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408:, which was used for determining the position of celestial objects, did not match the positions calculated on the table. He constructed five new observatories in different cities in order to create a more accurate Zij. The astronomical tables Jai Singh created, known as the Zij-i Muhammad Shahi, were continuously used in India for a century. (However, the table had little significance outside of India.) Also, it was used to measure time.
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425:(r. 1750ā1768), Isvari Singh's successor, supported the observatory, although it did not see the same level of activity as under Jai Singh. Although some restorations were made to the Jantar Mantar under Pratap Singh (r.1778-1803), activity at the observatory died down again. During this time, a temple was constructed and Pratap Singh turned the site of the observatory into a gun factory.
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666:, Buddhist texts such as Sardulakarna-avadana, and Jainism texts such as Surya-prajnapti. The theories behind the instruments are found in texts by the fifth century CE Aryabhatta, sixth century CE Brahmagupta and Varahamihira, ninth century Lalla, eleventh century Sripati and Bhaskara. The texts of Bhaskara have dedicated chapters on instruments and he calls them
662:, ancient Sanskrit texts. The gnomon (called Åaį¹
ku, ą¤¶ą¤ą„ą¤ą„) found at Jantar Mantar monument is discussed in these first millennium BCE Vedangas and in many later texts such as the Katyayana Sulbasutras. Other discussions of astronomical instruments are found in Hinduism texts such as the fourth century BCE
416:
Exactly when Raja Jai Singh began construction in Jaipur is unknown, but several instruments had been built by 1728, and the construction of the instruments in Jaipur continued until 1738. During 1735, when construction was at its peak, at least 23 astronomers were employed in Jaipur, and due to the
486:
casts a shadow, thereby giving the declination of the Sun at four specified times of the day. This data corresponds to noon at four observatories around the world (Greenwich in UK, Zurich in
Switzerland, Notke in Japan and Saitchen in the Pacific); this is equivalent of a wall of clocks registering
436:
Ram Singh (r. 1835ā1880) completed restoring the Jantar Mantar in 1876, and even made some of the instruments more durable by inserting lead into the instruments' lines and using stone to restore some of the plaster instruments. However, the observatory soon became neglected again, and was not
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The instruments are in most cases huge structures. The scale to which they have been built has been alleged to increase their accuracy. However, the penumbra of the sun can be as wide as 30 mm, making the 1mm increments of the Samrat Yantra sundial devoid of any practical significance.
681:
The full extent of how Jai Singh's instruments were used for astronomical observation remains unclear. While the instruments themselves were impressive, there is limited evidence of a dedicated observational program or a team of trained astronomers. This raises the question of whether the
544:
Shastansh Yantra (next to Vrihat Samrat Yantra) This instrument has a 60-degree arc built in the meridian plane within a dark chamber. At noon, the Sun's pinhole image falls on a scale below enabling the observer to measure the zenith distance, declination, and the diameter of the
453:
Jantar Mantar deploys all three ancient coordinate systems of the five celestial coordinate systems known. In the image above, the red (ecliptic) and blue (equatorial) coordinate systems are two of the three classical systems that feature in the monument's
635:, particularly in 1902, the Jantar Mantar was declared a national monument in 1948. It was restored in 2006. The restoration process in early 20th century replaced some of the original materials of construction with different materials.
630:
and mortar were also employed in building the instruments in the monument spread over about 18,700 square metres. It was in continuous use until about 1800, then fell in disuse and disrepair. Restored again several times during the
591:. Its shadow moves visibly at 1 mm per second, or roughly a hand's breadth (6 cm) every minute, The Hindu chhatri (small cupola) on top is used as a platform for announcing eclipses and the arrival of monsoons.
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Unnatamsa Yantra (a metal ring divided into four segments by horizontal and vertical lines, with a hole in the middle; the position and orientation of the instrument allows measurement of the altitude of celestial bodies)
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Jai
Prakash Yantra (two hemispherical bowl-based sundials with marked marble slabs that map inverted images of sky and allow the observer to move inside the instrument; measures altitudes, azimuths, hour angles, and
478:, tracking location of major stars as the Earth orbits around the Sun, ascertaining the declinations of planets, and determining the celestial altitudes and related ephemerides. The instruments are (alphabetical):
689:, an astronomical handbook compiled under Jai Singh's patronage, does not appear to rely heavily on data collected from his observatories. Instead, it primarily utilizes existing tables from sources like the
350:. The instruments allow the observation of astronomical positions with the naked eye. The observatory is an example of the Ptolemaic positional astronomy which was shared by many civilizations.
417:
changing political climate, Jaipur replaced Delhi as Raja Jai Singh's main observatory and remained Jai Singh's central observatory until his death in 1743. The observatory lost support under
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Additionally, the masons constructing the instruments had insufficient experience with construction of this scale, and subsidence of the foundations has subsequently misaligned them.
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Nadi Valaya Yantra (two sundials on different faces of the instrument, the two faces representing north and south hemispheres; measuring the time to an accuracy of less than a minute)
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Kapali Yantra (measures coordinates of celestial bodies in azimuth and equatorial systems; any point in sky can be visually transformed from one coordinate system to another)
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Digamsha Yantra (a pillar in the middle of two concentric outer circles, used to measure azimuth of the sun and to calculate the time of sunrise and sunset forecasts)
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mention astronomical terms, measurement of time and calendar, but do not mention any astronomical instruments. The earliest discussion of astronomical instruments,
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Jantar Mantar is managed under the
Archeological Sites and Monuments Act of Rajasthan since 1961, and protected as a National Monument of Rajasthan since 1968.
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essentially adapts these tables by incorporating adjustments for the precession of the equinoxes and the difference in longitude between Paris and Delhi.
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The theory of chakra-yantra, yasti-yantra, dhanur-yantra, kapala-yantra, nadivalaya-yantra, kartari-yantra, and others are found in the ancient texts.
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Yavari Ayin, Mostafa (2023). "Defenseless eyes against the sky. A narrative of some astronomical observations before the invention of the telescope".
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Laghu Samrat Yantra (the smaller sundial at the monument, inclined at 27 degrees, to measure time, albeit less accurately than Vrihat Samrat Yantra)
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Built from local stone and marble, each instrument carries an astronomical scale, generally marked on the marble inner lining. Bronze tablets,
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The Vrihat Samrat Yantra, which means the "great king of instruments", is 88 feet (27 m) high, making it one of the world's largest
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is one that works in two systems and allows transformation of the coordinates directly from one system to the other. It has the biggest
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Rashi Valaya Yantra (12 gnomon dials that measure ecliptic coordinates of stars, planets and all 12 constellation systems)
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Arthur
Garrett, a keen amateur astronomer, during his appointment as Assistant State Engineer for the Jaipur District.
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The monument was damaged in the 19th century. Early restoration work was undertaken under the supervision of
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observatory's primary purpose was purely scientific or also served other symbolic or cultural functions.
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1105:. Jai Singh II, Maharaja of Jaipur, 1686-1743. (2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
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Dakshin Bhitti Yantra (measures meridian, altitude and zenith distances of celestial bodies)
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The
Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement
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1297:"Architecture in the Service of Science: The Astronomical Observatories of Jai Singh II"
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2001:
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357:: the horizon-zenith local system, the equatorial system, and the ecliptic system. The
331:, Rajasthan. The monument was completed in 1734. It features the world's largest stone
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Rama Yantra (an upright building used to find the altitude and the azimuth of the Sun)
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sundial, measures time in intervals of 2 seconds using shadow cast from the sunlight)
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Portal to the
Heritage of Astronomy, in partnership with UNESCO World Heritage Site
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The observatory consists of nineteen instruments for measuring time, predicting
421:(r.1743-1750) because of a succession war between him and his brother. However,
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The monument features instruments operating in each of the three main classical
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Kranti Vritta Yantra (measures longitude and latitude of celestial bodies)
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THE RAJASTHAN MONUMENTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND ANTIQUITIES RULES, 1968
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Theory, Construction and
Limitations, National University of Singapore
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Exploring
Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy
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Encyclopaedia of the
History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
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Shanti Swarup
Bhatnagar Prize recipients in Mathematical Science
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is a collection of 19 astronomical instruments built by the
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2498:
Infinite series expansions for the trigonometric functions
887:"The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
3759:
3258:
499:
Dhruva Darshak Pattika (observe and find the location of
432:
Bhairav Temple - located within the Jantar Mantar Complex
405:
392:
Sanskrit word meaning "consult, calculate"). Therefore,
3780:
Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences
1258:
Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories
745:
with the collaboration of Antonio GƔlvez for the book
3943:
2747:
Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics
2492:
1747:
Moidams ā the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty
3820:
Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations
1935:
Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat
810:
First Indian station 1983, converted to support base
714:
It was used as a filming location for the 2006 film
529:, it is a compilation of five different instruments)
1343:
1950:Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai
1566:
1230:
1059:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
482:Chakra Yantra (four semicircular arcs on which a
4051:
1808:Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana
1448:Sharma, Virendra Nath and Aditya Sharma (1995).
1422:. Twisted Music. 23 October 2009. Archived from
3918:Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope
1687:Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
1666:Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area
1473:Official website of Rajasthan government, India
1154:Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy
3745:
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1986:
1552:
1205:
1147:
937:
935:
820:Defence Research and Development Organisation
487:local times in different parts of the world.)
283:
255:
227:
1133:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1070:
835:National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
609:
1775:Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram
1454:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
1399:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1171:
825:Defence Institute of High Altitude Research
496:Disha Yantra (used to detect the direction)
380:The name jantar is derived from "yantra" a
4070:History of science and technology in India
3752:
3738:
3603:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
2785:
2771:
2514:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
1993:
1979:
1559:
1545:
1339:
1337:
1335:
932:
860:List of highest astronomical observatories
730:photographed the sundial for the cover of
396:literally means 'calculating instrument'.
47:
1623:Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara
1167:
1165:
1163:
1021:
1019:
973:
971:
969:
967:
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384:word, meaning "instrument, machine", and
3206:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
2742:Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education
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304:
1332:
1028:"The Kapala Yantras of Sawai Jai Singh"
978:Yukio Ohashi (Editor: H Selin) (1997).
941:
567:Yantra Raj Yantra (a 2.43-metre bronze
503:with respect to other celestial bodies)
14:
4052:
3850:National Centre for Radio Astrophysics
2000:
1858:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
1501:Architecture in the Service of Science
1160:
1025:
1016:
960:
560:Vrihat Samrat Yantra (world's largest
462:Kapali Yantra at Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
3760:Telescopes and Observatories in India
3733:
2766:
1974:
1618:Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya
1540:
1346:A History of Indian Literature, Vol 6
1150:"Observatories of Sawai Jai Singh II"
1100:
901:
872:
2792:
1692:Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi
1096:
1094:
1035:Indian Journal of History of Science
751:(Editorial Lumen: Barcelona, 1972).
27:UNESCO World Heritage Site in Jaipur
4090:Astronomical observatories in India
2267:Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai
1792:Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
845:List of Antarctic research stations
709:
676:
235:Location of Jantar Mantar in Jaipur
24:
4095:Buildings and structures in Jaipur
4085:Ancient astronomical observatories
2727:Institute of Mathematical Sciences
1513:The Jantar Mantar at Jaipur, India
1442:
1372:
1302:. Jantarmantar.org. Archived from
927:The Jantar Mantar at Jaipur, India
855:List of astronomical observatories
25:
4106:
2737:Harish-Chandra Research Institute
2247:K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)
1466:
1451:Sawai Jai Singh and his astronomy
1103:Sawai Jai Singh and his astronomy
1091:
4037:
4025:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3888:3.6m Devasthal Optical Telescope
3825:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
3810:India-based Neutrino Observatory
1813:Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas
1797:Group of Monuments at Pattadakal
1148:Johnson-Roehr, Susan N. (2014).
1101:Nath., Sharma, Virendra (2016).
282:
275:
254:
247:
226:
219:
3893:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
3815:Indian Astronomical Observatory
1412:
1393:
1375:"Sanskrit - English Dictionary"
1366:
1321:
1288:
1274:
1249:
1224:
1073:"Sanskrit - English Dictionary"
830:Indian Astronomical Observatory
3923:National Large Solar Telescope
3845:Mount Abu InfraRed Observatory
3795:Gauribidanur Radio Observatory
2722:Chennai Mathematical Institute
2091:Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri
1780:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur
1282:"Largest sundial world record"
1141:
1064:
1052:
889:. Whc.unesco.org. 31 July 2010
444:
32:Jantar Mantar (disambiguation)
13:
1:
4065:World Heritage Sites in India
4060:Tourist attractions in Jaipur
1737:Khangchendzonga National Park
1568:World Heritage Sites in India
865:
850:List of Antarctic field camps
622:(the world's largest sundial)
4075:1738 establishments in India
3830:Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
3170:RÄjamį¹gÄį¹
ka (astronomy book)
2913:Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
2712:Indian Statistical Institute
1868:Churches and convents of Goa
1863:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
1612:Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
1594:Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi
1589:Khajuraho Group of Monuments
1344:David Edwin Pingree (1981).
1233:Cosmic architecture in India
1041:(2): 209ā216. Archived from
982:. Springer. pp. 83ā86.
355:celestial coordinate systems
117:; 290 years ago
107:1.8652 ha (4.609 acres)
7:
3472:
3067:
2732:Indian Institute of Science
2717:Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana
2595:A. A. Krishnaswamy Ayyangar
2560:Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit
2487:HinduāArabic numeral system
1787:Group of Monuments at Hampi
1479:Jantar Mantar - Section III
1235:. Prestel. pp. 48ā73.
1208:Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra
754:
736:Live at the Roundhouse 2008
404:Jai Singh noticed that the
10:
4111:
2858:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
2227:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1962:Mountain Railways of India
1925:Historic City of Ahmadabad
1765:Great Living Chola Temples
1584:Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
1231:Andreas Volwahsen (2001).
816:Second Indian station 1989
803:Bharati (research station)
437:restored until 1901 under
411:
399:
164:Cultural: (iii), (iv)
146:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:
3933:Pachmarhi Telescope Array
3878:
3865:Udaipur Solar Observatory
3765:
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3611:
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2943:Venkatraman Radhakrishnan
2800:
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2472:
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2237:Veeravalli S. Varadarajan
2204:
2063:
2017:
2008:
1958:
1940:The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
1873:Dholavira:a Harappan city
1843:
1755:
1722:
1646:
1602:
1574:
1530:Jantar Mantar, Jaipur on
840:Siachen Base Camp (India)
641:
610:Materials of construction
213:
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156:The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
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66:
55:
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41:
3908:Jantar Mantar, New Delhi
2653:Henry Thomas Colebrooke
2242:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1802:Nilgiri Mountain Railway
1742:Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
1638:Sundarbans National Park
1350:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
1176:. Springer. p. 82.
946:. Penguin. p. 136.
798:Indian Antarctic Program
618:Observation deck of the
601:at Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
3913:Jantar Mantar, Varanasi
3870:Vainu Bappu Observatory
3624:Ancient Greek astronomy
2908:Madhava of Sangamagrama
2126:MÄdhava of Saį¹
gamagrÄma
1888:Hill Forts of Rajasthan
1732:Kaziranga National Park
1506:5 February 2009 at the
1485:Photos of Jantar Mantar
1379:Spoken Sanskrit Germany
1077:Spoken Sanskrit Germany
741:It was photographed by
375:
134:Government of Rajasthan
3860:Trivandrum Observatory
1930:Jaipur City, Rajasthan
1676:Keoladeo National Park
1490:Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)
1206:Lindsay Brown (2008).
748:Prosa del Observatorio
700:'s astronomical tables
623:
602:
578:
556:
471:
463:
455:
433:
309:
18:Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)
3903:Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
3790:Devasthal Observatory
3775:Allahabad Observatory
3629:Hellenistic astronomy
3412:Deferent and epicycle
3136:BrÄhmasphuį¹asiddhÄnta
2968:Jai Singh II of Amber
2337:BrÄhmasphuį¹asiddhÄnta
1671:Humayun's Tomb, Delhi
1520:.astronomicalheritage
633:British colonial rule
617:
597:
576:
554:
469:
461:
452:
431:
359:Kanmala Yantraprakara
308:
266:Show map of Rajasthan
263:Location in Rajasthan
88:26.92472Ā°N 75.82444Ā°E
3928:Ooty Radio Telescope
3800:Girawali Observatory
3619:Babylonian astronomy
2853:Radhagobinda Chandra
2613:T. A. Saraswati Amma
2324:Bakhshali manuscript
2292:Kannan Soundararajan
1818:Chennakeshava Temple
1770:Airavatesvara Temple
1712:Complexe du Capitole
1681:KalkaāShimla railway
1497:Articles and History
1172:David Kelly (2011).
944:Timelines of Science
620:vrihat samrat yantra
30:For other uses, see
4080:Rajput architecture
3835:Madhava Observatory
3467:Hindu units of time
3190:Vasishtha Siddhanta
3164:Paitamaha Siddhanta
3058:Shatapatha Brahmana
2973:Nilakantha Somayaji
2689:Islamic mathematics
2648:Walter Eugene Clark
2442:Vasishtha Siddhanta
2414:SiddhÄnta Shiromani
2393:Paitamaha Siddhanta
2272:Tilak Raj Prabhakar
2217:Satyendra Nath Bose
2212:Srinivasa Ramanujan
2166:Nilakantha Somayaji
1823:Hoysaleswara Temple
1426:on 20 February 2012
1026:Sharma, VN (1991).
698:Philippe de la Hire
470:Laghu samrat yantra
340:World Heritage Site
84: /
3840:Madras Observatory
3785:Colaba Observatory
3644:European astronomy
3382:Cardinal direction
3311:Equatorial sundial
3150:Pancha-Siddhantika
2848:Sandip Chakrabarti
2181:Gangesha Upadhyaya
2002:Indian mathematics
1633:Sun Temple, Konark
1352:. pp. 52ā54.
1309:on 5 February 2009
1071:mantraNa, yantra.
1008:has generic name (
704:Zij Muhammad-Shahi
687:Zij Muhammad-Shahi
658:, is found in the
624:
603:
599:Jai Prakash Yantra
579:
557:
472:
464:
456:
434:
310:
238:Show map of Jaipur
186:Reference no.
93:26.92472; 75.82444
62:, Rajasthan, India
3941:
3940:
3727:
3726:
3639:Chinese astronomy
3634:Islamic astronomy
3397:Celestial spheres
3387:Celestial equator
3157:Paulisa Siddhanta
3051:Aitareya Brahmana
2958:Jagannatha Samrat
2938:Achyuta Pisharati
2760:
2759:
2566:Sudhakara Dvivedi
2386:Paulisa Siddhanta
2305:
2304:
2161:Jagannatha Samrat
2156:Achyuta Pisharati
1968:
1967:
1381:. Koln University
1256:SC Bhatt (2006).
1112:978-81-208-1256-7
1079:. Koln University
1061:, Vol. 81, p. 257
792:Research stations
327:, the founder of
303:
302:
294:Show map of India
291:Location in India
181:
16:(Redirected from
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3477:
3447:Geoheliocentrism
3417:Earth's rotation
3392:Celestial sphere
3326:Mural instrument
3276:Armillary sphere
3220:Vedanga Jyotisha
3176:Romaka Siddhanta
3072:
3003:Shankara Variyar
2794:Indian astronomy
2787:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2400:Romaka Siddhanta
2282:Akshay Venkatesh
2252:M. S. Narasimhan
2222:P.C. Mahalanobis
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808:Dakshin Gangotri
728:Storm Thorgerson
710:Filming location
677:Astronomical Use
555:Unnatamsa Yantra
527:mixed instrument
441:(r. 1880ā1922)
390:mantrana" also a
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3564:
3533:Spherical Earth
3360:
3306:Equatorial ring
3286:Celestial globe
3264:
3183:Surya Siddhanta
3120:Makarandasarini
3022:
3018:Pathani Samanta
2963:Bapudeva Sastri
2928:Jayant Narlikar
2878:M. K. Das Gupta
2796:
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2607:C. T. Rajagopal
2554:Bapudeva Sastri
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1839:
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1508:Wayback Machine
1475:, Jantar Mantar
1469:
1445:
1443:Further reading
1440:
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1429:
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1420:"Twisted Music"
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3767:Observatories
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3720:
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3682:
3680:
3677:
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3672:
3670:
3667:
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3662:
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3657:
3653:Months of the
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
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3612:Other regions
3610:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3576:Jantar Mantar
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3560:Zodiacal sign
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
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3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:Kali ahargaį¹a
3479:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Heliocentrism
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
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3357:
3354:
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3329:
3327:
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3319:
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3314:
3312:
3309:
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3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
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3279:
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3256:
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3208:
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3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:Shulba Sutras
3089:
3087:
3086:
3085:Jyotirmimamsa
3082:
3080:
3079:
3078:Ganitagannadi
3075:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:Bį¹hat Saį¹hitÄ
3064:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Govind Swarup
2986:
2984:
2983:Mahendra Suri
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Megh Nad Saha
2951:
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2936:
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2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:Other regions
2665:
2659:
2658:David Pingree
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
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2614:
2611:
2608:
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2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
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2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:M. Rangacarya
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:Historians of
2543:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:Jantar Mantar
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
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2209:
2207:
2203:
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2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Mahendra SÅ«ri
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
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2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Western Ghats
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
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1911:
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1835:Western Ghats
1833:
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1573:
1569:
1562:
1557:
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1542:
1539:
1533:
1532:OpenStreetMap
1529:
1526:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:Jantar Mantar
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1460:81-208-1256-5
1457:
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1425:
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1396:
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991:
985:
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974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
955:
949:
945:
942:Smithsonian.
938:
936:
928:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
888:
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799:
796:
795:
791:
790:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:Jantar Mantar
764:
763:
759:
758:
752:
750:
749:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
723:
719:
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707:
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669:
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634:
629:
621:
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600:
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592:
590:
586:
575:
570:
566:
563:
559:
553:
547:
543:
540:
537:
535:Palbha Yantra
534:
531:
528:
524:
521:
518:
515:
513:Kanali Yantra
512:
509:
507:declinations)
505:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
485:
481:
480:
479:
477:
468:
460:
451:
442:
440:
430:
426:
424:
420:
409:
407:
397:
395:
394:Jantar Mantar
391:
387:
383:
373:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
342:. It is near
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
314:Jantar Mantar
307:
278:
250:
222:
212:
208:
204:
201:
200:Southern Asia
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
179:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:Official name
151:
147:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
42:Jantar Mantar
40:
37:
33:
19:
4020:Solar System
3902:
3704:Margashirsha
3580:
3552:
3485:
3422:Eccentricity
3257:
3252:Yavanajataka
3250:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3065:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3040:
3033:
2998:Varahamihira
2933:Parameshvara
2818:Aryabhata II
2705:institutions
2625:K. S. Shukla
2597:(1892ā 1953)
2522:
2463:Yavanajataka
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2421:Åulba SÅ«tras
2419:
2412:
2407:Sadratnamala
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2351:Kanakkusaram
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2316:
2186:VarÄhamihira
2151:Parameshvara
2106:GovindasvÄmi
2076:Äryabhaį¹a II
1898:Chittor Fort
1883:Ellora Caves
1853:Ajanta Caves
1628:Santiniketan
1449:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1414:
1408:(04): 36ā41.
1405:
1401:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1378:
1368:
1345:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1290:
1276:
1257:
1251:
1232:
1226:
1207:
1173:
1153:
1143:
1102:
1081:. Retrieved
1076:
1066:
1054:
1043:the original
1038:
1034:
1006:|last1=
979:
943:
891:. Retrieved
746:
740:
735:
726:
715:
713:
703:
696:
690:
686:
684:
680:
672:
667:
664:Arthashastra
645:
637:
625:
619:
604:
598:
582:
526:
523:Misra Yantra
473:
454:instruments.
435:
419:Isvari Singh
415:
403:
393:
389:
385:
379:
367:
358:
352:
313:
311:
36:
4008:Outer space
3996:Spaceflight
3805:Gyarah Sidi
3442:Geocentrism
3351:Water clock
3296:Cross-staff
3269:Instruments
3236:Atharvaveda
3213:VÄkyakaraį¹a
3035:Aryabhatiya
3013:Yajnavalkya
2948:J. J. Rawal
2883:Jyesthadeva
2843:Brahmagupta
2833:BhÄskara II
2823:Vainu Bappu
2813:Aryabhata I
2801:Astronomers
2641:Translators
2633:(1919ā2005)
2631:K. V. Sarma
2627:(1918ā2007)
2621:(1918ā1992)
2615:(1918ā2000)
2609:(1903ā1978)
2603:(1901ā1954)
2601:A. N. Singh
2586:(1888ā1958)
2584:B. B. Datta
2580:(1876ā1962)
2574:(1861ā1916)
2568:(1855ā1910)
2562:(1853ā1898)
2556:(1821ā1900)
2547:mathematics
2491:Symbol for
2475:innovations
2372:Lokavibhaga
2318:Aryabhatiya
2116:Jyeį¹£į¹hadeva
2101:Brahmagupta
2086:BhÄskara II
2071:Äryabhaį¹a I
2055:Yajnavalkya
1913:Kumbhalgarh
1903:Gagron Fort
1430:11 November
1313:11 November
893:11 November
786:Gyarah Sidi
445:Description
344:City Palace
335:, and is a
91: /
67:Coordinates
4054:Categories
3880:Telescopes
3689:Bhadrapada
3523:Precession
3498:Manvantara
3372:Axial tilt
3356:Yantraraja
3346:Triquetrum
3128:Siddhantas
3099:Panchangam
2888:Kamalakara
2868:P. Devadas
2838:Baudhayana
2828:BhÄskara I
2590:T. Hayashi
2473:Pioneering
2456:YuktibhÄį¹£Ä
2379:PÄtÄ«gaį¹ita
2330:Bijaganita
2287:Ravi Vakil
2141:Munishvara
2121:Kamalakara
2096:Brahmadeva
2081:BhÄskara I
2030:Baudhayana
866:References
589:local time
577:Yantra Raj
423:Mado Singh
348:Hawa Mahal
169:Designated
79:75Ā°49ā²28ā³E
76:26Ā°55ā²29ā³N
4032:Education
3972:Astronomy
3684:Shraavana
3679:Aashaadha
3586:New Delhi
3513:Nityayoga
3508:Nakshatra
3503:Moonlight
3281:Astrolabe
3043:Brahmanas
2893:Katyayana
2808:Apastamba
2619:S. N. Sen
2527:New Delhi
2449:Veį¹vÄroha
2310:Treatises
2111:Halayudha
2064:Classical
2035:Katyayana
2025:Apastamba
1960:^part of
1893:Amer Fort
1724:Northeast
1702:Taj Mahal
1656:Agra Fort
1528:542886857
1129:cite book
998:cite book
656:clepsydra
569:astrolabe
525:(meaning
501:pole star
325:Jai Singh
115:1728ā1734
3719:Phalguna
3669:Vaisakha
3596:Varanasi
3538:Sunlight
3518:Parallax
3427:Ecliptic
3365:Concepts
3331:Quadrant
3113:MahÄdevÄ«
3008:Vasistha
2918:Mahavira
2535:Varanasi
2493:zero (0)
2365:LÄ«lÄvatÄ«
2232:C.R. Rao
2196:Virasena
2176:Sridhara
2146:Narayana
2131:MahÄvÄ«ra
1504:Archived
1385:15 April
1373:gnomon.
1121:32699670
1083:15 April
755:See also
734:'s DVD,
732:Shpongle
717:The Fall
660:Vedangas
585:sundials
476:eclipses
382:Sanskrit
161:Criteria
56:Location
4044:Science
3946:Portals
3674:Jyeshta
3664:Chaitra
3569:Centres
3474:Jyotiį¹£a
3457:Gravity
3377:Azimuth
3341:Sundial
3336:Sextant
3301:Dioptra
3291:Compass
3243:Rigveda
2978:Sripati
2898:Lagadha
2674:Babylon
2507:Centres
2171:ÅrÄ«pati
2050:Pingala
2018:Ancient
1576:Central
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412:History
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3591:Ujjain
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2993:Utpala
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642:Theory
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388:from "
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329:Jaipur
318:Rajput
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3984:Stars
3960:India
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3487:Kalpa
3452:Globe
3316:Globe
3228:Vedas
3027:Works
2903:Lalla
2679:China
1757:South
1648:North
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370:Major
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320:king
112:Built
3554:Yuga
3548:VÄra
3528:Ritu
2752:TIFR
1845:West
1604:East
1522:.net
1518:www3
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1432:2012
1387:2015
1354:ISBN
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