55:
1036:(Norway), where he by chance meat Anna Trondsen, who had settled herself in the city after having been dismissed by the earl (earlier, in Scotland). Now he had to face a humiliating trial, before he was transferred to Copenhagen, and later became moved to Malmøhus. During this period was it still uncertain whether the new Scottish government would survive or not, and he was a kind of a "hot potato" for (king) Frederik II. When it became clear that Mary Stuart would not be able to return to power, the earl lost all significance and was transferred to Dragsholm Castle (as Zealand) instead, possibly due to have become insane. He died there in April 1578
515:
1212:
1165:
1065:– Swedish Encyklopedia "Nordisk Familjebok", first edition (1880) Article "Malmö"; 25-30 lines from the article name "Malmö", "Inom dess murar hölls grefve Bothwell, Maria Stuarts tredje gemål, en tid som statsfånge" – in English "Within its walls (Malmøhus Castle, as of then) was earl Bothwell, the third husband of Mary Stuart, held as a prisoner of the (Danish) state during some time",
1024:
flyttet til Malmøhus. I denne periode, hvor det endnu var usikkert om den nye skotske regering ville overleve, var jarlen lidt af en politisk varm kartoffel for
Frederik II. Da det viste sig, at Mary Stuart ikke ville komme til magten igen, mistede jarlen sin betydning og blev overført til Dragsholm slot, muligvis fordi han var blevet sindssyg. Der døde han så i april 1578.
663:, while Anna sued him for abandonment and return of her dowry. Anna may have had a soft spot for Orkney, as he persuaded her to take custody of his ship, as compensation. Orkney would have been released, but King Frederick heard that the Scottish government was seeking Orkney for the murder of Darnley, and decided to take him into custody in Denmark.
545:, out of harm's way. She agreed to accompany him and arrived at Dunbar at midnight. There, Mary was taken prisoner by Bothwell and allegedly raped by him to secure marriage to her and the crown (though whether she was his accomplice or his unwilling victim remains a controversial issue). On 12 May the Queen created him
323:, and, as he put it: "The Queen recompensed me more liberally and honourably than I had deserved" – receiving 600 Crowns and the post and salary of gentleman of the French King's Chamber. He visited France again in the spring of 1561, and by 5 July was back in Paris for the third time – this time accompanied by the
704:
In 1858, the body was exhumed and declared to be that of Lord
Bothwell. It was in a dried condition and was thereafter referred to as "Bothwell's mummy". His extended family tried to get his body sent back to Scotland, but their request has not been granted. The identity of the body has never been
1023:
Her begynder det danske forløb. Jarlen blev ført til Bergen, hvor han tilfældigvis stødte på Anna
Trundsen, som havde slået sig ned i byen efter at være blevet droppet af jarlen i Skotland. Nu måtte han igennem en ydmygende retssag, inden han blev ført til København, fængslet på slottet og senere
284:, he said he was out of money and asked Anna to sell all her possessions. She complied and visited her family in Denmark to ask for more money. Anna was unhappy and apparently given to complaining about Bothwell. His treatment of Anna played a part in his eventual downfall.
530:, where the proceedings of Bothwell's trial were officially declared to be just according to the law of the land. On Saturday 19 April 1567, eight bishops, nine earls, and seven Lords of Parliament put their signatures to what became known as the
572:
The marriage divided the country into two camps, and on 16 June, the Lords opposed to Mary and the Duke of Orkney (as
Bothwell had newly become) signed a Bond denouncing them. A showdown between the two opposing sides followed at
435:
asserts that Queen Mary was already on her way to visit
Bothwell on matters of state before she heard about his illness, and that therefore this visit is not evidence they were already lovers at the time of his accident. Author
440:
agrees, and in fact the records show that Mary waited a full six days after learning of his injuries before going to visit
Bothwell. The story of her mad flight to his side was put about later by her enemies to discredit her.
240:, a charge of which he was acquitted. His marriage to Mary was controversial and divided the country; when he fled the growing rebellion to Norway, he was arrested and lived the rest of his life imprisoned in Denmark.
577:
on 15 June, from which Orkney (as Lord
Bothwell was now known) fled, after one final embrace, never to be seen again by Mary. In December that year, Bothwell's titles and estates were forfeited by Act of Parliament.
395:
and the
Hamiltons, who accused him of intriguing against the Crown, caused some degree of anguish to the Queen, and although the Earl of Arran was eventually declared mad, Bothwell was nevertheless imprisoned in
1173:
651:
to put Mary back on the throne. He was caught off the coast of Norway (then in a union with
Denmark) at Høyevarde lighthouse in Karmsundet without proper papers, and was escorted to the port of
391:
following Mary of Guise's death and the return to
Scotland of Mary, Queen of Scots, Bothwell appears to have been not much more than a troublesome noble at court. His open quarrel with the
678:. However, as news from both England and Scotland arrived, Frederik eventually understood that Mary never again would become Queen. Without Mary, the King considered him insignificant.
506:
flanking him, and his Hepburns trotting behind. The trial lasted from noon till seven in the evening. Bothwell was acquitted and it was widely rumoured that he would marry Mary.
659:. Anna raised a complaint against Orkney, which was enforced by her powerful family; her cousin Erik Rosenkrantz, a high-level official in Norway, remanded Orkney to the
463:
lodging to the south, almost encountering Queen Mary en route. At Kirk O'Field they lit the gunpowder destroying part of the building and killing Darnley and his aide.
541:
to Edinburgh, Bothwell suddenly appeared with 800 men. He assured her that danger awaited her in Edinburgh, and told her that he proposed to take her to his castle at
1188:
331:. By August, the widowed Queen was on her way back to Scotland in a French galley, some of the organisation having been dealt with by Bothwell in his naval capacity.
280:, a famous Norwegian admiral, was serving as Danish Royal Consul. After their engagement, or more likely marriage under Norwegian law, Anna left with Bothwell. In
565:. Mary gave her new husband a fur lined night-gown. There were few festivities until two weeks after the wedding, when there was a triumph and tilt and Bothwell "
54:
1980:
1970:
1945:
1484:
1990:
1975:
701:
A pillar to which he was chained for the last ten years of his life can still be seen, with a circular groove in the floor around the pillar.
1193:
419:, in February 1566, the Queen attended the wedding (the marriage lasted just over a year). In the following autumn, upon hearing that
1995:
1955:
1351:
371:, to join them. Bothwell remained true to the Regent, though it was said in January he was "weary of his part". The English diplomat
459:
in Edinburgh (east of Blackfriars Street) and with accomplices Dalgliesh, Powrie and Wilson, carried several kegs of gunpowder to
1950:
1965:
1865:
1705:
328:
636:, chased one of Orkney's ships, and both ships were damaged on a submerged rock. The Duke of Orkney sent his treasure ship to
1304:
1275:
249:
198:
1940:
1680:
1517:
1472:
690:, 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Copenhagen, and was held in what were said to be appalling conditions. Meanwhile, the
1665:
471:
1650:
1431:
644:, where the mast of one of Orkney's ships was shot away. Subsequently, a storm forced the Duke to sail towards Norway.
1850:
1630:
1542:
1321:
1207:
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483:
416:
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360:
296:
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142:
1935:
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65:
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615:
503:
20:
1985:
1695:
1344:
1311:
269:
1640:
935:
878:
783:
731:
1412:
698:, in December 1567. He died in April 1578, and was buried in a vault at Fårevejle church near the castle.
839:
611:
347:. Bothwell and 24 followers took 6000 crowns of English money destined to be used against Guise from the
1407:
1960:
1860:
1730:
1625:
1402:
1228:
467:
372:
237:
1203:
1178:
1003:
272:, Lord Bothwell visited Copenhagen around 1559. He fell in love with Anna Tronds, known in English as
1788:
1235:
861:
475:
348:
344:
320:
1763:
1397:
1840:
1803:
1337:
352:
1495:
630:, where Orkney was negotiating with German captains to hire more ships. Kirkcaldy's flagship, the
356:
648:
574:
534:, a manifesto declaring that Mary should marry a native-born subject, and handed it to Bothwell.
1645:
1329:
691:
523:
450:
420:
1080:
303:
with her servant Bessie Crawford as cause. He married Mary, Queen of Scots, eight days later.
1925:
1855:
1793:
1620:
1603:
1490:
514:
1930:
1870:
1725:
1527:
1478:
894:
709:
670:, where the Danish monarch, Frederik II, deliberated on his fate. The Duke was sent across
388:
312:
233:
171:
716:, as the only non-wax exhibit. The guide book claimed it was brought to Scotland in 1858.
8:
1845:
1768:
1715:
1660:
1635:
1572:
1557:
1547:
1507:
1456:
1451:
1266:
986:, vol. 1 (London, 1842), pp. 244–248, "Declaration of the Earl of Bothwell": David Reid,
566:
531:
277:
229:
1426:
1211:
1123:
A photo of the coffin in Fårevejle Church, with his assumed remains, can be seen here:
455:
On 9 February 1567 Bothwell left his lodging at Todrick's Wynd on the south side of the
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1670:
1537:
1522:
1512:
1501:
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1422:
660:
401:
1417:
1125:
1097:
675:
315:
when he visited the French Court in the autumn of 1560, after he left Anna Rustung in
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41:
1079:. Translated by Berry, David. Edinburgh: Thomas and Archibald Constable. pp.
490:
of England, that the Queen was in continuous ill-health "for the most part either
1783:
1740:
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252:, and Agnes Sinclair (d. 1572), daughter of Henry, Lord Sinclair, and was styled
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Orkney may have hoped to reach Denmark and raise an army with the support of
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340:
1049:"735-736 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 10. Lloyd – Militärkoloni)"
87:
1875:
1582:
1562:
885:(Edinburgh, 1863), 176, "a M. le Duc d'Orquenez ... ung manteaux de nuyct."
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376:
1032:
Here does the Danish passage of events begin. The earl was transported to
1821:
1577:
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437:
713:
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641:
456:
1048:
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or sickly". On the appointed day Bothwell rode magnificently down the
466:
Bothwell was publicly accused of having murdered the Queen's consort,
708:
A body referred to as "Bothwell's mummy" materialised in 1976 in the
637:
495:
411:
The Queen and Bothwell were by now very close. When Bothwell married
92:
626:. Four of the Duke of Orkney's ships in the Sound set sail north to
603:
599:
424:
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without trial in 1562. Later that year, while the Queen was in the
316:
300:
281:
1164:
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officially stripped him of all his Scottish titles, including the
623:
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527:
1359:
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England's Insular Imagining: The Elizabethan Erasure of Scotland
1615:
1033:
652:
542:
343:, queen dowager and Regent of Scotland, against the Protestant
276:
or Anna Rustung. She was a Norwegian noblewoman whose father,
627:
375:
also hinted at this time of a scandal involving his sister
969:(2005) p. 360 (Bothwell was not on the ship chased by the
509:
215:
James Hepburn, 1st Duke of Orkney and 4th Earl of Bothwell
581:
236:. He was accused of the murder of Mary's second husband,
865:(London: Folio Society, 1969), p. 65: Grant G. Simpson,
553:, and on 15 May they were married in the Great Hall at
319:. He was kindly received by the Queen and her husband,
965:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1982), 66-67, no. 397: John Guy,
586:
After fleeing the confrontation at Carberry Hill, the
478:
began proceedings against Bothwell on 12 April 1567.
474:, and other relatives agitated for vengeance and the
998:
996:
1092:
1090:
899:
My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots
363:and the Master of Maxwell to seize Bothwell's home
912:Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth, 1566–1568
640:, and fought a three-hour-long sea battle off the
1767:Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the
993:
988:Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus
1917:
1204:Portraits of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell
1197:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 303–304.
1182:. Vol. 4 (9th ed.). 1878. p. 164.
1087:
334:
1905:Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in
306:
299:. They were divorced on 7 May 1567, citing his
224: – 14 April 1578), better known simply as
869:(Tuckwell, 1998), no. 18 contract 14 May 1567.
814:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 548, 622, 652.
557:, according to Protestant rites officiated by
1345:
537:On 24 April, while Mary was on the road from
355:. In retaliation the Protestant leader, the
1075:Schiern, Frederik Eginhard Amadeus (1880).
1981:Scottish people who died in prison custody
1352:
1338:
1210:
522:The next Wednesday, the Queen rode to the
53:
924:Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1563-1569
801:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 262, 290.
756:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 185.
518:Arms of James Hepburn, 1st Duke of Orkney
1971:Members of the Privy Council of Scotland
1946:16th-century Scottish military personnel
513:
382:
1077:life of James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell
1074:
510:Abduction of and marriage to Queen Mary
256:from birth. He succeeded his father as
1991:Prisoners who died in Danish detention
1918:
963:Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland
949:John H. Ballantyne & Brian Smith,
582:Escape to Scandinavia and imprisonment
367:and force the Earl, who was nearby at
295:and sister of Sir John Gordon and the
1976:Privy Council of Mary, Queen of Scots
1389:Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603
1333:
1186:
1114:– Danish site about burial locations.
423:and was likely to die, she rode from
250:Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell
199:Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell
1386:Royal consorts in England until 1603
901:(Fourth Estate, 2009), pp. 334, 336.
751:
351:on Halloween 1559 at an ambush near
121:Fårevejle Church, Odsherred, Denmark
1150:Edinburgh Wax Museum Guidebook 1980
990:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 171.
953:(Lerwick, 1999), pp. 126–8 no. 171.
926:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 354.
444:
287:In February 1566, Bothwell married
13:
1856:Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
526:, with Lord Bothwell carrying the
311:Lord Bothwell appears to have met
232:nobleman and the third husband of
14:
2007:
1851:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
1825:British royal consorts after the
1208:National Portrait Gallery, London
1157:
914:(London, 1871), p. 237 nos. 1232.
812:Calendar of State Papers Scotland
1996:Husbands of Mary, Queen of Scots
1956:Dukes in the Peerage of Scotland
1229:Henry Stuart, 1st Duke of Albany
1163:
883:Inventaires de la Royne Descosse
158:
1866:Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1846:Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
1187:Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911). "
1174:James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell
1144:
1117:
1068:
1041:
976:
956:
943:
929:
917:
904:
888:
666:The Duke of Orkney was sent to
183:
154:
66:Consort of the Scottish monarch
1951:Lord high admirals of Scotland
984:Letters of Mary Queen of Scots
872:
849:
833:
830:(Cambridge, 2023), pp. 149–51.
817:
804:
799:Calendar State Papers Scotland
791:
776:
760:
745:
655:. This was the native home of
616:William Murray of Tullibardine
590:(as Bothwell was now) went to
504:William Maitland of Lethington
1:
1966:People associated with Orkney
1312:Lord High Admiral of Scotland
1055:(in Swedish). 17 January 2016
1020:. Mainly fifth part, Danish:
967:Queen of Scots, the True Life
951:Shetland Documents, 1195-1579
738:
732:Gunpowder, Treason & Plot
421:he had been seriously wounded
389:Protestant Lords gained power
335:Under Mary of Guise's regency
270:Lord High Admiral of Scotland
243:
218:
16:Scottish nobleman (1534–1578)
1886:Philip of Greece and Denmark
1841:George of Denmark and Norway
1804:George of Denmark and Norway
307:Meeting Queen Mary in France
263:
7:
1941:16th-century Scottish peers
1028:In English – approximately
719:
674:to the fortress and prison
612:William Kirkcaldy of Grange
10:
2012:
1861:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
1010:(in Danish). 10 April 2017
785:Miscellaneous State Papers
610:. Bothwell was pursued by
448:
238:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
75:15 May 1567 – 24 July 1567
18:
1903:
1836:
1820:
1816:
1789:Henrietta Maria of France
1779:
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1380:
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1318:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1280:
1272:
1265:
1242:
1233:
1220:
939:(Edinburgh, 1833), p. 123
862:James Melville of Halhill
606:, where he was helped by
404:, he escaped and went to
345:Lords of the Congregation
321:King Francis II of France
260:and Lord Hailes in 1556.
204:
194:
126:
116:
99:
83:
79:
71:
64:
52:
35:
30:
1631:Ethelreda of Northumbria
1305:The 3rd Earl of Bothwell
1236:King consort of Scotland
681:
486:, Secretary of State to
470:. Darnley's father, the
1936:Nobility from Edinburgh
1194:Encyclopædia Britannica
1189:Bothwell, James Hepburn
1179:Encyclopædia Britannica
649:Frederick II of Denmark
1646:Ermengarde de Beaumont
1398:Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
1322:The 4th Earl of Morton
1038:
1026:
846:, vol. 2, pp. 262–266.
692:Parliament of Scotland
519:
451:Murder of Lord Darnley
417:The 4th Earl of Huntly
254:The Master of Bothwell
1794:Catherine of Braganza
1621:Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
1496:Isabella of Angoulême
1491:Berengaria of Navarre
1403:Æthelflæd of Damerham
1168:Texts on Wikisource:
1030:
1021:
937:Diurnal of Occurrents
844:Old and New Edinburgh
705:conclusively proven.
686:He was imprisoned at
524:Estates of Parliament
517:
431:. However, historian
383:At Queen Mary's court
357:Duke of Châtelherault
59:Lord Bothwell in 1566
1986:Scottish Protestants
1881:Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
1871:Alexandra of Denmark
1726:Francis II of France
1528:Philippa of Hainault
1479:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1473:Geoffrey Plantagenet
1004:"Jarlen af Bothwell"
867:Scottish Handwriting
767:Mary, Queen of Scots
710:Edinburgh Wax Museum
598:. He took ship from
234:Mary, Queen of Scots
172:Mary, Queen of Scots
157: 1566;
19:For other uses, see
1769:Union of the Crowns
1716:Madeleine of Valois
1706:Margaret of Denmark
1661:Margaret of England
1641:Maud of Northumbria
1636:Sybilla of Normandy
1573:Catherine of Aragon
1558:Elizabeth Woodville
1548:Catherine of Valois
1508:Eleanor of Provence
1467:Matilda of Boulogne
1457:Matilda of Scotland
1452:Matilda of Flanders
1267:Peerage of Scotland
860:The Memoirs of Sir
752:Dunn, Jane (2003).
532:Ainslie Tavern Bond
359:, sent his son the
339:Bothwell supported
278:Kristoffer Trondson
1827:Acts of Union 1707
1671:Elizabeth de Burgh
1626:Margaret of Wessex
1538:Isabella of Valois
1523:Isabella of France
1518:Margaret of France
1513:Eleanor of Castile
1502:Blanche of Castile
1485:Margaret of France
1462:Adeliza of Louvain
1423:Sigrid the Haughty
1247:Title next held by
1225:Title last held by
982:Agnes Strickland,
782:Philip Hardwicke,
754:Elizabeth and Mary
661:Bergenhus Fortress
618:, who sailed into
520:
427:to be with him at
297:5th Earl of Huntly
293:4th Earl of Huntly
291:, daughter of the
248:He was the son of
228:, was a prominent
1961:Earls of Bothwell
1913:
1912:
1899:
1898:
1812:
1811:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1691:Anabella Drummond
1681:Margaret Drummond
1676:Joan of the Tower
1568:Elizabeth of York
1553:Margaret of Anjou
1328:
1327:
1319:Succeeded by
1261:
1258:as Queen consort
910:Allan J. Crosby,
696:Dukedom of Orkney
539:Linlithgow Palace
484:Sir William Cecil
480:Sir William Drury
349:Laird of Ormiston
212:
211:
2003:
1818:
1817:
1760:
1759:
1701:Mary of Guelders
1686:Euphemia de Ross
1666:Yolande de Dreux
1604:Guildford Dudley
1593:Catherine Howard
1437:Emma of Normandy
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1302:Preceded by
1297:Honorary titles
1283:Earl of Bothwell
1273:Preceded by
1255:
1240:May - June 1567
1218:
1217:
1214:
1198:
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1130:Kendtes gravsted
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1111:
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1102:Kendtes gravsted
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1053:Project Runeberg
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749:
688:Dragsholm Castle
563:Bishop of Orkney
551:Marquess of Fife
445:Darnley's murder
429:Hermitage Castle
413:Lady Jean Gordon
406:Hermitage Castle
398:Edinburgh Castle
329:Earl of Eglinton
325:Bishop of Orkney
289:Lady Jean Gordon
258:Earl of Bothwell
223:
220:
187:
185:
162:
160:
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143:Lady Jean Gordon
110:Dragsholm Castle
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57:
46:Earl of Bothwell
42:Marquess of Fife
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2011:
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1916:
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1808:
1784:Anne of Denmark
1775:
1750:
1745:
1741:Anne of Denmark
1651:Joan of England
1609:
1543:Joan of Navarre
1533:Anne of Bohemia
1447:Edith of Mercia
1442:Edith of Wessex
1418:Ælfgifu of York
1372:
1367: and
1358:
1324:
1315:
1307:
1286:
1278:
1276:Patrick Hepburn
1254:
1251:Anne of Denmark
1248:
1239:
1226:
1171:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1126:"James Hepburn"
1124:
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1118:
1107:
1105:
1098:"James Hepburn"
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1095:
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1073:
1069:
1058:
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1427:Świętosława
1132:(in Danish)
1104:(in Danish)
973:at Bressay)
840:James Grant
787:, 1, p. 143
622:Sound near
498:, with the
488:Elizabeth I
438:Alison Weir
222: 1534
1920:Categories
1316:1556–1567
739:References
714:Royal Mile
668:Copenhagen
492:melancholy
457:Royal Mile
353:Haddington
313:Queen Mary
244:Early life
95:, Scotland
1771:from 1603
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1291:Forfeit
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1108:16 April
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1014:16 April
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720:See also
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100:Died
90:1534
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