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438:, that would transport people to the California gold fields. Toward this end, on December 31, 1851, Gadsden asked Green to secure from the California state legislature a large land grant located between the 34th and 36th parallels; it would eventually serve as the dividing line for the two California states.
499:
In the fall of 1856 Gadsden retired as minister to Mexico, and returned to
Charleston where he died in 1858. The sectional crisis of the late 1850s and subsequent Civil War delayed construction of a proposed southern transcontinental railroad to California along the 32d parallel, just to the north
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company from 1840 to 1850. When first completed in 1833, the line was the longest railroad in the world under one management. As an engineer he directed the construction of the branch to
Columbia, completed 1842, surveyed a proposed extension to the Ohio River, and helped promote the Memphis &
445:
submitted a petition to the
California legislature for permanent citizenship and permission to establish a rural district that would be farmed by "not less than Two Thousand of their African Domestics". The petition stimulated some debate, but it finally expired in committee.
571:. Most of the land south of Phoenix where tentative plans had been made to build a transcontinental railroad is desert land that is not suitable for much human inhabitation. Nearly all of this federally owned land was eventually reserved as a large, sparsely inhabited
430:, attempted to divide California in two. They proposed that the southern half would allow slavery. Gadsden planned to establish a slaveholding colony there based on rice, cotton, and sugar. He would use slave labor to build a railroad and highway, originating in either
468:
appointed
Gadsden as the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico, with instructions to purchase more land from Mexico as part of a settlement of the Mesilla controversy, for the prospective railroad route across southernmost parts of what are today
391:, and then through Mexico to the coast, in what in a few years would be newly acquired American land, after the 1846–1848 war with Mexico. In 1852, the SCRR followed the philosophy laid out by Gadsden during his tenure and moved the railroad's terminus from
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Gadsden next decided to quit the U.S. Army, and became a planter in
Florida; he served in the Florida Territorial Legislature. Gadsden was appointed as a commissioner during 1823 to help with the organization and the expulsion of most of the
402:
that had been signed and ratified by the United States and Mexico during 1848. Gadsden would play an important role in revising the boundary, with the aim to build a southern transcontinental railroad (see below and the article on the
520:. Completed October 25, 1882, this line was later acquired by the Southern Pacific. Today, the rail link across the Gadsden Purchase on the southern transcontinental is one of the busiest in the Western Hemisphere.
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Charleston
Railroad, incorporated 1845 (completed in 1857, it was the first U.S. railroad link between the Atlantic and the Mississippi River, but long after Gadsden had turned his attention elsewhere).
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of the U.S. Army from August 13, 1821 – March 22, 1822. Between 1853 and 1856, he served as U.S. Minister to Mexico. He was known commonly as
General Gadsden, although he never had a rank above
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for the purchase of more land from Mexico for southmost New Mexico and
Arizona, and by establishing the boundary between the United States and Mexico as two long line segments between the
367:. He urged Georgia and South Carolina to abandon their rivalry and to "discover their true policy in the harmony of a free and unrestricted trade." A late 1840s map shows this
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Slavery, Scandal, and Steel Rails, the 1854 Gadsden
Purchase and the Building of the Second Transcontinental Railroad Across Arizona and New Mexico Twenty-five Years Later
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508:) built the section of the southern transcontinental between Yuma and El Paso within the Gadsden Purchase territory. At the same time, 1880–1882, the
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was admitted to the Union as a free state. Gadsden considered slavery "a social blessing" and abolitionists "the greatest curse of the nation."
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Following the war between Mexico and the United States, disputes over the boundary line brought the two nations near to renewed conflict in the
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This article is about the
American diplomat born in 1788. For the American diplomat of a similar name born in 1948, see
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completed a transcontinental link through the Gadsden Purchase and then southwest to a terminus at the port of
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in August 1821, but this appointment was not confirmed by the Senate, causing it to expire the following year.
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at the eastern boundary of California. This treaty is known as the "Gadsden Treaty", and it resulted in the
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from Mexico of about 30,000 square miles (78,000 km) of land in northmost Mexico for $ 10,000,000.
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Little is known about the life of Gadsden, especially his early life. It is known that he was born in
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Much of the boundary between the United States and Mexico had been left unreasonably vague by the
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The land bought by the Gadsden Purchase contained the site of Arizona's second largest city,
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would hypothetically have been by way of the southern route from Charleston through Georgia,
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Planting a capitalist south : the transformation of western South Carolina, 1790–1860
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Gadsden successfully performed this mission by negotiating with the Mexican government in
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A few months after this, Gadsden and 1,200 potential settlers from South Carolina and
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Turmoil on the Rio Grande, the Territorial History of the Mesilla Valley, 1846–1865
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Gadsden was buried in St. Philips Church Cemetery in Charleston, South Carolina.
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By 1846, Gadsden and his associates promoted the construction of a southern
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834:. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. pp. 72–76.
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When the secession proposal failed, Gadsden, working with his cousin
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to land reservations that had been reserved for them in what is now
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in December 1812. He served as a commissioned officer commanded by
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is named, pertaining to land which the United States bought from
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During 1850, Gadsden advocated secession by South Carolina when
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675:"The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Gaa to Gagan"
384:
500:
of the Mexican border. Between 1878 and 1881, though, the
621:
The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War.
464:
of New Mexico, north of El Paso. In May 1853, President
148:(May 15, 1788 – December 26, 1858) was an
575:
reservation, testing and combat-practice ranges for the
782:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 16.
732:
The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States
228:, was the fourth Episcopal Bishop of South Carolina.
200:
was named. It is also known that Gadsden earned his
267:(escaped slaves and their descendants) — based in
718:Historical Register and Dictionary of the US Army
152:diplomat, soldier and businessman after whom the
1860:
883:Railroads of Arizona, vol. 1, the Southern Roads
752:
543:, and New Mexico's second largest metro area at
488:at the westmost tip of Texas all the way to the
691:
331:, was named in his honor, and also the city of
188:, during 1788, and that he was grandson of the
1914:Members of the Florida Territorial Legislature
1879:Businesspeople from Charleston, South Carolina
886:. Berkeley, California: Howell North. p.
728:
347:Later, Gadsden served as the president of the
251:. Gadsden served Gen. Jackson both during the
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551:, that later became the metropolitan area of
1909:Inspectors general of the United States Army
939:Inspectors General of the United States Army
859:. New York: iUniverse Inc. pp. passim.
160:, and which became the southern portions of
1904:Adjutants general of the United States Army
1899:Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico
1358:
1344:
930:
916:
695:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1906).
36:
1889:19th-century American railroad executives
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312:from their homes in Florida and southern
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607:Military Reservation of the U.S. Army.
291:at the site of the present-day city of
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879:
854:
585:Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge
510:Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad
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911:
829:
707:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
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1374:United States Ambassadors to Mexico
581:Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument
449:
283:. Gadsden also helped to establish
13:
1840:Adjutant General of the U. S. Army
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613:
14:
1940:
1919:19th-century American legislators
1844:August 13, 1821 – March 22, 1822
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597:Ironwood Forest National Monument
1929:19th-century Florida politicians
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593:Sonoran Desert National Monument
279:. Jackson subsequently named it
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704:New International Encyclopedia
667:
656:. Soylent Communications. 2008
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1:
1924:American proslavery activists
735:. Govt. Print. Off. pp.
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16:American diplomat (1788–1858)
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7:
400:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
226:Christopher Edwards Gadsden
128:Christopher Edwards Gadsden
70:December 26, 1858 (aged 70)
10:
1945:
780:The West the Railroad Made
778:Schwantes, Carlos (2008).
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220:, served two terms as the
190:American Revolutionary War
186:Charleston, South Carolina
168:. James Gadsden served as
59:Charleston, South Carolina
18:
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502:Southern Pacific Railroad
357:transcontinental railroad
275:, to build a fort on the
249:elected president in 1828
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35:
28:
589:Coronado National Forest
830:Kiser, William (2011).
729:Gannett, Henry (1905).
393:Hamburg, South Carolina
349:South Carolina Railroad
329:Gadsden County, Florida
273:Army Corps of Engineers
224:, and another sibling,
216:. One of his siblings,
880:Myrick, David (1975).
855:Devine, David (2004).
698:"Gadsden, James"
679:politicalgraveyard.com
545:Las Cruces, New Mexico
506:Union Pacific Railroad
428:Thomas Jefferson Green
753:Downey, Thomas More.
601:Saguaro National Park
310:Seminole Indian Tribe
759:. pp. 199–203.
289:George Mercer Brooke
424:Isaac Edward Holmes
295:. He was appointed
277:Prospect Bluff site
236:Gadsden joined the
222:Mayor of Charleston
194:Christopher Gadsden
122:Christopher Gadsden
541:Deming, New Mexico
516:, in the state of
343:Railroad executive
335:, and the town of
303:Seminole expulsion
1857:
1856:
1850:Charles J. Nourse
1847:Succeeded by
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504:(now part of the
214:Brothers in Unity
202:bachelor's degree
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1936:
1894:Florida pioneers
1884:Gadsden, Alabama
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494:Gadsden Purchase
456:Gadsden Purchase
450:Gadsden Purchase
405:Gadsden Purchase
337:Gadsden, Arizona
333:Gadsden, Alabama
297:Adjutant General
261:Native Americans
247:, who was later
170:Adjutant General
154:Gadsden Purchase
109:Gadsden Purchase
40:
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21:James I. Gadsden
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614:Further reading
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206:Yale University
196:, for whom the
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462:Mesilla Valley
454:Main article:
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389:El Paso, Texas
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245:Andrew Jackson
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327:Years later
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316:, along the
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281:Fort Gadsden
257:British Army
255:against the
235:
232:Army service
218:John Gadsden
198:Gadsden flag
183:
145:
144:
134:John Gadsden
55:May 15, 1788
46:, circa 1831
1874:1858 deaths
1869:1788 births
1706:Messersmith
1455:G. Thompson
1445:W. Thompson
1150:Chamberlain
965:von Steuben
529:Casa Grande
482:Mexico City
432:San Antonio
377:Mississippi
285:Fort Brooke
253:War of 1812
210:Connecticut
97:businessman
85:Occupations
42:painted by
1863:Categories
1771:Negroponte
1649:Ambassador
1585:Otterbourg
1535:Churchwell
1295:Mikolashek
1230:Richardson
1145:Garlington
955:du Coudray
897:0831071117
866:0595329136
660:2008-02-28
636:References
629:030726520X
619:Richards,
603:, and the
557:Scottsdale
549:Gila River
486:Rio Grande
471:New Mexico
434:or on the
417:California
411:California
166:New Mexico
1686:Sheffield
1590:Rosecrans
1405:Wilkinson
1205:Zimmerman
1080:Mansfield
1070:Churchill
537:Lordsburg
436:Red River
381:Louisiana
359:from the
238:U.S. Army
180:Biography
136:(brother)
130:(brother)
115:Relatives
75:Education
1852:(acting)
1801:Jacobson
1711:Thurston
1676:Fletcher
1666:Thompson
1580:Campbell
1540:Mordecai
1525:Spofford
1505:Conkling
1485:Greenhow
1475:Clifford
1440:Lawrence
1430:Greenhow
1410:Poinsett
1400:Robinson
1388:Minister
1315:Quantock
1305:Whitcomb
1290:Ackerman
1280:Griffith
1265:Thompson
1245:Woodward
1235:Garrison
1220:McDaniel
1180:Peterson
1105:Schriver
1010:Hamilton
975:De Butts
950:La Balme
765:46403540
565:Glendale
369:railroad
361:Atlantic
322:Oklahoma
150:American
91:Diplomat
1811:Salazar
1791:Pascual
1781:Davidow
1766:Pilliod
1741:McBride
1736:Freeman
1716:O'Dwyer
1701:Daniels
1656:Clayton
1640:Clayton
1615:Manning
1610:Jackson
1575:Shufelt
1530:Forsyth
1520:Gadsden
1480:Letcher
1465:Slidell
1460:Shannon
1310:Vangjel
1240:Enemark
1215:Pierson
1170:Preston
1155:Helmick
1095:Sackett
1065:Croghan
1050:Gadsden
1020:Nickoll
1015:Cushing
1005:Cushing
995:Haskell
980:Rudolph
623:(2007)
553:Phoenix
514:Guaymas
475:Arizona
443:Florida
373:Alabama
363:to the
314:Georgia
265:maroons
242:General
174:colonel
162:Arizona
94:soldier
1806:Landau
1691:Morrow
1681:Warren
1671:Wilson
1661:Conger
1635:Ransom
1605:Morgan
1600:Foster
1595:Nelson
1570:Corwin
1565:Weller
1555:McLane
1550:Porter
1510:Cooper
1495:Slacum
1470:Conner
1420:Slacum
1415:Butler
1395:Shaler
1325:Martin
1285:Jordan
1270:Doctor
1260:Trefry
1255:Fuller
1250:Maples
1185:Sultan
1160:Rivers
1140:Burton
1110:Hardie
1075:McCall
1055:Archer
1040:Parker
1035:Winder
1000:Butler
985:Butler
960:Conway
894:
863:
838:
786:
763:
627:
567:, and
531:, and
525:Tucson
383:, and
158:Mexico
61:, U.S.
1796:Wayne
1786:Garza
1776:Jones
1761:Gavin
1751:Lucey
1721:White
1696:Clark
1620:Bragg
1545:Green
1500:Smith
1450:Beach
1435:Ellis
1425:Ellis
1320:Smith
1300:Green
1275:Corns
1210:Ogden
1195:Craig
1190:Wyche
1135:Vroom
1125:Jones
1120:Baird
1115:Davis
1090:Marcy
1085:Scott
1045:Hayne
1025:Smyth
990:Mills
970:North
385:Texas
287:with
204:from
192:hero
1756:Nava
1746:Jova
1731:Mann
1726:Hill
1630:Gray
1625:Ryan
1515:Ward
1490:Goss
1225:Ives
1200:Noce
1175:Reed
1165:Drum
1060:Wool
1030:Pike
892:ISBN
861:ISBN
836:ISBN
784:ISBN
761:OCLC
654:NNDB
625:ISBN
561:Mesa
473:and
164:and
67:Died
52:Born
888:282
737:133
407:).
387:to
208:in
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23:.
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