1708:
36:
1321:
258:
1743:
1125:
1302:. Unlike other Muslims, they were expressly forbidden to wear beards, only a moustache. These rules were obeyed by Janissaries, at least until the 18th century when they also began to engage in other crafts and trades, breaking another of the original rules. In the late 16th century a sultan gave in to the pressures of the Janissary Corps and permitted Janissary children to become members of the Corps, a practice strictly forbidden for 200 years. Consequently, succession rules, formerly strict, became open to interpretation. They gained their own power but kept the system from changing in other progressive ways.
1763:
1874:
1862:
1143:
For a while, the
Ottoman government supplied the Janissary corps with recruits from the devşirme system. Children were drafted at a young age and turned into soldiers in an attempt to make the soldiers faithful to the sultan. The social status of devşirme recruits took on an immediate positive change, acquiring a greater guarantee of governmental rights and financial opportunities. In poor areas officials were bribed by parents to make them take their sons, thus they would have better chances in life. Initially the recruiters favoured
1728:
70:
1290:, the rules of Islam (i.e. to be converted to Islam) and the customs and cultures of Ottoman society. After completing this period, acemi (new recruit) boys were gathered for training at the Enderun "acemi oğlan" school in the capital city. There, young cadets would be selected for their talents in different areas to train as engineers, artisans, riflemen, clerics, archers, artillery, and so forth. Janissaries trained under strict discipline with hard labour and in practically
1701:. The Janissary corps was the only infantry division of the Ottoman army. In battle the Janissaries' main mission was to protect the Sultan, using cannon and smaller firearms, and holding the centre of the army against enemy attack during the strategic fake forfeit of Turkish cavalry. The Janissary corps also included smaller expert teams: explosive experts, engineers and technicians, sharpshooters (with arrow and rifle) and sappers who dug tunnels under fortresses, etc.
1599:
1272:
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1446:. They could leave the unit only to assume command of another. Only Janissaries' own commanding officers could punish them. The rank names were based on positions in the kitchen staff or Sultan's royal hunters; 64th and 65th Orta 'Greyhound Keepers' comprised as the only Janissary cavalry, perhaps to emphasise that Janissaries were servants of the Sultan. Local Janissaries, stationed in a town or city for a long time, were known as
1116:
dissolved, the image of the
Janissary has remained as one of the symbols of the Ottomans in the western psyche. By the mid-18th century, they had taken up many trades and gained the right to marry and enroll their children in the corps and very few continued to live in the barracks. Many of them became administrators and scholars. Retired or discharged Janissaries received pensions, and their children were also looked after.
989:
1854:, after a defeat during war against Poland, determined to curb Janissaries' excesses. Outraged at becoming "subject to his own slaves", he tried to disband the Janissary corps, blaming it for the disaster during the Polish war. In the spring, hearing rumours that the Sultan was preparing to move against them, the Janissaries revolted and took the Sultan captive, imprisoning him in the notorious
1999:
975:, and sent to Turkish families in the provinces to be raised as Muslims and learn Turkish language and customs. Once their military training began, they were subjected to severe discipline, being prohibited from growing a beard, taking up a skill other than soldiering, and marrying. As a result, the Janissaries were extremely well-disciplined troops and became members of the
1793:
1263:. As a symbol of their devotion to the order, Janissaries wore special hats called "börk". These hats also had a holding place in front, called the "kaşıklık", for a spoon. This symbolized the "kaşık kardeşliği", or the "brotherhood of the spoon", which reflected a sense of comradeship among the Janissaries who ate, slept, fought and died together.
1825:, as well as avoiding the physical selection, thereby reducing their military value. When Janissaries could practically extort money from the Sultan and business and family life replaced martial fervour, their effectiveness as combat troops decreased. The northern borders of the Ottoman Empire slowly began to shrink southwards after the second
956:). They were subjected to strict discipline, but were paid salaries and pensions upon retirement and formed their own distinctive social class. As such, they became one of the ruling classes of the Ottoman Empire, rivalling the Turkish aristocracy. The brightest of the Janissaries were sent to the palace institution,
1458:
Even though the
Janissaries were part of the royal army and personal guards of the sultan, the corps was not the main force of the Ottoman military. In the classical period, Janissaries were only one-tenth of the overall Ottoman army, while the traditional Turkish cavalry made up the rest of the main
1107:
himself, after authorizing the payments to the
Janissaries, visited the barracks dressed as a janissary trooper, and received his pay alongside the other men of the First Division. They also served as policemen, palace guards, and firefighters during peacetime. The Janissaries also enjoyed far better
1983:
After the
Janissaries were disbanded by Mahmud II, he then created a new army soon after recruiting 12,000 troops. This new army was formally named the Trained Victorious Soldiers of Muhammad, the Mansure Army for short. By 1830, the army expanded to 27,000 troops and included the Sipahi cavalry. By
1816:
As
Janissaries became aware of their own importance, they began to desire a better life. By the early 17th century Janissaries had such prestige and influence that they dominated the government. They could mutiny, dictate policy, and hinder efforts to modernize the army structure. Additionally, the
1142:
The first
Janissary units were formed from prisoners of war and slaves, probably as a result of the sultan taking his traditional one-fifth share of his army's plunder in kind rather than monetarily; however, the continuing enslaving of dhimmi constituted a continuing abuse of a subject population.
1844:
which proved the greatest threat to Roman emperors, rather than effective protection. After 1451, every new Sultan felt obligated to pay each
Janissary a reward and raise his pay rank (although since early Ottoman times, every other member of the Topkapi court received a pay raise as well). Sultan
1470:
Beginning in the 1530s, the size of the
Janissary corps began to dramatically expand, a result of the rapid conquests the Ottomans were carrying out during those years. Janissaries were used extensively to garrison fortresses and for siege warfare, which was becoming increasingly important for the
1210:
s, as the average age of recruitment increased from 13.5 in the 1490s to 16.6 in 1603. This reflected not only the
Ottomans' greater need for manpower but also the shorter training time necessary to produce skilled musketeers in comparison with archers. However, this change alone was not enough to
1036:
In the late 16th century, a sultan gave in to the pressures of the Corps and permitted Janissary children to become members of the Corps, a practice strictly forbidden for the previous 300 years. According to paintings of the era, they were also permitted to grow beards. Consequently, the formerly
1202:
This "child levy" system was regularly implemented during the 15th-16th centuries, the first two centuries of its existence. Some historians argue this system contributed to the Ottoman states efforts at conversion and "Islamization" of its non-Muslim populations. Radushev states this recruitment
1203:
system can be bisected into two periods, its first, or classical period, encompassing those first two centuries of regular execution and utilization to supply recruits; and a second period which more focuses on its gradual change, decline, and ultimate abandonment, beginning in the 17th century.
1305:
Even after the rapid expansion of the size of the corps at the end of the sixteenth century, the Janissaries continued to undergo strict training and discipline. The Janissaries experimented with new forms of battlefield tactics, and in 1605 became one of the first armies in Europe to implement
1849:
gave Janissaries permission to marry in 1566, undermining the exclusivity of loyalty to the dynasty. By 1622, the Janissaries were a "serious threat" to the stability of the Empire. Through their "greed and indiscipline", they were now a law unto themselves and, against modern European armies,
1234:
For all practical purposes, Janissaries belonged to the Sultan and they were regarded as the protectors of the throne and the Sultan. Janissaries were taught to consider the corps their home and family, and the Sultan as their father. Only those who proved strong enough earned the rank of true
1115:
These differences, along with an impressive war-record, made the Janissaries a subject of interest and study by foreigners during their own time. Although eventually the concept of a modern army incorporated and surpassed most of the distinctions of the Janissaries and the corps was eventually
1956:
to the throne in 1808. When the Janissaries threatened to oust Mahmud II, he had the captured Mustafa executed and eventually came to a compromise with the Janissaries. Ever mindful of the threat that the Janissaries posed, the sultan spent the next years discreetly securing his position. The
1086:
The Janissaries were no exception to the weakening of central imperial authority in the 18th century. Trade and commercial activity replaced the disciplined military service of earlier centuries, and the Janissaries were willing to engage in violent acts of rebellion to protect their private
806:
was expected. By the seventeenth century, due to a dramatic increase in the size of the Ottoman standing army, the corps' initially strict recruitment policy was relaxed. Civilians bought their way into it in order to benefit from the improved socio-economic status it conferred upon them.
1037:
strict rules of succession became open to interpretation. While they advanced their own power, the Janissaries also helped to keep the system from changing in other progressive ways, and according to some scholars the corps shared responsibility for the political stagnation of Istanbul.
863:
1108:
support on campaign than other armies of the time. They were part of a well-organized military machine, in which one support corps prepared the roads while others pitched tents and baked the bread. Their weapons and ammunition were transported and re-supplied by the
818:
force that resisted all change within the Ottoman army. Steadily the Ottoman military power became outdated, but when the janissaries felt their privileges were being threatened, or outsiders wanted to modernize them, or they might be superseded by their
2683:, new army). They were originally an infantry bodyguard of a few hundred men using the bow and edged weapons. They adopted firearms during the reign of Murad II and were perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world.
1707:
1215:
was lifted. Membership was opened up to free-born Muslims, both recruits hand-picked by the commander of the Janissaries, as well as the sons of current members of the Ottoman standing army. By the middle of the seventeenth century, the
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1231:. Promotion to a cavalry regiment implied a minimum salary of 10 Akçes. Janissaries received a sum of 12 Akçes every three months for clothing incidentals and 30 Akçes for weaponry, with an additional allowance for ammunition as well.
1964:, that he was forming a new army, organised and trained along modern European lines. As predicted, they mutinied, advancing on the sultan's palace. In the ensuing fight, the Janissaries' barracks were set aflame by
1925:, the heads of the murdered men were put on public display in the central square to serve as an example to those who might plot against the rule of the Janissaries. The event triggered the start of the
1916:
in defiance of the Sultan, feared that the Sultan would make use of the Serbs to oust them. To forestall this they decided to execute all prominent nobles throughout Central Serbia, a move known as the
2274:
and Yılmaz Şahin. The Janissaries are portrayed throughout the series as part of the Sultan's royal bodyguard. The First Oath of their military order is recited in Season 1 at the Ceremony of Payment.
1369:
s and the number increased over time to 196. While the Sultan was the supreme commander of the Ottoman Army and of the Janissaries in particular, the corps was organized and led by a commander, the
1957:
Janissaries' abuse of power, military ineffectiveness, resistance to reform, and the cost of salaries to 135,000 men, many of whom were not actually serving soldiers, had all become intolerable.
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Börekçi, Günhan (2006). "A Contribution to the Military Revolution Debate: The Janissaries' Use of Volley Fire During the Long Ottoman-Habsburg War of 1593–1606 and the Problem of Origins".
1800:) for the Janissaries, given by the Sultan. If they refused the meal, they signaled their disapproval of the Sultan. In this case they accept the meal. Ottoman miniature painting, from the
1821:. They made themselves landholders and tradesmen. They would also limit the enlistment to the sons of former Janissaries who did not have to go through the original training period in the
4370:
1052:
because it offered a possibility of social advancement. Conscripts could one day become Janissary colonels, statesmen who might one day return to their home region as governors, or even
1103:), lived in barracks and were the first corps to make extensive use of firearms. A Janissary battalion was a close-knit community, effectively the soldier's family. By tradition, the
1742:
891:. There is however evidence that Jews tried to enroll into the system. Jews were not allowed in the janissary army, and so in suspected cases, the entire batch would be sent to the
1112:
corps. They campaigned with their own medical teams of Muslim and Jewish surgeons and their sick and wounded were evacuated to dedicated mobile hospitals set up behind the lines.
643:
3331:
John V. A. Fine Jr., When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods
1653:. In particular, they used a massive "trench gun", firing an 80-millimetre (3.1 in) ball, which was "feared by their enemies". Janissaries also made extensive use of early
1968:
fire, resulting in 4,000 Janissary fatalities. The survivors were either exiled or executed, and their possessions were confiscated by the Sultan. This event is now called the
1206:
In response to foreign threats, the Ottoman government chose to rapidly expand the size of the corps after the 1570s. Janissaries spent shorter periods of time in training as
967:
According to military historian Michael Antonucci and economic historians Glenn Hubbard and Tim Kane, the Turkish administrators would scour their regions (but especially the
895:
as indentured laborers. Ottoman documents from the levy of the winter of 1603-1604 from Bosnia and Albania wrote to draw attention to some children as possibly being Jewish (
823:, they would rise in rebellion. By the time the janissaries were suppressed, it was too late for Ottoman military power to catch up with the West. The corps was abolished by
4355:
3800:
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swords were the signature weapon of the Janissaries, almost a symbol of the corps. Janissaries who guarded the palace (Zülüflü Baltacılar) carried long-shafted axes and
3541:
1984:
1838, all Ottoman fighting corps were included and the army changed its name to the Ordered troops. This military corps lasted until the end of the empire's history.
4314:
971:) every five years for the strongest sons of the sultan's Christian subjects. These boys (usually between the ages of 10 and 20) were then taken from their parents,
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2243:
details the life, organization, and origins of the Janissaries. One of the lead characters of the novel, Antonio Argalia, is the head of the Ottoman Janissaries.
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system, which was abolished in 1648. This was the taking (enslaving) of non-Muslim boys, notably Anatolian and Balkan Christians; Jews were never subject to
3991:
636:
4350:
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1832:
In 1449, they revolted for the first time, demanding higher wages, which they obtained. The stage was set for a decadent evolution, like that of the
257:
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Benesch, Oleg. "Comparing Warrior Traditions: How the Janissaries and Samurai Maintained Their Status and Privileges During Centuries of Peace."
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1908:. The rebellion was crushed in three weeks with the massacre of 7,000 rebels, but it marked the end of the Tulip Era and the beginning of Sultan
629:
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1479:. By 1609, the size of the corps had stabilized at approximately 40,000 men, but increased again later in the century, during the period of the
2364:
1683 the question is asked if "Janissaries are you ready to die?" to illustrate the impact of the arrival of the winged hussars in the battle.
2138:. They hold performances during some national holidays as well as in some parades during days of historical importance. For more details, see
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By 1826, the sultan was ready to move against the Janissaries in favour of a more modern military. The sultan informed them, through a
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class, the first-class citizens or military class. Most were of non-Muslim origin because it was not permissible to enslave a Muslim.
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band in 1826 along with the Janissary corps. Mahmud replaced the mehter band in 1828 with a European style military band trained by
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Consequently, the corps gradually lost its military character, undergoing a process that has been described as "civilianization".
35:
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2837:
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802:, they were paid regular salaries. Forbidden to marry before the age of 40 or engage in trade, their complete loyalty to the
530:
3529:
3032:
1463:, the number of Janissaries in the 14th century was 1,000 and about 6,000 in 1475. The same source estimates the number of
4311:
1239:
inherited the property of dead Janissaries, thus acquiring wealth. Janissaries also learned to follow the dictates of the
1083:
who became a grand vizier, served three sultans, and was the de facto ruler of the Ottoman Empire for more than 14 years.
3955:Ágoston, Gábor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800".
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3504:"Orta" (t.), literally "centre", in Ottoman Turkish military terminology, the equivalent of a company of fighting men...
855:, and from this pool of manpower the sultans first constructed the Janissary corps as a personal army loyal only to the
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1944:, who had tried to modernize the army along Western European lines. This modern army that Selim III created was called
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Ottoman military. The pace of expansion increased after the 1570s, due to the initiation of a series of wars with the
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produce the necessary manpower, and consequently the traditional limitation of recruitment to boys conscripted in the
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2117:. In modern times, although the Janissary corps no longer exists as a professional fighting force, the tradition of
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and elsewhere, and for centuries in Ukraine, the word Janissar (яничар) is used as a synonym of the word renegade.
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2181:
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1912:'s reign. In 1804, the Dahias, the Janissary junta that ruled Serbia at the time, having taken power in the 'l
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Aksan, Virginia H. "Whatever Happened to the Janissaries? Mobilization for the 1768–1774 Russo-Ottoman War."
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wearing the traditional Janissary uniform at a masquerade ball during his early years in the Ottoman Army.
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The military music of the Janissaries was noted for its powerful percussion and shrill winds combining
1670:
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540:
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1697:. Janissary troops were always led to the battle by the Sultan himself, and always had a share of the
4400:
4188:
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1753:
1686:
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570:
555:
545:
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1048:("Turco-Greek Empire") states that many Bosnian Christian families were willing to comply with the
1029:. They were initially created as a counterbalance to the tribal, ethnic and favoured interests the
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587:
387:
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1972:. The last of the Janissaries were then put to death by decapitation in what was later called the
1275:
798:. They became famed for internal cohesion cemented by strict discipline and order. Unlike typical
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1918:
903:
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220:
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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015
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907:, "in early days, all Christians were enrolled indiscriminately. Later, those from what is now
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185:
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caused a lot of unrest among the Ottoman population. In September 1730, janissaries headed by
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The Ottoman Empire used Janissaries in all its major campaigns, including the 1453 capture of
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The janissaries were a formidable military unit in the early centuries, but as Western Europe
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1099:, were paid regular salaries (including bonuses) for their service, marched to music (the
1025:, and in the same way as with the Ottoman's Janissaries who had to replace the unreliable
8:
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1969:
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3823:""Turkey: An Overview." Garland Encyclopedia of World Music Volume 6 – The Middle East"
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system, he would first be sent to selected Turkish families in the provinces to learn
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The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650
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Originally Janissaries could be promoted only through seniority and within their own
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for Janissaries. In this and in their secluded life, Janissaries resembled Christian
1244:
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2015:
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By the early 16th century, the Janissaries were equipped with and were skilled with
964:, the Janissaries held enormous power, stopping all efforts to reform the military.
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3554:"Yerliyya", colloquial Turkish-Arabic term derived from the Turkish yerlü "local".
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Levy, Avigdor. "The Ottoman Ulama and the Military Reforms of Sultan Mahmud II".
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2077:), among others. Janissary music influenced European classical musicians such as
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1467:, the provincial cavalry which constituted the main force of the army at 40,000.
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Shaw, Stanford (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume I
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ineffective on the battlefield as a fighting force. In 1622, the teenage Sultan
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Elite infantry units and standing army of the Ottoman Empire (active 1363–1826)
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Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilatından Kapıkulu Ocakları: Acemi Ocağı ve Yeniçeri Ocağı
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4058:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–152.
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E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume IV: 'Itk–Kwaṭṭa
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s together comprised the Janissary corps proper and its organization, named
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The prescribed daily rate of pay for entry-level Janissaries in the time of
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2430:
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1889:
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The Janissary corps were distinctive in a number of ways. They wore unique
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Balance: The Economics of Great Powers From Ancient Rome to Modern America
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2948:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 151.
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aimed at putting an end to the 370 years of Ottoman occupation of modern
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3688:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. pp. 649–650.
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interests in an increasingly decentralized and chaotic Ottoman Empire.
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Imamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod.
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1431:(cadets). A semi-autonomous Janissary corps was permanently based in
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Guarding the Frontier: Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisons in Europe
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Janissaries found they could change Sultans as they wished through
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its military organization and technology, the janissaries became a
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became the official order of the Janissary corps in 15th century.
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From the 1380s to 1648, the Janissaries were gathered through the
4312:
Janissary section on German-language website about Ottoman empire
3424:"The Janissaries and the Ottoman Armed forces OttomanEmpire.info"
2896:"The Devshirme System and the Levied Children of Bursa in 1603-4"
2395:
2031:
1922:
1888:
The extravagant parties of the Ottoman ruling classes during the
1773:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1643:
1619:
1607:
1432:
1240:
1224:
1096:
1009:
968:
908:
840:
755:
744:
727:
324:
299:
2632:
2630:
2628:
1606:
During the initial period of formation, Janissaries were expert
1228:
839:
The formation of the Janissaries has been dated to the reign of
2576:
2400:
2267:
2143:
2118:
2070:
2003:
1998:
1934:
1666:
1650:
1635:
1464:
1164:
1144:
1104:
1100:
1026:
979:
916:
912:
862:
820:
771:
767:
374:
339:
329:
319:
314:
304:
294:
129:
4007:
The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire
3358:
Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). "Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans"
2727:
2231:, a historical novel of the Ottoman Navy and Renaissance Italy
1792:
4396:
Military units and formations established in the 14th century
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3711:
A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
2625:
2047:
2042:
2036:
1961:
1797:
1749:
1631:
1172:
779:
723:
675:
151:
3641:
Shahin-Shah-nama, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms B.200, folio 102a
3057:
Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks: Four Centuries of History
4371:
Military units and formations of the medieval Islamic world
3713:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–102.
3413:
Murphey, Rhoads (1999). Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700, p. 234.
3404:
Murphey, Rhoads (1999). Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700, p. 225.
334:
143:
3772:
3742:
3658:
3559:
3029:"BARDA and BARDA-DĀRI v. Military slavery in Islamic Iran"
2989:, Volume I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 27.
2771:
2746:
2652:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
2121:
music is carried on as a cultural and tourist attraction.
1634:. Originally in peacetime, they could carry only clubs or
4135:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3010:. United States of America: LB Tauris and Co Ltd. pp. 5.
2793:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2283:
Janissaries are the unique unit of the Ottoman Empire in
1669:
were not initially popular, but they became so after the
1627:
147:
3927:"40 godina "Janičara": Od nepodobne do legendarne pesme"
3586:
3576:
3574:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
3809:
Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa
2225:, a novel by Jason Goodwin set in 19th-century Istanbul
1865:
Patrona Halil with some of his supporters, painting by
1614:
as soon as such became available during the 1440s. The
1220:
had largely been abandoned as a method of recruitment.
4093:
Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire
3361:
3086:
2870:
Lineages of the Absolutist State (Verso, 1974), p. 366
2561:Ágoston, Gábor (2017). "Janissaries". In Fleet, Kate;
2457:
1717:, who are depicted wearing Eastern Armour. during the
3571:
3509:
3322:
Joseph von Hammer, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches
2963:"The Effects of the abolition on the Bektashi - METU"
2474:
2433:, a civilian and military title in the Ottoman Empire
737:
Janissaries began as elite corps made up through the
4356:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1826
3349:
Murphey, Rhoads (2006) . Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700.
3243:
3175:
3142:, pp. 66–67, 376–377, 405–406, 411–463, 482–483
2613:
2010:
military band. Ottoman miniature painting, from the
1325:
Solaks, the Janissary archer bodyguard of the Sultan
4376:
Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire
3384:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 76.
3199:Radushev, Evgeni (2008). ""Peasant" Janissaries?".
2277:The popular song in Serbian, Janissar (Јањичар) by
1881:, who also painted the renowned portrait of Sultan
1119:
4170:
3158:Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517
3054:McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz; Harlaftis, Gelina (2005).
2796:. University of California Press. pp. 111–3.
2523:
2360:In the song "Winged Hussars" by Sabaton about the
1948:. His supporters failed to recapture power before
1618:confirmed the reputation of their engineers, e.g.
1247:, disciples of whom had blessed the first troops.
4269:(Vol. II). New York: Cambridge University Press.
4265:Shaw, Stanford J. & Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977).
3527:
2270:historical fiction television series. Written by
1921:. According to historical sources of the city of
1151:. As borders of the Ottoman Empire expanded, the
722:. The corps was established under either Sultans
19:For the series of novels by Jerry Pournelle, see
4337:
4255:(Vol. I). New York: Cambridge University Press.
3454:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
2134:, was organized again under the auspices of the
710:'s household troops. They were the first modern
4267:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
4253:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
4084:; anecdotal and not scholarly says Aksan (1998)
3053:
2987:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
1638:, unless they served as border troops. Turkish
3135:
3133:
3131:
2866:
2675:The word "Janissary" derives from the Turkish
2556:
2554:
2099:(1811), and the final movement of Beethoven's
1373:. The corps was divided into three sub-corps:
1282:When a non-Muslim boy was recruited under the
3901:Predrag Gojkovic Cune - Janicar - (Audio1981)
1900:troops which caused the abdication of Sultan
977:
950:
932:
885:
876:
637:
4411:1826 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
4158:. Paris,: Presses Universitaires de France.
4137:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3736:History of Servia and the Servian Revolution
2828:Hubbard, Glenn and Tim Kane. (2013) (2013).
2093:(c. 1783), Beethoven's incidental music for
1063:Some of the most famous Janissaries include
4279:
3739:. Translated by Louisa Hay Ker. pp. 119–120
3194:
3192:
3190:
3139:
3128:
2852:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2551:
2530:Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era
2347:Janissaries appear in several books in the
1940:In 1807, a Janissary revolt deposed Sultan
1071:feudal lord who defected and led a 25‑year
853:tax of one-fifth on all slaves taken in war
687:
4351:1360s establishments in the Ottoman Empire
4198:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3683:
2832:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 151–154.
2334:The Janissaries during the rule of Sultan
1781:
644:
630:
4206:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 322–331.
2728:William Cleveland; Martin Bunton (2013).
2648:
2200:Learn how and when to remove this message
1896:backed in Istanbul a rebellion by 12,000
1306:rotating lines of volley fire in battle.
4042:
3924:
3847:See "Janissary music," New Grove Online.
3820:
3295:"Albania - Albanians under Ottoman Rule"
3198:
3187:
2985:Shaw, Stanford; Ezel Kural Shaw (1976).
2932:
2783:
1997:
1872:
1860:
1791:
1597:
1400:, (the Sultan's own bodyguard), with 61
1319:
1270:
1123:
987:
948:", neither freemen nor ordinary slaves (
861:
831:, in which 6,000 or more were executed.
4229:
4220:
4168:
4132:
4087:
4000:
3954:
3785:
3753:
3708:
3671:
3592:
3580:
3565:
3515:
3451:
3367:
3249:
3181:
2789:
2777:
2752:
2636:
2619:
2560:
2511:
2468:
1316:List of Ottoman titles and appellations
996:It was a similar system to the Iranian
843:(r. 1362–1389), the third ruler of the
4338:
4114:. In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.).
3859:"The Enchantress of Florence (review)"
3856:
3604:
3154:"Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans"
2893:
2694:
1235:Janissary at the age of 24 or 25. The
1132:. Ottoman miniature painting from the
1033:gave, which make a system imbalanced.
834:
4223:Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774
4109:
3634:
3260:
3258:
3151:
2085:, both of whom composed music in the
1877:A 15th-century Janissary, drawing by
1858:: he was murdered shortly afterward.
1492:Paper strength of the Janissary corps
944:), "door servants" or "slaves of the
871:, the commander of the corps, in 1768
681:
3544:from the original on 9 February 2021
3494:from the original on 1 February 2021
3379:
2537:: Scarecrow Press. pp. 153–54.
2182:adding citations to reliable sources
2153:
1073:Albanian revolt against the Ottomans
665:
4118:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 572–574.
4064:A History of the Modern Middle East
3827:Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
2730:A History of the Modern Middle East
786:) were taken, levied, subjected to
13:
4391:Christians from the Ottoman Empire
3727:
3255:
2955:
2149:
1987:
1904:and the death of the Grand Vizier
1090:
14:
4422:
4300:
3074:from the original on 5 April 2023
2975:from the original on 6 July 2017.
1483:(1645–1669) and particularly the
1453:
4026:Comparative Civilizations Review
3925:Janković, Dragana (2022-02-27).
3035:from the original on 17 May 2015
2565:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2158:
1761:
1741:
1726:
1706:
1120:Recruitment, training and status
1013:, who were drawn from converted
256:
68:
34:
3947:
3918:
3892:
3877:from the original on 2018-03-09
3850:
3841:
3814:
3791:
3759:
3702:
3677:
3647:from the original on 2019-03-25
3628:
3617:from the original on 2019-03-25
3598:
3521:
3472:
3445:
3434:from the original on 2012-06-27
3416:
3407:
3398:
3373:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3305:from the original on 2011-08-07
3287:
3276:from the original on 2018-10-03
3164:from the original on 2019-03-25
3145:
3115:
3099:
3047:
3021:
3000:
2979:
2926:
2887:
2860:
2758:
2589:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30927
2367:In the 2020 Turkish historical
2169:needs additional citations for
2069:(a borrowing from Europe), and
1423:In addition there were also 34
1381:(frontier troops; also spelled
1309:
4386:Slaves from the Ottoman Empire
4307:History of the Janissary Music
2732:. Westview Press. p. 43.
2721:
2688:
2649:Streusand, Douglas E. (2011).
2642:
2517:
2406:Military of the Ottoman Empire
718:; adopted during the reign of
95:Standing professional military
44:and a Bölük of the Janissaries
1:
4284:. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
4237:. London: Osprey Publishing.
2697:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
2572:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
2446:
2341:Assassin's Creed: Revelations
1952:had him killed, but elevated
1626:. In melee combat, they used
1335:The corps was organized into
1128:Registration of boys for the
4280:Uzunçarşılı, İsmail (1988).
3871:Wayne State University Press
2894:Yılmaz, Gülay (2015-12-01).
2766:A History of the Middle East
2089:. Examples include Mozart's
2006:martial tunes played by the
1752:and cannon batteries at the
1593:
897:
794:, and incorporated into the
702:) was a member of the elite
676:
59:1363–1826 (1830 for Algiers)
7:
3466:10.1556/AOrient.59.2006.4.2
3096:. Istanbul, Simurg Kitabevi
2695:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2008).
2384:
2240:The Enchantress of Florence
1459:battle force. According to
1341:(literally, "centers"). An
1266:
1065:George Kastrioti Skanderbeg
10:
4427:
4251:Shaw, Stanford J. (1976).
3528:Abdul-Karim Rafeq (2012).
3125:, (I.B. Tauris, 2007), 67.
3092:Kitsikis, Dimitri (1996).
2912:10.37879/belleten.2015.901
1991:
1785:
1676:
1610:, but they began adopting
1475:and, after 1593, with the
1385:in old sources), with 101
1313:
1179:, and, in rare instances,
792:forced conversion to Islam
18:
4381:Turkish words and phrases
4066:(Boulder: Westview, 2004)
3821:Reinhard, Ursula (2001).
3767:Asian and African Studies
3709:Sharkey, Heather (2017).
3607:"Battle of Mohács (1526)"
3201:Journal of Social History
1840:'s Russia or that of the
1713:Janissaries battling the
1687:Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo
683:[je.ˈŋi.t͡ʃe.ɾ̞i]
216:
211:
165:
157:
139:
134:Constantinople (Istanbul)
125:
115:
99:
91:
81:
63:
55:
33:
28:
3957:Journal of World History
3152:Nasuh, Matrakci (1588).
3094:Türk Yunan İmparatorluğu
2705:Rowman & Littlefield
2451:
2439:, elite infantry of the
2373:Rise of Empires: Ottoman
2338:are featured heavily in
2136:Istanbul Military Museum
2002:Janissaries marching to
1155:was extended to include
1046:Türk Yunan İmparatorluğu
288:Six Divisions of Cavalry
4221:Nicolle, David (1983).
4169:Murphey, Rhads (2002).
4133:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
4055:Encyclopædia Britannica
3684:Clodfelter, M. (2017).
3380:Kunt, Metin İ. (1983).
2945:Encyclopædia Britannica
2867:Perry Anderson (1979).
2790:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
2639:, pp. 59, 179–181.
2426:The Auspicious Incident
2264:The Magnificent Century
2124:In 1952, the Janissary
2079:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1919:Slaughter of the Knezes
1782:Revolts and disbandment
1616:siege of Vienna in 1529
1602:Turkish guns 1750–1800.
1361:(literally, "hearth").
904:Encyclopedia Britannica
868:Agha of the Janissaries
221:Agha of the Janissaries
42:Agha of the Janissaries
4154:, (1985, 1991, 1994).
4062:Cleveland, William L.
4028:55.55 (2006): 6:37-55
3987:(1998) 5#1 pp: 23–36.
3857:Conrad, JoAnn (2009).
3635:Osman, Nakkas (1597).
3006:Zürcher, Erik (1999).
2421:Ottoman decline thesis
2023:
1931:First Serbian Uprising
1885:
1870:
1813:
1671:Cretan War (1645–1669)
1603:
1485:War of the Holy League
1332:
1279:
1139:
993:
992:Janissary, before 1657
978:
960:. Through a system of
951:
933:
886:
877:
872:
747:enslavement, by which
706:units that formed the
186:Fall of Constantinople
4095:. New York: H. Holt.
4010:. London: Perennial.
3969:10.1353/jwh.2014.0005
3637:"Expedition to Revan"
2279:Predrag Gojković Cune
2229:The Sultan's Helmsman
2140:Turkish music (style)
2001:
1994:Ottoman military band
1992:Further information:
1876:
1867:Jean Baptiste Vanmour
1864:
1795:
1786:Further information:
1601:
1323:
1276:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
1274:
1127:
1060:(governor generals).
991:
930:The Janissaries were
898:şekine-i arz-ı yahudi
865:
4321:(not yet exploited)
4225:. Osprey Publishing.
3060:. Berg. p. 36.
2178:improve this article
2083:Ludwig van Beethoven
1685:, the defeat of the
1251:served as a kind of
901:). According to the
730:, and dismantled by
202:Great Siege of Malta
4110:Huart, Cl. (1987).
4049:"Janissaries"
3863:Marvels & Tales
3733:Leopold von Ranke.
3568:, pp. 112–116.
3270:My Albanian studies
2939:"Janissaries"
2755:, pp. 119–120.
2096:The Ruins of Athens
2091:Piano Sonata No. 11
2058:(natural trumpet),
1970:Auspicious Incident
1914:Sanjak of Smederevo
1715:Knights Hospitaller
1494:
1261:Knights Hospitaller
1077:Sokollu Mehmed Paşa
835:Origins and history
829:Auspicious Incident
788:forced circumcision
749:indigenous European
600:Sieges and landings
405:Auspicious Incident
190:Battle of Chaldiran
174:Battle of Nicopolis
130:Adrianople (Edirne)
4366:Islam and violence
4317:2012-02-05 at the
4076:. UK: Saqi Books.
4035:2019-11-09 at the
3994:2016-07-29 at the
3803:2016-12-20 at the
3788:, p. 456–457.
3756:, p. 431–434.
3674:, p. 292–295.
3428:ottomanempire.info
3213:10.1353/jsh.0.0133
2780:, p. 456-457.
2567:Rowson, Everett K.
2525:George F. Nafziger
2316:Age of Empires III
2251:, a 1979 novel by
2222:The Janissary Tree
2115:Giuseppe Donizetti
2024:
1927:Serbian Revolution
1886:
1871:
1814:
1754:Siege of Esztergom
1604:
1490:
1349:) was headed by a
1333:
1280:
1140:
994:
873:
498:Ahmet Ali Çelikten
21:Janissaries series
4275:978-0-521-29166-8
4261:978-0-521-29163-7
4244:978-1-85532-413-8
4213:978-90-04-12756-2
4152:Kitsikis, Dimitri
4144:978-0-520-20600-7
4082:978-0-86356-055-2
4017:978-0-688-08093-8
3595:, pp. 21–22.
3299:countrystudies.us
2839:978-1-4767-0025-0
2803:978-0-520-20600-7
2764:Peter Mansfield,
2739:978-0-8133-4833-9
2714:978-1-4422-2348-6
2598:978-90-04-33571-4
2350:Lymond Chronicles
2322:Age of Empires IV
2310:Age of Empires II
2266:) is a 2011–2012
2210:
2209:
2202:
1772:'s expedition to
1689:and wars against
1591:
1590:
1477:Habsburg monarchy
1345:(equivalent to a
1245:Haji Bektash Veli
923:were preferred."
674:
654:
653:
226:
225:
4418:
4401:Military slavery
4324:
4295:
4248:
4226:
4217:
4193:Heinrichs, W. P.
4174:
4156:L'Empire ottoman
4148:
4129:
4106:
4070:Goodwin, Godfrey
4059:
4051:
4021:
3980:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3904:, archived from
3896:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3818:
3812:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3770:
3769:7 (1971): 13–39.
3763:
3757:
3751:
3740:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3262:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3196:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3149:
3143:
3140:Uzunçarşılı 1988
3137:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3103:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3019:
3008:Arming the State
3004:
2998:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2941:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2906:(286): 901–930.
2891:
2885:
2884:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2843:
2825:
2808:
2807:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2701:Lanham, Maryland
2699:(3rd ed.).
2692:
2686:
2685:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2581:Brill Publishers
2558:
2549:
2548:
2535:Lanham, Maryland
2521:
2515:
2509:
2472:
2471:, pp. 9–10.
2466:
2362:Battle of Vienna
2298:expansions of VI
2205:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2162:
2154:
2107:Sultan Mahmud II
1842:Praetorian Guard
1827:Battle of Vienna
1788:Janissary revolt
1765:
1745:
1734:Battle of Mohács
1730:
1710:
1495:
1489:
1437:Odjak of Algiers
1042:Dimitri Kitsikis
1040:Greek Historian
983:
954:
936:
900:
893:Imperial Arsenal
889:
882:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
685:
679:
669:
667:
646:
639:
632:
458:Imperial Arsenal
432:
272:
260:
231:
230:
194:Battle of Mohács
178:Battle of Ankara
170:Battle of Kosovo
74:
72:
71:
38:
26:
25:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4336:
4335:
4322:
4319:Wayback Machine
4303:
4298:
4292:
4245:
4235:The Janissaries
4214:
4185:Bosworth, C. E.
4145:
4126:
4103:
4074:The Janissaries
4037:Wayback Machine
4018:
3996:Wayback Machine
3950:
3945:
3936:
3934:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3909:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3880:
3878:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3819:
3815:
3805:Wayback Machine
3796:
3792:
3784:
3773:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3743:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3659:
3650:
3648:
3633:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3605:Lokman (1588).
3603:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3547:
3545:
3534:brillonline.com
3526:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3497:
3495:
3484:brillonline.com
3478:
3477:
3473:
3450:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3277:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3197:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3129:
3121:Mark L. Stein,
3120:
3116:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3005:
3001:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2931:
2927:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2865:
2861:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2826:
2811:
2804:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2707:. p. 129.
2693:
2689:
2671:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2599:
2575:. Vol. 2.
2559:
2552:
2545:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2391:Devşirme system
2387:
2355:Dorothy Dunnett
2328:Rise of Nations
2286:Civilization IV
2259:Muhteşem Yüzyıl
2253:Jerry Pournelle
2206:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2175:
2163:
2152:
2150:Popular culture
2012:Surname-i Vehbi
1996:
1990:
1988:Janissary music
1879:Gentile Bellini
1869:, c. 1730–1737.
1802:Surname-i Vehbi
1790:
1784:
1777:
1766:
1757:
1748:A Janissary, a
1746:
1737:
1731:
1722:
1719:Siege of Rhodes
1711:
1679:
1596:
1456:
1318:
1312:
1269:
1257:military orders
1122:
1093:
1091:Characteristics
837:
827:in 1826 in the
758:(predominantly
699:
696:
693:
690:
662:Ottoman Turkish
650:
610:
609:
511:
503:
502:
488:
478:
477:
453:
443:
442:
433:
430:
420:
419:
400:Sekban-i Djedid
390:
380:
379:
273:
270:
248:
246:Military of the
240:
229:
198:Siege of Vienna
182:Battle of Varna
132:
110:
108:
106:
104:
69:
67:
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4424:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4406:Bektashi Order
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4334:
4333:
4330:Britannica.com
4325:
4309:
4302:
4301:External links
4299:
4297:
4296:
4290:
4277:
4263:
4249:
4243:
4231:Nicolle, David
4227:
4218:
4212:
4189:van Donzel, E.
4177:Bearman, P. J.
4166:
4149:
4143:
4130:
4124:
4107:
4101:
4089:Goodwin, Jason
4085:
4067:
4060:
4046:, ed. (1911).
4044:Chisholm, Hugh
4040:
4022:
4016:
3998:
3985:War in History
3981:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3917:
3891:
3849:
3840:
3813:
3798:"Mansure Army"
3790:
3771:
3758:
3741:
3726:
3719:
3701:
3695:978-0786474707
3694:
3676:
3657:
3627:
3597:
3585:
3570:
3558:
3520:
3508:
3471:
3460:(4): 407–438.
3444:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3390:
3372:
3370:, p. 118.
3360:
3351:
3342:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3286:
3254:
3242:
3207:(2): 447–467.
3186:
3174:
3144:
3127:
3114:
3098:
3085:
3066:
3046:
3020:
2999:
2978:
2954:
2936:, ed. (1911).
2934:Chisholm, Hugh
2925:
2902:(in Turkish).
2886:
2879:
2859:
2838:
2809:
2802:
2782:
2770:
2757:
2745:
2738:
2720:
2713:
2687:
2670:978-0813313597
2669:
2663:. p. 83.
2661:Westview Press
2641:
2624:
2612:
2597:
2563:Krämer, Gudrun
2550:
2543:
2516:
2514:, p. 113.
2473:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2441:Adal Sultanate
2434:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2365:
2358:
2345:
2332:
2281:
2275:
2255:
2244:
2235:Salman Rushdie
2232:
2226:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2109:abolished the
2101:Symphony No. 9
2016:Topkapı Palace
2014:(1720) at the
1989:
1986:
1974:Tower of Blood
1806:Topkapı Palace
1804:(1720) at the
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1712:
1705:
1683:Constantinople
1678:
1675:
1661:, such as the
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1473:Safavid Empire
1465:Timarli Sipahi
1455:
1454:Corps strength
1452:
1421:
1420:
1405:
1390:
1329:Lambert de Vos
1311:
1308:
1294:conditions in
1268:
1265:
1249:Bektashi Order
1121:
1118:
1092:
1089:
1075:. Another was
857:Ottoman sultan
845:Ottoman Empire
836:
833:
821:cavalry rivals
804:Ottoman sultan
752:Christian boys
708:Ottoman sultan
652:
651:
649:
648:
641:
634:
626:
623:
622:
621:
620:
612:
611:
608:
607:
602:
597:
592:
591:
590:
580:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
495:
489:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
470:
468:Kapudan Pashas
465:
460:
454:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
434:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
395:Nizam-i Djedid
391:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
291:
290:
285:
274:
268:Classical army
266:
265:
262:
261:
253:
252:
250:Ottoman Empire
242:
241:
234:
227:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
209:
208:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
141:
137:
136:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
111:135,000 (1826)
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
76:Ottoman Empire
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4423:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4328:"Janissary,"
4326:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4293:
4291:975-16-0056-1
4287:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4181:Bianquis, Th.
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4164:2-13-043459-2
4161:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4125:90-04-08265-4
4121:
4117:
4113:
4112:"Janissaries"
4108:
4104:
4102:0-8050-4081-1
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4002:Kinross, Lord
3999:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3908:on 2017-05-26
3907:
3903:
3902:
3895:
3887:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3844:
3833:September 15,
3828:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3768:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3720:9780521186872
3716:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3589:
3583:, p. 36.
3582:
3577:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3518:, p. 17.
3517:
3512:
3505:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3410:
3401:
3393:
3391:0-231-05578-1
3387:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3266:"Janissaries"
3261:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3183:
3178:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3111:9958-815-00-1
3108:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3073:
3069:
3067:9781859738757
3063:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3016:1-86064-404-X
3013:
3009:
3003:
2996:
2995:0-521-21280-4
2992:
2988:
2982:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2880:9780860917106
2876:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2849:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2622:, p. 52.
2621:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2544:9780810866171
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2193:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2167:This section
2165:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2126:military band
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2087:Turkish style
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2040:(bass drum),
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:Nizam-ı Cedid
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:Damad Ibrahim
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:Patrona Halil
1891:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1487:(1683–1699).
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:David Nicolle
1451:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1435:, called the
1434:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:and southern
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:Grand Viziers
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
984:
982:
981:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
953:
947:
943:
942:
937:
935:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:
899:
894:
890:
888:
881:
880:
870:
869:
864:
860:
858:
854:
851:instituted a
850:
849:Ottoman Turks
846:
842:
832:
830:
826:
822:
817:
813:
808:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:
746:
742:
741:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:standing army
709:
705:
684:
678:
672:
663:
659:
647:
642:
640:
635:
633:
628:
627:
625:
624:
619:
616:
615:
614:
613:
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603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
589:
586:
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584:
581:
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572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
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552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
513:
507:
506:
499:
496:
494:
493:Vecihi Hürkuş
491:
490:
487:
482:
481:
474:
473:Naval battles
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
452:
447:
446:
439:
436:
435:
429:
424:
423:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:Reform period
384:
383:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
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328:
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318:
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276:
275:
269:
264:
263:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
244:
243:
238:
233:
232:
228:Military unit
222:
219:
215:
210:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
109:37,627 (1609)
107:13,599 (1574)
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
4329:
4281:
4266:
4252:
4234:
4222:
4203:
4196:
4155:
4134:
4115:
4092:
4073:
4063:
4053:
4025:
4006:
3984:
3960:
3956:
3948:Bibliography
3935:. Retrieved
3933:(in Serbian)
3930:
3920:
3910:, retrieved
3906:the original
3900:
3894:
3886:Project MUSE
3884:– via
3879:. Retrieved
3866:
3862:
3852:
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3826:
3816:
3808:
3793:
3786:Kinross 1977
3766:
3761:
3754:Kinross 1977
3735:
3729:
3710:
3704:
3685:
3679:
3672:Kinross 1977
3649:. Retrieved
3640:
3630:
3619:. Retrieved
3610:
3600:
3593:Nicolle 1995
3588:
3581:Nicolle 1995
3566:Ágoston 2014
3561:
3553:
3548:14 September
3546:. Retrieved
3533:
3523:
3516:Nicolle 1983
3511:
3503:
3498:14 September
3496:. Retrieved
3483:
3474:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3436:. Retrieved
3427:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3381:
3375:
3368:Ágoston 2014
3363:
3354:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3307:. Retrieved
3298:
3289:
3278:. Retrieved
3269:
3252:, p. 8.
3250:Nicolle 1983
3245:
3204:
3200:
3184:, p. 7.
3182:Nicolle 1983
3177:
3166:. Retrieved
3157:
3147:
3122:
3117:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3056:
3049:
3037:. Retrieved
3023:
3007:
3002:
2986:
2981:
2957:
2949:
2943:
2928:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2869:
2862:
2829:
2792:
2785:
2778:Kinross 1977
2773:
2768:(1991) p. 31
2765:
2760:
2753:Ágoston 2014
2748:
2729:
2723:
2696:
2690:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2657:Philadelphia
2651:
2644:
2637:Goodwin 1998
2620:Kinross 1977
2615:
2570:
2529:
2519:
2512:Ágoston 2014
2469:Nicolle 1983
2371:
2348:
2339:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2263:
2257:
2246:
2238:
2228:
2220:
2196:
2187:
2176:Please help
2171:verification
2168:
2129:
2123:
2110:
2105:
2094:
2074:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2035:
2027:
2025:
2011:
1982:
1978:Thessaloniki
1959:
1939:
1890:Tulip Period
1887:
1856:Seven Towers
1831:
1822:
1819:palace coups
1815:
1801:
1680:
1659:hand cannons
1648:
1605:
1491:
1469:
1457:
1443:
1441:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1324:
1310:Organization
1304:
1295:
1281:
1233:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1152:
1141:
1135:Süleymanname
1133:
1129:
1114:
1094:
1085:
1081:Bosnian Serb
1062:
1049:
1045:
1044:in his book
1039:
1035:
1008:
995:
976:
966:
949:
939:
931:
929:
902:
884:
874:
866:
838:
809:
796:Ottoman army
738:
736:
657:
655:
618:Conscription
410:Mansure Army
360:Bashi-bazouk
120:Ottoman army
116:Part of
105:7,841 (1484)
103:1,000 (1400)
48:Lambert Wyts
40:
4346:Janissaries
4323:(in German)
4172:"Yeñi Čeri"
3931:Telegraf.rs
3873:: 433–436.
3829:. Routledge
2248:Janissaries
1823:acemi oğlan
1798:Safranpilav
1296:acemi oğlan
1208:acemi oğlan
1189:Circassians
1015:Circassians
973:circumcised
962:meritocracy
934:kapıkulları
816:reactionary
697:new soldier
438:Modern Army
431:(1861–1922)
428:Modern army
283:Janissaries
271:(1451–1826)
166:Engagements
4340:Categories
4202:Volume XI:
3963:: 85–124.
3937:2024-09-18
3912:2021-05-24
3881:2017-12-17
3651:2015-02-09
3621:2015-02-09
3530:"Yerliyya"
3438:2011-03-08
3309:2018-10-03
3280:2018-10-03
3168:2015-02-09
3078:1 December
2950:see para 2
2677:yeni cheri
2447:References
2336:Bayezid II
2272:Meral Okay
2190:March 2022
2018:Museum in
1950:Mustafa IV
1808:Museum in
1481:Cretan War
1415:, with 34
1363:Suleiman I
1314:See also:
1227:was three
1193:Ukrainians
1175:and later
1169:Hungarians
1161:Bulgarians
1058:Beylerbeys
925:Bektashism
812:modernized
784:Ukrainians
764:Bulgarians
745:child levy
743:system of
605:Rebellions
566:Portuguese
310:Dervendjis
212:Commanders
64:Allegiance
3977:143042353
3611:Hünernâme
3237:201793634
3221:0022-4529
2920:0041-4255
2873:. Verso.
2848:cite book
2681:yeni çeri
2607:1873-9830
2378:Mehmed II
2369:docudrama
2237:'s novel
1966:artillery
1954:Mahmud II
1942:Selim III
1929:with the
1902:Ahmed III
1883:Mehmed II
1829:in 1683.
1796:Banquet (
1770:Murad III
1594:Equipment
1548:<1,000
1545:Strength
1448:yerliyyas
1427:s of the
1347:battalion
1331:, c. 1574
1259:like the
1185:Georgians
1181:Romanians
1157:Armenians
1149:Albanians
1031:Qizilbash
1023:Armenians
1019:Georgians
1006:Qajar era
825:Mahmud II
776:Romanians
760:Albanians
754:from the
734:in 1826.
732:Mahmud II
671:romanized
658:janissary
541:Hungarian
536:Moldavian
526:Bulgarian
521:Byzantine
510:Conflicts
355:Humbaracı
345:Timariots
217:Commander
158:Equipment
126:Garrisons
29:Janissary
4361:Infantry
4315:Archived
4233:(1995).
4195:(eds.).
4091:(1998).
4072:(2001).
4033:Archived
4004:(1977).
3992:Archived
3875:Archived
3801:Archived
3645:Archived
3615:Archived
3542:Archived
3492:Archived
3490:. 2012.
3432:Archived
3303:Archived
3274:Archived
3229:27696448
3162:Archived
3072:Archived
3039:15 April
3033:Archived
2970:Archived
2900:Belleten
2569:(eds.).
2527:(2001).
2437:Malassay
2416:Genízaro
2411:Saqaliba
2385:See also
2380:'s army.
2304:Cossacks
2215:Bulgaria
2131:Mehterân
2067:triangle
2046:(a loud
2020:Istanbul
2008:Mehterân
1910:Mahmud I
1898:Albanian
1852:Osman II
1847:Selim II
1836:of Tsar
1834:Streltsy
1810:Istanbul
1756:in 1543.
1721:in 1522.
1663:abus gun
1655:grenades
1644:halberds
1612:firearms
1540:1710–71
1365:had 165
1300:celibate
1292:monastic
1284:devşirme
1267:Training
1253:chaplain
1218:devşirme
1213:devşirme
1197:Russians
1177:Bosniaks
1153:devşirme
1130:devşirme
1097:uniforms
1069:Albanian
1050:devşirme
1010:ghilmans
1002:Afsharid
941:kapıkulu
921:Bulgaria
887:devşirme
879:devşirme
740:devşirme
720:Murad II
716:firearms
704:infantry
677:yeŋiçeri
571:Habsburg
556:Croatian
551:Albanian
546:Venetian
516:European
486:Aviation
415:Hamidieh
370:Martolos
278:Kapıkulu
237:a series
235:Part of
86:Infantry
2396:Ghilman
2268:Turkish
2071:cymbals
2032:timpani
2030:(giant
1923:Valjevo
1768:Sultan
1736:, 1526.
1695:Austria
1691:Hungary
1677:Battles
1667:Pistols
1651:muskets
1640:yatagan
1636:daggers
1620:sappers
1608:archers
1587:43,562
1534:1687–88
1531:1666–67
1433:Algiers
1351:çorbaci
1288:Turkish
1241:dervish
1225:Ahmet I
1138:, 1558.
998:Safavid
969:Balkans
958:Enderun
938:(sing.
909:Albania
841:Murad I
756:Balkans
728:Murad I
691:
673::
588:Persian
576:Russian
531:Serbian
325:Seimeni
300:Voynuks
161:Various
4288:
4273:
4259:
4241:
4210:
4191:&
4162:
4141:
4122:
4099:
4080:
4030:Online
4014:
3989:online
3975:
3717:
3692:
3480:"Orta"
3388:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3109:
3064:
3014:
2993:
2918:
2877:
2836:
2800:
2736:
2711:
2667:
2605:
2595:
2577:Leiden
2541:
2401:Mamluk
2144:Mehter
2119:Mehter
2111:mehter
2060:çevgan
2052:naffir
2004:Mehter
1935:Serbia
1632:kilijs
1624:miners
1622:, and
1584:67,729
1581:62,826
1578:47,233
1575:51,047
1572:37,627
1569:23,232
1566:16,905
1563:13,599
1560:12,131
1413:seymen
1409:sekban
1398:beylik
1383:jemaat
1379:cemaat
1353:. All
1243:saint
1165:Croats
1145:Greeks
1110:cebeci
1105:Sultan
1101:mehter
1027:ghazis
1021:, and
1004:, and
980:askeri
917:Greece
913:Bosnia
847:. The
800:slaves
782:, and
772:Greeks
768:Croats
666:یڭیچری
595:Africa
561:Polish
375:Arnaut
340:Levend
330:Akinji
320:Seymen
315:Sekban
305:Yamaks
295:Sipahi
239:on the
206:others
204:, and
140:Colors
73:
56:Active
50:, 1573
4175:. In
3973:S2CID
3869:(2).
3538:Brill
3488:Brill
3233:S2CID
3225:JSTOR
2973:(PDF)
2966:(PDF)
2452:Notes
2063:bells
2054:, or
2048:shawm
2043:zurna
2037:davul
1976:, in
1962:fatwa
1838:Peter
1774:Revan
1750:pasha
1557:8,407
1554:7,164
1551:7,841
1429:ajemi
1394:bölük
1338:ortas
1237:Odjak
1229:Akçes
1173:Serbs
1067:, an
946:Porte
780:Serbs
724:Orhan
463:Ships
152:Green
4286:ISBN
4271:ISBN
4257:ISBN
4239:ISBN
4208:ISBN
4160:ISBN
4139:ISBN
4120:ISBN
4097:ISBN
4078:ISBN
4012:ISBN
3835:2016
3715:ISBN
3690:ISBN
3550:2020
3500:2020
3386:ISBN
3217:ISSN
3107:ISBN
3080:2015
3062:ISBN
3041:2014
3012:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2916:ISSN
2875:ISBN
2854:link
2834:ISBN
2798:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2709:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2603:ISSN
2593:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2431:Agha
2325:and
2142:and
2081:and
2056:boru
1699:loot
1693:and
1657:and
1630:and
1628:axes
1537:1699
1528:1654
1525:1609
1522:1592
1519:1582
1516:1574
1513:1547
1510:1530
1507:1523
1504:1484
1501:1400
1498:Year
1444:orta
1425:orta
1417:orta
1407:the
1402:orta
1392:the
1387:orta
1377:the
1367:orta
1359:ocak
1355:orta
1343:orta
1147:and
1079:, a
952:köle
919:and
790:and
688:lit.
583:Asia
451:Navy
365:Deli
350:Yaya
335:Azap
150:and
144:Blue
100:Size
92:Role
82:Type
4204:W–Z
3965:doi
3462:doi
3209:doi
2908:doi
2585:doi
2353:by
2213:In
2180:by
2075:zil
2050:),
2034:),
2028:kös
1411:or
1396:or
1371:ağa
1327:by
1056:or
726:or
148:Red
46:by
4342::
4200:.
4187:;
4183:;
4179:;
4052:.
3971:.
3961:25
3959:.
3929:.
3867:23
3865:.
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3807:.
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