge, a liberal journalist, to investigate; Ethridge found conditions were indeed bad. Ethridge wrote a damning report, but Byrnes ignored it and instead endorsed a Soviet offer. Truman read Ethridge's report and decided that Byrnes's softline approach was a failure and that the US needed to stand up to the Kremlin.
1124:
912:, Byrnes became a wealthy man, but he never excluded himself from a return to politics. He cultivated the Piedmont textile workers, who were key Blease supporters. In 1930, he challenged Blease again. Blease again led the primary, with 46 percent to 38 percent for Byrnes, but this time, Byrnes won the runoff 51 to 49 percent.
1121:
1144:
personnel and was credited with providing the employment that was needed to bring an official end to the Great
Depression. Thanks to his political experience, his probing intellect, his close friendship with Roosevelt, and in no small part his own personal charm, Byrnes was soon exerting influence
1535:
by passing a law that prohibited adults from wearing a mask in public on any day other than
Halloween; he knew that many Klansmen feared exposure and would not appear in public in their robes unless their faces were hidden as well. Byrnes hoped to make South Carolina an example for other Southern
1123:
1327:
Upon his succession to the presidency after
Roosevelt's death, on April 12, 1945, Truman relied heavily on Byrnes's counsel, Byrnes having been a mentor to Truman from the latter's earliest days in the Senate. Indeed, Byrnes was one of the first people seen by Truman on the first day of his
1188:
in early 1945 in which he seemed to favor Soviet plans. Written in shorthand, his notes comprise one of the most complete records of the "Big Three" Yalta meetings. At the same time, Byrnes did not participate in the foreign ministers' meetings or the direct meetings between
Roosevelt,
1531:" policy that the South had put forward in Supreme Court civil rights cases, particularly in regard to public education. Byrnes poured state money into improving black schools, buying new textbooks and new buses, and hiring additional teachers. He also sought to curb the power of the
1492:. Truman and others believed that Byrnes had grown resentful that he had not been Roosevelt's running mate and successor and so was showing disrespect to Truman. Whether or not that was true, Byrnes felt compelled to resign from the Cabinet in 1947 with some feelings of bitterness.
1587:
In his later years, Byrnes foresaw that the
American South could play a more important role in national politics. To hasten that development, he sought to end the region's nearly-automatic support of the Democratic Party, which Byrnes believed had grown too liberal and took the
1448:
Truman was rapidly moving toward a hardline position on Soviet intentions in
Eastern Europe and Iran, but Byrnes was much more conciliatory. The distance between them grew and ties of personal friendship weakened. In late 1945, Byrnes argued with Soviet Foreign Minister
1409:
Because Byrnes had been part of the US delegation at Yalta, Truman assumed that he had accurate knowledge of what had transpired. It would be many months before Truman discovered that not to be the case. Nevertheless, Byrnes advised that the
Soviets were breaking the
812:, appointed him as a clerk for Judge Robert Aldrich of Aiken. As he needed to be 21 to take this position, Byrnes, his mother, and McSweeney changed his date of birth to that of his older sister, Leonora. He later apprenticed to a lawyer, then a common practice,
1136:, which dealt with the vitally-important issues of prices and taxes. How powerful the new office would become depended entirely on Byrnes's political skills, and Washington insiders soon reported that he was fully in charge. In May 1943, he became head of the
1164:, who was strongly felt by party officials to be too eccentric to replace an ailing president who would likely die before his next term ended. Roosevelt refused to endorse anybody other than Wallace. He had a personal preference for US Supreme Court justice
1140:, a new agency that supervised the Office of Economic Stabilization. Under the leadership of Byrnes, the program managed newly constructed factories across the country that used raw materials, civilian and military production, and transportation for
7639:
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that hurt his state's competitive advantage of very low factory wages. Roosevelt appointed Byrnes to the
Supreme Court in 1941 but asked him to join the executive branch after America's entry into World War II. During the war, Byrnes led the
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Personal relations between the two men grew strained, particularly when Truman felt that Byrnes was attempting to set foreign policy by himself and to inform the
President only afterward. An early instance of the friction was the
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I admit I am a New Dealer, and if takes money from the few who have controlled the country and gives it back to the average man, I am going to Washington to help the President work for the people of South Carolina and the
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In 1948, Byrnes and his wife established the James F. Byrnes Foundation Scholarships, and since then, more than 1,000 young South Carolinians have been assisted in obtaining a college education. His papers are in
1512:
Whatever is necessary to continue the separation of the races in the schools of South Carolina is going to be done by the white people of the state. That is my ticket as a private citizen. It will be my ticket as
7709:
1743:
948:, South Carolina's politicians had dreamed of an inland waterway system that would not only aid commerce but also control flooding. By the 1930s, Byrnes took up the cause for a massive dam-building project,
849:
Byrnes proved a brilliant legislator, working behind the scenes to form coalitions, and avoiding the high-profile oratory that characterized much of Southern politics. He became a close ally of US President
5573:
745:, and was reared in Charleston. Byrnes's father, James Francis Byrnes, died shortly after Byrnes was born. His father was Catholic of English, Irish, Welsh and Scottish ancestry. He was descended from
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1041:
1339:, Byrnes remained ambiguous on that point in a draft reply to Japan's offer of surrender of August 10. As Secretary of State, he was first in line to the presidency (until adoption of the
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1647:
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over many facets of the war effort that were not technically under his departmental jurisdiction. Many in Congress and the press began referring to Byrnes as the "Assistant President."
1527:
policies much longer but fearing that Congress would impose sweeping change upon the South, he opted for a course of change from within. To that end, he sought to fulfill at last the "
2210:
765:. His mother, Elizabeth McSweeney Byrnes, was a dressmaker who was born in 1859. In the 1880s, a widowed aunt and her three children came to live with them; one of the children was
7669:
6839:
6631:
6647:
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715:; however, relations between Byrnes and Truman soured, and Byrnes resigned from the Cabinet in January 1947. He returned to elective politics in 1950 by winning election as the
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854:, who often entrusted important political tasks to the capable young Representative, rather than to more experienced lawmakers. In the 1920s, he was a champion of the "
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was the US Military voice on the committee. Additional feedback was provided by the Committee on the Social and Political Implications of the Atomic Bomb, formed by
4700:
874:, who had challenged Dial in 1918, also ran again. Blease led the primary with 42 percent. Byrnes was second with 34 percent. Dial finished third with 22 percent.
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1184:. In short, Byrnes never had a serious chance at being nominated for vice president, and the nomination went instead to Truman. Roosevelt brought Byrnes to the
1893:
The Making of a Cold Warrior: James F. Byrnes and American-Soviet Relations, 1945-1946 by Robert Louis Messer: University of California, Berkeley, 1978. pg. 3
1223:
Byrnes served on an Interim committee making a recommendations on the use of the atomic bomb during and after the war. The committee, headed by War Secretary
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After Roosevelt's death, Byrnes served as a close adviser to Truman and became U.S. Secretary of State in July 1945. In that capacity, Byrnes attended the
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The Making of a Cold Warrior: James F. Byrnes and American-Soviet Relations, 1945-1946 by Robert Louis Messer: University of California, Berkeley, 1978
1048:, and he was confirmed that same day. He served on the Court for only 15 months, from July 8, 1941, until October 3, 1942. His Supreme Court tenure is
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1168:. Byrnes was on Roosevelt's list but was hardly his first choice. In a July meeting at the White House, the party bosses pressed hard for Senator
671:
and sought federal investment in South Carolina water projects. He also supported Roosevelt's foreign policy, calling for a hard line against the
824:
and served until 1910. Byrnes was a protΓ©gΓ© of "Pitchfork Ben" Tillman and often had a moderating influence on the fiery segregationist Senator.
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in which Byrnes took an increasingly hardline position in opposition to Stalin, culminating in a speech in Germany on September 6, 1946. The "
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in December 1945. Truman considered the "successes" of the conference to be "unreal" and was highly critical of Byrnes's failure to protect
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1956:
1433:, who had been a top aide to Byrnes in 1944, heavily influenced Byrnes' famous September 1946 speech in Stuttgart, Germany. The speech, "
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Billy Hathorn, "The Changing Politics of Race: Congressman Albert William Watson and the South Carolina Republican Party, 1965-1970",
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As head of the wartime Office of War Mobilization, Byrnes provided oversight, material and financial resources for the high priority
893:
with Byrnes published a professed endorsement of him. That group's leader was a Blease ally, and the "endorsement" was circulated in
1635:
of South Carolina to bolt the Democratic Party in 1964 and to declare himself a Republican, but Byrnes himself remained a Democrat.
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Byrnes was initially seen as a relative moderate on race issues. Recognizing that the South could not continue with its entrenched
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1205:
1176:, and Roosevelt issued a statement saying he would support either Truman or Douglas. Byrnes was regarded as too conservative for
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and prepared for a political comeback. He narrowly defeated Blease in the 1930 Democratic primary and joined the Senate in 1931.
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1950:
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and served from 1951 to 1955. Supporting segregation in education, the Democratic governor stated in his inaugural address:
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1732:
1180:; some big city bosses opposed him as an ex-Catholic who would offend Catholics; and blacks were wary of his opposition to
1355:, Byrnes knew little more about foreign relations than Truman. He made decisions after consulting a few advisors, such as
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though both were former allies of the now-deceased "Pitchfork Ben" Tillman. Anti-Tillmanite and extreme racist demagogue
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In 1924, Byrnes declined renomination to the House and instead sought nomination for the Senate seat held by incumbent
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Lee, Joseph Edward (April 1995). "Book Reviews and Notes - Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes".
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after endorsing Goldwater for president. Byrnes openly endorsed Watson's retention in Congress as a Republican in a
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797:; they had no children. He was the godparent of James Christopher Connor. At this time, Byrnes converted from the
1363:. Byrnes and his small group paid little attention to the State Department experts and similarly ignored Truman.
1091:
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Civilizing Capitalism: The National Consumers' League, Women's Activism, and Labor Standards in the New Deal Era
979:
in the 1938 primary elections. On foreign policy, Byrnes was a champion of Roosevelt's positions of helping the
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Hopkins, Michael F. "President Harry Truman's Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson."
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of 1937. Byrnes said that "rape is responsible, directly and indirectly, for most of the lynching in America."
750:
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5164:
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2598:. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 136 (footnote, Byrnes "as a kindly 'older brother' to Truman" in the Senate).
1658:
field representative in what he termed "quite a contrast" to his treatment from Democratic House colleagues.
1638:
In 1965, Byrnes spoke out against the "punishment" and the "humiliation" of South Carolina US Representative
1458:
975:
would potentially make the textile mills in his state uncompetitive. He opposed Roosevelt's efforts to purge
614:
3064:
Anderson, David L. "Byrnes, James Francis (02 May 1882β09 April 1972), U.S. senator and secretary of state"
2779:(2006). "The 1945 Ethridge Mission to Bulgaria and Romania and the origins of the Cold War in the Balkans".
1575:
then barred governors from immediate re-election and so Byrnes retired from active political life after the
885:, and the Klan spread rumors that he was still a secret Catholic. Byrnes countered by citing his support by
846:. He was formally elected in the general election, and was re-elected six times, serving from 1911 to 1925.
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Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President
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Reports of State Officers Boards and Committees to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina
2041:
Reports of State Officers Boards and Committees to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina
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2007:
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The James F. Byrnes Professorship of International Studies at USC, its first endowed professorship.
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During his time in the Senate, Byrnes was regarded as the most influential South Carolinian since
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brief in supporting the right of a state to segregate its schools. That gave the NAACP's lawyer,
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2289:"Younger Supreme Court appointees stay on the bench longer, but there are plenty of exceptions"
1709:
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843:
790:
773:. At 14, Byrnes left St. Patrick's Catholic School to work in a law office, and became a court
304:
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1940:
1343:) since there was no Vice President during Truman's first term. He played a major role at the
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2433:
LeRoy Ashby (September 2, 2012). "American Dreamer: The life and times of Henry A. Wallace".
1402:
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794:
757:, who all played significant roles in the English civil war as well as the Irish aristocrats
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The End of an Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman, and the Origins of the Cold War
2995:
The End of an Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman, and the Origins of the Cold War
2578:
The End of an Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman, and the Origins of the Cold War
2065:"Supplemental Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina."
1481:," also known as the "Speech of Hope", set the tone of future US policy by repudiating the
1096:
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After his House term ended in 1925, Byrnes was out of office. He moved his law practice to
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323:
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Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
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3047:
Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed.
8:
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The speech marked the change in U.S. occupation policy in Germany towards reconstruction.
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Annotated bibliography for James Byrnes from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
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2039:"Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina. Part II."
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1562:, the idea to shift the suit from South Carolina over to Kansas, which led directly to
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1485:, an economic program that would permanently deindustrialize Germany. Byrnes was named
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Gar Alperovitz, "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb" (New York: Vintage Books, 1996)
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clergy. Three days before the run-off vote, 20 Catholics who said that they had been
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The Threat of Peace: James F. Byrnes and the Council of Foreign Ministers, 1945β1946
2647:
In the ruins of empire : the Japanese surrender and the battle for postwar Asia
858:", which attracted motorists and politicians to large-scale road building programs.
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America in the Twenties and Thirties: The Olympian Age of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1978:
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2921:, Vol. 23 (June 18, 1965), p. 1185; Bernard Cosman and Robert J. Huckshorn, eds.,
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on 18 July 1945. From left to right, first row: Stalin, Truman, Soviet Ambassador
663:". In the Senate, Byrnes supported the policies of his longtime friend, President
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4800:
4775:
4765:
4760:
4605:
4529:
4453:
4269:
4149:
4141:
4107:
4013:
4005:
3992:
3882:
3831:
3807:
3739:
3707:
3667:
3575:
3438:
3259:
3010:
2971:
1624:
1482:
1438:
1411:
1370:
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1232:
1169:
916:
798:
697:
652:
638:
592:
363:
181:
144:
120:
3976:
3201:
1661:
Following Byrnes's death at the age of 89, he was interred in the churchyard at
7486:
7456:
7424:
7394:
7370:
7352:
7260:
7210:
7198:
6998:
6992:
6980:
6920:
6782:
6686:
6654:
6642:
6610:
6513:
6458:
6443:
6373:
5807:
5714:
5555:
5429:
5344:
5314:
5294:
5234:
5229:
5219:
5209:
5204:
5035:
5020:
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4890:
4885:
4875:
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4595:
4505:
4470:
4416:
4351:
4347:
4285:
4181:
4165:
4066:
3898:
3743:
3731:
3723:
3683:
3585:
3528:
3466:
3374:
3342:
3312:
2776:
2628:
1744:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition
1632:
1592:" for granted at election time but otherwise ignored the region and its needs.
1430:
1394:
1382:
1252:
1068:
980:
909:
882:
871:
851:
777:. Notably, he transcribed the 1903 trial of South Carolina Lieutenant Governor
766:
660:
618:
572:
420:
378:
328:
316:
262:
79:
6011:
3183:"Southern Partnership: James F. Byrnes, Lucius D. Clay and Germany, 1945β1947"
3073:
An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century
3023:
2792:
32:
7568:
7248:
7052:
7046:
7034:
6926:
6901:
6850:
6638:
6606:
6493:
6483:
6208:
6143:
6063:
6053:
5574:
List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States
5531:
5434:
5424:
5304:
5264:
5159:
5154:
5010:
4965:
4935:
4745:
4644:
4579:
4570:
4449:
4435:
4372:
4355:
4343:
4277:
4261:
4257:
4233:
4217:
4111:
4099:
3984:
3964:
3960:
3940:
3783:
3759:
3675:
2561:
2327:
1681:
The James F. Byrnes Building, housing the Byrnes International Center at the
1612:
1554:
1374:
1335:
on July 3, 1945. Despite personally objecting to any guarantees of retaining
1228:
1194:
1095:
Sitting (from left): Clement Attlee, Harry S. Truman, Joseph Stalin; behind:
1080:
1030:
953:
949:
580:
3269:
2633:
The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth
1437:," marked the formal transition in American occupation policy away from the
1302:
project (until then, Truman had known nothing about the Manhattan Project).
1017:, who strongly opposed the New Deal. He privately sought to help his friend
908:
region. Between his law practice and investment advice from friends such as
675:. He also opposed some of the labor laws proposed by Roosevelt, such as the
7690:
United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
7510:
7492:
7468:
7364:
7334:
7298:
6986:
6956:
6944:
6846:
6818:
6802:
6786:
6754:
6706:
6503:
6473:
6133:
6113:
5813:
5689:
5473:
5389:
5369:
5329:
5309:
5194:
5169:
4672:
4587:
4566:
4553:
4545:
4521:
4513:
4396:
4388:
4333:
4201:
4145:
4091:
4070:
4045:
3874:
3751:
3691:
3610:
2262:
1677:
Byrnes is memorialized at several South Carolina universities and schools:
1532:
1470:
1426:
1418:
1284:
1256:
1112:
1072:
984:
972:
890:
878:
774:
746:
680:
656:
634:
2484:
1500:
Byrnes was not yet ready to give up public service. At 68, he was elected
7504:
7400:
7142:
7028:
7004:
6974:
6798:
6770:
6690:
6674:
6658:
6508:
5543:
5439:
5419:
4915:
4617:
4609:
4209:
4173:
4157:
4119:
3186:
1589:
1316:
1299:
1288:
813:
672:
626:
571:; May 2, 1882 β April 9, 1972) was an American judge and politician from
3265:
James F. Byrnes Papers at Clemson University Special Collections Library
3253:
Annotated bibliography from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
3174:
3170:
2092:
1925:
655:
called Byrnes "the most influential Southern member of Congress between
7412:
7310:
6738:
6498:
5519:
5324:
5244:
5179:
5040:
4920:
4664:
4484:
4408:
4325:
4153:
4074:
3847:
3139:
James F. Byrnes, Lucius Clay and American Policy in Germany, 1945-1947.
2750:"Joint Statement by James F. Byrnes and Ernest Bevin (3 December 1946)"
2524:"DEBATE OVER HOW TO USE THE BOMB: (Washington, D.C., Late Spring 1945)"
2454:
2410:
Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II
2249:
A fabric of defeat: the politics of South Carolina millhands, 1910β1948
2233:
A fabric of defeat: the politics of South Carolina millhands, 1910β1948
7710:
Civilian recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)
6563:
2923:
Republican Politics: The 1964 Campaign and Its Aftermath for the Party
2764:
James F. Byrnes, Lucius Clay and American Policy in Germany, 1945-1947
609:, Byrnes pursued a legal career with the help of his cousin, Governor
7118:
6594:
5404:
5045:
4652:
4640:
4400:
1754:
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)
1552:, a Midwestern state that also segregated its schools, to provide an
5612:
2446:
1869:"Governor of the State of South Carolina - James Francis Byrnes, Jr"
1414:
and that Truman needed to be resolute and uncompromising with them.
1208:
by President Truman for his work in the Office of War Mobilization.
6590:
5319:
5110:
4462:
4380:
4062:
2977:
1537:
1336:
1298:
It was Byrnes who shared information with the new president on the
1173:
928:
668:
587:, as well as in the executive branch, most prominently as the 49th
1423:
combining the U.S. zone of Germany and the British zone of Germany
987:
in 1939 to 1941 and of maintaining a hard diplomatic line against
617:
and served from 1911 to 1925. He became a close ally of President
4613:
4537:
816:, and was admitted to the bar in 1903. In 1908, he was appointed
963:
In 1937, Byrnes supported Roosevelt on the highly-controversial
7695:
United States federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt
2580:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 13.
2313:(University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, 1951) p. 677.
1549:
1422:
1111:
The Foreign Ministers: Vyacheslav Molotov, James F. Byrnes and
4715:
3098:
The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789β1995
1749:
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
1723:
Byrnes' portrait hangs in the South Carolina Senate chambers.
1642:, who had been stripped of his congressional seniority by the
1351:, and other major postwar conferences. According to historian
696:
as Roosevelt's running mate in the 1944 election, but instead
1541:
1201:
and the general public to accept the terms of the agreement.
1197:. After the Conference, he was influential in convincing the
988:
550:
7650:
Democratic Party United States senators from South Carolina
4480:
3489:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
3071:
Burns, Richard. "James Byrnes." in Norman A. Graebner, ed.
1211:
270:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
2268:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service
1945:. The University of South Carolina Press. p. Note 4.
3300:
3208:
Time Magazine, September 16, 1946. "Journey to Stuttgart"
2054:
The History of Newberry County, South Carolina: 1860β1990
861:
382:
3234:
Byrnes Wants All To Share Peacemaking, 1946/10/17 (1946)
3202:
Text of the famous "Stuttgart speech", September 6, 1946
1912:
Ransom, William L. (1944). "Frank J. Hogan, 1877-1944".
1759:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Stone Court
793:. In 1906, he married the former Maude Perkins Busch of
719:. As governor, he opposed the Supreme Court decision in
7670:
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
2469:
Summits: Six Meetings That Shaped the Twentieth Century
956:
power. With South Carolina financially strapped by the
5086:
3224:
Byrnes Sets U.S. Policy for Germany, 1946/09/10 (1946)
3146:
Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes
3003:
Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes
1834:
Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes
1789:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States
1263:. A business leaders branch of the committee included
931:
legislation to passage. He won an easy re-election in
881:, which preferred Blease. Byrnes had been raised as a
2725:
Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman
2287:
Bialick, Kristen; Gramlich, John (February 8, 2017).
1247:. The scientific panel of the committee consisted of
565:
556:
553:
2895:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 15β16.
2412:, pp. 189-90, 247, 330, Random House, New York, NY.
2192:
1046:
associate justice of the United States Supreme Court
644:
organization. Byrnes then moved his law practice to
547:
2677:
2351:
Research & Articles on Economy, World War II by
2125:
1421:issued a joint statement announcing that they were
544:
7655:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1979:"SC Governors - James Francis Byrnes, 1951 - 1955"
1938:
1764:Oliver Stone's Untold History of the United States
1132:Byrnes left the Supreme Court to head Roosevelt's
1013:Byrnes despised his fellow South Carolina Senator
7539:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
2855:Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past
2683:
2087:(2). South Carolina Historical Society: 174β176.
1719:Clemson University's Special Collections Library.
7566:
3270:A collection of various works by James F. Byrnes
3100:(2nd ed.) (Supreme Court Historical Society), (
1809:"The Ku Klux Klan | National Geographic Society"
1781:
1779:
1654:. Watson secured $ 20,000 and the services of a
1568:, a decision that Byrnes vigorously criticized.
6041:
3080:James F. Byrnes and the Origins of the Cold War
2717:
2286:
629:in 1924 but narrowly lost a runoff election to
7635:Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism
7625:People involved with the civil rights movement
2851:
2593:
2565:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 352.
2528:The Manhattan Project, US Department of Energy
2115:Walter Francis White#Anti-Lynching Legislation
6549:
6027:
5598:
5072:
4701:
3626:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2035:
2033:
1776:
1631:. He gave his private blessing to US Senator
1495:
7645:Democratic Party governors of South Carolina
3640:
3296:U.S. House of Representatives
3244:Byrnes Denies Atom Threat, 1946/10/10 (1946)
2845:
2225:
991:. In this context he denounced isolationist
61:January 16, 1951 β January 18, 1955
7665:Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina
3302:South Carolina's 2nd congressional district
3185:. James F. Byrnes Institute. Archived from
2596:Hiroshima in America, Fifty Years of Denial
2432:
2243:
2241:
2119:
2012:Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
840:South Carolina's 2nd congressional district
6556:
6542:
6034:
6020:
5605:
5591:
5079:
5065:
4717:United States senators from South Carolina
4708:
4694:
3633:
3619:
3457:Senate Contingent Expenses Audit Committee
3422:U.S. senator (Class 2) from South Carolina
2711:
2669:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2635:(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995, p. 197).
2594:Lifton, Robert J.; Mitchell, Greg (1995).
2555:
2542:
2163:
2161:
2030:
1849:. Charleston News & Courier. p. 8
1544:sued South Carolina to force the state to
31:
2693:. University of Missouri Press. pp.
2649:(1st ed.). New York. pp. 4, 5.
2404:
2402:
2375:
2373:
2260:
1582:
897:areas. Blease won the runoff 51% to 49%.
373:U.S. House of Representatives
4569:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah /
3213:SCIway Biography of James Francis Byrnes
2983:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
2838:(1955), p.551β552, cited in Lenczowski,
2428:
2426:
2261:McMillion, Barry J. (January 28, 2022).
2238:
2188:
2186:
1939:James L. Underwood (December 15, 2013).
1365:
1212:Byrnes, World War II and the atomic bomb
1118:
1106:
1090:
1059:
755:William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle
736:
112:July 3, 1945 β January 21, 1947
7660:Lawyers from Charleston, South Carolina
7590:20th-century South Carolina politicians
2823:American Presidents and the Middle East
2644:
2291:. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center
2254:
2158:
2126:Sean Dennis Cashman (January 1, 1989).
1985:from the original on September 28, 2008
1148:Many expected that Byrnes would be the
282:July 8, 1941 β October 3, 1942
230:October 3, 1942 β May 27, 1943
7567:
6887:
2925:(New York: Praeger, 1968), pp. 147β148
2872:from the original on February 24, 2017
2575:
2471:. New York: Basic Books. pp. 146-147.
2399:
2387:from the original on September 2, 2012
2370:
2146:from the original on February 24, 2017
2105:Those Angry Days by Lynn Olson pg. 103
2043:. Volume I. Columbia, SC: 1925, p. 59.
2002:
2000:
1911:
1385:, Byrnes, and Soviet Foreign Minister
1087:, James F. Byrnes and Harry S. Truman.
862:United States Senate and Supreme Court
759:Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare
741:Byrnes was born at 538 King Street in
398:March 4, 1911 β March 3, 1925
7705:University of South Carolina trustees
7685:Truman administration cabinet members
6886:
6576:
6537:
6015:
5586:
5060:
4689:
3614:
3218:NGA Biography of James Francis Byrnes
2919:Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report
2890:
2775:
2423:
2381:"Economy in World War II: Home Front"
2213:from the original on November 8, 2021
2183:
2069:. Volume I. Columbia, SC: 1931, p. 3.
2018:from the original on November 4, 2011
1971:
1959:from the original on November 8, 2021
1536:states to follow in modifying their "
1417:Byrnes and British Foreign Secretary
1322:
998:Byrnes played a key role in blocking
341:March 4, 1931 β July 8, 1941
4046:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under
2858:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 51β.
1733:Electoral history of James F. Byrnes
1726:
1441:of economic dismantlement to one of
1099:, Ernest Bevin, James F. Byrnes and
729:" as a realistic alternative to the
165:May 27, 1943 β July 3, 1945
2441:(4). Jah.oxfordjournals.org: 1586.
2358:from the original on April 28, 2013
2169:"ELECTIONS: Curtains for Cotton Ed"
2078:
1997:
1875:from the original on April 19, 2015
1243:, and Assistant Secretary of State
808:In 1900, Byrnes's cousin, Governor
763:Margaret Butler, Countess of Ormond
702:1944 Democratic National Convention
13:
7700:United States secretaries of state
7547:
6867:
6577:
6566:Supreme Court of the United States
5088:United States Secretaries of State
3180:
3039:
3016:
2907:South Carolina Historical Magazine
2852:Bruce Bartlett (January 8, 2008).
2836:Memoirs, Vol. 1: Years of Decision
2815:Memoirs, Vol. 1: Years of Decision
2324:"| Economic History Services"
2081:South Carolina Historical Magazine
1905:
1702:, where Byrnes was a Life Trustee.
14:
7726:
7595:Episcopalians from South Carolina
3159:
2592:Cited in reliance on citation in
7605:American people of Irish descent
6522:
5653:
5119:
4899:
3566:United States Secretary of State
3519:Office of Economic Stabilization
3246:is available for viewing at the
3236:is available for viewing at the
3226:is available for viewing at the
3125:Journal of Transatlantic Studies
2728:. Harper & Row. p. 17.
2199:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
2175:. August 7, 1944. Archived from
1813:education.nationalgeographic.org
1479:Restatement of Policy on Germany
1435:Restatement of Policy on Germany
1315:, Byrnes was portrayed by actor
1204:In 1945, Byrnes was awarded the
1134:Office of Economic Stabilization
967:, but he voted against the 1938
919:. He had long been friends with
822:second circuit of South Carolina
692:. He was a candidate to replace
686:Office of Economic Stabilization
540:
515:
218:Office of Economic Stabilization
100:United States Secretary of State
7675:South Carolina state solicitors
2928:
2912:
2899:
2884:
2828:
2807:
2769:
2756:
2742:
2638:
2621:
2612:
2569:
2516:
2490:
2461:
2435:The Journal of American History
2342:
2316:
2311:South Carolina: A Short History
2303:
2280:
2108:
2099:
2072:
2059:
2046:
1425:into one new territory called "
1389:. Second row: Truman confidant
1055:
1029:. During the primary, however,
501:
16:American politician (1882β1972)
2909:Vol. 89 (October 1988), p. 230
1932:
1896:
1887:
1861:
1847:"Do You Know Your Charleston?"
1839:
1826:
1801:
1650:held in 1965 against Democrat
1239:, Under Secretary of the Navy
751:Ralph Hopton, 1st Baron Hopton
1:
7715:Diplomats from South Carolina
3294:Member of the
3279:U.S. House of Representatives
2957:
2817:(1955), p.547, 550, cited in
2193:Storrs, Landon R. Y. (2000).
1540:" policies. Nonetheless, the
925:Democratic nomination in 1932
827:In 1910, he narrowly won the
633:, who had the backing of the
615:U.S. House of Representatives
613:. Byrnes won election to the
7585:20th-century American judges
5096:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
3177:("Flash Player" is required)
3078:Clements, Kendrick A., ed.,
2132:. NYU Press. pp. 271β.
1770:
1698:Byrnes Hall, a dormitory at
1683:University of South Carolina
1040:On June 12, 1941, Roosevelt
923:, whom he supported for the
625:. He sought election to the
7:
7630:Clemson University trustees
6043:Governors of South Carolina
3141:(Edwin Mellen Press, 2002).
3066:American National Biography
2766:(Edwin Mellen Press, 2002).
2762:Curtis Franklin Morgan Jr,
2645:Spector, Ronald H. (2007).
1737:
1706:James F. Byrnes High School
1603:, segregationist candidate
1573:South Carolina Constitution
1565:Brown v. Board of Education
1506:1950 gubernatorial election
1331:Truman appointed Byrnes as
1206:Distinguished Service Medal
1156:in Franklin D. Roosevelt's
722:Brown v. Board of Education
646:Spartanburg, South Carolina
10:
7731:
5651:
3907:Hungarian Freedom Fighters
3593:Governor of South Carolina
3539:Office of War Mobilization
3386:Governor of South Carolina
2993:Messer, Robert L. (1982).
2940:South Carolina legislature
2936:"Senate Chamber Portraits"
2576:Messer, Robert L. (1982).
2502:Atomic Heritage Foundation
1787:"Justices 1789 to Present"
1730:
1502:Governor of South Carolina
1496:Governor of South Carolina
1150:Democratic nominee in 1944
1142:United States Armed Forces
1138:Office of War Mobilization
877:Byrnes was opposed by the
743:Charleston, South Carolina
717:governor of South Carolina
713:Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
690:Office of War Mobilization
607:Charleston, South Carolina
600:governor of South Carolina
453:Charleston, South Carolina
153:Office of War Mobilization
49:Governor of South Carolina
7620:Burials in South Carolina
7545:
6895:
6882:
6865:
6585:
6572:
6520:
6049:
5978:
5947:
5916:
5887:Secretary of the Interior
5885:
5866:
5835:
5798:
5761:
5730:
5701:Secretary of the Treasury
5699:
5662:
5628:
5571:
5128:
5117:
5094:
4908:
4897:
4723:
4427:
4193:
3858:
3848:The American Fighting-Man
3651:
3599:
3590:
3582:
3572:
3563:
3555:
3545:
3535:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3495:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3463:
3453:
3445:
3435:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3394:
3379:
3371:
3361:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3292:
3284:
3277:
3000:Robertson, David (1994).
2891:Lamis, Alexander (1988).
2793:10.1080/09592290500533775
1672:
1453:over Soviet pressures on
1000:anti-lynching legislation
904:, in the industrializing
769:, later president of the
725:and sought to establish "
631:Coleman Livingston Blease
621:and a protΓ©gΓ© of Senator
523:
511:
488:
478:
459:
435:
430:
426:
414:
402:
391:
369:
357:
352:Coleman Livingston Blease
345:
334:
322:
310:
298:
286:
275:
268:
256:
244:
234:
223:
215:
203:
191:
169:
158:
150:
138:
126:
116:
105:
97:
92:George Bell Timmerman Jr.
85:
73:
69:George Bell Timmerman Jr.
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
23:
7610:American segregationists
7600:American anti-communists
5918:Secretary of Agriculture
5752:Kenneth Claiborne Royall
4565:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr.
3320:Party political offices
3258:August 28, 2006, at the
2970:August 28, 2006, at the
2781:Diplomacy and Statecraft
2718:Harry S. Truman (1980).
2467:Reynolds, David (2009).
2326:. Eh.net. Archived from
1667:Columbia, South Carolina
1663:Trinity Episcopal Church
1277:Metallurgical Laboratory
1158:1944 reelection campaign
969:Fair Labor Standards Act
771:American Bar Association
731:desegregation of schools
677:Fair Labor Standards Act
667:. Byrnes championed the
611:Miles Benjamin McSweeney
7680:Time Person of the Year
4063:The Apollo 8 Astronauts
3151:Ward, Patricia Dawson.
3137:Morgan, Jr., Curtis F.
3102:Congressional Quarterly
3093:, a scholarly biography
3051:Oxford University Press
2988:Federal Judicial Center
2986:, a publication of the
2690:Harry S. Truman: A Life
2309:Wallace, David Duncan.
2014:. Office of the Clerk.
2008:"Byrnes, James Francis"
1644:House Democratic Caucus
1546:desegregate its schools
1443:economic reconstruction
1037:in the state with him.
787:"Pitchfork Ben" Tillman
589:U.S. Secretary of State
7552:
6872:
5994:Lewis B. Schwellenbach
4022:Martin Luther King Jr.
3031:Byrnes, James (1958).
3022:Byrnes, James (1947).
1710:Duncan, South Carolina
1583:Later political career
1521:
1406:
1393:, Russian interpreter
1349:Paris Peace Conference
1265:Walter S. Carpenter Jr
1129:
1116:
1104:
1088:
1067:: Sitting (from left)
1025:, defeat Smith in the
995:on several occasions.
977:conservative Democrats
942:
844:tantamount to election
679:, which established a
595:. Byrnes was also the
473:, South Carolina, U.S.
305:James Clark McReynolds
7551:
6871:
6719:Edward Douglass White
5949:Secretary of Commerce
5868:Secretary of the Navy
5672:Edward Stettinius Jr.
4479:The Good Samaritans:
3776:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3716:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3700:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3009:June 5, 2011, at the
2179:on December 14, 2008.
1691:Byrnes Auditorium at
1510:
1405:(partially obscured).
1369:
1333:US Secretary of State
1281:University of Chicago
1249:J. Robert Oppenheimer
1127:
1110:
1094:
1063:
937:
795:Aiken, South Carolina
737:Early life and career
700:was nominated by the
665:Franklin D. Roosevelt
324:United States Senator
293:Franklin D. Roosevelt
239:Franklin D. Roosevelt
174:Franklin D. Roosevelt
133:Edward Stettinius Jr.
6751:Charles Evans Hughes
5763:Secretary of Defense
5709:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
4596:The Silence Breakers
4463:The American Soldier
4444:The Whistleblowers:
4302:The Endangered Earth
4084:The Middle Americans
4038:William Westmoreland
3931:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3800:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3175:(Potsdam Conference)
3169:on the subjects of:
3127:6.3 (2008): 290β304.
2978:James Francis Byrnes
1397:, Truman naval aide
1097:William Daniel Leahy
1085:William Daniel Leahy
1021:, then the Mayor of
1004:Castigan-Wagner bill
785:and former governor
530:James Francis Byrnes
440:James Francis Byrnes
251:Position established
198:Position established
6735:William Howard Taft
5963:W. Averell Harriman
5746:Robert P. Patterson
4661:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
3645:Persons of the Year
3045:Abraham, Henry J.,
3033:All in One Lifetime
2893:The Two-Party South
2840:American Presidents
1693:Winthrop University
1548:. Byrnes requested
1475:Iran crisis of 1946
1353:Robert Hugh Ferrell
1341:1947 succession act
1227:, included Byrnes,
1027:1938 Senate primary
856:Good Roads Movement
605:Born and raised in
579:, he served in the
7553:
6889:Associate justices
6873:
5980:Secretary of Labor
5938:Charles F. Brannan
5901:Julius Albert Krug
5857:Jesse M. Donaldson
5851:Robert E. Hannegan
5837:Postmaster General
5826:James P. McGranery
5783:George C. Marshall
5721:John Wesley Snyder
5684:George C. Marshall
5664:Secretary of State
5133:1789–present
5130:Secretary of State
4226:Ayatollah Khomeini
3891:John Foster Dulles
3506:Political offices
3428:Served alongside:
3181:Morgan, Curtis F.
3171:(Yalta Conference)
3144:Robertson, David.
3130:Messer, Robert L.
3075:(1961). pp 223β44.
2720:Ferrell, Robert H.
1766:, Episodes 2 and 3
1700:Clemson University
1529:separate but equal
1451:Viacheslav Molotov
1407:
1379:Potsdam Conference
1345:Potsdam Conference
1323:Secretary of State
1273:George C. Marshall
1245:William L. Clayton
1182:racial integration
1166:William O. Douglas
1130:
1117:
1105:
1101:Vyacheslav Molotov
1089:
1077:Vyacheslav Molotov
1065:Potsdam Conference
965:court packing plan
921:Franklin Roosevelt
810:Miles B. McSweeney
791:a newspaper editor
727:separate but equal
709:Potsdam Conference
642:domestic-terrorist
585:U.S. Supreme Court
575:. A member of the
210:John Wesley Snyder
7562:
7561:
7558:
7557:
6878:
6877:
6831:William Rehnquist
6531:
6530:
6009:
6008:
5969:Charles W. Sawyer
5926:Claude R. Wickard
5820:J. Howard McGrath
5580:
5579:
5054:
5053:
4683:
4682:
4665:Spirit of Ukraine
4365:Pope John Paul II
4342:The Peacemakers:
4318:George H. W. Bush
4310:Mikhail Gorbachev
4294:Mikhail Gorbachev
4138:Susan Brownmiller
4054:Lyndon B. Johnson
4030:Lyndon B. Johnson
3939:U.S. Scientists:
3923:Charles de Gaulle
3915:Nikita Khrushchev
3867:Mohammed Mosaddeq
3840:Winston Churchill
3768:Winston Churchill
3660:Charles Lindbergh
3609:
3608:
3600:Succeeded by
3573:Succeeded by
3559:Edward Stettinius
3546:Succeeded by
3526:Succeeded by
3496:Succeeded by
3464:Succeeded by
3436:Succeeded by
3426:1931β1941
3395:Succeeded by
3362:Succeeded by
3310:Succeeded by
3118:978-1-56802-126-3
2865:978-0-230-61138-2
2819:George Lenczowski
2813:Harry S. Truman,
2735:978-0-8262-1119-4
2704:978-0-8262-6045-1
2685:Robert H. Ferrell
2656:978-0-375-50915-5
2557:McCullough, David
2498:"James F. Byrnes"
2418:978-1-4000-6964-4
2206:978-0-8078-4838-8
2139:978-0-8147-7208-9
1952:978-1-61117-300-0
1942:Deadly Censorship
1832:David Robertson,
1727:Electoral history
1597:Dwight Eisenhower
1560:Thurgood Marshall
1467:Moscow Conference
1361:Benjamin V. Cohen
1357:Donald S. Russell
1313:Christopher Nolan
1305:In the 2023 film
1269:James A. Rafferty
1241:Ralph Austin Bard
1218:Manhattan Project
1191:Winston Churchill
1125:
1035:political machine
1019:Burnet R. Maybank
1015:"Cotton Ed" Smith
993:Charles Lindbergh
868:Nathaniel B. Dial
842:, which was then
836:US Representative
789:), for murdering
639:white-supremacist
527:
526:
187:
179:
7722:
7615:Benjamin Tillman
7541:
7441:
7295:
7233:
7189:
6905:
6884:
6883:
6815:Warren E. Burger
6623:Oliver Ellsworth
6574:
6573:
6564:Justices of the
6558:
6551:
6544:
6535:
6534:
6526:
6525:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6013:
6012:
6000:Maurice J. Tobin
5957:Henry A. Wallace
5932:Clinton Anderson
5907:Oscar L. Chapman
5800:Attorney General
5789:Robert A. Lovett
5777:Louis A. Johnson
5740:Henry L. Stimson
5732:Secretary of War
5657:
5656:
5644:Alben W. Barkley
5607:
5600:
5593:
5584:
5583:
5123:
5122:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5058:
5057:
4903:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4668:
4656:
4648:
4636:
4628:
4626:
4599:
4591:
4583:
4575:
4573:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4491:
4474:
4466:
4458:
4456:
4439:
4436:Rudolph Giuliani
4420:
4412:
4404:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4358:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4186:
4184:
4170:Billie Jean King
4136:American Women:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4077:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3999:
3981:William Shockley
3957:Joshua Lederberg
3953:Donald A. Glaser
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3603:George Timmerman
3583:Preceded by
3556:Preceded by
3537:Director of the
3517:Director of the
3482:James McReynolds
3479:Preceded by
3446:Preceded by
3412:Preceded by
3398:George Timmerman
3372:Preceded by
3325:Preceded by
3304:
3285:Preceded by
3275:
3274:
3248:Internet Archive
3238:Internet Archive
3228:Internet Archive
3198:
3196:
3194:
3167:Speaking Frankly
3096:Cushman, Clare,
3025:Speaking Frankly
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2932:
2926:
2916:
2910:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2849:
2843:
2832:
2826:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2752:. March 7, 2015.
2746:
2740:
2739:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2660:
2642:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2591:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2553:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2430:
2421:
2408:Herman, Arthur.
2406:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2354:. BookRags.com.
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2330:on July 18, 2012
2320:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2052:Pope, Thomas H.
2050:
2044:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1652:Preston Callison
1648:special election
1595:Byrnes endorsed
1519:
1293:Glenn T. Seaborg
1225:Henry L. Stimson
1186:Yalta Conference
1162:Henry A. Wallace
1126:
1052:of any justice.
1006:of 1935 and the
958:Great Depression
814:read for the law
779:James H. Tillman
747:Sir John Stawell
694:Henry A. Wallace
623:Benjamin Tillman
591:under President
577:Democratic Party
568:
563:
562:
559:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
539:
519:
505:
503:
474:
466:
449:
447:
431:Personal details
417:
405:
396:
386:
375:
360:
348:
339:
313:
301:
289:
280:
259:
247:
228:
216:Director of the
206:
194:
185:
177:
163:
151:Director of the
141:
129:
110:
88:
76:
59:
35:
21:
20:
7730:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7565:
7564:
7563:
7554:
7543:
7542:
7536:
7534:
7436:
7377:J. M. Harlan II
7290:
7228:
7184:
6900:
6891:
6874:
6863:
6862:
6767:Harlan F. Stone
6703:Melville Fuller
6671:Salmon P. Chase
6581:
6568:
6562:
6532:
6527:
6523:
6518:
6045:
6040:
6010:
6005:
5988:Frances Perkins
5974:
5943:
5912:
5895:Harold L. Ickes
5881:
5876:James Forrestal
5862:
5845:Frank C. Walker
5831:
5794:
5771:James Forrestal
5757:
5726:
5695:
5678:James F. Byrnes
5658:
5654:
5649:
5624:
5621:Harry S. Truman
5611:
5581:
5576:
5567:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5099:1781–1789
5098:
5090:
5085:
5055:
5050:
4904:
4895:
4719:
4714:
4684:
4679:
4671:
4659:
4651:
4639:
4631:
4606:Jamal Khashoggi
4604:The Guardians:
4603:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4561:
4560:
4552:
4544:
4536:
4530:Mark Zuckerberg
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4478:
4477:
4469:
4461:
4454:Sherron Watkins
4443:
4442:
4434:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4341:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4270:Peter Ueberroth
4268:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4189:
4142:Kathleen Byerly
4135:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4108:Henry Kissinger
4106:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4061:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4014:Pope John XXIII
4012:
4006:John F. Kennedy
4004:
3997:Robert Woodward
3993:James Van Allen
3938:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3883:Konrad Adenauer
3881:
3873:
3865:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3832:Harry S. Truman
3830:
3824:George Marshall
3822:
3816:James F. Byrnes
3814:
3808:Harry S. Truman
3806:
3798:
3792:George Marshall
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3740:Chiang Kai-shek
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3708:Hugh S. Johnson
3706:
3698:
3690:
3684:Mohandas Gandhi
3682:
3674:
3668:Walter Chrysler
3666:
3658:
3647:
3639:
3605:
3596:
3588:
3578:
3576:George Marshall
3569:
3561:
3551:
3542:
3531:
3522:
3501:
3492:
3484:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3441:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3400:
3389:
3377:
3367:
3352:
3345:
3330:
3315:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3288:James Patterson
3260:Wayback Machine
3192:
3190:
3189:on July 5, 2008
3162:
3087:James F. Byrnes
3085:Curry, George.
3042:
3040:Further reading
3019:
3017:Primary sources
3011:Wayback Machine
2972:Wayback Machine
2960:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2900:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2866:
2850:
2846:
2833:
2829:
2812:
2808:
2777:Stone, David R.
2774:
2770:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2682:
2678:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2643:
2639:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2588:
2574:
2570:
2554:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2466:
2462:
2447:10.2307/2700719
2431:
2424:
2407:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2247:Simon, Bryant.
2246:
2239:
2231:Simon, Bryant.
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2207:
2191:
2184:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1675:
1625:Barry Goldwater
1585:
1520:
1518:James F. Byrnes
1517:
1498:
1490:Man of the Year
1483:Morgenthau Plan
1439:Morgenthau Plan
1412:Yalta Agreement
1377:meeting at the
1371:Harry S. Truman
1325:
1261:Ernest Lawrence
1237:Karl T. Compton
1214:
1178:organized labor
1170:Harry S. Truman
1119:
1058:
917:John C. Calhoun
864:
803:Episcopalianism
799:Catholic Church
739:
698:Harry S. Truman
653:George E. Mowry
593:Harry S. Truman
566:
543:
534:
533:
507:
504: 1906)
499:
495:
479:Political party
469:
468:
464:
451:
445:
443:
442:
441:
415:
409:James Patterson
403:
397:
392:
376:
371:
364:Alva M. Lumpkin
358:
346:
340:
335:
326:
311:
299:
287:
281:
276:
257:
245:
229:
224:
204:
192:
184:
182:Harry S. Truman
180:
176:
164:
159:
145:George Marshall
139:
127:
121:Harry S. Truman
111:
106:
86:
74:
60:
55:
38:
26:
25:James F. Byrnes
17:
12:
11:
5:
7728:
7718:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7560:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7546:
7544:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7531:(2022βpresent)
7526:
7525:(2020βpresent)
7520:
7519:(2018βpresent)
7514:
7513:(2017βpresent)
7508:
7507:(2010βpresent)
7502:
7501:(2009βpresent)
7496:
7495:(2006βpresent)
7490:
7484:
7478:
7477:(1991βpresent)
7472:
7466:
7460:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7380:
7374:
7368:
7362:
7356:
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7344:
7338:
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7326:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7234:
7226:
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7182:
7176:
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7038:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7002:
6996:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6897:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6844:
6828:
6812:
6796:
6783:Fred M. Vinson
6780:
6764:
6748:
6732:
6716:
6700:
6687:Morrison Waite
6684:
6668:
6655:Roger B. Taney
6652:
6636:
6620:
6604:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6579:Chief justices
6570:
6569:
6561:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6538:
6529:
6528:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6339:Richardson III
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6039:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6016:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5984:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5953:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5904:
5898:
5891:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5872:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5841:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5808:Francis Biddle
5804:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5767:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5718:
5715:Fred M. Vinson
5712:
5705:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5668:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5641:
5634:
5632:
5630:Vice President
5626:
5625:
5610:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5587:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5092:
5091:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5061:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4669:
4657:
4649:
4637:
4633:Greta Thunberg
4629:
4600:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4563:Ebola Fighters
4558:
4550:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4506:Vladimir Putin
4502:
4494:
4475:
4471:George W. Bush
4467:
4459:
4446:Cynthia Cooper
4440:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4417:George W. Bush
4413:
4405:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4352:Nelson Mandela
4348:F. W. de Klerk
4338:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4286:Corazon Aquino
4282:
4274:
4266:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4166:Barbara Jordan
4132:
4124:
4116:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4067:William Anders
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3989:Charles Townes
3969:Edward Purcell
3945:Charles Draper
3935:
3927:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3899:Harlow Curtice
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3744:Soong Mei-ling
3736:
3732:Wallis Simpson
3728:
3724:Haile Selassie
3720:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3589:
3586:Strom Thurmond
3584:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3571:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3499:Wiley Rutledge
3497:
3494:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3474:Legal offices
3471:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3418:
3415:Coleman Blease
3413:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3378:
3375:Strom Thurmond
3373:
3369:
3368:
3365:Burnet Maybank
3363:
3360:
3343:South Carolina
3331:
3328:Coleman Blease
3326:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3178:
3165:Excerpts from
3161:
3160:External links
3158:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3094:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
2998:
2991:
2975:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2927:
2911:
2898:
2883:
2864:
2844:
2827:
2806:
2768:
2755:
2741:
2734:
2710:
2703:
2676:
2655:
2637:
2629:Gar Alperovitz
2620:
2611:
2604:
2586:
2568:
2541:
2515:
2489:
2460:
2422:
2398:
2383:. Shmoop.com.
2369:
2341:
2315:
2302:
2279:
2253:
2237:
2224:
2205:
2182:
2157:
2138:
2118:
2107:
2098:
2071:
2058:
2045:
2029:
1996:
1970:
1951:
1931:
1920:(7): 393β395.
1904:
1895:
1886:
1860:
1838:
1836:(1994), p. 126
1825:
1800:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1731:Main article:
1728:
1725:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1674:
1671:
1633:Strom Thurmond
1584:
1581:
1525:segregationist
1515:
1497:
1494:
1431:Lucius D. Clay
1324:
1321:
1311:, directed by
1253:Arthur Compton
1213:
1210:
1154:vice president
1069:Clement Attlee
1057:
1054:
1002:, notably the
981:United Kingdom
910:Bernard Baruch
883:Roman Catholic
872:Coleman Blease
863:
860:
852:Woodrow Wilson
767:Frank J. Hogan
738:
735:
661:Lyndon Johnson
619:Woodrow Wilson
573:South Carolina
525:
524:
521:
520:
513:
509:
508:
497:
493:
492:
490:
486:
485:
480:
476:
475:
467:(aged 89)
461:
457:
456:
439:
437:
433:
432:
428:
427:
424:
423:
418:
412:
411:
406:
400:
399:
389:
388:
379:South Carolina
370:Member of the
367:
366:
361:
355:
354:
349:
343:
342:
332:
331:
329:South Carolina
320:
319:
317:Wiley Rutledge
314:
308:
307:
302:
296:
295:
290:
284:
283:
273:
272:
266:
265:
263:Fred M. Vinson
260:
254:
253:
248:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
221:
220:
213:
212:
207:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
171:
167:
166:
156:
155:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
103:
102:
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
80:Strom Thurmond
77:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
52:
51:
44:
43:
40:
39:
37:Byrnes in 1941
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7727:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7550:
7540:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7440:* (1972β1986)
7439:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7396:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7294:* (1925β1941)
7293:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7232:* (1910β1916)
7231:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7188:* (1894β1910)
7187:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6904:* (1790β1791)
6903:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6885:
6881:
6870:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6639:John Marshall
6637:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6608:
6607:John Rutledge
6605:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6559:
6554:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6219:Richardson II
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6119:J. Richardson
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6032:
6030:
6025:
6023:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5855:
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5280:Frelinghuysen
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5106:R. Livingston
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4645:Kamala Harris
4642:
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4624:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4597:
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4589:
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4580:Angela Merkel
4577:
4572:
4571:Salome Karwah
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4538:The Protester
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4489:Melinda Gates
4486:
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4476:
4472:
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4464:
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4455:
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4450:Coleen Rowley
4447:
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4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4373:Newt Gingrich
4370:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4356:Yitzhak Rabin
4353:
4349:
4345:
4344:Yasser Arafat
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4278:Deng Xiaoping
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4262:Yuri Andropov
4259:
4258:Ronald Reagan
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4234:Ronald Reagan
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4218:Deng Xiaoping
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
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4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4112:Richard Nixon
4109:
4105:
4101:
4100:Richard Nixon
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3985:Edward Teller
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3965:Linus Pauling
3962:
3961:Willard Libby
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3941:George Beadle
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3875:Elizabeth II
3872:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3784:Joseph Stalin
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3760:Joseph Stalin
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
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3693:
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3681:
3677:
3676:Owen D. Young
3673:
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3459:
3458:
3455:Chair of the
3450:
3449:John Townsend
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3110:1-56802-126-7
3107:
3104:Books, 2001)
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3084:
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3074:
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3067:
3063:
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3059:0-19-506557-3
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2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1923:
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1864:
1853:September 16,
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1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:Albert Watson
1636:
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1618:
1614:
1613:Richard Nixon
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1580:
1578:
1577:1954 election
1574:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1555:amicus curiae
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1420:
1415:
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1396:
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1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:Joseph Stalin
1372:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:, chaired by
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:Vannevar Bush
1226:
1221:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1199:U.S. Congress
1196:
1195:Joseph Stalin
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:1946 newsreel
1114:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1081:Joseph Stalin
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:Byrnes as an
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:Olin Johnston
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
954:hydroelectric
951:
950:Santee Cooper
947:
941:
936:
935:, promising:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
895:anti-Catholic
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
859:
857:
853:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
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792:
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780:
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728:
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695:
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628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:U.S. Congress
578:
574:
570:
569:
561:
537:
531:
522:
518:
514:
510:
491:
487:
484:
481:
477:
472:
463:April 9, 1972
462:
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413:
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93:
90:
84:
81:
78:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
7538:
7340:
7237:Van Devanter
7125:J. M. Harlan
6854:
6851:2005βpresent
6847:John Roberts
6838:
6822:
6806:
6790:
6774:
6758:
6742:
6726:
6710:
6694:
6678:
6662:
6646:
6630:
6614:
6598:
6448:
5814:Tom C. Clark
5690:Dean Acheson
5677:
5637:
5379:
4850:
4673:Taylor Swift
4621:
4588:Donald Trump
4567:Kent Brantly
4554:Pope Francis
4546:Barack Obama
4522:Ben Bernanke
4514:Barack Obama
4428:2001βpresent
4397:Bill Clinton
4389:Andrew Grove
4334:Bill Clinton
4250:The Computer
4202:Jimmy Carter
4178:Carol Sutton
4146:Alison Cheek
4092:Willy Brandt
4071:Frank Borman
3977:Emilio Segrè
3815:
3752:Adolf Hitler
3692:Pierre Laval
3642:
3591:
3564:
3536:
3516:
3511:
3487:
3454:
3439:Alva Lumpkin
3429:
3420:
3384:nominee for
3380:
3339:U.S. Senator
3337:nominee for
3333:
3293:
3242:A film clip
3232:A film clip
3222:A film clip
3191:. Retrieved
3187:the original
3166:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3097:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3046:
3032:
3024:
3002:
2994:
2981:
2944:. Retrieved
2939:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2892:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2854:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2744:
2723:
2713:
2689:
2679:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2595:
2577:
2571:
2560:
2532:. Retrieved
2527:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2501:
2492:
2468:
2463:
2438:
2434:
2409:
2391:September 6,
2389:. Retrieved
2362:September 6,
2360:. Retrieved
2350:
2344:
2334:September 6,
2332:. Retrieved
2328:the original
2318:
2310:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2282:
2272:February 15,
2270:. Retrieved
2256:
2248:
2235:, p. 208-210
2232:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2195:
2177:the original
2172:
2150:February 23,
2148:. Retrieved
2128:
2121:
2110:
2101:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2020:. Retrieved
2011:
1987:. Retrieved
1973:
1963:February 11,
1961:. Retrieved
1941:
1934:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1841:
1833:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:
1803:
1793:February 15,
1791:. Retrieved
1722:
1715:
1676:
1660:
1637:
1594:
1586:
1570:
1563:
1553:
1533:Ku Klux Klan
1522:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1463:
1447:
1429:." General
1427:West Germany
1419:Ernest Bevin
1416:
1408:
1330:
1326:
1307:
1304:
1297:
1285:James Franck
1257:Enrico Fermi
1233:James Conant
1222:
1215:
1203:
1160:, replacing
1147:
1131:
1115:, July 1945.
1113:Anthony Eden
1073:Ernest Bevin
1056:World War II
1050:the shortest
1039:
1012:
1008:Gavagan bill
997:
985:Nazi Germany
973:minimum wage
962:
946:colonial era
943:
938:
914:
899:
879:Ku Klux Klan
876:
865:
848:
826:
807:
775:stenographer
740:
720:
706:
681:minimum wage
657:John Calhoun
650:
635:Ku Klux Klan
604:
529:
528:
465:(1972-04-09)
416:Succeeded by
393:
359:Succeeded by
336:
312:Succeeded by
288:Nominated by
277:
258:Succeeded by
250:
225:
205:Succeeded by
197:
160:
140:Succeeded by
107:
87:Succeeded by
56:
18:
7580:1972 deaths
7575:1882 births
7489:(1994β2022)
7483:(1993β2020)
7471:(1990β2009)
7465:(1988β2018)
7459:(1986β2016)
7453:(1981β2006)
7447:(1975β2010)
7433:(1972β1987)
7427:(1970β1994)
7421:(1967β1991)
7419:T. Marshall
7415:(1965β1969)
7409:(1962β1965)
7403:(1962β1993)
7397:(1958β1981)
7391:(1957β1962)
7385:(1956β1990)
7379:(1955β1971)
7373:(1949β1956)
7367:(1949β1967)
7361:(1945β1958)
7355:(1943β1949)
7353:W. Rutledge
7349:(1941β1954)
7343:(1941β1942)
7337:(1940β1949)
7331:(1939β1975)
7325:(1939β1962)
7323:Frankfurter
7319:(1938β1957)
7313:(1937β1971)
7307:(1932β1938)
7301:(1930β1945)
7287:(1923β1930)
7281:(1923β1939)
7275:(1922β1938)
7269:(1916β1922)
7263:(1916β1939)
7257:(1914β1941)
7251:(1912β1922)
7245:(1911β1916)
7239:(1911β1937)
7225:(1910β1914)
7219:(1906β1910)
7213:(1903β1922)
7207:(1902β1932)
7201:(1898β1925)
7195:(1896β1909)
7181:(1893β1895)
7175:(1892β1903)
7169:(1891β1906)
7163:(1890β1910)
7157:(1888β1893)
7151:(1882β1893)
7145:(1882β1902)
7139:(1881β1889)
7133:(1881β1887)
7127:(1877β1911)
7121:(1873β1882)
7115:(1870β1892)
7109:(1870β1880)
7103:(1863β1897)
7097:(1862β1877)
7091:(1862β1890)
7085:(1862β1881)
7079:(1858β1881)
7073:(1853β1861)
7067:(1851β1857)
7061:(1846β1870)
7055:(1845β1851)
7049:(1845β1872)
7043:(1842β1860)
7037:(1838β1852)
7031:(1837β1865)
7025:(1836β1841)
7019:(1835β1867)
7013:(1830β1844)
7007:(1829β1861)
7001:(1826β1828)
6995:(1823β1843)
6989:(1812β1845)
6983:(1811β1835)
6977:(1807β1826)
6971:(1807β1823)
6965:(1804β1834)
6959:(1800β1804)
6953:(1798β1829)
6947:(1796β1811)
6941:(1793β1806)
6935:(1792β1793)
6929:(1790β1799)
6923:(1790β1795)
6917:(1789β1798)
6911:(1790β1810)
6902:J. Rutledge
6799:Earl Warren
6439:R. Williams
6384:Manning III
6304:Chamberlain
6189:J. Hamilton
6149:D. Williams
6129:C. Pinckney
6124:P. Hamilton
6109:E. Rutledge
6104:C. Pinckney
6099:Vanderhorst
6089:C. Pinckney
6084:T. Pinckney
6064:J. Rutledge
6054:J. Rutledge
6002:(1948β1953)
5996:(1945β1948)
5971:(1948β1953)
5965:(1946β1948)
5959:(1945β1946)
5940:(1948β1953)
5934:(1945β1948)
5909:(1949β1953)
5903:(1946β1949)
5897:(1945β1946)
5878:(1945β1947)
5859:(1947β1953)
5853:(1945β1947)
5828:(1952β1953)
5822:(1949β1952)
5816:(1945β1949)
5791:(1951β1953)
5785:(1950β1951)
5779:(1949β1950)
5773:(1947β1949)
5748:(1945β1947)
5723:(1946β1953)
5717:(1945β1946)
5692:(1949β1953)
5686:(1947β1949)
5680:(1945β1947)
5646:(1949β1953)
5640:(1945β1949)
5623:(1945β1953)
5450:Christopher
5445:Eagleburger
5385:G. Marshall
5155:J. Marshall
4796:De Saussure
4623:The Capital
4620:/ Staff of
4618:Kyaw Soe Oo
4610:Maria Ressa
4242:Lech WaΕΔsa
4210:Anwar Sadat
4182:Addie Wyatt
4174:Susie Sharp
4162:Carla Hills
4158:Ella Grasso
4150:Jill Conway
4128:King Faisal
4120:John Sirica
3973:Isidor Rabi
3949:John Enders
3549:John Snyder
3529:Fred Vinson
3467:Scott Lucas
3406:U.S. Senate
3313:Butler Hare
3049:(New York:
1914:ABA Journal
1818:October 14,
1590:Solid South
1317:Pat Skipper
1308:Oppenheimer
1300:atomic bomb
1289:Leo Szilard
902:Spartanburg
781:(nephew of
673:Axis powers
627:U.S. Senate
583:and on the
494:Maude Busch
450:May 2, 1882
421:Butler Hare
404:Preceded by
347:Preceded by
300:Preceded by
246:Preceded by
193:Preceded by
178:(1943β1945)
128:Preceded by
75:Preceded by
7569:Categories
7529:K. Jackson
7347:R. Jackson
7299:O. Roberts
7273:Sutherland
7255:McReynolds
7179:H. Jackson
7149:Blatchford
6969:Livingston
6963:W. Johnson
6951:Washington
6933:T. Johnson
6269:F. Pickens
6249:J. Manning
6154:A. Pickens
5375:Stettinius
4485:Bill Gates
4409:Jeff Bezos
4326:Ted Turner
4154:Betty Ford
4075:Jim Lovell
3597:1951β1955
3570:1945β1947
3543:1943β1945
3523:1942β1943
3512:New office
3493:1941β1942
3461:1933β1941
3382:Democratic
3335:Democratic
3307:1911β1925
2958:References
2876:August 19,
2022:January 9,
1981:. SCIWAY.
1656:Republican
1605:Harry Byrd
1023:Charleston
944:Since the
891:altar boys
829:Democratic
651:Historian
483:Democratic
446:1882-05-02
66:Lieutenant
7517:Kavanaugh
7499:Sotomayor
7438:Rehnquist
7389:Whittaker
6835:1986β2005
6819:1969β1986
6803:1953β1969
6787:1946β1953
6771:1941β1946
6755:1930β1941
6739:1921β1930
6723:1910β1921
6707:1888β1910
6691:1874β1888
6675:1864β1873
6659:1836β1864
6643:1801β1835
6627:1796β1800
6595:1789β1795
6454:Timmerman
6429:Jefferies
6409:Blackwood
6359:McSweeney
6174:Manning I
6139:Middleton
5618:President
5532:Tillerson
5415:Kissinger
5260:Washburne
5185:Van Buren
5150:Pickering
5140:Jefferson
4981:Patterson
4966:A. Butler
4931:P. Butler
4821:M. Butler
4816:Robertson
4731:P. Butler
4653:Elon Musk
4641:Joe Biden
4401:Ken Starr
4194:1976β2000
3859:1951β1975
3652:1927β1950
3053:, 1992).
2801:155033071
2665:cite book
2485:646810103
1879:April 19,
1771:Footnotes
1513:governor.
1042:nominated
887:Episcopal
818:solicitor
512:Signature
394:In office
337:In office
278:In office
235:President
226:In office
170:President
161:In office
117:President
108:In office
57:In office
7481:Ginsburg
7451:O'Connor
7425:Blackmun
7407:Goldberg
7401:B. White
7261:Brandeis
7243:J. Lamar
7186:E. White
7155:L. Lamar
7137:Matthews
7077:Clifford
7071:Campbell
7053:Woodbury
7035:McKinley
6993:Thompson
6945:S. Chase
6939:Paterson
6591:John Jay
6514:McMaster
6489:Campbell
6459:Hollings
6444:Thurmond
6434:Johnston
6414:Johnston
6404:Richards
6334:Sheppard
6329:Thompson
6239:Seabrook
6199:McDuffie
6094:Moultrie
6079:Moultrie
5462:Albright
5220:Buchanan
5145:Randolph
5036:Hollings
5026:Johnston
5016:E. Smith
5001:McLaurin
4961:McDuffie
4946:W. Smith
4936:Gaillard
4886:Thurmond
4876:Thurmond
4806:A. Hayne
4786:Barnwell
4761:R. Hayne
4756:W. Smith
4741:Pinckney
4381:David Ho
3431:Ed Smith
3256:Archived
3007:Archived
2968:Archived
2946:March 2,
2870:Archived
2834:Truman,
2687:(1994).
2559:(1992).
2534:March 2,
2508:March 2,
2385:Archived
2356:Archived
2295:April 1,
2251:, p. 212
2217:July 10,
2211:Archived
2144:Archived
2093:27570082
2056:. p. 110
2016:Archived
1989:July 10,
1983:Archived
1957:Archived
1926:25714990
1873:Archived
1738:See also
1538:Jim Crow
1516:β
1455:Bulgaria
1399:Vardaman
1337:Hirohito
1174:Missouri
983:against
940:country.
929:New Deal
906:Piedmont
820:for the
711:and the
688:and the
669:New Deal
471:Columbia
387:district
7523:Barrett
7511:Gorsuch
7463:Kennedy
7445:Stevens
7395:Stewart
7383:Brennan
7329:Douglas
7305:Cardozo
7285:Sanford
7199:McKenna
7193:Peckham
7113:Bradley
7023:Barbour
7011:Baldwin
6999:Trimble
6927:Iredell
6909:Cushing
6504:Sanford
6494:Beasley
6479:Edwards
6464:Russell
6419:Maybank
6364:Heyward
6354:Ellerbe
6344:Tillman
6314:Simpson
6309:Hampton
6279:Magrath
6259:Allston
6234:Johnson
6224:Hammond
6214:Henagan
6164:Bennett
6134:Drayton
6114:Drayton
6074:Guerard
6069:Mathews
6059:Lowndes
5614:Cabinet
5556:Blinken
5503:Clinton
5390:Acheson
5365:Stimson
5360:Kellogg
5345:Lansing
5310:Sherman
5300:Gresham
5235:Everett
5230:Webster
5225:Clayton
5215:Calhoun
5205:Webster
5200:Forsyth
5160:Madison
5031:Russell
5006:Latimer
4986:Hampton
4971:Hammond
4956:Preston
4926:Colhoun
4909:Class 3
4881:Wofford
4866:Maybank
4856:Lumpkin
4836:Pollock
4826:Tillman
4811:Chesnut
4776:Calhoun
4766:Calhoun
4724:Class 2
4614:Wa Lone
3348:Class 2
3193:June 9,
3089:(1965)
2980:at the
2722:(ed.).
2455:2700719
1504:in the
1459:Romania
1391:Vaughan
1387:Molotov
1383:Gromyko
1279:of the
971:, as a
832:primary
783:Senator
506:
498:
7487:Breyer
7475:Thomas
7469:Souter
7457:Scalia
7431:Powell
7413:Fortas
7371:Minton
7359:Burton
7341:Byrnes
7335:Murphy
7279:Butler
7267:Clarke
7249:Pitney
7230:Hughes
7223:Lurton
7205:Holmes
7173:Shiras
7161:Brewer
7107:Strong
7089:Miller
7083:Swayne
7065:Curtis
7047:Nelson
7041:Daniel
7029:Catron
7005:McLean
6981:Duvall
6915:Wilson
6499:Hodges
6469:McNair
6449:Byrnes
6424:Harley
6399:McLeod
6394:Harvey
6389:Cooper
6374:Blease
6324:Hagood
6274:Bonham
6204:Butler
6184:Miller
6179:Taylor
6169:Wilson
6159:Geddes
6144:Alston
5990:(1945)
5928:(1945)
5847:(1945)
5810:(1945)
5754:(1947)
5742:(1945)
5711:(1945)
5674:(1945)
5544:Pompeo
5508:tenure
5491:tenure
5474:Powell
5435:Shultz
5425:Muskie
5410:Rogers
5400:Herter
5395:Dulles
5380:Byrnes
5355:Hughes
5295:Foster
5290:Blaine
5285:Bayard
5275:Blaine
5270:Evarts
5255:Seward
5210:Upshur
5195:McLane
5170:Monroe
5041:DeMint
4976:Sawyer
4951:Miller
4941:Harper
4891:Graham
4871:Daniel
4851:Byrnes
4846:Blease
4781:Elmore
4751:Taylor
4746:Sumter
4736:Hunter
4675:(2023)
4667:(2022)
4655:(2021)
4647:(2020)
4635:(2019)
4627:(2018)
4598:(2017)
4590:(2016)
4582:(2015)
4574:(2014)
4556:(2013)
4548:(2012)
4540:(2011)
4532:(2010)
4524:(2009)
4516:(2008)
4508:(2007)
4500:(2006)
4492:(2005)
4473:(2004)
4465:(2003)
4457:(2002)
4438:(2001)
4419:(2000)
4411:(1999)
4403:(1998)
4391:(1997)
4383:(1996)
4375:(1995)
4367:(1994)
4359:(1993)
4336:(1992)
4328:(1991)
4320:(1990)
4312:(1989)
4304:(1988)
4296:(1987)
4288:(1986)
4280:(1985)
4272:(1984)
4264:(1983)
4252:(1982)
4244:(1981)
4236:(1980)
4228:(1979)
4220:(1978)
4212:(1977)
4204:(1976)
4185:(1975)
4130:(1974)
4122:(1973)
4114:(1972)
4102:(1971)
4094:(1970)
4086:(1969)
4078:(1968)
4056:(1967)
4048:(1966)
4040:(1965)
4032:(1964)
4024:(1963)
4016:(1962)
4008:(1961)
4000:(1960)
3933:(1959)
3925:(1958)
3917:(1957)
3909:(1956)
3901:(1955)
3893:(1954)
3885:(1953)
3877:(1952)
3869:(1951)
3850:(1950)
3842:(1949)
3834:(1948)
3826:(1947)
3818:(1946)
3810:(1945)
3802:(1944)
3794:(1943)
3786:(1942)
3778:(1941)
3770:(1940)
3762:(1939)
3754:(1938)
3746:(1937)
3734:(1936)
3726:(1935)
3718:(1934)
3710:(1933)
3702:(1932)
3694:(1931)
3686:(1930)
3678:(1929)
3670:(1928)
3662:(1927)
3299:from
3155:(1979)
3148:(1994)
3134:(1982)
3116:
3108:
3091:online
3082:(1982)
3068:(1999)
3057:
2942:. 2024
2862:
2842:, p.11
2825:, p.10
2799:
2732:
2701:
2697:β237.
2653:
2602:
2584:
2562:Truman
2530:. 2024
2504:. 2024
2483:
2475:
2453:
2416:
2203:
2136:
2091:
1949:
1924:
1673:Legacy
1623:, and
1550:Kansas
1401:, and
1395:Bohlen
1347:, the
1267:. and
1193:, and
489:Spouse
455:, U.S.
186:(1945)
47:104th
7505:Kagan
7493:Alito
7365:Clark
7311:Black
7292:Stone
7217:Moody
7167:Brown
7131:Woods
7101:Field
7095:Davis
7059:Grier
7017:Wayne
6987:Story
6957:Moore
6921:Blair
6856:cases
6840:cases
6824:cases
6808:cases
6792:cases
6776:cases
6760:cases
6744:cases
6728:cases
6712:cases
6696:cases
6680:cases
6664:cases
6648:cases
6632:cases
6616:cases
6600:cases
6509:Haley
6484:Riley
6379:Smith
6369:Ansel
6349:Evans
6319:Jeter
6299:Moses
6294:Scott
6284:Perry
6254:Adams
6244:Means
6229:Aiken
6209:Noble
6194:Hayne
5561:trips
5549:trips
5537:trips
5525:trips
5520:Kerry
5513:trips
5496:trips
5479:trips
5467:trips
5455:trips
5440:Baker
5420:Vance
5350:Colby
5340:Bryan
5330:Bacon
5305:Olney
5250:Black
5240:Marcy
5175:Adams
5165:Smith
5046:Scott
4996:Earle
4916:Izard
4861:Peace
4831:Benet
4801:Evans
4791:Rhett
4771:Huger
3341:from
2797:S2CID
2451:JSTOR
2266:(PDF)
2089:JSTOR
1922:JSTOR
1542:NAACP
1287:with
989:Japan
838:from
597:104th
567:BURNZ
500:(
496:
377:from
327:from
98:49th
7317:Reed
7143:Gray
7119:Hunt
6975:Todd
6611:1795
6474:West
6264:Gist
5638:None
5486:Rice
5430:Haig
5405:Rusk
5370:Hull
5335:Knox
5325:Root
5265:Fish
5245:Cass
5180:Clay
5021:Hall
5011:Gary
4991:Irby
4921:Read
4841:Dial
4481:Bono
3643:Time
3391:1950
3358:1936
3354:1930
3195:2008
3114:ISBN
3106:ISBN
3055:ISBN
2948:2024
2878:2015
2860:ISBN
2730:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2671:link
2651:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2582:ISBN
2536:2024
2510:2024
2481:OCLC
2473:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2393:2012
2364:2012
2336:2012
2297:2022
2274:2022
2219:2012
2201:ISBN
2173:Time
2152:2017
2134:ISBN
2024:2012
1991:2012
1965:2016
1947:ISBN
1881:2015
1855:2012
1820:2022
1795:2022
1629:1964
1621:1968
1619:and
1617:1960
1609:1956
1601:1952
1571:The
1488:TIME
1471:Iran
1457:and
1403:Ross
1373:and
1359:and
1291:and
1259:and
1152:for
933:1936
834:for
761:and
753:and
659:and
637:, a
460:Died
436:Born
7211:Day
6289:Orr
5616:of
5320:Hay
5315:Day
5111:Jay
4498:You
2789:doi
2695:236
2443:doi
1708:in
1665:in
1627:in
1615:in
1607:in
1599:in
1172:of
801:to
733:.
551:ΙΛr
384:2nd
381:'s
7571::
6853:,
6837:,
6821:,
6805:,
6789:,
6773:,
6757:,
6741:,
6725:,
6709:,
6693:,
6677:,
6661:,
6645:,
6629:,
6613:,
6597:,
4663:/
4643:/
4616:/
4612:/
4608:/
4487:/
4483:/
4452:/
4448:/
4399:/
4354:/
4350:/
4346:/
4260:/
4180:/
4176:/
4172:/
4168:/
4164:/
4160:/
4156:/
4152:/
4148:/
4144:/
4140:/
4110:/
4073:/
4069:/
4065::
3995:/
3991:/
3987:/
3983:/
3979:/
3975:/
3971:/
3967:/
3963:/
3959:/
3955:/
3951:/
3947:/
3943:/
3742:/
3356:,
3350:)
3173:,
3112:;
2938:.
2868:.
2821:,
2795:.
2785:17
2783:.
2667:}}
2663:{{
2631:,
2544:^
2526:.
2500:.
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