Jan Smuts - Knowledge

5914: 1950:, be removed? There is only one way and that is to recognise her complete equality of status with her fellows and to do so frankly, freely and unreservedly ... While one understands and sympathises with French fears, one cannot, but feel for Germany in the prison of inferiority in which she still remains sixteen years after the conclusion of the war. The continuance of the Versailles status is becoming an offence to the conscience of Europe and a danger to future peace ... Fair play, sportsmanship—indeed every standard of private and public life—calls for frank revision of the situation. Indeed ordinary prudence makes it imperative. Let us break these bonds and set the complexed-obsessed soul free in a decent human way and Europe will reap a rich reward in tranquility, security and returning prosperity. 1578:(who had saved the British Army during the retreat from Mons and was the original choice as commander in 1916) would have quickly defeated the Germans. In particular, Meinertzhagen thought that frontal attacks would have been decisive, and less costly than the flanking movements preferred by Smuts, which took longer, so that thousands of Imperial troops died of disease in the field. He wrote: "Smuts has cost Britain many hundreds of lives and many millions of pounds by his caution... Smuts was not an astute soldier; a brilliant statesman and politician but no soldier." Meinertzhagen wrote these comments in October/November 1916, in the weeks after being relieved by Smuts due to symptoms of depression, and he was invalided back to England shortly thereafter. 1725:. Smuts arrived on 4 April 1919, and negotiations started the next day. He offered a neutral zone more favorable to Hungary (shifted 25 km east), though making sure its western border passes west of the final border proposal worked in the Commission on Romanian and Yugoslav Affairs, that the Hungarian leaders were unaware of. Smuts reassured the Hungarians that the agreement would not influence Hungary's final borders. He also teased the lifting of the economic blockade of the country and inviting the Hungarian soviet leaders to the Paris Peace Conference. Kun rejected the terms, and demanded the return to the Belgrade armistice line later that day, upon which Smuts ended negotiations and left. On 8 April he negotiated with Masaryk in 937:. Smuts found it difficult to settle at Cambridge. He felt homesick and isolated by his age and different upbringing from the English undergraduates. Worries over money also contributed to his unhappiness, as his scholarship was insufficient to cover his university expenses. He confided these worries to Professor J. I. Marais, a friend from Victoria College. In reply, Professor Marais enclosed a cheque for a substantial sum, by way of loan, encouraging Smuts to let him know if he ever found himself in need again. Thanks to Marais, Smuts's financial standing was secure. He gradually began to enter more into the social aspects of the university, although he retained a single-minded dedication to his studies. 1003: 6621: 2782: 1516: 2793: 6627: 1973: 856: 2450: 2094: 1295: 1508: 1910:; he is fighting to keep India from political and social equality in the empire; he is fighting to insure the continued and eternal subordination of black to white in Africa; and he is fighting for peace and good will in a white Europe which can by union present a united front to the yellow, brown and black worlds. In all this he expresses bluntly, and yet not without finesse, what a powerful host of white folk believe but do not plainly say in 1155: 1303: 2519: 1851:, the Mandatory Administrator, organised 400 armed men, and sent in aircraft to bomb the Bondelswarts. Casualties included 100 Bondelswart deaths, including a few women and children. A further 468 men were either wounded or taken prisoner. South Africa's international reputation was tarnished. Ruth First, a South African anti-apartheid activist and scholar, describes the Bondelswarts shooting as "the Sharpeville of the 1920s". 1134:

Germany, it was translated by H. Minkowski and eventually published in 1938. During the Second World War, the books were destroyed after the Nazi government had removed it from circulation. Adler and Smuts, however, continued their correspondence. In one of Adler’s letters dated 14 June 1931, he invited Smuts to be one of three judges of the best book on the history of wholeness with a reference to Individual Psychology.

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fundamental structure of government. As the convention drew into autumn, the Orange leaders began to see a final compromise as necessary to secure the concessions that Smuts had already made. They agreed to Smuts's draft South African constitution, which was duly ratified by the South African colonies. Smuts and Botha took the constitution to London, where it was passed by Parliament and given

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swamped in Natal by the Indians but the whites would be swamped all over South Africa by the blacks and the whole position for which the whites had striven for two hundred years or more now would be given up. So far as South Africa was concerned, therefore, it was a question of impossibility. For white South Africa it was not a question of dignity but a question of existence.

1706:. According to Jacob Kripp, Smuts saw the League as necessary in unifying white internationalists and pacifying a race war through indirect rule by Europeans over non-whites and segregation. Kripp states that the League of Nations mandates system reflected a compromise between Smuts's desire to annex non-white territories and Woodrow Wilson's principles of trusteeship. 2342:, Smuts defended the policies of his government by fervently pleading that India's complaint was a matter of domestic jurisdiction. However, the General Assembly censured South Africa for its racial policies and called upon the Smuts government to bring its treatment of the South African Indians in conformity with the basic principles of the 1204:. They decided to send General de la Rey there to assume supreme command, but then decided to act more cautiously when they realised that General de la Rey could hardly be spared in the Western Transvaal. Consequently, Smuts was left with a small force of 300 men, while another 100 men followed him. By January 1902 the British 2334:) made by Gandhi himself. In 1939, Smuts, then prime minister, wrote an essay for a commemorative work compiled for Gandhi's 70th birthday and returned the sandals with the following message: "I have worn these sandals for many a summer, even though I may feel that I am not worthy to stand in the shoes of so great a man." 2307:

the two elements of the population living in their own separate areas. Separate institutions involve territorial segregation of the white and black. If they live mixed together it is not practicable to sort them out under separate institutions of their own. Institutional segregation carries with it territorial segregation.

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paid out based on race. The Workmen's Compensation Act of 1941 "insured all employees irrespective of payment of the levy by employers and increased the number of diseases covered by the law," and the Unemployment Insurance Act of 1946 introduced unemployment insurance on a national scale, albeit with exclusions.

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Thus the unification of the four provinces in the Union of South Africa, the idea of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and, finally, the great whole resulting from the combination of the peoples of the earth in a great league of nations were but a logical progression consistent with his philosophical tenets.

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who wanted the removal of the colour bar in the hope that it would lower wage costs. The white miners perpetrated acts of violence across the Rand, including murderous attacks on non-Europeans, conspicuously on African miners in their compounds, and this culminated in a general assault on the police.

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With the schism in internal party politics came a new threat to the mines that brought South Africa its wealth. A small-scale miners' dispute flared into a full-blown strike, and rioting broke out in Johannesburg after Smuts intervened heavy-handedly. After police shot dead twenty-one strikers, Smuts

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of the enemy". He felt it would have been a crime to continue the war without the assurance of help from elsewhere and declared, "Comrades, we decided to stand to the bitter end. Let us now, like men, admit that that end has come for us, come in a more bitter shape than we ever thought." His opinions

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The old practice mixed up black with white in the same institutions, and nothing else was possible after the native institutions and traditions had been carelessly or deliberately destroyed. But in the new plan there will be what is called in South Africa "segregation"; two separate institutions for

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of 24 May 1921, when at Bulhoek in the eastern Cape eight hundred South African policemen and soldiers armed with maxim machine guns and two field artillery guns killed 163 and wounded 129 members of an indigenous religious sect known as "Israelites" who had been armed with knobkerries, assegais and

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The Fagan Commission did not advocate the establishment of a non-racial democracy in South Africa, but rather wanted to liberalise influx controls of black people into urban areas in order to facilitate the supply of black African labour to the South African industry. It also envisaged a relaxation

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Smuts is often accused of being a politician who extolled the virtues of humanitarianism and liberalism abroad while failing to practise what he preached at home in South Africa. This was most clearly illustrated when India, in 1946, made a formal complaint in the UN concerning the legalised racial

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delegation, who refused every one of Smuts's demands. Smuts had successfully predicted this opposition, and their objections, and tailored his own ambitions appropriately. He allowed compromise on the location of the capital, on the official language, and on suffrage, but he refused to budge on the

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Province (April–May 1902). With a full assault impossible, Smuts packed a train full of explosives, and tried to push it downhill, into the town, in order to bring the enemy garrison to its knees. Although this failed, Smuts had proved his point: that he would stop at nothing to defeat his enemies.

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in 1910. Their association continued in the First World War, when Lloyd George appointed Smuts, in 1917, to the war cabinet in which Churchill served as Munitions Minister. By then, both had formed a fast friendship that continued through Churchill's "wilderness years" and the Second World War, to

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During the years of Transvaal self-government, nobody could avoid the predominant political debate of the day: South African unification. Ever since the British victory in the war, it was an inevitability, but it remained up to the South Africans to decide what sort of country would be formed, and

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Although the concept of holism has been discussed by many, the term holism in academic terminology was first introduced and publicly shared in print by Smuts in the early twentieth century. Smuts was acknowledged for his contribution by getting the honour to write the first entry about the concept

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As the second son of the family, rural custom dictated that Jan would remain working on the farm. In this system, typically only the first son was supported for a full, formal education. In 1882, when Jan was twelve, his elder brother died, and Jan was sent to school in his place. Jan attended the

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It had very much in common with his philosophy of life as subsequently developed and embodied in his Holism and Evolution. Small units must develop into bigger wholes, and they in their turn again must grow into larger and ever-larger structures without cessation. Advancement lay along that path.

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If there was to be equal manhood suffrage over the Union, the whites would be swamped by the blacks. A distinction could not be made between Indians and Africans. They would be impelled by the inevitable force of logic to go the whole hog, and the result would be that not only would the whites be

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had told Churchill "fairly plainly" what he thought of Eden's ability to judge the tactical situation from a distance (Churchill was always impatient for his generals to attack at once). He was supported at the Chiefs of Staff meeting by Smuts. Alanbrooke said he was fortunate to be supported by:

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In domestic policy, a number of social security reforms were carried out during Smuts's second period in office as Prime Minister. Old-age pensions and disability grants were extended to 'Indians' and 'Africans' in 1944 and 1947 respectively, although there were differences in the level of grants

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swords and who had refused to vacate land they regarded as holy to them. Casualties on the government side at Bulhoek amounted to one trooper wounded and one horse killed. Once again, there were charges of the unnecessary use of overwhelming force. However, no commission of enquiry was appointed.

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at Kroonstad station, where they discussed the proposed terms of surrender. Smuts then took a leading role in the negotiations between the representatives from all of the commandos from the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (15–31 May 1902). Although he admitted that, from a purely

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The new Tyranny, disguised in attractive patriotic colours, is enticing youth everywhere into its service. Freedom must make a great counterstroke to save itself and our fair western civilisation. Once more the heroic call is coming to our youth. The fight for human freedom is indeed the supreme

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Adler later wrote a letter, dated 31 January 1931, where he stated that he recommended Smuts's book to his students and followers. He referred to it as "the best preparation for the science of Individual Psychology". After Smuts gave permission for the translation and publication of his book in

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Smuts had no interest in pursuing a career in psychology. He considered psychology as "too impersonal to study great personalities", and believed that the holistic tendency of the personality would be studied best through personology. Smuts, however, never inquired further into the idea of

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The harmony and co-operation soon ended. Smuts was criticised for his overarching powers, and the cabinet was reshuffled. Smuts lost Interior and Mines, but gained control of Finance. That was still too much for Smuts's opponents, who decried his possession of both Defence and Finance, two

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Smuts declared martial law and suppressed the insurrection in three days – at a cost of 291 police and army deaths, and 396 civilians killed. A Martial Law Commission was established which found that Smuts used larger forces than were strictly required, but had saved lives by doing so.

1593:. Smuts initially recommended renewed Western Front attacks and a policy of attrition, lest with Russian commitment to the war wavering, France or Italy would be tempted to make a separate peace. Lloyd George wanted a commander "of the dashing type" for the Middle East in succession to 1238:

on the evening before the raid. Smith contended that this showed how Kant's critique can be a solace and a refuge, as well as a means to sharpen the wit. Combined with the British failure to pacify the Transvaal, Smuts's success left the United Kingdom with no choice but to offer a

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refused Hertzog's request to dissolve parliament for a general election on the issue. Hertzog resigned and Duncan invited Smuts, Hertzog's coalition partner, to form a government and become prime minister for the second time in order to lead the country into the

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Smuts was the first South African to be internationally regarded as an important psychologist. During Smuts's undergraduate years at Cambridge University, he produced a manuscript in 1895 in which he analysed the personality of the famous American poet

1651:, and prepare for major efforts in that theatre. Before his departure, alienated by Robertson's exaggerated estimates of the required reinforcements, he urged Robertson's removal. Allenby told Smuts of Robertson's private instructions (sent by hand of 4916: 1125:, he argued that the concept of holism is "grounded in evolution and is also an ideal that guides human development and one's level of personality actualization." Smuts stated in the book that "personality is the highest form of holism" (p. 292). 1470:

of the new country, Smuts was given three key ministries: Interior, Mines, and Defence. Undeniably, Smuts was the second most powerful man in South Africa. To solidify their dominance of South African politics, the Afrikaners united to form the

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Smuts is the only man who has any influence with the PM; indeed, he is the only ally I have in pressing counsels of common sense on the PM. Smuts sees so clearly that Winston is irreplaceable, that he may make an effort to persuade him to be

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of March 1921, where aeroplanes were used to bomb white miners who were striking in opposition to proposals to allow non-whites to do more skilled and semi-skilled work previously reserved to whites only. Smuts was accused of siding with the

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Through 1906, Smuts worked on the new constitution for the Transvaal, and, in December 1906, elections were held for the Transvaal parliament. Despite being shy and reserved, unlike the showman Botha, Smuts won a comfortable victory in the

989:. His old Cambridge college, Christ's College, offered him a fellowship in Law. Smuts turned his back on a potentially distinguished legal future. By June 1895, he had returned to the Cape Colony, determined to make his future there. 1487:

and Botha headed unaccompanied to Johannesburg to resolve the situation personally. Facing down threats to their own lives, they negotiated a cease-fire. But the cease-fire did not hold, and in 1914, a railway strike turned into a

1682:'s leadership skills, so much so that he proposed to Lloyd George that Pershing be relieved of command and US forces be placed "under someone more confident, like ". This did not endear him to the Americans once it was leaked. 1255:

military perspective, the war could continue, he stressed the importance of not sacrificing the Afrikaner people for that independence. He was very conscious that "more than 20,000 women and children have already died in the

3074: 9060: 1847:. The mandatory administration moved to crush what they called a rebellion of 500 to 600 people, of which 200 were said to be armed (although only about 40 weapons were captured after the Bondelswarts were crushed). 2205:, who had been captured by Afrikaners during the Boer War, which was the first time they met. The next time was in 1906, while Smuts was leading a mission about South Africa's future to London before Churchill, then 1049:, in the summer of 1895–96, Smuts was outraged. Feeling betrayed by his employer, friend and political ally, he resigned from De Beers, and left political life. Instead he became state attorney in the capital of the 2376:

that wished to extend segregation and formalise it into apartheid. There is, however, no evidence that Smuts ever supported the idea of equal political rights for black and white people. Despite this, he did say:

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Great as are the changes wrought by this war, the great world war of justice and freedom, I doubt whether any of these changes surpass in interest the liberation of Palestine and its recognition as the Home of

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was patronising: he saw them as immature human beings who needed the guidance of whites, an attitude that reflected the common perceptions of most westerners in his lifetime. Of black Africans he stated that:

1188:'s eyes and ears in Pretoria, handling propaganda, logistics, communication with generals and diplomats, and anything else that was required. In the second phase of the war, from mid-1900, Smuts served under 2329:

and Smuts were adversaries in many ways, they had a mutual respect and even admiration for each other. Before Gandhi returned to India in 1914, he presented General Smuts with a pair of sandals (now held by

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since the late 19th century, was ultimately disappointed with the League awarding South-West Africa only a mandate status, as he had looked forward to formally incorporating the territory to South Africa.

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These children of nature have not the inner toughness and persistence of the European, not those social and moral incentives to progress which have built up European civilization in a comparatively short

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a flow of words from the mouth of that wonderful statesman. It was as if oil had been poured on the troubled waters. The temperamental film-stars returned to their tasks – peace reigned in the dove cot!

1495:. He acted ruthlessly, deporting union leaders without trial and using Parliament to absolve him and the government of any blame retroactively. That was too much for the Old Boers, who set up their own 2372:

that Africans should be recognised as permanent residents of White South Africa, and not merely as temporary workers who belonged in the reserves. This was in direct opposition to the policies of the

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were representative of the conference, which then voted by 54 to 6 in favour of peace. Representatives of the Governments met Lord Kitchener and at five minutes past eleven on 31 May 1902, the Acting

2405:, "Smuts's views of freedom were always geared to securing the values of western Christian civilization. He was consistent, albeit more flexible than his political contemporaries, in his espousal of 9140: 9090: 2059:, Smuts "did more than anyone to argue for, and help draft, the UN's stirring preamble." Smuts saw the UN as key to protecting white imperial rule over Africa. Also in 1945, he was mentioned by 2247:

said at a meeting of the Chiefs of Staff (29 October 1942) that Montgomery's Middle East offensive was "petering out", after having some late night drinks with Churchill the previous night,

1093:. Due to his manuscript being considered unviable, it was only published 23 years after his death in 1973. Smuts went on to produce his next manuscript, which he completed in 1910, entitled 8706: 1678:

lacked the proper leadership and experience to be effective quickly. He supported the Anglo-French amalgamation policy towards the Americans. In particular, he had a low opinion of General

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Smuts returned to South African politics after the conference. When Botha died in 1919, Smuts was elected prime minister, serving until a shocking defeat in 1924 at the hands of the

1020:, but his abrasive nature made him few friends. Finding little financial success in the law, he began to devote more and more of his time to politics and journalism, writing for the 8627: 829: 9110: 2465:

wrote to Smuts, detailing a plan to develop Britain's African colonies to compete with the United States. During his service as Premier, Smuts personally fundraised for multiple

958:. Over the previous two years, he had received numerous academic prizes and accolades, including the coveted George Long prize in Roman Law and Jurisprudence. One of his tutors, 947:. It was not published until 1973, after his death, but it can be seen that Smuts in this book had already conceptualized his thinking for his later wide-ranging philosophy of 9025: 8214: 8184: 8134: 1655:, appointed by Robertson as Smuts's adviser) that there was no merit in any further advance. He worked with Smuts to draw up plans, using three reinforcement divisions from 8339: 8084: 955: 565:, 24 May 1870 – 11 September 1950) was a South African statesman, military leader and philosopher. In addition to holding various military and cabinet posts, he served as 2644:

of all time. The final positions of the top ten were to be decided by a second round of voting but the programme was taken off the air owing to political controversy and

1328:. As an Afrikaner, Smuts was excluded. Defeated but not deterred, in January 1905, he decided to join with the other former Transvaal generals to form a political party, 8284: 8174: 8164: 2106: 8529: 8369: 5946: 2625:

to Johannesburg International Airport to remove any political connotations. In 2006, it was renamed again to its current name, OR Tambo International Airport, for the

2435:. Smuts's formulation of holism has been linked with his political-military activity, especially his aspiration to create a league of nations. As one biographer said: 1080:, head of the British delegation, took exception to his dominance, and conflict between the two led to the collapse of the conference, consigning South Africa to war. 918:. His deeply traditional upbringing and serious outlook led to social isolation from his peers. He made outstanding academic progress, graduating in 1891 with double 9055: 9040: 8736: 8074: 6784: 4611: 9100: 9030: 8059: 7857: 6892: 4298: 1667:

by the autumn, the speed of the advance limited by the need to lay fresh rail track. This was the foundation of Allenby's successful offensive later in the year.

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Although Smuts's concept of holism is grounded in the natural sciences, he claimed that it has a relevance in philosophy, ethics, sociology, and psychology. In

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and Botha forming the government. To reward his loyalty and efforts, Smuts was given two key cabinet positions: Colonial Secretary and Education Secretary.

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to help broker an armistice and peace deal between the warring British and Irish nationalists. Smuts attempted to sell the concept of Ireland receiving

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left little grazing land. One hundred of the cavalry that had joined Smuts were therefore too weak to continue and so Smuts had to leave these men with

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was born, and the Afrikaners held the key to political power, as the majority of the increasingly whites-only electorate. Although Botha was appointed

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of Christ's College, said in 1970 that "in 500 years of the College's history, of all its members, past and present, three had been truly outstanding:

8960: 5084: 690:", before eventually re-entering politics as deputy prime minister in a coalition with Hertzog; in 1934 their parties subsequently merged to form the 9045: 8279: 8269: 8244: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8179: 8159: 8124: 8114: 8079: 8069: 8034: 7954: 7652: 1848: 647:, with Botha becoming the union's first prime minister and Smuts holding multiple cabinet portfolios. As defence minister he was responsible for the 2298:

of the races, and in 1929 he justified the erection of separate institutions for black and white people in tones prescient of the later practice of

1994:. When Hertzog advocated neutrality towards Nazi Germany in 1939, the coalition split and Hertzog's motion to remain out of the war was defeated in 9150: 9075: 8945: 8613: 7889: 7516: 2978: 2540:, the exact design and implementation of which relied upon Smuts. He later urged the formation of a new international organisation for peace – the 2109:. At home, his preoccupation with the war had severe political repercussions in South Africa. Smuts's support of the war and his support for the 8289: 8254: 1628:, Smuts wrote a review of the British Air Services, which came to be called the Smuts Report. He was helped in large part in this by General Sir 1114:

for the Encyclopaedia Britannica 1929 edition. The Austrian medical doctor, founder of the school of Individual Psychology, and psychotherapist,

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in Literature and Science. During his last years at Stellenbosch, Smuts began to cast off some of his shyness and reserve. At this time he met

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As a botanist, Smuts collected plants extensively over southern Africa. He went on several botanical expeditions in the 1920s and 1930s with

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By mid-January 1918, Lloyd George was toying with the idea of appointing Smuts Commander-in-Chief of all land and sea forces facing the

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Smuts's importance to the Imperial war effort was emphasised by a quite audacious plan, proposed as early as 1940, to appoint Smuts as

1555:. Col (later BGen) J. H. V. Crowe commanded the artillery in East Africa under General Smuts and published an account of the campaign, 967: 9130: 5447:

The South West Africa/Namibia Dispute: Documents and Scholarly Writings on the Controversy Between South Africa and The United Nations

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personology due to him wanting to continue laying the foundation of the concept of holism. He never returned to either of the topics.

9085: 8661: 8554: 8549: 7446: 7039: 6876: 6684: 6306: 5923: 2718: 2206: 117: 4666: 2548:, and was the only person to sign the charters of both the League of Nations and the UN. He played a key role in the development of 620:

and served as an officer in a commando unit following the outbreak of war in 1899. In 1902, he played a key role in negotiating the

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After the Jameson Raid, relations between the British and the Afrikaners had deteriorated steadily. By 1898, war seemed imminent.

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recognition to Israel on 24 May 1948. However, Smuts was deputy prime minister when the Hertzog government in 1937 passed the

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to settle each side's grievances. With an intimate knowledge of the British, Smuts took control of the Transvaal delegation.

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and taxonomist of note. Smuts was a keen mountaineer and supporter of mountaineering. One of his favourite rambles was up

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was given the number one spot based on the first round of voting. In the first round, Field Marshal Smuts came ninth.

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Despite Smuts's exploits as a general and a negotiator, nothing could mask the fact that the Boers had been defeated.

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system. He sought to redefine the relationship between the United Kingdom and her colonies, helping to establish the

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who was seconded to him. This report led to the treatment of air as a separate force, which eventually became the

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On graduation from Victoria College, Smuts won the Ebden scholarship for overseas study. He decided to attend the

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In 1919, Smuts replaced Botha as prime minister, holding the office until the South African Party's defeat at the

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A nation reborn;: A personal report on the roles played by Weizmann, Bevin and Ben-Gurion in the story of Israel

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In 1948, he went further away from his previous views on segregation when supporting the recommendations of the

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collapsed, in December 1905, the decision paid off. Smuts joined Botha in London, and sought to negotiate full

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During this time in Cambridge, Smuts studied a diverse number of subjects in addition to law. He wrote a book,

934: 660: 593: 566: 408: 188: 83: 25: 8851: 8806: 8696: 7486: 2915: 2373: 2358: 2275: 1793: 1675: 1496: 1374: 683: 7644: 4917:"The Reconciliation of Conflicting Colonial Policy Aims: Acceptance of the League of Nations Mandate System" 2177:

On 29 May 1950, a week after the public celebration of his eightieth birthday in Johannesburg and Pretoria,

1843:, in which Smuts supported the actions of the South African Administration in attacking the Bondelswarts in 8901: 7552: 6366: 5088: 2929: 2723: 2703: 2549: 2477:

that was aimed at preventing Jewish immigration to South Africa. The act was seen as a response to growing

2136: 1370: 1365:

for the Transvaal within British South Africa. Using the thorny political issue of South Asian labourers ('

529: 45: 3759: 2032:, should Churchill die or otherwise become incapacitated during the war. This idea was put forward by Sir 9145: 8741: 8676: 7099: 6416: 6239: 5958: 4084: 1730: 1610: 1457: 809: 722: 691: 557: 367: 57: 7732: 6249: 6231: 6171: 6115: 6078: 5770: 4120: 2834: 2666: 1995: 1859: 1855: 1548: 1413: 1329: 1002: 822: 281: 193: 5132: 8955: 7752: 6406: 5231: 3520: 2840: 2827: 2626: 2553: 2350: 1718: 1400:

Smuts proved to be an effective leader, if unpopular. As Education Secretary, he had fights with the

1209: 1149: 959: 799: 707: 4718: 741:'s recommendations to relax restrictions on black South Africans living and working in urban areas. 8716: 8646: 7884: 7273: 7243: 6535: 3661: 2901: 2588: 1866:

along a route now known as Smuts' Track. In February 1923 he unveiled a memorial to members of the

1643:, reporting directly to the War Cabinet rather than to Robertson. Early in 1918, Smuts was sent to 1544: 1341:

When his term of office expired, Milner was replaced as High Commissioner by the more conciliatory

1325: 868: 668: 7253: 7094: 6188: 6133: 5924:"Revisiting Urban African Policy and the Reforms of the Smuts Government, 1939–48", by Gary Baines 4961: 4692: 4201: 3553: 3453: 2114: 8781: 7783: 7496: 7385: 7130: 7013: 6728: 6723: 6620: 6396: 6359: 4429: 3428: 2802: 2760: 2557: 2398: 2151: 2118: 1614: 1354: 1234: 1069: 930: 888: 850: 789: 730: 617: 585: 437: 403: 122: 4539: 3573: 2162:) to remain its members. In the South African context, republicanism was mainly identified with 1818:

During his first premiership Smuts was involved in a number of controversies. The first was the

8681: 8404: 8389: 8299: 7390: 7140: 7135: 2569: 2343: 2312: 2052: 2011: 1840: 1777: 1648: 1321: 1065: 1050: 613: 453: 1479:

departments that were usually at loggerheads. At the 1913 South African Party conference, the

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Field Marshal Smuts was honoured with orders, decorations and medals from several countries.

2622: 2565: 2271: 2239:

Smuts and I are like two old love-birds moulting together on a perch, but still able to peck.

2218: 1987: 1955: 1571: 1463: 1409: 1401: 1269: 640: 621: 570: 457: 341: 4500: 4373: 2781: 8940: 8935: 8761: 8671: 8384: 7380: 6465: 5388:

Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization and Humanitarian Intervention

3653: 2792: 2698: 2422: 2147: 2064: 1785: 1745: 1699: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1265: 1244: 706:

to do so. His second term in office ended with the victory of his political opponents, the

703: 656: 127: 28: 8605: 1441: 8: 8846: 8691: 8656: 8329: 8264: 8219: 8209: 7179: 6528: 6211: 4670: 2820: 2621:

was known as Jan Smuts Airport from its construction in 1952 until 1994. In 1994, it was

2536:

One of his greatest international accomplishments was aiding in the establishment of the

2485: 2182: 2067:. However, he did not explicitly nominate any of them. The person actually nominated was 1943: 1515: 1472: 1436: 1193: 644: 522: 362: 41: 5937: 5928: 5012: 4274:

No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations

4247:

No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations

3422: 3148:

Letter from Maitland to Smuts, 15 June 1894; Hancock et al. (1966–73): vol. 1, pp. 33–34

1581:

Early in 1917, Smuts left Africa and went to London, as he had been invited to join the

1408:

teachings in schools. As Colonial Secretary, he opposed a movement for equal rights for

8930: 8821: 7762: 7737: 7476: 7263: 6748: 6105: 6033: 5730: 5261: 4778: 4770: 4206: 3809: 3578: 3558: 3383: 3003: 2995: 2740: 2673: 2662: 2599: 2354: 2295: 2143: 1885: 1769: 1590: 1564: 1560: 1346: 624:, which ended the war and resulted in the annexation of the South African Republic and 337: 6669: 5707: 1808: 8896: 8841: 8771: 7767: 7562: 7304: 6920: 6825: 6281: 5909: 5886: 5864: 5845: 5828: 5818: 5799: 5792: 5778: 5756: 5737: 5713: 5683: 5664: 5645: 5626: 5604: 5585: 5568: 5561: 5545: 5526: 5509: 5486: 5469: 5450: 5431: 5414: 5407: 5391: 5372: 5353: 5334: 5315: 5296: 5267: 5248: 4936: 4803: 4782: 4762: 4551: 4407: 4328: 4278: 4251: 4176: 4140: 4132: 4124: 4095: 4060: 3869: 3859: 3832: 3813: 3801: 3738: 3731: 3609: 3379: 3334: 3287: 3277: 3250: 3233: 3007: 2750: 2537: 2526: 2202: 1874: 1844: 1757: 1738: 1729:

over the Hungarian border. Hungary's rejection led to the conference's approval of a

1721:. This was in the wake of issues around the neutral zone the Entente dictated in the 1695: 1425: 1394: 1277: 1225: 1200:

and the deputation in Europe thought that there was good hope for their cause in the

1061: 664: 625: 550: 53: 7431: 7024: 6861: 4643: 3357: 2105:

Smuts continued to represent his country abroad. He was a leading guest at the 1947

1784:

was one of the proposed names for what became Tanganyika. Smuts, who had called for

1609:

was appointed instead. Like other members of the War Cabinet, Smuts's commitment to

1215:

To end the conflict, Smuts sought to take a major target, the copper-mining town of

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Great Contemporaries: Jan Christian Smuts, The Churchill Project, Hillsdale College

4438: 4302: 4116: 4079: 3793: 3683: 3245: 3091:

Letter from Marais to Smuts, 8 August 1892; Hancock et al. (1966–73): vol. 1, p. 25

2987: 2881: 2735: 2655: 2611: 2369: 2279: 2110: 1991: 1881: 1832: 1679: 1594: 1536: 915: 738: 679: 629: 142: 1196:, and the unit evaded and harassed a British army forty times its size. President 875:. His parents, Jacobus Smuts and his wife Catharina, were prosperous, traditional 628:

into the British Empire. He subsequently helped negotiate self-government for the

8891: 8756: 8751: 8721: 8594: 8569: 8419: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8239: 8229: 8019: 7919: 7813: 7420: 7405: 7233: 7003: 6993: 6840: 6520: 6326: 5995: 5954: 4743:(January 2008). "Smuts, the United Nations and the Rhetoric of Race and Rights". 4272: 4245: 4090: 2474: 2406: 2210: 1972: 1765: 1749: 1633: 1528: 1362: 1181: 1173: 903: 605: 597: 495: 491: 7547: 7294: 5905: 2579:

in Israel was named after him. Smuts was a vocal proponent of the creation of a

2338:

discrimination against Indians in South Africa. Appearing personally before the

1946:

which is obsessing and, I fear, poisoning the mind, and indeed the very soul of

1906:

from a nation that recognizes, even though it does not realize, the equality of

8866: 8861: 8701: 8564: 8489: 8409: 8304: 8294: 8144: 7778: 7613: 7598: 7344: 7319: 7314: 7278: 7268: 7145: 7109: 7008: 6998: 6820: 6753: 6605: 6426: 5623:

Recognition of Israel: An End & a New Beginning: An End and a New Beginning

4853: 2785: 2645: 2560:, as it was known at the time. This proved to be a two-way street; in 1946 the 2541: 2462: 2326: 2186: 1878: 1863: 1800:, Smuts was quoted as saying that: "Not Wilson, but humanity failed at Paris." 1797: 1671: 1640: 1488: 1358: 1205: 1189: 1169: 1097:. His manuscript was then revised in 1924 and published in 1926 with the title 1027: 1026:. Smuts was intrigued by the prospect of a united South Africa, and joined the 975: 899: 726: 515: 461: 333: 37: 5832: 4932: 3797: 3291: 2365:

earlier that year as well as the wider struggle for equality in South Africa.

855: 8924: 8906: 8876: 8444: 7999: 7808: 7798: 7691: 7674: 7623: 7618: 7603: 7593: 7415: 7410: 7400: 7395: 7364: 7359: 7349: 7329: 7324: 7309: 7155: 7150: 6977: 6947: 6915: 6845: 6799: 6779: 6774: 6161: 6023: 5618: 5159:"Renaming process has resulted in an Army structure that truly represents SA" 4940: 4766: 4758: 4555: 4399: 4299:"Record from The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace, 1901–1956" 4144: 4099: 3805: 3726: 2973: 2576: 2530: 2493: 2454: 2048: 2033: 1935: 1919: 1890: 1773: 1421: 1342: 1229: 1220: 986: 982: 907: 695: 601: 507: 413: 9061:

Presidents of the Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science

6952: 5502: 5271: 4540:"Race Segregation In South Africa New Policies and Factors in Race Problems" 4442: 3873: 2449: 2274:

in South Africa, taking a more moderate and ambiguous stance than the rival

1601:

that Western Front commitments did not justify a serious attempt to capture

8886: 8881: 8746: 8399: 8379: 8359: 8349: 7793: 7628: 7557: 7214: 7059: 6962: 6925: 6896: 6789: 6738: 6733: 6704: 6653: 6635: 6555: 6143: 6088: 5878: 2991: 2630: 2603: 2584: 2580: 2478: 2361:

brought up the issue of the brutality of Smuts's police regime against the

2244: 2166: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2037: 2022: 2007: 1947: 1907: 1899: 1858:, former botanist-in-charge of the African section of the Herbarium of the 1761: 1652: 1115: 1090: 1073: 1046: 1042:

mining company. In 1895, Smuts became an advocate and supporter of Rhodes.

1035: 942: 892: 884: 864: 589: 313: 7542: 7299: 2564:

requested the Smuts government to take measures to bring the treatment of

2093: 1898:

Jan Smuts is today, in his world aspects, the greatest protagonist of the

1760:, which it held until 1975. Both Smuts and the Australian Prime Minister, 1192:, who commanded 500 commandos in the Western Transvaal. Smuts excelled at 725:

who played a key role in establishing and defining the League of Nations,

8871: 8826: 8414: 7824: 7757: 7747: 7722: 7712: 6967: 6957: 6835: 6830: 6815: 6769: 6658: 6600: 6580: 6504: 6203: 6060: 5288: 3853: 2745: 2651: 2185:. He died of a subsequent heart attack on his family farm of Doornkloof, 2083: 1915: 1819: 1674:

political and military leaders in the First World War, Smuts thought the

1656: 1540: 1520: 1492: 1335: 1201: 1197: 1185: 1177: 971: 872: 633: 581: 317: 213: 154: 4774: 2381:

The idea that the Natives must all be removed and confined in their own

2209:. The British Cabinet shared Churchill's sympathetic view, which led to 1714: 1294: 8836: 8831: 8811: 7583: 7567: 5890: 5782: 5717: 5572: 5513: 5473: 5418: 5252: 4740: 2765: 2402: 2248: 1507: 1256: 1022: 923: 699: 686:. He spent several years in academia, during which he coined the term " 395: 380: 4420: 4057:

Imperial ecology: environmental order in the British Empire, 1895–1945

2999: 1302: 1212:. Intelligence indicated that at this time Smuts had about 3,000 men. 643:

in 1910, helping shape its constitution. He and Botha established the

8707:

Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava

7788: 7537: 7354: 7114: 7104: 6972: 6570: 2394:

that had restricted the movement of black South Africans in general.

2391: 2299: 2163: 1923: 1911: 1602: 1405: 1345:. Smuts saw an opportunity and pounced, urging Botha to persuade the 1240: 1017: 963: 876: 715: 577: 426: 104: 4329:"Social assistance in South Africa: Its potential impact on poverty" 1786:

South African territorial expansion all the way to the River Zambesi

1574:, wrote very critically of his conduct of the campaign. He believed 1154: 2592: 2518: 2214: 2190: 2155: 2087: 1812: 1722: 1710: 1698:

through his correspondences with Woodrow Wilson, his work with the

1664: 1184:

of 1899–1902. In the early stages of the conflict, Smuts served as

1054: 1039: 911: 609: 604:

in 1894 but returned home the following year. In the leadup to the

175: 4617:. United Nations General Assembly. 8 December 1946. Archived from 4606: 4604: 4602: 3606:

The Meinertzhagen Mystery: The Life and Legend of a Colossal Fraud

1320:

had full control of all South African affairs, and established an

5207:

Alexander, E. G. M., Barron G. K. B. and Bateman, A. J. (1985).

3855:

The lights that failed: European international history, 1919–1933

2497: 2489: 2466: 2079: 1884:

wrote in an article which would be incorporated into the pivotal

1753: 1511:

The Imperial War Cabinet (1917) Jan Smuts is seated on the right.

757: 9141:

South African Republic military personnel of the Second Boer War

9091:

South African members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

5183: 4136: 2294:

Smuts was, for most of his political life, a vocal supporter of

2278:, and he later endorsed the relatively liberal proposals of the 1954:

Though in his Rectorial Address delivered on 17 October 1934 at

1030:. By good fortune, Smuts's father knew the leader of the group, 67: 6483: 4599: 2676:

at Smuts's home in Irene is dedicated to promoting his legacy.

2428: 2418: 1986:

After nine years in opposition and academia, Smuts returned as

1927: 1903: 1726: 1429: 1424:, with power centralised in Pretoria, with English as the only 1404:, of which he had once been a dedicated member, which demanded 1389:

constituency, near Pretoria. His victory was one of many, with

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during the First World War. Smuts personally led troops in the

7872: 5842:

General Jan Smuts and His First World War in Africa, 1914–1917

4474: 4960:. Jewish Publication Society of America. 1934. Archived from 2501: 2382: 2159: 1660: 1216: 1172:

declared war and launched an offensive into the British-held

6351: 4533: 4531: 4523:

In the name of apartheid: South Africa in the postwar period

2665:

Regiment Westelike Provinsie was renamed after Smuts as the

8635: 4644:"Unverified article attributed to the Delhi News Chronicle" 2107:

wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

7209: 1873:

In 1925, assessing Smuts's role in international affairs,

1567:

for distinguished service in the field on 1 January 1917.

1158:

Jan Smuts and Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War,

714:, with the new government beginning the implementation of 8737:

John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair

7676:

Leaders of the (Parliamentary) Opposition in South Africa

4528: 3733:

Over There: The United States in the Great War, 1917–1918

2636:

In 2004, Smuts was named by voters in a poll held by the

2385:

is in my opinion the greatest nonsense I have ever heard.

1551:

for details). In 1916 General Smuts was put in charge of

5582:

Israeli Foreign Policy: South Africa and Central America

5230: 4612:"United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/44(I)" 4059:, Peder Anker Publisher: Harvard University Press, 2001 2500:

for Weizmann, describing him as "the greatest Jew since

981:

In December 1894, Smuts passed the examinations for the

9111:

South African Party (Union of South Africa) politicians

6699: 4717:. Africanhistory.about.com. 26 May 1948. Archived from 4131:(1927 ed.). Albert and Charles Boni. p. 385. 4074: 4072: 2113:

made him unpopular amongst the Afrikaner community and

1539:, which was accomplished by November 1914. Next he and 16:

South African statesman and military leader (1870–1950)

5794:

Jan Christian Smuts: The Conscience of a South African

5263:

The Folly of Neutrality – Speech by the Prime Minister

3274:

Striving for the Whole: Creating Theoretical Syntheses

2226:, Churchill's personal physician, wrote in his diary: 1815:

status similar to that of Australia and South Africa.

7461: 7054: 6891: 4887:, digitized 5 February 2007. Nature Publishing Group. 4427:"1949–1999: Fifty Years of a Renewing Commonwealth". 2568:

in South Africa into line with the provisions of the

2270:

Smuts and his parties supported existing policies of

9026:

Members of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa

4497:"Jan Christiaan Smuts, South African History Online" 4111: 4109: 4069: 1272:, followed by the members of his government, Acting 1006:

Jan Smuts, as a young state attorney general in 1895

4854:"South Africa – The Great Depression and the 1930s" 3312:"Jan Smuts' Influence on Philosophy and Psychology" 3305: 3303: 3301: 2412: 2135:He accepted the appointment as Colonel-in-Chief of 2063:among seven candidates that were qualified for the 1796:. After the death of the former American President 1768:in the post First World War world. When the former 1499:to fight the all-powerful Botha-Smuts partnership. 863:Smuts was born on 24 May 1870, at the family farm, 667:and securing South African control over the former 639:Smuts played a leading role in the creation of the 8777:Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell 6550: 5791: 5729: 5560: 5501: 5406: 4646:. South African Communist Party. 25 September 1949 4550:. Oxford Journals. 1930. p. 21 (5): 225–233. 4538: 4083: 4052: 4050: 3730: 3227: 3225: 2496:, in Israel are named after him. He also wrote an 2427:While in academia, Smuts pioneered the concept of 1752:over German South-West Africa (which later became 1491:. Threats of a revolution caused Smuts to declare 1334:('The People'), to fight for the Afrikaner cause. 4569: 4106: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 2679: 2285:At the Imperial Conference of 1925 Smuts stated: 9056:People from the West Coast District Municipality 9041:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour 8922: 7167:Note: Until the appointment of Louw in 1955 the 5312:The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and Why 4177:"J.B.M. Hertzog: prime minister of South Africa" 3688:Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation 3298: 2979:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 1934:In December 1934, Smuts told an audience at the 1369:'), the South Africans convinced Prime Minister 879:farmers, long established and highly respected. 737:. At the end of his career, Smuts supported the 9101:South African military personnel of World War I 9031:Members of the House of Assembly (South Africa) 5064:"The History of OR Tambo International Airport" 4525:. 1st U.S. ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1988 4047: 3358:"Durban Branch November 1998 News Sheet No.285" 5753:Jan Smuts and His International Contemporaries 4389:Union Defence Force Order No.4114. 5 July 1949 4277:. Princeton University Press. pp. 20–21. 3385:A Commentary to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason 3276:(First ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. 3258: 3202: 2943:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal 2591:neighbourhood of Jerusalem and a boulevard in 8621: 7858: 7660: 7447: 7195: 7040: 6877: 6685: 6536: 6367: 5483:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 5309: 4839: 4837: 4491: 4489: 3562:(Supplement). 15 February 1916. p. 1791. 1262:State President of the South African Republic 830: 9081:South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations 8657:Sir Ralph Abercromby Anstruther, 4th Baronet 5658: 5209:South African Orders, Decorations and Medals 3507:. New York: Public Affairs, 2007. pp 380–381 3234:"A history of South African (SA) Psychology" 2047:In May 1945, he represented South Africa in 1870:who had been killed in the First World War. 1690:Smuts and Botha were key negotiators at the 1570:Smuts's chief Intelligence officer, Colonel 9071:Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium) 5266:. Johannesburg: Union Unity Truth Service. 5236:Selections from the Smuts Papers, 1886–1950 4987:"Jan Smuts given honor where honor was due" 4890: 4463: 4461: 4230: 4228: 4226: 3760:"League of Nations: A Practical Suggestion" 3582:(Supplement). 29 December 1916. p. 15. 3400:Selections from the Smuts Papers, 1886–1950 3322: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3022:"Great Contemporaries: Jan Christian Smuts" 2332:Ditsong National Museum of Cultural History 2196: 2142:In 1949, Smuts was bitterly opposed to the 1963:issue of the future, as it has always been. 1772:was divided into two mandated territories ( 1475:, a new pan-South African Afrikaner party. 1435:There, Smuts was up against a hard-talking 744: 659:in London. He played a leading role at the 8986:Chancellors of the University of Cape Town 8981:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge 8712:John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute 8628: 8614: 7874:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge 7865: 7851: 7667: 7653: 7454: 7440: 7202: 7188: 7047: 7033: 6884: 6870: 6692: 6678: 6543: 6529: 6374: 6360: 5769: 5287: 4834: 4486: 4480: 4374:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge 4006:Smuts: 2. The Fields of Force, 1919 – 1950 3993:Smuts: 2. The Fields of Force, 1919 – 1950 3980:Smuts: 2. The Fields of Force, 1919 – 1950 3967:Smuts: 2. The Fields of Force, 1919 – 1950 3954:Smuts: 2. The Fields of Force, 1919 – 1950 3941:Smuts: 2. The Fields of Force, 1919 – 1950 3928:Smuts: 2. The Fields of Force, 1919 – 1950 3915:Smuts: 2. The Fields of Force, 1919 – 1950 3646: 3309: 2976:(1952). "Jan Christian Smuts. 1870–1950". 2619:international airport serving Johannesburg 1535:(UDF). His first task was to suppress the 1338:was elected leader, and Smuts his deputy. 910:, and immersed himself in literature, the 837: 823: 655:in 1916 and the following year joined the 616:. He led the republic's delegation to the 66: 9051:Ministers of home affairs of South Africa 9001:Fellows of the Royal Society (Statute 12) 8662:Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet 6334:Chancellor of the University of Cambridge 6307:Chancellor of the University of Cape Town 5705: 5539: 5035:"Louis Botha Avenue Development Corridor" 4789: 4250:. Princeton University Press. p. 9. 3249: 3073: 2719:Union of South Africa Commemoration Medal 2207:Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies 2130:Chancellor of the University of Cambridge 1704:League of Nations: A Practical Suggestion 1559:in 1918. Smuts was promoted to temporary 1420:how it would be formed. Smuts favoured a 945:: A Study in the Evolution of Personality 9046:Military personnel from the Western Cape 8732:Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery 8530:HRH The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 5724: 5677: 5404: 5385: 5366: 5347: 4577:"Following the footsteps of a great man" 4515: 4458: 4398: 4223: 4210:(Supplement). 23 May 1941. p. 3004. 4200: 3684:"Lieutenant General Sir David Henderson" 3572: 3552: 3479:"Formation of the Union of South Africa" 3473: 3471: 3420: 3414: 3398:Hancock, WK and van der Poel, J (eds) – 3360:. South African Military History Society 3271: 3231: 3173: 3024:. The Churchill Project. 1 December 2017 2517: 2448: 2092: 2078: 1990:in a 'grand coalition' government under 1981:Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference 1971: 1936:Royal Institute of International Affairs 1702:during the First World War and his book 1514: 1506: 1301: 1293: 1274:State President of the Orange Free State 1153: 1001: 854: 243:4 June 1948 – 11 September 1950 167:3 September 1919 – 30 June 1924 9151:United Party (South Africa) politicians 9076:Rectors of the University of St Andrews 8946:20th-century South African philosophers 8802:David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir 8638:Rectors of the University of St Andrews 5812: 5617: 5520: 5504:Smuts: 1. The Sanguine Years, 1870—1919 5499: 5328: 5027: 5005: 4825: 4353:"Seating plan for the Ball Supper Room" 4270: 4243: 4078: 3851: 3725: 3448: 3446: 3352: 3350: 3128:Smuts: 1. The Sanguine Years, 1870–1919 3115:a Study in the Evolution of Personality 3102:Smuts: 1. The Sanguine Years, 1870–1919 3053:Smuts: 1. The Sanguine Years, 1870–1919 2265: 1012:Jan Smuts in the South African Republic 96:5 September 1939 – 4 June 1948 8923: 6500:Statue of Jan Smuts, Parliament Square 6448:Preamble to the United Nations Charter 6272:Rector of the University of St Andrews 5877: 5858: 5815:Jan Smuts, 1870–1950: A Photobiography 5789: 5750: 5579: 5444: 5428:General Smuts' Campaign in East Africa 5201: 4115: 3675: 3660:. Centre for First World War Studies, 3542:General Smuts' Campaign in East Africa 3515: 3513: 2638:South African Broadcasting Corporation 2546:preamble to the United Nations Charter 2469:organisations. His government granted 2201:In 1899, Smuts interrogated the young 2017:On 24 May 1941, Smuts was appointed a 1557:General Smuts' Campaign in East Africa 1283: 1243:and a peace conference, to be held at 733:. He supported racial segregation and 9116:South African people of Dutch descent 8961:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge 8687:Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne 8609: 7846: 7648: 7435: 7183: 7028: 6865: 6673: 6524: 6355: 5639: 5480: 5463: 5425: 5259: 5242: 4877: 4868: 4795: 4739: 4733: 4685: 4664: 4406:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3826: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3757: 3468: 3328: 2968: 2966: 2544:. Smuts wrote the first draft of the 2169:and with tighter racial segregation. 1563:on 18 February 1916, and to honorary 1280:, and the members of his government. 1034:. Hofmeyr in turn recommended Jan to 933:in the United Kingdom to read law at 663:, advocating for the creation of the 9126:South African people of World War II 8797:David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford 5839: 5558: 5542:The British Field Marshals 1736–1997 5523:Smuts: 2. Fields of Force, 1919–1950 4914: 4695:. South African History Online. 2015 3443: 3347: 3333:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 3117:, Wayne State University Press, 1973 2972: 2687: 2036:, Churchill's private secretary, to 2030:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1902:. He is fighting to take control of 632:, becoming a cabinet minister under 573:from 1919 to 1924 and 1939 to 1948. 9121:South African people of World War I 8792:David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter 6051:Sir David Pieter de Villiers Graaff 5955:Newspaper clippings about Jan Smuts 5680:Field Marshal Sir William Robertson 5598: 5331:Jan Smuts: An Illustrated Biography 5085:"SA se gewildste is Nelson Mandela" 3858:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3681: 3608:. Potomac Books, Washington. 2007, 3510: 3310:du Plessis, Guy (28 October 2021). 2583:, and spoke out against the rising 2397:In the assessment of South African 2044:, both of whom warmed to the idea. 1967: 1228:wrote that General Smuts read from 997: 301:Jan Christiaan (or Christian) Smuts 13: 8991:Commanders of the Legion of Honour 8951:Afrikaner anti-apartheid activists 5885:. Vol. 2. Faber & Faber. 5698: 5661:Jan Smuts: Memoirs of the Boer War 5449:. University of California Press. 4499:. Sahistory.org.za. Archived from 3766: 3232:Nicholas, Lionel (3 August 2014). 3075:"Smuts, Jan Christian (SMTS891JC)" 2963: 2771:King George V Silver Jubilee Medal 2714:Medalje voor de Anglo-Boere Oorlog 1979:Smuts, standing left, at the 1944 1737:invasion and harsher terms in the 1553:the conquest of German East Africa 1523:and Smuts at Versailles, July 1919 1502: 895:, in 1886, at the age of sixteen. 735:opposed democratic non-racial rule 14: 9167: 9016:Justice ministers of South Africa 9011:Foreign ministers of South Africa 9006:Finance ministers of South Africa 8996:Defence ministers of South Africa 7463:Finance ministers of South Africa 6442:Covenant of the League of Nations 5899: 5659:Spies, S.B.; Natrass, G. (1994). 3831:. Jaffa Kiadó. pp. 139–142. 3786:American Political Science Review 3427:. Hodder And Stoughton. pp. 3378: 2797:Order of the Companions of Honour 1764:, feared the rising power of the 1290:Jan Smuts and a British Transvaal 1250:Before the conference, Smuts met 859:Jacobus and Catharina Smuts, 1893 9086:South African Christian Zionists 6625: 6619: 6425: 5709:Grey Steel: A Study of Arrogance 5563:A World History of Our Own Times 5310:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988). 5247:. Alexander Maclehose & Co. 5234:; van der Poel, J. (1966–1973). 5176: 5151: 5125: 5103: 5077: 5056: 4979: 4955:"Jewish American Year Book 5695" 4947: 4908: 4899: 4129:The New Negro: An Interpretation 3251:10.11144/Javeriana.upsy13-5.hsap 2854:King Christian X's Liberty Medal 2791: 2780: 2413:Holism and related academic work 2117:'s pro-apartheid stance won the 1807:, Smuts went to Ireland and met 1805:Imperial Conference in June 1921 1543:led the South African army into 1451: 1144:Military history of South Africa 756: 436: 9136:South African Republic generals 9106:South African mountain climbers 9066:Prime ministers of South Africa 8727:John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury 6317:Albert van der Sandt Centlivres 5663:. Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg. 4846: 4816: 4746:Journal of Contemporary History 4707: 4658: 4636: 4449: 4392: 4383: 4367: 4345: 4321: 4291: 4264: 4237: 4214: 4194: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4011: 3998: 3985: 3972: 3959: 3946: 3933: 3920: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3845: 3820: 3751: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3598: 3586: 3566: 3546: 3534: 3497: 3456:. South African History On-line 3405: 3392: 3372: 3189: 3164: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3120: 2776:King George VI Coronation Medal 2340:United Nations General Assembly 2224:Charles Wilson, 1st Baron Moran 2158:(such as the newly independent 1137: 1016:Smuts began to practise law in 954:Smuts graduated in 1894 with a 698:in 1941 and in 1945 signed the 9156:World War II political leaders 9096:South African military leaders 9021:Legion of Frontiersmen members 8595:The Lord Sainsbury of Turville 5930:Africa and Some World Problems 5642:Jan Christian Smuts by his son 5289:Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord 5133:"New Reserve Force unit names" 5015:. Blue Plaques of South Africa 4991:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 4693:"General Jan Christiaan Smuts" 3454:"General Jan Christiaan Smuts" 3329:Smuts, Jan Christiaan (1973). 3107: 3094: 3085: 3067: 3058: 3045: 3036: 3014: 2680:Orders, decorations and medals 2587:of the 1930s. A street in the 661:Paris Peace Conference of 1919 404:Victoria College, Stellenbosch 84:Prime Minister of South Africa 1: 9131:South African Queen's Counsel 9036:Members of the Order of Merit 8966:Alumni of Paul Roos Gymnasium 8807:Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby 8697:Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay 7577:Post-Apartheid (1994-present) 7374:Post-Apartheid (1994-present) 7124:Post-Apartheid (1994–present) 6987:Post-apartheid (1994–present) 6809:Post-apartheid (1994–present) 6381: 5775:A Botanist in Southern Africa 5352:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4715:"Fagan Commission and Report" 3481:. Salem Press. Archived from 2956: 2916:Order of the Netherlands Lion 2640:(SABC) as one of the top ten 2481:sentiments among Afrikaners. 2359:South African Indian Congress 2213:within the year, followed by 2074: 1676:American Expeditionary Forces 1307: 1159: 1083: 8410:Thomas Ruthall (or Rowthall) 6179:Minister for Foreign Affairs 5430:. Naval and Military Press. 5280: 4669:. Anc.org.za. Archived from 4380:. Retrieved on 30 July 2012. 4121:"The Negro Mind Reaches Out" 3424:Botha Smuts And South Africa 3197:Smuts: 1. The Sanguine Years 3113:Jan C Smuts: Walt Whitman – 2930:Order of the Tower and Sword 2704:Dekoratie voor Trouwe Dienst 2488:, and several streets and a 2453:A 1944 painting of Smuts by 2363:African Mine Workers' Strike 2357:along with delegates of the 2349:At the same conference, the 2311:In general, Smuts's view of 2137:Regiment Westelike Provinsie 1685: 1371:Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman 898:At Stellenbosch, he learned 482:South African Defence Forces 7: 8742:Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig 8677:Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves 8570:The Earl Baldwin of Bewdley 5959:20th Century Press Archives 5915:Works by or about Jan Smuts 5861:General Smuts: South Africa 5678:Woodward, David R. (1998). 5405:Crossman, R. H. S. (1960). 5329:Cameron, Trewhella (1994). 4667:"The miners strike of 1946" 4094:. Vol. 3, no. 3. 3595:Oliver and Boyd 1960 p. 205 3079:A Cambridge Alumni Database 2139:as from 17 September 1948. 1647:to confer with Allenby and 1458:Jan Smuts and the Old Boers 805:British Transvaal 1902–1910 594:Christ's College, Cambridge 409:Christ's College, Cambridge 10: 9172: 8540:The Duke of Northumberland 8435:The Duke of Northumberland 8355:Thomas Rotherham (or Scot) 7171:was also foreign minister. 6402:The South African Republic 6250:Jacobus Gideon Nel Strauss 6232:James Barry Munnik Hertzog 6172:James Barry Munnik Hertzog 6116:James Barry Munnik Hertzog 6079:James Barry Munnik Hertzog 5840:Katz, David Brock (2022). 5223: 5218: 4921:International Organization 3716:Woodward (1998), pp. 165–8 3643:Woodward (1998), pp. 148–9 3634:Woodward (1998), pp. 155–7 3625:Woodward (1998), pp. 132–4 3161:(1994) Introduction, p. 19 3081:. University of Cambridge. 2667:General Jan Smuts Regiment 2484:Smuts lobbied against the 2457:in the Imperial War Museum 2444: 2416: 1549:South-West Africa Campaign 1547:and conquered it (see the 1455: 1414:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 1287: 1147: 1141: 1009: 848: 194:Prince Arthur of Connaught 8971:Apartheid in South Africa 8645: 8590:HRH The Duke of Edinburgh 7880: 7833: 7682: 7576: 7526:Apartheid-era (1948-1994) 7525: 7470:pre-Apartheid (1910-1948) 7469: 7373: 7288:Apartheid-era (1948-1994) 7287: 7222:pre-Apartheid (1910-1948) 7221: 7164: 7123: 7088:Apartheid-era (1948–1994) 7087: 7067:Pre-Apartheid (1910–1948) 7066: 6986: 6940: 6903: 6808: 6763:Apartheid-era (1948–1994) 6762: 6712:Pre-apartheid (1910–1948) 6711: 6634: 6617: 6562: 6492: 6476: 6457: 6434: 6423: 6389: 6340: 6331: 6323: 6313: 6304: 6288: 6278: 6269: 6261: 6256: 6246: 6236: 6228: 6222:Merged into United Party' 6208: 6200: 6195: 6185: 6176: 6168: 6158: 6148: 6140: 6130: 6120: 6112: 6102: 6093: 6085: 6075: 6065: 6057: 6047: 6038: 6030: 6020: 6010: 6002: 5992: 5986:Minister for the Interior 5983: 5975: 5970: 5706:Armstrong, H. C. (1939). 4933:10.1017/S0020818300017082 4843:Beit-Hallahmi, pp 109–111 4437:(350): 1–27. April 1999. 3829:Rosszfiúk világforradalma 3798:10.1017/S0003055421001362 2828:Order of the African Star 2595:are named in his honour. 2554:League of Nations mandate 2513: 2351:African National Congress 2154:and made it possible for 2055:. According to historian 1719:Hungarian Soviet Republic 1150:Jan Smuts in the Boer War 1095:An Inquiry into the Whole 1045:When Rhodes launched the 992: 926:, whom he later married. 702:, the only signer of the 608:, Smuts practised law in 596:on a scholarship. He was 501: 487: 477: 467: 449: 444: 432: 422: 394: 386: 376: 355: 347: 323: 296: 291: 287: 275: 265: 255: 247: 236: 229: 219: 207: 181: 171: 160: 148: 136: 110: 100: 89: 81: 77: 65: 23: 8648:University of St Andrews 7885:Richard of Wetheringsett 6636:Republic of South Africa 6196:Party political offices 5790:Ingham, Kenneth (1986). 5540:Heathcote, Tony (1999). 5525:. Cambridge University. 5508:. Cambridge University. 5426:Crowe, J. H. V. (2009). 5390:. Cambridge University. 5371:. Kessinger Publishing. 5367:Crafford, F. S. (1943). 5333:. Human & Rousseau. 4759:10.1177/0022009407084557 4080:Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt 3662:University of Birmingham 3521:"Old Resentments Return" 3421:Williams, Basil (1946). 3238:Universitas Psychologica 2260: 2197:Relations with Churchill 2193:, on 11 September 1950. 2172: 2128:In 1948, he was elected 2097:Jan Smuts Museum library 1803:While in Britain for an 1545:German South-West Africa 765:This article is part of 745:Early life and education 669:German South-West Africa 231:Leader of the Opposition 182:Governors‑General 111:Governors‑General 8465:The Earl of Northampton 8075:Anthony of Grantchester 6941:Apartheid era (1948–94) 6904:Pre-apartheid (1910–48) 5943:at the Internet Archive 5934:at the Internet Archive 5859:Lentin, Antony (2010). 5844:. Casemate Publishers. 5813:Joubert, Anton (2023). 5751:Geyser, Ockert (2002). 5521:Hancock, W. K. (1968). 5500:Hancock, W. K. (1962). 5413:. Atheneum Publishers. 5386:Crawford, Neta (2002). 5348:Colville, John (2004). 5119:2027/mdp.39015070267029 4915:Haas, Ernst B. (1952). 4443:10.1080/003585399108072 4166:Smuts (1934) pp. 28–29. 4035:Crawford (2002), p. 276 4026:Crawford (2002), p. 276 4017:Crawford (2002), p. 276 3762:. Hodder and Stoughton. 3707:Woodward (1998), p. 164 3272:Valsiner, Jaan (2017). 3159:Memoirs of the Boer War 2761:France and Germany Star 2642:Greatest South Africans 2152:Commonwealth of Nations 2119:Reunited National Party 2051:at the drafting of the 1998:by a vote of 80 to 67. 1620:In 1917, following the 1235:Critique of Pure Reason 1168:On 11 October 1899 the 931:University of Cambridge 851:Early life of Jan Smuts 810:The Old Boers 1910–1914 731:Commonwealth of Nations 618:Bloemfontein Conference 580:parents in the British 123:Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet 8976:British field marshals 8682:Arthur Penrhyn Stanley 8555:The Duke of Devonshire 8550:The Duke of Devonshire 8545:HRH The Prince Consort 8500:The Duke of Buckingham 8495:The Duke of Manchester 8485:The Earl of Manchester 8475:The Duke of Buckingham 8060:Thomas de Grantchester 7211:Home affairs ministers 5798:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5567:. Simon and Schuster. 5369:Jan Smuts: A Biography 5111:Place-names of Alberta 4455:Muller (1975), p. 508. 4378:British History Online 4271:Mazower, Mark (2013). 4244:Mazower, Mark (2013). 3852:Steiner, Zara (2005). 3505:Diamonds, Gold and War 2992:10.1098/rsbm.1952.0017 2658:, is named after him. 2570:United Nations Charter 2533: 2511: 2458: 2442: 2387: 2344:United Nations Charter 2323: 2309: 2292: 2258: 2241: 2233: 2098: 2090: 2053:United Nations Charter 1983: 1965: 1952: 1932: 1841:Bondelswarts Rebellion 1692:Paris Peace Conference 1613:efforts was shaken by 1524: 1512: 1313: 1299: 1165: 1129:Recognition from Adler 1051:South African Republic 1007: 860: 710:National Party at the 614:South African Republic 592:before reading law at 454:South African Republic 8787:Sir George Cunningham 8520:The Duke of Newcastle 8510:The Duke of Albemarle 8460:The Earl of Salisbury 6564:Union of South Africa 6450:(initiated, co-wrote) 6189:Daniel François Malan 6134:Daniel François Malan 5736:. Allen & Unwin. 5640:Smuts, J. C. (1952). 5580:Hunter, Jane (1987). 5559:Howe, Quincy (1949). 5445:Dugard, John (1973). 5293:War Diaries 1939–1945 5260:Smuts, J. C. (1940). 5243:Smuts, J. C. (1934). 5211:(photograph page 109) 4220:Colville, pp. 269–271 3780:Kripp, Jacob (2022). 3654:"Sir David Henderson" 2896:Order of the Redeemer 2868:Order of Muhammad Ali 2833:Grand Officer of the 2709:Efficiency Decoration 2598:In 1917, part of the 2575:In 1932, the kibbutz 2521: 2506: 2452: 2437: 2379: 2318: 2304: 2287: 2272:racial discrimination 2254: 2237: 2228: 2219:Union of South Africa 2181:Jan Smuts suffered a 2123:1948 general election 2115:Daniel François Malan 2096: 2082: 1988:deputy prime minister 1975: 1960: 1956:St Andrews University 1940: 1896: 1860:Royal Botanic Gardens 1572:Richard Meinertzhagen 1518: 1510: 1464:Union of South Africa 1402:Dutch Reformed Church 1326:Milner's Kindergarten 1305: 1298:Jan Smuts around 1905 1297: 1270:Treaty of Vereeniging 1206:scorched-earth policy 1180:areas, beginning the 1157: 1005: 858: 712:1948 general election 676:1924 general election 653:East African campaign 641:Union of South Africa 622:Treaty of Vereeniging 612:, the capital of the 584:. He was educated at 571:Union of South Africa 458:Union of South Africa 342:Union of South Africa 8817:Sir John Rothenstein 8672:James Anthony Froude 8515:The Duke of Somerset 8505:The Duke of Monmouth 8090:Richard de Wetherset 8025:Robert de Mildenhall 7985:Stephen Haslingfield 7975:Stephen Haslingfield 7965:Thomas de Sheringham 7895:Reginald Gerninghall 6466:Holism and Evolution 6265:Sir Wilfred Grenfell 6151:Minister for Defence 6096:Minister for Justice 6041:Minister for Finance 6013:Minister for Defence 5948:The White man's task 5939:Holism and Evolution 5817:. Pretoria: Protea. 5732:Smuts: A Reappraisal 5599:Kee, Robert (1988). 5481:Gooch, John (2000). 5464:First, Ruth (1963). 5350:The Fringes of Power 5188:www.smutshouse.co.za 5042:City of Johannesburg 4799:Holism and evolution 4796:Smuts, J.C. (1927). 4624:on 26 September 2012 4483:, pp. 335, 336. 4404:The Fringes of Power 4044:First (1963), p. 101 3904:Smuts (1952), p. 252 3658:Lions Led By Donkeys 3388:. Project Gutenberg. 3331:Holism and evolution 2902:Gold Cross of Valour 2819:Grand Cordon of the 2699:Africa Service Medal 2661:In August 2019, the 2558:British Commonwealth 2504:." Smuts once said: 2433:Holism and Evolution 2423:Holism and Evolution 2266:Race and segregation 2148:British Commonwealth 2065:Nobel Prize in Peace 1748:gave South Africa a 1746:Treaty of Versailles 1700:Imperial War Cabinet 1587:War Policy Committee 1583:Imperial War Cabinet 1576:Horace Smith-Dorrien 1266:Schalk Willem Burger 1123:Holism and Evolution 1099:Holism and Evolution 790:Early life 1870–1895 704:Treaty of Versailles 657:Imperial War Cabinet 563:Jan Christiaan Smuts 128:Gideon Brand van Zyl 29:The Right Honourable 8847:Katharine Whitehorn 8692:Sir Theodore Martin 8565:The Earl of Balfour 8535:The Marquess Camden 8525:The Duke of Grafton 8480:The Earl of Holland 8470:The Earl of Suffolk 8265:Richard Billingford 8220:Richard Billingford 8210:Richard Billingford 8065:William de Lymbergh 8050:Thomas de Northwood 8045:Thomas de Northwood 6933:(as Prime Minister) 6701:Minister of Justice 6412:A British Transvaal 6292:The Prince of Wales 6212:South African Party 5777:. PR Gawthorn Ltd. 5755:. Covos Day Books. 5603:. Hamish Hamilton. 5584:. Spokesman Books. 4856:. Countrystudies.us 4548:Journal of Heredity 4467:Coutenay, Paul H., 3827:Hatos, Pál (2021). 3758:Smuts, Jan (1918). 3170:Smuts (1952), p. 24 3139:Smuts (1952), p. 23 3064:Smuts (1952), p. 19 2928:Grand Cross of the 2914:Grand Cross of the 2894:Grand Cross of the 2866:Grand Cross of the 2826:Grand Cross of the 2821:Order of Leopold II 2803:War Medal 1939–1945 2486:White Paper of 1939 2183:coronary thrombosis 2010:on the side of the 1944:inferiority complex 1831:The second was the 1533:Union Defence Force 1531:, Smuts formed the 1473:South African Party 1437:Orange River Colony 1432:, in October 1908. 1373:and, with him, the 1284:A British Transvaal 1257:concentration camps 1219:in the present-day 1194:hit-and-run warfare 920:first-class honours 795:Transvaal 1895–1899 649:Union Defence Force 645:South African Party 511:Jan Christian Smuts 363:South African Party 199:The Earl of Athlone 189:The Viscount Buxton 9146:Systems scientists 8822:Learie Constantine 8230:John de Rickingale 8120:Adam de Lakenheath 8110:Thomas de Stewkley 8100:Michael de Causton 8095:Michael de Haynton 8030:Henry de Herwarden 7980:Stephen de Segrace 7950:Ralph de Leicester 7935:Andrew de Gisleham 6106:Colin Fraser Steyn 6034:Henry Charles Hull 5971:Political offices 5906:Works by Jan Smuts 5013:"JAN SMUTS AVENUE" 4721:on 10 October 2011 4521:Meredith, Martin. 4400:Colville, Sir John 4355:. Royal Collection 4207:The London Gazette 4125:Locke, Alain LeRoy 3682:Barrass, Malcolm. 3579:The London Gazette 3559:The London Gazette 3503:Meredith, Martin. 3380:Smith, Norman Kemp 2674:Smuts House Museum 2663:South African Army 2534: 2459: 2355:Alfred Bitini Xuma 2353:President General 2146:which transformed 2144:London Declaration 2099: 2091: 2003:Sir Patrick Duncan 1984: 1886:Harlem Renaissance 1839:The third was the 1770:German East Africa 1713:to negotiate with 1624:, and lobbying by 1622:German Gotha Raids 1591:David Lloyd George 1565:lieutenant general 1561:lieutenant general 1525: 1513: 1448:in December 1909. 1314: 1300: 1210:General Kritzinger 1166: 1008: 960:Professor Maitland 861: 800:Boer War 1899–1902 576:Smuts was born to 118:Sir Patrick Duncan 8918: 8917: 8897:Catherine Stihler 8877:Sir Clement Freud 8842:Tim Brooke-Taylor 8772:Guglielmo Marconi 8603: 8602: 8560:The Lord Rayleigh 8455:The Earl of Essex 8450:The Lord Burghley 8225:Stephen le Scrope 8130:William de Gotham 8105:William de Gotham 8040:Robert de Claydon 8015:Robert de Winwick 8010:Robert de Winwick 7990:Richard de Ashton 7960:John de Bradenham 7940:Thomas Sheringham 7930:Roger de Fulbourn 7910:Richard de Gedney 7905:William de Ludham 7840: 7839: 7642: 7641: 7429: 7428: 7177: 7176: 7056:Foreign ministers 7022: 7021: 6893:Defence ministers 6859: 6858: 6667: 6666: 6641:(under Apartheid) 6518: 6517: 6350: 6349: 6341:Succeeded by 6314:Succeeded by 6301: 6282:Guglielmo Marconi 6279:Succeeded by 6257:Academic offices 6247:Succeeded by 6186:Succeeded by 6159:Succeeded by 6131:Succeeded by 6103:Succeeded by 6076:Succeeded by 6048:Succeeded by 6021:Succeeded by 5993:Succeeded by 5910:Project Gutenberg 5870:978-1-905791-82-8 5851:978-1-63624-017-6 5805:978-0-312-43997-2 5762:978-1-919-87410-4 5743:978-0-049-20045-6 5726:Friedman, Bernard 5670:978-1-868-42017-9 5651:978-1-920-09129-3 5632:978-0-824-07361-9 5619:Klieman, Aaron S. 5610:978-0-241-12537-3 5591:978-0-851-24485-3 5532:978-0-521-05188-0 5492:978-0-714-65101-9 5466:South West Africa 5437:978-1-843-42949-4 5359:978-0-297-84758-8 5340:978-0-798-13343-2 5295:. Phoenix Press. 5091:on 6 October 2011 4883:Lockyer, Norman. 4809:978-5-87111-227-4 4802:. Рипол Классик. 4587:on 9 January 2009 4471:, 1 December 2007 4309:on 8 October 2014 4284:978-0-691-15795-5 4257:978-0-691-15795-5 4234:Heathcote, p. 266 4085:"Worlds of Color" 4082:(April 1, 1925). 3865:978-0-19-151881-2 3604:Garfield, Brian. 3540:Crowe, J. H. V., 3485:on 13 August 2013 3186:Heathcote, p. 264 2953: 2952: 2880:Commander of the 2751:British War Medal 2606:was renamed from 2538:League of Nations 2527:Parliament Square 2203:Winston Churchill 1845:South West Africa 1758:German New Guinea 1739:Treaty of Trianon 1696:League of Nations 1426:official language 1357:government under 1278:Christiaan De Wet 1226:Norman Kemp Smith 1078:Sir Alfred Milner 1062:Orange Free State 883:school in nearby 847: 846: 782: 781: 665:League of Nations 626:Orange Free State 598:called to the bar 505: 504: 327:11 September 1950 9163: 8956:Afrikaner people 8857:Nicholas Parsons 8762:Wilfred Grenfell 8747:Sir J. M. Barrie 8667:John Stuart Mill 8649: 8639: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8607: 8606: 8440:Stephen Gardiner 8425:Stephen Gardiner 8395:Thomas Rotherham 8375:Thomas Rotherham 8365:Thomas Rotherham 8345:William Wilflete 8335:William Wilflete 8310:William Wilflete 8260:William Lascells 8250:Marmaduke Lumley 8235:Thomas of Cobham 8170:Thomas Hetherset 8155:John de Bromyard 8055:John de Crakhall 8005:Thomas de Foxton 8000:Richard de Badew 7995:Roger Northburgh 7970:Stephen Hepworth 7945:Stephen Hepworth 7915:Richard Dryfield 7900:Stephen Hepworth 7867: 7860: 7853: 7844: 7843: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7646: 7645: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7433: 7432: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7181: 7180: 7141:Nkoana-Mashabane 7049: 7042: 7035: 7026: 7025: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6863: 6862: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6671: 6670: 6649:Hendrik Verwoerd 6642: 6629: 6623: 6611:Hendrik Verwoerd 6574: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6522: 6521: 6510:Jan Smuts Avenue 6429: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6353: 6352: 6324:Preceded by 6299:King Edward VIII 6295: 6289:Preceded by 6262:Preceded by 6229:Preceded by 6201:Preceded by 6169:Preceded by 6141:Preceded by 6113:Preceded by 6086:Preceded by 6058:Preceded by 6031:Preceded by 6003:Preceded by 5976:Preceded by 5968: 5967: 5919:Internet Archive 5894: 5874: 5855: 5836: 5809: 5797: 5786: 5771:Hutchinson, John 5766: 5747: 5735: 5721: 5693: 5674: 5655: 5636: 5614: 5595: 5576: 5566: 5555: 5536: 5517: 5507: 5496: 5477: 5460: 5441: 5422: 5412: 5401: 5382: 5363: 5344: 5325: 5314:. I. B. Tauris. 5306: 5275: 5256: 5239: 5212: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5113:. Ottawa. 1928. 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5087:. Archived from 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5039: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4912: 4906: 4905:Crafford, p. 141 4903: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4832: 4831:Hunter, pp 21–22 4829: 4823: 4822:Crafford, p. 140 4820: 4814: 4813: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4583:. Archived from 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4545: 4542: 4535: 4526: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4503:on 21 April 2019 4493: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4465: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4333: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4305:. Archived from 4303:Nobel Foundation 4295: 4289: 4288: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4221: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4117:DuBois, W. E. B. 4113: 4104: 4103: 4087: 4076: 4067: 4054: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3963: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3918: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3777: 3764: 3763: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3736: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3517: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3354: 3345: 3344: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3307: 3296: 3295: 3269: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3229: 3200: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2970: 2882:Legion of Honour 2835:Order of Leopold 2795: 2784: 2688: 2656:Canadian Rockies 2654:, a peak in the 2612:Jan Smuts Avenue 2562:General Assembly 2370:Fagan Commission 2280:Fagan Commission 2111:Fagan Commission 2008:Second World War 2000:Governor-General 1992:J. B. M. Hertzog 1968:Second World War 1958:he stated that: 1904:Laurenço Marques 1882:W. E. B. Du Bois 1875:African-American 1833:Bulhoek Massacre 1680:John J. Pershing 1537:Maritz Rebellion 1412:workers, led by 1353:cause. When the 1324:elite, known as 1312: 1309: 1164: 1161: 1070:peace conference 1038:, who owned the 998:Law and politics 978:and Jan Smuts." 935:Christ's College 889:Victoria College 839: 832: 825: 778: 777: 775: 768: 760: 753: 752: 749: 748: 739:Fagan Commission 723:internationalist 680:J. B. M. Hertzog 630:Transvaal Colony 586:Victoria College 561:(baptismal name 560: 555: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 445:Military service 440: 330: 310: 308: 292:Personal details 278: 268: 258: 241: 222: 210: 165: 151: 139: 94: 70: 60: 21: 20: 9171: 9170: 9166: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9160: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8914: 8892:Alistair Moffat 8782:Sir David Munro 8757:Fridtjof Nansen 8752:Rudyard Kipling 8722:Andrew Carnegie 8647: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8604: 8599: 8585:The Lord Adrian 8580:The Lord Tedder 8420:Thomas Cromwell 8405:George Fitzhugh 8390:George Fitzhugh 8325:Robert Woodlark 8320:Richard Scroope 8315:Robert Woodlark 8280:Nicholas Kenton 8270:Richard Cawdray 8245:William Wymbell 8240:Robert Fitzhugh 8215:Richard Dereham 8200:William Colvile 8195:John de Neketon 8190:William Colvile 8185:Richard Dereham 8180:William Colvile 8160:John of Neketon 8125:John de Donwich 8115:John de Donwich 8080:William Tynkell 8070:Richard Harling 8035:Richard Harling 8020:John de Langley 7955:Henry de Boyton 7920:John de Asgarby 7876: 7871: 7841: 7836: 7829: 7678: 7673: 7643: 7638: 7572: 7521: 7465: 7460: 7430: 7425: 7369: 7283: 7217: 7208: 7178: 7173: 7160: 7119: 7083: 7062: 7053: 7023: 7018: 6982: 6936: 6899: 6890: 6860: 6855: 6804: 6758: 6707: 6698: 6668: 6663: 6640: 6639: 6630: 6624: 6615: 6568: 6567: 6558: 6549: 6519: 6514: 6488: 6472: 6453: 6430: 6421: 6385: 6380: 6346: 6344:The Lord Tedder 6337: 6329: 6327:Stanley Baldwin 6319: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6275: 6267: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6215: 6206: 6191: 6182: 6174: 6164: 6155: 6146: 6136: 6127: 6118: 6108: 6099: 6091: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6053: 6044: 6036: 6026: 6017: 6008: 5998: 5996:Abraham Fischer 5989: 5981: 5902: 5897: 5871: 5852: 5825: 5806: 5763: 5744: 5701: 5699:Further reading 5696: 5690: 5671: 5652: 5633: 5611: 5592: 5552: 5533: 5493: 5457: 5438: 5398: 5379: 5360: 5341: 5322: 5303: 5283: 5278: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5139:. 7 August 2019 5131: 5130: 5126: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4967:on 4 April 2023 4964: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4874:Crossman, p. 76 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4794: 4790: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4673:on 8 April 2009 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4487: 4481:Alanbrooke 2001 4479: 4475: 4466: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4430:The Round Table 4426: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4224: 4219: 4215: 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3015: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2841:Croix de Guerre 2808: 2682: 2516: 2447: 2425: 2417:Main articles: 2415: 2407:white supremacy 2268: 2263: 2222:Smuts's death. 2215:dominion status 2211:self-government 2199: 2175: 2077: 1970: 1856:John Hutchinson 1849:Gysbert Hofmeyr 1809:Éamon de Valera 1766:Japanese Empire 1750:Class C mandate 1709:He was sent to 1688: 1634:Royal Air Force 1630:David Henderson 1626:Viscount French 1529:First World War 1505: 1503:First World War 1460: 1454: 1446:King Edward VII 1363:self-government 1310: 1292: 1286: 1182:Second Boer War 1162: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1086: 1014: 1000: 995: 985:, entering the 853: 843: 814: 773: 771: 770: 769: 766: 764: 747: 606:Second Boer War 553: 546: 539: 532: 525: 518: 514: 496:First World War 494: 492:Second Boer War 460: 456: 418: 372: 356:Political party 332: 328: 312: 306: 304: 303: 302: 282:Jacobus Strauss 276: 266: 256: 242: 237: 220: 208: 203: 166: 161: 149: 137: 132: 95: 90: 73: 61: 36: 34: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9169: 9159: 9158: 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7672: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7649: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7459: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7436: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7386:Mapisa-Nqakula 7383: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7345:F. W. de Klerk 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7207: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7184: 7175: 7174: 7169:Prime Minister 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7063: 7052: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7029: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7014:Mapisa-Nqakula 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6889: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6866: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6697: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6632: 6631: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6560: 6559: 6552:Prime Minister 6548: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6525: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6445: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6379: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6339: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6312: 6303: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6277: 6268: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6245: 6238:Leader of the 6235: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6217: 6210:Leader of the 6207: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6184: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6157: 6153:(second time) 6147: 6142: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6129: 6125:(second time) 6123:Prime Minister 6119: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6101: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6074: 6068:Prime Minister 6064: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6046: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6019: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5991: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5952: 5944: 5935: 5926: 5921: 5912: 5901: 5900:External links 5898: 5896: 5895: 5875: 5869: 5856: 5850: 5837: 5823: 5810: 5804: 5787: 5767: 5761: 5748: 5742: 5722: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5688: 5675: 5669: 5656: 5650: 5637: 5631: 5615: 5609: 5596: 5590: 5577: 5556: 5550: 5544:. Leo Cooper. 5537: 5531: 5518: 5497: 5491: 5478: 5461: 5455: 5442: 5436: 5423: 5402: 5396: 5383: 5377: 5364: 5358: 5345: 5339: 5326: 5321:978-1850430698 5320: 5307: 5301: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5257: 5240: 5238:. Vol. 7. 5232:Hancock, W. K. 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5200: 5175: 5150: 5124: 5102: 5076: 5055: 5026: 5004: 4993:. 25 July 2018 4978: 4946: 4927:(4): 521–536. 4907: 4898: 4896:Klieman, p. 16 4889: 4876: 4867: 4845: 4833: 4824: 4815: 4808: 4788: 4741:Dubow, Saul H. 4732: 4706: 4684: 4657: 4635: 4598: 4568: 4527: 4514: 4485: 4473: 4457: 4448: 4419: 4412: 4391: 4382: 4366: 4344: 4320: 4290: 4283: 4263: 4256: 4236: 4222: 4213: 4193: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4105: 4068: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 3997: 3984: 3971: 3958: 3945: 3932: 3919: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3864: 3844: 3837: 3819: 3792:(3): 940–953. 3765: 3750: 3743: 3727:Farwell, Byron 3718: 3709: 3700: 3674: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3614:978-1597971607 3597: 3585: 3565: 3545: 3533: 3509: 3496: 3467: 3442: 3413: 3404: 3391: 3371: 3346: 3340:978-0837165561 3339: 3321: 3297: 3282: 3257: 3201: 3188: 3172: 3163: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3119: 3106: 3093: 3084: 3066: 3057: 3044: 3035: 3013: 2986:(21): 271–73. 2974:Root, Waverley 2961: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2951: 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Bond 1010:Main article: 999: 996: 994: 991: 976:Charles Darwin 849:Main article: 845: 844: 842: 841: 834: 827: 819: 816: 815: 813: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 784: 783: 780: 779: 767:a series about 763: 761: 746: 743: 727:United Nations 684:National Party 567:prime minister 503: 502: 499: 498: 489: 485: 484: 479: 475: 474: 469: 465: 464: 462:United Kingdom 451: 447: 446: 442: 441: 434: 430: 429: 424: 420: 419: 417: 416: 411: 406: 400: 398: 392: 391: 388: 384: 383: 378: 374: 373: 371: 370: 365: 359: 357: 353: 352: 349: 345: 344: 331:(aged 80) 325: 321: 320: 300: 298: 294: 293: 289: 288: 285: 284: 279: 273: 272: 269: 263: 262: 259: 257:Prime Minister 253: 252: 249: 245: 244: 234: 233: 227: 226: 223: 217: 216: 211: 205: 204: 202: 201: 196: 191: 185: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 158: 157: 152: 146: 145: 140: 134: 133: 131: 130: 125: 120: 114: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 87: 86: 79: 78: 75: 74: 71: 63: 62: 35: 32: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9168: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8910: 8908: 8907:Leyla Hussein 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8852:Stanley Adams 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 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8301: 8300:William Percy 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8290:Robert Ascogh 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8255:John Holeroke 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8175:John de Burgh 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8165:John de Burgh 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8085:Thomas Sutton 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 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6456: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6418: 6417:The Old Boers 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6345: 6336: 6335: 6328: 6322: 6318: 6309: 6308: 6300: 6293: 6287: 6283: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6213: 6205: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6181: 6180: 6173: 6167: 6163: 6162:Frans Erasmus 6154: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6126: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6098: 6097: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6071: 6070:(first time) 6069: 6062: 6056: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6035: 6029: 6025: 6024:Hendrik Mentz 6016: 6015:(first time) 6014: 6007: 6001: 5997: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5883:General Smuts 5880: 5879:Millin, Sarah 5876: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5824:9781485313847 5820: 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Routledge. 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5557: 5553: 5551:0-85052-696-5 5547: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5485:. Routledge. 5484: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5456:0-520-02614-4 5452: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5397:0-521-00279-6 5393: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5378:1-4179-9290-5 5374: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5302:1-84212-526-5 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5210: 5204: 5189: 5185: 5184:"Smuts House" 5179: 5164: 5163:www.iol.co.za 5160: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5065: 5059: 5043: 5036: 5030: 5014: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4963: 4956: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4871: 4855: 4849: 4840: 4838: 4828: 4819: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4694: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4645: 4639: 4620: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4557: 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3631: 3622: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3506: 3500: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3417: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3375: 3359: 3353: 3351: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3283:9781315130354 3279: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3198: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3167: 3160: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3103: 3097: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3061: 3054: 3048: 3042:Cameron, p. 9 3039: 3023: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2937:United States 2931: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2756:Defence Medal 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2725: 2724:Victory Medal 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2608:Pretoria Road 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2589:German Colony 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577:Ramat Yohanan 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2531:Jacob Epstein 2529:, London, by 2528: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2494:Ramat Yohanan 2491: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2455:William Timym 2451: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 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W. Botha 6638:(1961–1984) 6601:D. F. Malan 6581:Louis Botha 6566:(1910–1961) 6505:Mount Smuts 6469:(1926 book) 6204:Louis Botha 6061:Louis Botha 5712:. Penguin. 5682:. Praeger. 5644:. Cassell. 5468:. Penguin. 4997:21 November 4665:R.E.Press. 4337:26 February 4202:"No. 35172" 4157:Kee, p. 54. 3895:Howe, p. 74 3574:"No. 29886" 3554:"No. 29477" 3244:(5): 1983. 2909:Netherlands 2746:Africa Star 2652:Mount Smuts 2629:politician 2550:trusteeship 2296:segregation 2235:Churchill: 2084:Smuts House 1916:New Orleans 1820:Rand Revolt 1659:, to reach 1657:Mesopotamia 1615:Third Ypres 1541:Louis Botha 1527:During the 1493:martial law 1410:South Asian 1349:to support 1336:Louis Botha 1318:Lord Milner 1311: 1914 1306:Jan Smuts, 1268:signed the 1245:Vereeniging 1202:Cape Colony 1198:Paul Kruger 1186:Paul Kruger 1178:Cape Colony 1163: 1901 1032:Jan Hofmeyr 972:John Milton 873:Cape Colony 865:Bovenplaats 634:Louis Botha 582:Cape Colony 348:Nationality 318:Cape Colony 314:Bovenplaats 311:24 May 1870 267:Preceded by 214:Louis Botha 209:Preceded by 138:Preceded by 8925:Categories 8837:Frank Muir 8832:Alan Coren 8812:C. P. Snow 8330:John Booth 8205:Guy Zouche 8150:Guy Zouche 7925:John Hooke 7763:Treurnicht 7634:Godongwana 7609:Van Rooyen 7589:Liebenberg 7563:Du Plessis 7553:Diederichs 7335:Schlebusch 7264:Stuttaford 6795:Schlebusch 6573:from 1948) 6444:(co-wrote) 6397:Early life 6338:1948–1950 6311:1936–1950 6276:1931–1934 6244:1939–1950 6216:1919–1934 6183:1939–1948 6156:1939–1948 6128:1939–1948 6100:1933–1939 6073:1919–1924 6045:1912–1915 6018:1910–1920 6006:New office 5990:1910–1912 5979:New office 5891:B0006AN8PS 5833:1372393402 5783:B0010PNVVO 5718:B00087SNP4 5573:B0011VZAL6 5514:B0006AY7U8 5474:B004F1QT50 5419:B0007DU0X2 5253:B006RIGNWS 5137:defenceWeb 4181:Britannica 4004:Hancock – 3991:Hancock – 3978:Hancock – 3965:Hancock – 3952:Hancock – 3939:Hancock – 3926:Hancock – 3917:, p. 63-88 3913:Hancock – 3737:. 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