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397:, which was used for determining the position of celestial objects, did not match the positions calculated on the table. He constructed five new observatories in different cities in order to create a more accurate Zij. The astronomical tables Jai Singh created, known as the Zij-i Muhammad Shahi, were continuously used in India for a century. (However, the table had little significance outside of India.) Also, it was used to measure time.
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414:(r. 1750ā1768), Isvari Singh's successor, supported the observatory, although it did not see the same level of activity as under Jai Singh. Although some restorations were made to the Jantar Mantar under Pratap Singh (r.1778-1803), activity at the observatory died down again. During this time, a temple was constructed and Pratap Singh turned the site of the observatory into a gun factory.
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655:, Buddhist texts such as Sardulakarna-avadana, and Jainism texts such as Surya-prajnapti. The theories behind the instruments are found in texts by the fifth century CE Aryabhatta, sixth century CE Brahmagupta and Varahamihira, ninth century Lalla, eleventh century Sripati and Bhaskara. The texts of Bhaskara have dedicated chapters on instruments and he calls them
651:, ancient Sanskrit texts. The gnomon (called Åaį¹
ku, ą¤¶ą¤ą„ą¤ą„) found at Jantar Mantar monument is discussed in these first millennium BCE Vedangas and in many later texts such as the Katyayana Sulbasutras. Other discussions of astronomical instruments are found in Hinduism texts such as the fourth century BCE
405:
Exactly when Raja Jai Singh began construction in Jaipur is unknown, but several instruments had been built by 1728, and the construction of the instruments in Jaipur continued until 1738. During 1735, when construction was at its peak, at least 23 astronomers were employed in Jaipur, and due to the
475:
casts a shadow, thereby giving the declination of the Sun at four specified times of the day. This data corresponds to noon at four observatories around the world (Greenwich in UK, Zurich in
Switzerland, Notke in Japan and Saitchen in the Pacific); this is equivalent of a wall of clocks registering
425:
Ram Singh (r. 1835ā1880) completed restoring the Jantar Mantar in 1876, and even made some of the instruments more durable by inserting lead into the instruments' lines and using stone to restore some of the plaster instruments. However, the observatory soon became neglected again, and was not
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The instruments are in most cases huge structures. The scale to which they have been built has been alleged to increase their accuracy. However, the penumbra of the sun can be as wide as 30 mm, making the 1mm increments of the Samrat Yantra sundial devoid of any practical significance.
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The full extent of how Jai Singh's instruments were used for astronomical observation remains unclear. While the instruments themselves were impressive, there is limited evidence of a dedicated observational program or a team of trained astronomers. This raises the question of whether the
533:
Shastansh Yantra (next to Vrihat Samrat Yantra) This instrument has a 60-degree arc built in the meridian plane within a dark chamber. At noon, the Sun's pinhole image falls on a scale below enabling the observer to measure the zenith distance, declination, and the diameter of the
442:
Jantar Mantar deploys all three ancient coordinate systems of the five celestial coordinate systems known. In the image above, the red (ecliptic) and blue (equatorial) coordinate systems are two of the three classical systems that feature in the monument's
624:, particularly in 1902, the Jantar Mantar was declared a national monument in 1948. It was restored in 2006. The restoration process in early 20th century replaced some of the original materials of construction with different materials.
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and mortar were also employed in building the instruments in the monument spread over about 18,700 square metres. It was in continuous use until about 1800, then fell in disuse and disrepair. Restored again several times during the
580:. Its shadow moves visibly at 1 mm per second, or roughly a hand's breadth (6 cm) every minute, The Hindu chhatri (small cupola) on top is used as a platform for announcing eclipses and the arrival of monsoons.
537:
Unnatamsa Yantra (a metal ring divided into four segments by horizontal and vertical lines, with a hole in the middle; the position and orientation of the instrument allows measurement of the altitude of celestial bodies)
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Jai
Prakash Yantra (two hemispherical bowl-based sundials with marked marble slabs that map inverted images of sky and allow the observer to move inside the instrument; measures altitudes, azimuths, hour angles, and
467:, tracking location of major stars as the Earth orbits around the Sun, ascertaining the declinations of planets, and determining the celestial altitudes and related ephemerides. The instruments are (alphabetical):
678:, an astronomical handbook compiled under Jai Singh's patronage, does not appear to rely heavily on data collected from his observatories. Instead, it primarily utilizes existing tables from sources like the
339:. The instruments allow the observation of astronomical positions with the naked eye. The observatory is an example of the Ptolemaic positional astronomy which was shared by many civilizations.
406:
changing political climate, Jaipur replaced Delhi as Raja Jai Singh's main observatory and remained Jai Singh's central observatory until his death in 1743. The observatory lost support under
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Additionally, the masons constructing the instruments had insufficient experience with construction of this scale, and subsidence of the foundations has subsequently misaligned them.
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Nadi Valaya Yantra (two sundials on different faces of the instrument, the two faces representing north and south hemispheres; measuring the time to an accuracy of less than a minute)
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Kapali Yantra (measures coordinates of celestial bodies in azimuth and equatorial systems; any point in sky can be visually transformed from one coordinate system to another)
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Digamsha Yantra (a pillar in the middle of two concentric outer circles, used to measure azimuth of the sun and to calculate the time of sunrise and sunset forecasts)
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mention astronomical terms, measurement of time and calendar, but do not mention any astronomical instruments. The earliest discussion of astronomical instruments,
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Jantar Mantar is managed under the
Archeological Sites and Monuments Act of Rajasthan since 1961, and protected as a National Monument of Rajasthan since 1968.
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essentially adapts these tables by incorporating adjustments for the precession of the equinoxes and the difference in longitude between Paris and Delhi.
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The theory of chakra-yantra, yasti-yantra, dhanur-yantra, kapala-yantra, nadivalaya-yantra, kartari-yantra, and others are found in the ancient texts.
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Yavari Ayin, Mostafa (2023). "Defenseless eyes against the sky. A narrative of some astronomical observations before the invention of the telescope".
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Laghu Samrat Yantra (the smaller sundial at the monument, inclined at 27 degrees, to measure time, albeit less accurately than Vrihat Samrat Yantra)
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Built from local stone and marble, each instrument carries an astronomical scale, generally marked on the marble inner lining. Bronze tablets,
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576:. Its face is angled at 27 degrees, the latitude of Jaipur. It is purported to tell the time to an accuracy of about two seconds in Jaipur
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The Vrihat Samrat Yantra, which means the "great king of instruments", is 88 feet (27 m) high, making it one of the world's largest
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is one that works in two systems and allows transformation of the coordinates directly from one system to the other. It has the biggest
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Rashi Valaya Yantra (12 gnomon dials that measure ecliptic coordinates of stars, planets and all 12 constellation systems)
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Arthur
Garrett, a keen amateur astronomer, during his appointment as Assistant State Engineer for the Jaipur District.
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The monument was damaged in the 19th century. Early restoration work was undertaken under the supervision of
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observatory's primary purpose was purely scientific or also served other symbolic or cultural functions.
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1094:. Jai Singh II, Maharaja of Jaipur, 1686-1743. (2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
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Dakshin Bhitti Yantra (measures meridian, altitude and zenith distances of celestial bodies)
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The
Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement
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1286:"Architecture in the Service of Science: The Astronomical Observatories of Jai Singh II"
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1990:
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346:: the horizon-zenith local system, the equatorial system, and the ecliptic system. The
320:, Rajasthan. The monument was completed in 1734. It features the world's largest stone
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Rama Yantra (an upright building used to find the altitude and the azimuth of the Sun)
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sundial, measures time in intervals of 2 seconds using shadow cast from the sunlight)
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Portal to the
Heritage of Astronomy, in partnership with UNESCO World Heritage Site
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The observatory consists of nineteen instruments for measuring time, predicting
410:(r.1743-1750) because of a succession war between him and his brother. However,
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The monument features instruments operating in each of the three main classical
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Kranti Vritta Yantra (measures longitude and latitude of celestial bodies)
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THE RAJASTHAN MONUMENTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND ANTIQUITIES RULES, 1968
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Theory, Construction and
Limitations, National University of Singapore
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Exploring
Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy
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Encyclopaedia of the
History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
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Shanti Swarup
Bhatnagar Prize recipients in Mathematical Science
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is a collection of 19 astronomical instruments built by the
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710:
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2487:
Infinite series expansions for the trigonometric functions
876:"The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
3748:
3247:
488:
Dhruva Darshak Pattika (observe and find the location of
421:
Bhairav Temple - located within the Jantar Mantar Complex
394:
381:
Sanskrit word meaning "consult, calculate"). Therefore,
3769:
Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences
1247:
Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories
734:
with the collaboration of Antonio GƔlvez for the book
3932:
2736:
Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics
2481:
1736:
Moidams ā the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty
3809:
Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations
1924:
Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat
799:
First Indian station 1983, converted to support base
703:
It was used as a filming location for the 2006 film
518:, it is a compilation of five different instruments)
1332:
1939:Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai
1555:
1219:
1048:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
471:Chakra Yantra (four semicircular arcs on which a
4040:
1797:Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana
1437:Sharma, Virendra Nath and Aditya Sharma (1995).
1411:. Twisted Music. 23 October 2009. Archived from
3907:Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope
1676:Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
1655:Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area
1462:Official website of Rajasthan government, India
1143:Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy
3734:
2767:
1975:
1541:
1194:
1136:
926:
924:
809:Defence Research and Development Organisation
476:local times in different parts of the world.)
272:
244:
216:
1122:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1059:
824:National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
598:
1764:Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram
1443:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
1388:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1160:
814:Defence Institute of High Altitude Research
485:Disha Yantra (used to detect the direction)
369:The name jantar is derived from "yantra" a
4059:History of science and technology in India
3741:
3727:
3592:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
2774:
2760:
2503:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
1982:
1968:
1548:
1534:
1328:
1326:
1324:
921:
849:List of highest astronomical observatories
719:photographed the sundial for the cover of
385:literally means 'calculating instrument'.
36:
1612:Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara
1156:
1154:
1152:
1010:
1008:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
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373:word, meaning "instrument, machine", and
3195:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
2731:Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education
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437:
416:
293:
1321:
1017:"The Kapala Yantras of Sawai Jai Singh"
967:Yukio Ohashi (Editor: H Selin) (1997).
930:
556:Yantra Raj Yantra (a 2.43-metre bronze
492:with respect to other celestial bodies)
4041:
3839:National Centre for Radio Astrophysics
1989:
1847:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
1490:Architecture in the Service of Science
1149:
1014:
1005:
949:
549:Vrihat Samrat Yantra (world's largest
451:Kapali Yantra at Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
3749:Telescopes and Observatories in India
3722:
2755:
1963:
1607:Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya
1529:
1335:A History of Indian Literature, Vol 6
1139:"Observatories of Sawai Jai Singh II"
1089:
890:
861:
2781:
1681:Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi
1085:
1083:
1024:Indian Journal of History of Science
740:(Editorial Lumen: Barcelona, 1972).
16:UNESCO World Heritage Site in Jaipur
4079:Astronomical observatories in India
2256:Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai
1781:Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
834:List of Antarctic research stations
698:
665:
224:Location of Jantar Mantar in Jaipur
13:
4084:Buildings and structures in Jaipur
4074:Ancient astronomical observatories
2716:Institute of Mathematical Sciences
1502:The Jantar Mantar at Jaipur, India
1431:
1361:
1291:. Jantarmantar.org. Archived from
916:The Jantar Mantar at Jaipur, India
844:List of astronomical observatories
14:
4095:
2726:Harish-Chandra Research Institute
2236:K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)
1455:
1440:Sawai Jai Singh and his astronomy
1092:Sawai Jai Singh and his astronomy
1080:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3877:3.6m Devasthal Optical Telescope
3814:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
3799:India-based Neutrino Observatory
1802:Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas
1786:Group of Monuments at Pattadakal
1137:Johnson-Roehr, Susan N. (2014).
1090:Nath., Sharma, Virendra (2016).
271:
264:
243:
236:
215:
208:
3882:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
3804:Indian Astronomical Observatory
1401:
1382:
1364:"Sanskrit - English Dictionary"
1355:
1310:
1277:
1263:
1238:
1213:
1062:"Sanskrit - English Dictionary"
819:Indian Astronomical Observatory
3912:National Large Solar Telescope
3834:Mount Abu InfraRed Observatory
3784:Gauribidanur Radio Observatory
2711:Chennai Mathematical Institute
2080:Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri
1769:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur
1271:"Largest sundial world record"
1130:
1053:
1041:
878:. Whc.unesco.org. 31 July 2010
433:
21:Jantar Mantar (disambiguation)
1:
4054:World Heritage Sites in India
4049:Tourist attractions in Jaipur
1726:Khangchendzonga National Park
1557:World Heritage Sites in India
854:
839:List of Antarctic field camps
611:(the world's largest sundial)
4064:1738 establishments in India
3819:Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
3159:RÄjamį¹gÄį¹
ka (astronomy book)
2902:Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
2701:Indian Statistical Institute
1857:Churches and convents of Goa
1852:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
1601:Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
1583:Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi
1578:Khajuraho Group of Monuments
1333:David Edwin Pingree (1981).
1222:Cosmic architecture in India
1030:(2): 209ā216. Archived from
971:. Springer. pp. 83ā86.
344:celestial coordinate systems
106:; 290 years ago
96:1.8652 ha (4.609 acres)
7:
3461:
3056:
2721:Indian Institute of Science
2706:Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana
2584:A. A. Krishnaswamy Ayyangar
2549:Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit
2476:HinduāArabic numeral system
1776:Group of Monuments at Hampi
1468:Jantar Mantar - Section III
1224:. Prestel. pp. 48ā73.
1197:Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra
743:
725:Live at the Roundhouse 2008
393:Jai Singh noticed that the
10:
4100:
2847:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
2216:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1951:Mountain Railways of India
1914:Historic City of Ahmadabad
1754:Great Living Chola Temples
1573:Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
1220:Andreas Volwahsen (2001).
805:Second Indian station 1989
792:Bharati (research station)
426:restored until 1901 under
400:
388:
153:Cultural: (iii), (iv)
135:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
3922:Pachmarhi Telescope Array
3867:
3854:Udaipur Solar Observatory
3754:
3641:
3600:
3557:
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3257:
3015:
2932:Venkatraman Radhakrishnan
2789:
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2629:
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2495:
2461:
2298:
2226:Veeravalli S. Varadarajan
2193:
2052:
2006:
1997:
1947:
1929:The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
1862:Dholavira:a Harappan city
1832:
1744:
1711:
1635:
1591:
1563:
1519:Jantar Mantar, Jaipur on
829:Siachen Base Camp (India)
630:
599:Materials of construction
202:
198:
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184:
174:
157:
149:
145:The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
141:
132:
128:
118:
100:
92:
55:
44:
35:
30:
3897:Jantar Mantar, New Delhi
2642:Henry Thomas Colebrooke
2231:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1791:Nilgiri Mountain Railway
1731:Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
1627:Sundarbans National Park
1339:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
1165:. Springer. p. 82.
935:. Penguin. p. 136.
787:Indian Antarctic Program
607:Observation deck of the
590:at Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
3902:Jantar Mantar, Varanasi
3859:Vainu Bappu Observatory
3613:Ancient Greek astronomy
2897:Madhava of Sangamagrama
2115:MÄdhava of Saį¹
gamagrÄma
1877:Hill Forts of Rajasthan
1721:Kaziranga National Park
1495:5 February 2009 at the
1474:Photos of Jantar Mantar
1368:Spoken Sanskrit Germany
1066:Spoken Sanskrit Germany
730:It was photographed by
364:
123:Government of Rajasthan
3849:Trivandrum Observatory
1919:Jaipur City, Rajasthan
1665:Keoladeo National Park
1479:Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)
1195:Lindsay Brown (2008).
737:Prosa del Observatorio
689:'s astronomical tables
612:
591:
567:
545:
460:
452:
444:
422:
298:
3892:Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
3779:Devasthal Observatory
3764:Allahabad Observatory
3618:Hellenistic astronomy
3401:Deferent and epicycle
3125:BrÄhmasphuį¹asiddhÄnta
2957:Jai Singh II of Amber
2326:BrÄhmasphuį¹asiddhÄnta
1660:Humayun's Tomb, Delhi
1509:.astronomicalheritage
622:British colonial rule
606:
586:
565:
543:
458:
450:
441:
420:
348:Kanmala Yantraprakara
297:
255:Show map of Rajasthan
252:Location in Rajasthan
77:26.92472Ā°N 75.82444Ā°E
3917:Ooty Radio Telescope
3789:Girawali Observatory
3608:Babylonian astronomy
2842:Radhagobinda Chandra
2602:T. A. Saraswati Amma
2313:Bakhshali manuscript
2281:Kannan Soundararajan
1807:Chennakeshava Temple
1759:Airavatesvara Temple
1701:Complexe du Capitole
1670:KalkaāShimla railway
1486:Articles and History
1161:David Kelly (2011).
933:Timelines of Science
609:vrihat samrat yantra
19:For other uses, see
4069:Rajput architecture
3824:Madhava Observatory
3456:Hindu units of time
3179:Vasishtha Siddhanta
3153:Paitamaha Siddhanta
3047:Shatapatha Brahmana
2962:Nilakantha Somayaji
2678:Islamic mathematics
2637:Walter Eugene Clark
2431:Vasishtha Siddhanta
2403:SiddhÄnta Shiromani
2382:Paitamaha Siddhanta
2261:Tilak Raj Prabhakar
2206:Satyendra Nath Bose
2201:Srinivasa Ramanujan
2155:Nilakantha Somayaji
1812:Hoysaleswara Temple
1415:on 20 February 2012
1015:Sharma, VN (1991).
687:Philippe de la Hire
459:Laghu samrat yantra
329:World Heritage Site
73: /
3829:Madras Observatory
3774:Colaba Observatory
3633:European astronomy
3371:Cardinal direction
3300:Equatorial sundial
3139:Pancha-Siddhantika
2837:Sandip Chakrabarti
2170:Gangesha Upadhyaya
1991:Indian mathematics
1622:Sun Temple, Konark
1341:. pp. 52ā54.
1298:on 5 February 2009
1060:mantraNa, yantra.
997:has generic name (
693:Zij Muhammad-Shahi
676:Zij Muhammad-Shahi
647:, is found in the
613:
592:
588:Jai Prakash Yantra
568:
546:
461:
453:
445:
423:
299:
227:Show map of Jaipur
175:Reference no.
82:26.92472; 75.82444
51:, Rajasthan, India
3930:
3929:
3716:
3715:
3628:Chinese astronomy
3623:Islamic astronomy
3386:Celestial spheres
3376:Celestial equator
3146:Paulisa Siddhanta
3040:Aitareya Brahmana
2947:Jagannatha Samrat
2927:Achyuta Pisharati
2749:
2748:
2555:Sudhakara Dvivedi
2375:Paulisa Siddhanta
2294:
2293:
2150:Jagannatha Samrat
2145:Achyuta Pisharati
1957:
1956:
1370:. Koln University
1245:SC Bhatt (2006).
1101:978-81-208-1256-7
1068:. Koln University
1050:, Vol. 81, p. 257
781:Research stations
316:, the founder of
292:
291:
283:Show map of India
280:Location in India
170:
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3938:
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3729:
3720:
3719:
3466:
3436:Geoheliocentrism
3406:Earth's rotation
3381:Celestial sphere
3315:Mural instrument
3265:Armillary sphere
3209:Vedanga Jyotisha
3165:Romaka Siddhanta
3061:
2992:Shankara Variyar
2783:Indian astronomy
2776:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2389:Romaka Siddhanta
2271:Akshay Venkatesh
2241:M. S. Narasimhan
2211:P.C. Mahalanobis
2004:
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1977:
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1960:
1907:Ranthambore Fort
1686:Red Fort Complex
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872:
797:Dakshin Gangotri
717:Storm Thorgerson
699:Filming location
666:Astronomical Use
544:Unnatamsa Yantra
516:mixed instrument
430:(r. 1880ā1922)
379:mantrana" also a
284:
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3863:
3844:Tara Wali Kothi
3750:
3747:
3717:
3712:
3643:
3637:
3596:
3553:
3522:Spherical Earth
3349:
3295:Equatorial ring
3275:Celestial globe
3253:
3172:Surya Siddhanta
3109:Makarandasarini
3011:
3007:Pathani Samanta
2952:Bapudeva Sastri
2917:Jayant Narlikar
2867:M. K. Das Gupta
2785:
2780:
2750:
2745:
2693:
2687:
2651:
2625:
2596:C. T. Rajagopal
2543:Bapudeva Sastri
2535:
2529:
2491:
2471:Brahmi numerals
2463:
2457:
2417:Surya Siddhanta
2290:
2266:Manjul Bhargava
2189:
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1867:Elephanta Caves
1828:
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1707:
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1554:
1505:
1497:Wayback Machine
1464:, Jantar Mantar
1458:
1434:
1432:Further reading
1429:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1409:"Twisted Music"
1407:
1406:
1402:
1391:Nojum Magazine
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1249:. p. 362.
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1199:. p. 157.
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1456:External links
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1348:978-3447021654
1347:
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1284:Barry Perlus.
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1231:978-3791325064
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1206:978-1741046908
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1172:978-1441976239
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1037:on 5 May 2015.
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3887:Jantar Mantar
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3669:
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3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:Months of the
3640:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
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3616:
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3611:
3609:
3606:
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3601:Other regions
3599:
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3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:Jantar Mantar
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3549:Zodiacal sign
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3535:
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3498:
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3493:
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3488:
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3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:Kali ahargaį¹a
3468:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:Heliocentrism
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
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3437:
3434:
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3427:
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3404:
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3359:
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3338:
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3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
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3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
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3278:
3276:
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3268:
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3260:
3256:
3250:
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3141:
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3110:
3106:
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3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3081:Shulba Sutras
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:Jyotirmimamsa
3071:
3069:
3068:
3067:Ganitagannadi
3064:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:Bį¹hat Saį¹hitÄ
3053:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3026:
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3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Govind Swarup
2975:
2973:
2972:Mahendra Suri
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Megh Nad Saha
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
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2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:Other regions
2654:
2648:
2647:David Pingree
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
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2582:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:M. Rangacarya
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:Historians of
2532:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:Jantar Mantar
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
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2474:
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2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
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2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
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2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
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2128:
2126:
2125:Mahendra SÅ«ri
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
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2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:Western Ghats
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
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1824:Western Ghats
1822:
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1562:
1558:
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1539:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1521:OpenStreetMap
1518:
1515:
1512:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:Jantar Mantar
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1449:81-208-1256-5
1446:
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1103:
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1033:
1029:
1025:
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1000:
988:
980:
974:
970:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
944:
938:
934:
931:Smithsonian.
927:
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917:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
877:
871:
869:
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837:
835:
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827:
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788:
785:
784:
780:
779:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
755:Jantar Mantar
753:
752:
748:
747:
741:
739:
738:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
712:
708:
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625:
623:
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589:
585:
581:
579:
575:
564:
559:
555:
552:
548:
542:
536:
532:
529:
526:
524:Palbha Yantra
523:
520:
517:
513:
510:
507:
504:
502:Kanali Yantra
501:
498:
496:declinations)
494:
491:
487:
484:
481:
478:
474:
470:
469:
468:
466:
457:
449:
440:
431:
429:
419:
415:
413:
409:
398:
396:
386:
384:
383:Jantar Mantar
380:
376:
372:
362:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
331:. It is near
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
303:Jantar Mantar
296:
267:
239:
211:
201:
197:
193:
190:
189:Southern Asia
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
168:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
142:Official name
140:
136:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
34:
31:Jantar Mantar
29:
26:
22:
4009:Solar System
3891:
3693:Margashirsha
3569:
3541:
3474:
3411:Eccentricity
3246:
3241:Yavanajataka
3239:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3054:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3029:
3022:
2987:Varahamihira
2922:Parameshvara
2807:Aryabhata II
2694:institutions
2614:K. S. Shukla
2586:(1892ā 1953)
2511:
2452:Yavanajataka
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2410:Åulba SÅ«tras
2408:
2401:
2396:Sadratnamala
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2340:Kanakkusaram
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2305:
2175:VarÄhamihira
2140:Parameshvara
2095:GovindasvÄmi
2065:Äryabhaį¹a II
1887:Chittor Fort
1872:Ellora Caves
1842:Ajanta Caves
1617:Santiniketan
1438:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1403:
1397:(04): 36ā41.
1394:
1390:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1367:
1357:
1334:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1293:the original
1279:
1265:
1246:
1240:
1221:
1215:
1196:
1162:
1142:
1132:
1091:
1070:. Retrieved
1065:
1055:
1043:
1032:the original
1027:
1023:
995:|last1=
968:
932:
880:. Retrieved
735:
729:
724:
715:
704:
702:
692:
685:
679:
675:
673:
669:
661:
656:
653:Arthashastra
634:
626:
614:
608:
593:
587:
571:
515:
512:Misra Yantra
462:
443:instruments.
424:
408:Isvari Singh
404:
392:
382:
378:
374:
368:
356:
347:
341:
302:
300:
25:
3997:Outer space
3985:Spaceflight
3794:Gyarah Sidi
3431:Geocentrism
3340:Water clock
3285:Cross-staff
3258:Instruments
3225:Atharvaveda
3202:VÄkyakaraį¹a
3024:Aryabhatiya
3002:Yajnavalkya
2937:J. J. Rawal
2872:Jyesthadeva
2832:Brahmagupta
2822:BhÄskara II
2812:Vainu Bappu
2802:Aryabhata I
2790:Astronomers
2630:Translators
2622:(1919ā2005)
2620:K. V. Sarma
2616:(1918ā2007)
2610:(1918ā1992)
2604:(1918ā2000)
2598:(1903ā1978)
2592:(1901ā1954)
2590:A. N. Singh
2575:(1888ā1958)
2573:B. B. Datta
2569:(1876ā1962)
2563:(1861ā1916)
2557:(1855ā1910)
2551:(1853ā1898)
2545:(1821ā1900)
2536:mathematics
2480:Symbol for
2464:innovations
2361:Lokavibhaga
2307:Aryabhatiya
2105:Jyeį¹£į¹hadeva
2090:Brahmagupta
2075:BhÄskara II
2060:Äryabhaį¹a I
2044:Yajnavalkya
1902:Kumbhalgarh
1892:Gagron Fort
1419:11 November
1302:11 November
882:11 November
775:Gyarah Sidi
434:Description
333:City Palace
324:, and is a
80: /
56:Coordinates
4043:Categories
3869:Telescopes
3678:Bhadrapada
3512:Precession
3487:Manvantara
3361:Axial tilt
3345:Yantraraja
3335:Triquetrum
3117:Siddhantas
3088:Panchangam
2877:Kamalakara
2857:P. Devadas
2827:Baudhayana
2817:BhÄskara I
2579:T. Hayashi
2462:Pioneering
2445:YuktibhÄį¹£Ä
2368:PÄtÄ«gaį¹ita
2319:Bijaganita
2276:Ravi Vakil
2130:Munishvara
2110:Kamalakara
2085:Brahmadeva
2070:BhÄskara I
2019:Baudhayana
855:References
578:local time
566:Yantra Raj
412:Mado Singh
337:Hawa Mahal
158:Designated
68:75Ā°49ā²28ā³E
65:26Ā°55ā²29ā³N
4021:Education
3961:Astronomy
3673:Shraavana
3668:Aashaadha
3575:New Delhi
3502:Nityayoga
3497:Nakshatra
3492:Moonlight
3270:Astrolabe
3032:Brahmanas
2882:Katyayana
2797:Apastamba
2608:S. N. Sen
2516:New Delhi
2438:Veį¹vÄroha
2299:Treatises
2100:Halayudha
2053:Classical
2024:Katyayana
2014:Apastamba
1949:^part of
1882:Amer Fort
1713:Northeast
1691:Taj Mahal
1645:Agra Fort
1517:542886857
1118:cite book
987:cite book
645:clepsydra
558:astrolabe
514:(meaning
490:pole star
314:Jai Singh
104:1728ā1734
3708:Phalguna
3658:Vaisakha
3585:Varanasi
3527:Sunlight
3507:Parallax
3416:Ecliptic
3354:Concepts
3320:Quadrant
3102:MahÄdevÄ«
2997:Vasistha
2907:Mahavira
2524:Varanasi
2482:zero (0)
2354:LÄ«lÄvatÄ«
2221:C.R. Rao
2185:Virasena
2165:Sridhara
2135:Narayana
2120:MahÄvÄ«ra
1493:Archived
1374:15 April
1362:gnomon.
1110:32699670
1072:15 April
744:See also
723:'s DVD,
721:Shpongle
706:The Fall
649:Vedangas
574:sundials
465:eclipses
371:Sanskrit
150:Criteria
45:Location
4033:Science
3935:Portals
3663:Jyeshta
3653:Chaitra
3558:Centres
3463:Jyotiį¹£a
3446:Gravity
3366:Azimuth
3330:Sundial
3325:Sextant
3290:Dioptra
3280:Compass
3232:Rigveda
2967:Sripati
2887:Lagadha
2663:Babylon
2496:Centres
2160:ÅrÄ«pati
2039:Pingala
2007:Ancient
1565:Central
1145:: 2017.
749:General
401:History
389:Purpose
352:sundial
322:sundial
167:session
109: (
3703:Maagha
3698:Pausha
3688:Kartik
3683:Ashvin
3580:Ujjain
3570:Jaipur
3482:Karana
3426:Equant
3310:Gnomon
2982:Utpala
2912:Manava
2692:Modern
2683:Europe
2673:Greece
2520:Ujjain
2512:Jaipur
2194:Modern
2034:PÄį¹ini
2029:Manava
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803:Maitri
770:Tantra
765:Mantra
760:Yantra
691:. The
641:gnomon
631:Theory
617:bricks
551:gnomon
473:gnomon
377:from "
375:mantar
326:UNESCO
318:Jaipur
307:Rajput
185:Region
165:(34th
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3973:Stars
3949:India
3532:Tithi
3476:Kalpa
3441:Globe
3305:Globe
3217:Vedas
3016:Works
2892:Lalla
2668:China
1746:South
1637:North
1296:(PDF)
1289:(PDF)
1035:(PDF)
1020:(PDF)
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637:Vedas
534:Sun.)
359:Major
311:Sawai
309:king
101:Built
3543:Yuga
3537:VÄra
3517:Ritu
2741:TIFR
1834:West
1593:East
1511:.net
1507:www3
1445:ISBN
1421:2012
1376:2015
1343:ISBN
1304:2012
1251:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1124:link
1106:OCLC
1096:ISBN
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999:help
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937:ISBN
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711:maze
684:and
674:The
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365:Name
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