544:. Ladd's application for a fellowship was signed "C. Ladd", and the university offered her the position without realizing she was a woman. When they did realize her gender, the board tried to revoke the offer, but Sylvester insisted that Ladd should be his student, and so she was. She held a fellowship at Johns Hopkins University for three years, but the trustees did not allow her name to be printed in circulars with those of other fellows, for fear of setting a precedent. Furthermore, dissension over her continued presence forced one of the original trustees to resign.
442:, the first Jewish professor at any American college or university. He left his appointment after only four months after a classroom incident in which a student he had criticized hit him with a bludgeon and he struck back with a sword-cane. The student collapsed in shock and Sylvester believed (wrongly) that he had killed him. Sylvester resigned when he felt that the university authorities had not sufficiently disciplined the student. He moved to New York City and began friendships with the Harvard mathematician Benjamin Peirce (father of
2793:
1597:
33:
449:
On his return to
England, he was hired in 1844 by the Equity and Law Life Assurance Society for which he developed successful actuarial models and served as de facto CEO, a position that required a law degree. As a result, he studied for the Bar, meeting a fellow British mathematician studying law,
462:, from which he retired in 1869, because the compulsory retirement age was 55. The Woolwich academy initially refused to pay Sylvester his full pension, and only relented after a prolonged public controversy, during which Sylvester took his case to the letters page of
658:
The Laws of Verse, or, Principles of
Versification Exemplified in Metrical Translations: Together with an Annotated Reprint of the Inaugural Presidential Address to the Mathematical and Physical Section of the British Association at
887:
446:) and the Princeton physicist Joseph Henry. However, he left in November 1843 after being denied appointment as Professor of Mathematics at Columbia College (now University), again for his Judaism, and returned to England.
3155:
503:. His salary was $ 5,000 (quite generous for the time), which he demanded be paid in gold. After negotiation, agreement was reached on a salary that was not paid in gold.
407:. Although his studies were interrupted for almost two years due to a prolonged illness, he nevertheless ranked second in Cambridge's famous mathematical examination, the
1624:
1123:
840:
776:
479:, and many of his mathematical papers contain illustrative quotes from classical poetry. Following his early retirement, Sylvester published a book entitled
1179:
Sylvester, J.J. (November 1850). "Additions to the articles in the
September Number of this Journal "On a new Class of Theorem" and "On Pascal's Theorem"".
458:
during a long collaboration. He did not obtain a position teaching university mathematics until 1855, when he was appointed professor of mathematics at the
2844:
1228:"On an application of the new atomic theory to the graphical representation of the invariants and covariants of binary quantics, — with three appendices,"
481:
3125:
3210:
555:. He held this chair until his death, although in 1892 the university appointed a deputy professor to the same chair. He was on the governing body of
411:, for which he sat in 1837. However, Sylvester was not issued a degree, because graduates at that time were required to state their acceptance of the
821:
316:
3115:
2073:
3105:
2489:
1617:
428:
392:). His family withdrew him from the university after he was accused of stabbing a fellow student with a knife. Subsequently, he attended the
3220:
3135:
3110:
1567:
811:
3175:
3165:
1317:
C.G.J. Jacobi, "De
Formatione et Proprietatibus Determinantium", Journal fĂĽr die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 22, 285-318 (1841)
3190:
1610:
781:
419:, and Sylvester could not do so because he was Jewish. For the same reason, he was unable to compete for a Fellowship or obtain a
3180:
2873:
2110:
2030:
1547:
1106:
1061:
Cadwallader, J. V.; Cadwallader, T.C. (1990). "Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847-1930)". In O'Connell, A. N.; Russo, N. F. (eds.).
3205:
3150:
1513:
1481:
1458:
1299:
Sylvester, James Joseph (1851). "On the relation between the minor determinants of linearly equivalent quadratic functions".
965:
755:
734:
713:
692:
667:
471:
One of
Sylvester's lifelong passions was for poetry; he read and translated works from the original French, German, Italian,
2858:
3160:
2993:
615:
2827:
2701:
2066:
1142:
1136:
859:
853:
136:
923:
Feuer, Lewis Samuel (1984). "America's First Jewish
Professor: James Joseph Sylvester at the University of Virginia".
492:
In 1872, he finally received his B.A. and M.A. from
Cambridge, having been denied the degrees due to his being a Jew.
3215:
2482:
791:
1410:
Grattan-Guinness, I. (2001), "The contributions of J. J. Sylvester, F.R.S., to mechanics and mathematical physics",
1036:
459:
347:. He played a leadership role in American mathematics in the later half of the 19th century as a professor at the
238:
92:
2536:
2514:
2506:
515:
400:
353:
156:
1166:
2958:
2903:
2767:
2655:
2254:
2126:
1982:
548:
507:
495:
In 1876 Sylvester again crossed the
Atlantic Ocean to become the inaugural professor of mathematics at the new
1248:
J. J. Sylvester (1851) "On a remarkable discovery in the theory of canonical forms and of hyperdeterminants,"
1209:
801:
3200:
2983:
2554:
2059:
1562:
151:
3185:
2719:
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2524:
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607:
583:
146:
106:
3120:
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2796:
2406:
806:
595:
393:
312:
1371:
1334:
3145:
3130:
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1862:
1838:
796:
3195:
3170:
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2278:
424:
389:
230:
1694:
3003:
2725:
1552:
1542:
642:
567:
537:
496:
348:
288:
226:
166:
82:
1670:
2602:
2596:
2238:
1734:
533:
296:
126:
3043:
2978:
2820:
2805:
1654:
1571:
1330:
443:
439:
432:
234:
131:
2014:
1582:
1278:
1257:
941:
3140:
2968:
2963:
2620:
2342:
2262:
1886:
1822:
1790:
1662:
1227:
525:
121:
1219: : 284. From page 284: "Every invariant and covariant thus becomes expressible by a
3100:
3095:
3059:
3008:
2893:
2713:
2590:
2438:
2430:
2214:
1966:
1934:
1798:
1710:
1523:
1491:
1431:
975:
579:
455:
438:
In the same year he moved to the United States to become a professor of mathematics at the
412:
328:
242:
116:
2382:
8:
2614:
2038:
1942:
1926:
1774:
1686:
1538:
500:
427:
and in 1839 a Fellow of the Royal
Society of London. In 1841, he was awarded a BA and an
292:
266:
1814:
745:
703:
682:
1782:
1435:
992:
The Laws of Verse, or, Principles of
Versification Exemplified in Metrical Translations
385:
256:
3064:
2813:
2792:
2707:
2632:
2608:
2584:
2270:
2158:
1854:
1509:
1477:
1454:
1448:
1439:
1132:
961:
849:
751:
730:
709:
688:
663:
603:
552:
416:
358:
340:
1766:
1392:
1355:
3069:
2626:
2542:
2422:
2366:
2222:
2134:
1998:
1990:
1806:
1419:
1387:
1350:
1188:
1084:
645:, is named in his honor. Several professorships there are named in his honor also.
486:
420:
332:
274:
171:
141:
1918:
1678:
3013:
2943:
2868:
2689:
2318:
2230:
2142:
2082:
2022:
1870:
1519:
1503:
1487:
1471:
1427:
1006:"Preliminary Outline of Instructions for the Session Beginning October 3, 1876".
990:
971:
955:
816:
656:
631:
611:
563:
556:
284:
198:
3074:
1602:
1125:
Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
842:
Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
2933:
2883:
2878:
2779:
2755:
2578:
2548:
2446:
2350:
2294:
2198:
2006:
1974:
1846:
1758:
1750:
1467:
476:
321:
161:
1192:
724:
3089:
3028:
2928:
2923:
2840:
2773:
2737:
2683:
2644:
2572:
2414:
2374:
2334:
2246:
2094:
1958:
1950:
1894:
1830:
1742:
1726:
1718:
1702:
771:
623:
451:
344:
336:
324:
270:
1558:
1237:(1) : 64-90. The term "graph" first appears in this paper on page 65.
2908:
2695:
2560:
2530:
2454:
2398:
2390:
2286:
2190:
1646:
1633:
1423:
630:, its highest award for scientific achievement; in 1901, it instituted the
627:
591:
454:, with whom he made significant contributions to invariant theory and also
191:
110:
3038:
3033:
3018:
2998:
2988:
2973:
2953:
2918:
2913:
2898:
2888:
2938:
2743:
2677:
2638:
2326:
2310:
2182:
2166:
2150:
2118:
1910:
1902:
678:
404:
252:
184:
32:
2761:
2566:
2358:
2302:
2051:
1495:
2467:
1577:
2174:
1453:, Mathematical monographs, vol. 17, Cornell University Library,
634:
in his memory, to encourage mathematical research after his death in
519:. The only other mathematical journal in the US at that time was the
464:
1587:
381:
when his older brother did so upon emigration to the United States.
1591:
1285:
function of any number I shall here and hereafter designate as its
786:
1269:
J. J. Sylvester (1879) "On certain ternary cubic-form equations,"
1505:
James Joseph Sylvester. Jewish mathematician in a Victorian world
957:
James Joseph Sylvester. Jewish Mathematician in a Victorian world
622:. His collected scientific work fills four volumes. In 1880, the
578:
Sylvester invented a great number of mathematical terms such as "
540:
with his help. He remembered some of Ladd's earlier works in the
2835:
1450:
Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century
744:
Sylvester, James Joseph (1973) . Baker, Henry Frederick (ed.).
723:
Sylvester, James Joseph (1973) . Baker, Henry Frederick (ed.).
702:
Sylvester, James Joseph (1973) . Baker, Henry Frederick (ed.).
635:
423:. In 1838, Sylvester became professor of natural philosophy at
408:
370:
1256: : 391–410; Sylvester coined the term "discriminant" on
944:, MacTutor, University of St. Andrews, accessed 6 October 2021
1223:
precisely identical with a Kekuléan diagram or chemicograph."
1023:
Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University, 1874–1889
472:
641:
Sylvester House, a portion of an undergraduate dormitory at
747:
The Collected Mathematical Papers of James Joseph Sylvester
726:
The Collected Mathematical Papers of James Joseph Sylvester
705:
The Collected Mathematical Papers of James Joseph Sylvester
684:
The Collected Mathematical Papers of James Joseph Sylvester
374:
1277: : 357–393; Sylvester coins the term "totient" on
1025:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 41–43.
3156:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1060:
547:
In 1883, Sylvester returned to England to take up the
1181:
London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine
1063:
Women in Psychology: A Bio-bibliographic Sourcebook
729:. Vol. III. New York: AMS Chelsea Publishing.
1065:. New York, NY: Greenwood Press. pp. 220–225.
750:. Vol. IV. New York: AMS Chelsea Publishing.
708:. Vol. II. New York: AMS Chelsea Publishing.
485:in which he attempted to codify a set of laws for
373:on 3 September 1814, the son of Abraham Joseph, a
1632:
1536:
1473:James Joseph Sylvester. Life and work in letters.
1231:American Journal of Mathematics, Pure and Applied
904:
822:List of things named after James Joseph Sylvester
687:. Vol. I. New York: AMS Chelsea Publishing.
3087:
1412:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1409:
1476:, The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press,
898:
320:(3 September 1814 – 15 March 1897) was an
1369:
1329:
1325:
1323:
2821:
2483:
2067:
1618:
1169:, The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
1131:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
848:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
384:At the age of 14, Sylvester was a student of
1008:Johns Hopkins University. Official Circulars
399:Sylvester began his study of mathematics at
1320:
1054:
566:, London on 15 March 1897. He is buried in
506:In 1877, he was elected as a member to the
2828:
2814:
2490:
2476:
2074:
2060:
1625:
1611:
1446:
377:merchant. James later adopted the surname
31:
3211:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1583:Selected Poetry of James Joseph Sylvester
1391:
1354:
1298:
1178:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
988:
886:
743:
722:
701:
676:
654:
2081:
1501:
1466:
953:
782:Covariance and contravariance of vectors
2497:
1548:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1339:, vols. I & II, ed. by H. F. Baker"
1020:
918:
916:
357:. At his death, he was a professor at
327:. He made fundamental contributions to
3126:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
3116:Academics of University College London
3088:
1919:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz
1069:
882:
880:
2809:
2471:
2055:
1606:
922:
888:"Sylvester, James Joseph (SLVR831JJ)"
614:, and in matrix theory he discovered
3106:19th-century American mathematicians
913:
594:". He coined the term "totient" for
3221:19th-century British businesspeople
3136:Burials at Balls Pond Road Cemetery
3111:19th-century English mathematicians
877:
13:
1508:, Johns Hopkins University Press,
1208:J. J. Sylvester (7 February 1878)
1082:
960:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
662:. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
14:
3232:
1530:
995:. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
677:Sylvester, James Joseph (1973) .
388:at the University of London (now
16:English mathematician (1814–1897)
3176:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
3166:Johns Hopkins University faculty
2974:Gilbert Wakefield Mackmurdo
2791:
1595:
655:Sylvester, James Joseph (1870).
616:Sylvester's determinant identity
460:Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
239:Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
3191:Savilian Professors of Geometry
1588:Works by James Joseph Sylvester
1502:Parshall, Karen Hunger (2006),
1447:Macfarlane, Alexander (2009) ,
1393:10.1090/S0002-9904-1911-02040-7
1376:, vol. III, ed. by H. F. Baker"
1363:
1356:10.1090/S0002-9904-1909-01746-X
1311:
1292:
1289:function and call its Totient)"
1271:American Journal of Mathematics
1263:
1242:
1199:
1172:
1160:
1116:
1099:
1029:
954:Parshall, Karen Hunger (2006).
648:
516:American Journal of Mathematics
354:American Journal of Mathematics
137:Sylvester's determinant theorem
3181:Recipients of the Copley Medal
1014:
999:
982:
947:
935:
833:
549:Savilian Professor of Geometry
523:, which eventually became the
508:American Philosophical Society
1:
1563:Mathematics Genealogy Project
827:
792:Inclusion–exclusion principle
570:on Kingsbury Road in London.
403:in 1831, where his tutor was
93:St. John's College, Cambridge
3206:Governors of Abingdon School
3151:Fellows of the Royal Society
3019:Clement Tudway Swanston
2914:Thomas William Fletcher
2889:Edward Davies Davenport
401:St John's College, Cambridge
364:
157:Sylvester's triangle problem
117:Chebyshev–Sylvester constant
7:
2919:William James Frodsham
2797:University of Oxford portal
1594:(public domain audiobooks)
892:A Cambridge Alumni Database
765:
394:Liverpool Royal Institution
281:Other notable students
275:Washington Irving Stringham
10:
3237:
3161:Jewish American scientists
1863:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault
1839:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
1574:Historical Math Collection
1403:
905:Bell, Eric Temple (1986).
894:. University of Cambridge.
797:Invariant of a binary form
152:Sylvester's law of inertia
3052:
3039:John Wesley Williams
2949:James Halliwell-Phillipps
2851:
2789:
2750:Edward Charles Titchmarsh
2654:
2513:
2503:
2089:
1641:
1578:J. J. Sylvester home page
1193:10.1080/14786445008646629
1167:Matrices and determinants
1085:"Christine Ladd-Franklin"
989:Sylvester, J. J. (1870).
573:
425:University College London
390:University College London
369:James Joseph was born in
302:
280:
262:
248:
231:University College London
222:
214:
207:
180:
98:
88:
78:
62:
39:
30:
23:
3216:Johns Hopkins University
2989:H. Alexander Ormsby
2726:Henry John Stephen Smith
1553:University of St Andrews
1543:"James Joseph Sylvester"
1210:"Chemistry and algebra,"
925:American Jewish Archives
802:Sylvester's construction
777:Clock and shift matrices
643:Johns Hopkins University
620:Desnanot–Jacobi identity
618:, which generalizes the
596:Euler's totient function
568:Balls Pond Road Cemetery
538:Johns Hopkins University
497:Johns Hopkins University
349:Johns Hopkins University
289:William Roberts McDaniel
227:Johns Hopkins University
147:Sylvester–Gallai theorem
83:Balls Pond Road Cemetery
1807:Julius Robert von Mayer
1370:Dickson, L. E. (1911).
1226:J. J. Sylvester (1878)
624:Royal Society of London
534:Christine Ladd-Franklin
513:In 1878 he founded the
297:Christine Ladd-Franklin
3024:James Joseph Sylvester
2979:Samuel Roffey Maitland
2732:James Joseph Sylvester
2505:Chairs established by
2103:James Joseph Sylvester
1879:James Joseph Sylvester
1695:Michel Eugène Chevreul
1655:Alexander von Humboldt
1572:University of Michigan
1559:James Joseph Sylvester
1468:Parshall, Karen Hunger
1424:10.1098/rsnr.2001.0142
1301:Philosophical Magazine
1250:Philosophical Magazine
1021:Hawkins, Hugh (1960).
942:Biography of Sylvester
679:Baker, Henry Frederick
626:awarded Sylvester the
444:Charles Sanders Peirce
440:University of Virginia
433:Trinity College Dublin
351:and as founder of the
309:James Joseph Sylvester
235:University of Virginia
25:James Joseph Sylvester
2263:George Neville Watson
1983:George Gabriel Stokes
1887:Charles Adolphe Wurtz
1823:Hermann von Helmholtz
1791:Henri Victor Regnault
1671:Johannes Peter MĂĽller
1663:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove
1380:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1372:"Review: Sylvester's
1343:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1335:"Review: Sylvester's
1087:. Agnes Scott College
807:Sylvester pentahedron
606:he is remembered for
526:Annals of Mathematics
167:Sylvester's criterion
122:Quadruplanar inversor
3201:De Morgan Medallists
3060:Christopher Hansteen
3009:George Leith Roupell
2894:Henry Mangles Denham
2744:Godfrey Harold Hardy
2439:John Griggs Thompson
2431:Keith William Morton
2215:Godfrey Harold Hardy
2083:De Morgan Medallists
1967:Stanislao Cannizzaro
1935:Joseph Dalton Hooker
1799:James Prescott Joule
1711:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
1539:Robertson, Edmund F.
1041:search.amphilsoc.org
1037:"APS Member History"
1010:(5). September 1876.
610:and a result on the
562:Sylvester died at 5
413:Thirty-nine Articles
243:University of Oxford
127:Sylvester's sequence
3186:Royal Medal winners
3034:Charles Turnor
2904:Henry Drummond
2656:Savilian Professors
2515:Savilian Professors
2498:Savilian Professors
2039:Marcellin Berthelot
2031:John William Strutt
2015:Albert von Kölliker
1943:Thomas Henry Huxley
1927:Franz Ernst Neumann
1775:Karl Ernst von Baer
1687:Henri Milne-Edwards
1537:O'Connor, John J.;
1374:Mathematical Papers
1337:Mathematical Papers
1281:: "(the so-called
812:Sylvester's problem
608:Sylvester's problem
501:Baltimore, Maryland
293:Harry Fielding Reid
132:Sylvester's formula
105:Coining the terms '
3121:Linear algebraists
2984:Henry Moseley
2959:James Heywood
2864:George Barker
2859:Thomas Dyke Acland
1783:Charles Wheatstone
1112:. The Abingdonian.
907:Men of Mathematics
586:" in the sense of
536:was accepted into
386:Augustus De Morgan
257:Augustus De Morgan
3146:Combinatorialists
3131:British actuaries
3083:
3082:
3065:Macedonio Melloni
2994:William Reid
2899:Richard Drew
2874:Robert Carrington
2803:
2802:
2708:Abraham Robertson
2633:George Efstathiou
2609:Charles Pritchard
2585:Abraham Robertson
2465:
2464:
2383:Albrecht Fröhlich
2343:C. Ambrose Rogers
2271:A. S. Besicovitch
2159:J. W. L. Glaisher
2049:
2048:
1855:James Dwight Dana
1634:Copley Medallists
1570: – from the
1515:978-0-8018-8291-3
1483:978-0-19-850391-0
1460:978-1-112-28306-2
967:978-0-8018-8291-3
909:. Simon Schuster.
757:978-0-8218-4238-6
736:978-0-8218-4720-6
715:978-0-8218-4719-0
694:978-0-8218-3654-5
669:978-1-177-91141-2
604:discrete geometry
553:Oxford University
542:Educational Times
482:The Laws of Verse
417:Church of England
359:Oxford University
306:
305:
271:George B. Halsted
263:Doctoral students
249:Academic advisors
209:Scientific career
3228:
3196:Second Wranglers
3171:Number theorists
3070:Adolphe Quetelet
3004:John Rogers
2999:Robert Rigg
2964:John Hilton
2954:Peter Hardy
2830:
2823:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2795:
2627:Donald Blackwell
2543:Christopher Wren
2507:Sir Henry Savile
2492:
2485:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2423:Bryan John Birch
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2367:J. W. S. Cassels
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2279:E. C. Titchmarsh
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2239:J. E. Littlewood
2234:
2226:
2223:Bertrand Russell
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2135:William Burnside
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1999:Karl Weierstrass
1994:
1991:Edward Frankland
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1815:Friedrich Wöhler
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1568:Collected papers
1555:
1526:
1498:
1463:
1442:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1290:
1267:
1261:
1246:
1240:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1141:. Archived from
1130:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1003:
997:
996:
986:
980:
979:
951:
945:
939:
933:
932:
920:
911:
910:
902:
896:
895:
884:
875:
874:
872:
870:
864:
858:. Archived from
847:
837:
761:
740:
719:
698:
673:
341:partition theory
333:invariant theory
319:
203:
196:
189:
172:Sylvester domain
142:Sylvester matrix
69:
54:3 September 1814
53:
51:
35:
21:
20:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3048:
3014:William Sharpey
2944:George Gulliver
2869:Beriah Botfield
2847:
2834:
2804:
2799:
2785:
2690:Nathaniel Bliss
2657:
2650:
2525:John Bainbridge
2516:
2509:
2499:
2496:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2319:Mary Cartwright
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2231:E. T. Whittaker
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2143:A. G. Greenhill
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2080:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2023:William Huggins
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1903:William Thomson
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1871:Rudolf Clausius
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1596:
1533:
1516:
1484:
1461:
1406:
1401:
1368:
1364:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1297:
1293:
1268:
1264:
1247:
1243:
1204:
1200:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1148:on 4 March 2016
1145:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1083:Riddle, Larry.
1081:
1070:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1004:
1000:
987:
983:
968:
952:
948:
940:
936:
921:
914:
903:
899:
885:
878:
868:
866:
865:on 4 March 2016
862:
856:
845:
839:
838:
834:
830:
817:Umbral calculus
768:
758:
737:
716:
695:
670:
651:
632:Sylvester Medal
612:orchard problem
582:" (in 1850), "
576:
564:Hertford Street
557:Abingdon School
367:
311:
295:
291:
287:
285:Isaac Todhunter
273:
269:
255:
241:
237:
233:
229:
201:
199:De Morgan Medal
197:
194:
190:
187:
176:
89:Alma mater
74:
73:London, England
71:
67:
58:
57:London, England
55:
49:
47:
46:
45:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:John Hogg
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2934:John T. Graves
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Charles Darwin
2881:
2879:Arthur Conolly
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2780:Frances Kirwan
2777:
2771:
2768:Richard Taylor
2765:
2759:
2756:Michael Atiyah
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2714:Stephen Rigaud
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2621:Harry Plaskett
2618:
2615:Herbert Turner
2612:
2606:
2603:William Donkin
2600:
2597:George Johnson
2594:
2591:Stephen Rigaud
2588:
2582:
2579:Thomas Hornsby
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2549:Edward Bernard
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2447:Timothy Gowers
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2351:Michael Atiyah
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2295:W. V. D. Hodge
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2255:Sydney Chapman
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2199:P. A. MacMahon
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2007:Carl Gegenbaur
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1975:Rudolf Virchow
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1847:Claude Bernard
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1767:Julius PlĂĽcker
1763:
1759:Michel Chasles
1755:
1751:Charles Darwin
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1556:
1532:
1531:External links
1529:
1528:
1527:
1514:
1499:
1482:
1464:
1459:
1444:
1418:(2): 253–265,
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1386:(5): 254–255.
1362:
1349:(5): 232–239.
1331:Dickson, L. E.
1319:
1310:
1291:
1262:
1252:, 4th series,
1241:
1239:
1238:
1224:
1198:
1171:
1159:
1138:0-902-198-84-X
1137:
1115:
1107:"School Notes"
1098:
1068:
1053:
1028:
1013:
998:
981:
966:
946:
934:
912:
897:
876:
855:0-902-198-84-X
854:
831:
829:
826:
825:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
767:
764:
763:
762:
756:
741:
735:
720:
714:
699:
693:
674:
668:
650:
647:
575:
572:
532:Also in 1878,
366:
363:
304:
303:
300:
299:
282:
278:
277:
267:William Durfee
264:
260:
259:
250:
246:
245:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
205:
204:
182:
178:
177:
175:
174:
169:
164:
162:Sylver coinage
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
102:
100:
99:Known for
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
72:
70:(aged 82)
64:
60:
59:
56:
43:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3233:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Charles Thorp
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:George Godwin
2927:
2925:
2924:Thomas Gaskin
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:Royal Society
2838:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:Nigel Hitchin
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2738:William Esson
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2684:Edmond Halley
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2646:
2645:Steven Balbus
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2573:James Bradley
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:David Gregory
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:Roger Penrose
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:D. G. Kendall
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:Graham Higman
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:Louis Mordell
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:A. E. H. Love
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:Lord Rayleigh
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:Arthur Cayley
2092:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:Simon Newcomb
1956:
1952:
1951:George Salmon
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:Arthur Cayley
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:Louis Pasteur
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:Adam Sedgwick
1740:
1736:
1735:Thomas Graham
1732:
1728:
1727:Louis Agassiz
1724:
1720:
1719:Robert Bunsen
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:Charles Lyell
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:LĂ©on Foucault
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1057:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1002:
994:
993:
985:
977:
973:
969:
963:
959:
958:
950:
943:
938:
931:(2): 152–201.
930:
926:
919:
917:
908:
901:
893:
889:
883:
881:
861:
857:
851:
844:
843:
836:
832:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
772:Catalecticant
770:
769:
759:
753:
749:
748:
742:
738:
732:
728:
727:
721:
717:
711:
707:
706:
700:
696:
690:
686:
685:
680:
675:
671:
665:
661:
660:
653:
652:
646:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
571:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
527:
522:
518:
517:
511:
509:
504:
502:
498:
493:
490:
488:
484:
483:
478:
474:
469:
467:
466:
461:
457:
456:matrix theory
453:
452:Arthur Cayley
447:
445:
441:
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421:Smith's prize
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337:number theory
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329:matrix theory
326:
325:mathematician
323:
318:
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310:
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101:
97:
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84:
81:
79:Resting place
77:
66:15 March 1897
65:
61:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3141:English Jews
3075:FĂ©lix Savart
3023:
2909:Arthur Farre
2782: (2017)
2776: (1997)
2770: (1995)
2764: (1969)
2758: (1963)
2752: (1931)
2746: (1919)
2740: (1897)
2734: (1883)
2731:
2728: (1861)
2722: (1827)
2720:Baden Powell
2716: (1810)
2710: (1797)
2704: (1766)
2698: (1765)
2696:Joseph Betts
2692: (1742)
2686: (1704)
2680: (1649)
2674: (1631)
2672:Peter Turner
2668: (1619)
2666:Henry Briggs
2647: (2012)
2641: (1999)
2635: (1994)
2629: (1960)
2623: (1932)
2617: (1893)
2611: (1870)
2605: (1842)
2599: (1839)
2593: (1827)
2587: (1810)
2581: (1763)
2575: (1721)
2569: (1712)
2563: (1709)
2561:John Caswell
2557: (1691)
2551: (1673)
2545: (1661)
2539: (1649)
2533: (1642)
2531:John Greaves
2527: (1620)
2517:of Astronomy
2455:Andrew Wiles
2399:R. A. Rankin
2391:W. K. Hayman
2287:G. I. Taylor
2191:E. W. Hobson
2102:
1878:
1647:Richard Owen
1546:
1504:
1472:
1449:
1415:
1411:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1201:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1143:the original
1124:
1118:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1062:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1040:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
991:
984:
956:
949:
937:
928:
924:
906:
900:
891:
867:. Retrieved
860:the original
841:
835:
746:
725:
704:
683:
657:
649:Publications
640:
628:Copley Medal
619:
599:
592:discriminant
587:
577:
561:
546:
541:
531:
524:
520:
514:
512:
505:
494:
491:
480:
470:
463:
448:
437:
398:
383:
378:
368:
352:
308:
307:
223:Institutions
208:
192:Copley Medal
111:discriminant
68:(1897-03-15)
44:James Joseph
18:
3101:1897 deaths
3096:1814 births
3044:James Yates
2939:Edwin Guest
2678:John Wallis
2658:of Geometry
2639:Joseph Silk
2407:J. A. Green
2327:Kurt Mahler
2311:Philip Hall
2183:W. H. Young
2167:Horace Lamb
2151:H. F. Baker
2119:Felix Klein
1911:Carl Ludwig
1636:(1851–1900)
1187:: 363–369.
489:in poetry.
405:John Hymers
253:John Hymers
218:Mathematics
185:Royal Medal
3090:Categories
2762:Ioan James
2702:John Smith
2567:John Keill
2359:K. F. Roth
2303:Max Newman
2127:S. Roberts
1307:: 295–305.
1152:15 October
1091:6 November
869:15 October
828:References
50:1814-09-03
2537:Seth Ward
2175:J. Larmor
1440:122748202
465:The Times
379:Sylvester
365:Biography
2843:elected
1592:LibriVox
1470:(1998),
1333:(1909).
1279:page 361
1258:page 406
787:Evectant
766:See also
3053:Foreign
2852:Fellows
2845:in 1839
2839:of the
2837:Fellows
1561:at the
1524:2216541
1492:1674190
1432:1840760
1404:Sources
976:2216541
681:(ed.).
588:network
521:Analyst
487:prosody
415:of the
322:English
317:HonFRSE
109:' and '
2457:(2019)
2449:(2016)
2441:(2013)
2433:(2010)
2425:(2007)
2417:(2004)
2409:(2001)
2401:(1998)
2393:(1995)
2385:(1992)
2377:(1989)
2369:(1986)
2361:(1983)
2353:(1980)
2345:(1977)
2337:(1974)
2329:(1971)
2321:(1968)
2313:(1965)
2305:(1962)
2297:(1959)
2289:(1956)
2281:(1953)
2273:(1950)
2265:(1947)
2257:(1944)
2249:(1941)
2241:(1938)
2233:(1935)
2225:(1932)
2217:(1929)
2209:(1926)
2201:(1923)
2193:(1920)
2185:(1917)
2177:(1914)
2169:(1911)
2161:(1908)
2153:(1905)
2145:(1902)
2137:(1899)
2129:(1896)
2121:(1893)
2113:(1890)
2105:(1887)
2097:(1884)
2041:(1900)
2033:(1899)
2025:(1898)
2017:(1897)
2009:(1896)
2001:(1895)
1993:(1894)
1985:(1893)
1977:(1892)
1969:(1891)
1961:(1890)
1953:(1889)
1945:(1888)
1937:(1887)
1929:(1886)
1921:(1885)
1913:(1884)
1905:(1883)
1897:(1882)
1889:(1881)
1881:(1880)
1873:(1879)
1865:(1878)
1857:(1877)
1849:(1876)
1841:(1875)
1833:(1874)
1825:(1873)
1817:(1872)
1809:(1871)
1801:(1870)
1793:(1869)
1785:(1868)
1777:(1867)
1769:(1866)
1761:(1865)
1753:(1864)
1745:(1863)
1737:(1862)
1729:(1861)
1721:(1860)
1713:(1859)
1705:(1858)
1697:(1857)
1689:(1856)
1681:(1855)
1673:(1854)
1665:(1853)
1657:(1852)
1649:(1851)
1522:
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1496:Review
1490:
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636:Oxford
602:). In
580:matrix
574:Legacy
409:tripos
375:Jewish
371:London
343:, and
215:Fields
202:(1887)
195:(1880)
188:(1861)
181:Awards
1436:S2CID
1221:graph
1205:See:
1146:(PDF)
1129:(PDF)
1110:(PDF)
863:(PDF)
846:(PDF)
590:and "
584:graph
477:Greek
473:Latin
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107:graph
1510:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1154:2018
1133:ISBN
1093:2012
1048:2021
962:ISBN
871:2018
850:ISBN
752:ISBN
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