648:
605:
2673:
2021:
312:
demonstrations. In 1971, the
Supreme Court deliberately did not reappoint assistant judge Yasauaki Miyamoto, who participated in a legal organization associated with left-wing ideological leanings. This "Miyamoto Affair" resulted in significant media coverage and protest by other judges. Since then, no judge has failed to be reappointed. Ultimately, the court was reshaped during the 1960s and 1970s to become more conservative, with more representation among the justices from lifetime government employees, which resulted in decisions that tended to limit free expression and public demonstration.
49:
488:
422:
397:
588:
343:
3920:
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1954:
and the inability to apply discretion in the appeals it hears results in civil and criminal appeals being a significant majority of its caseload. In its second role, the
Supreme Court can exercise its power of judicial review when a concrete legal dispute involving a violation or misinterpretation of the constitution is appealed.
2051:, held concurrently with the first general election after their appointment. A judge is removed from office if a majority votes against them, but this has never happened. A public review is stipulated to occur every ten years after appointment, but since Justices are generally appointed at age 60 or older and
2104:
was chosen. Construction began in 1971 and concluded in 1974. The new and now current
Supreme Court building is located at 4-2 Hayabusa-cho, Chiyoda, Tokyo. It is of steel-reinforced concrete construction, and makes ample use of Japanese white granite, just as the previous Supreme Court building did.
1953:
and allows it to conduct judicial review through "the power to determine the constitutionality of any law, order, regulation or official act". In its first role as a court of last resort, the
Supreme Court hears civil, administrative, and criminal cases appealed from lower courts. This responsibility
1970:
Although the
Supreme Court has established the power to strike down legislation that is unconstitutional, it has used this power extremely infrequently. By a simple numerical count, the Supreme Court struck down only eight laws on constitutional grounds over a period of six decades, during which the
2058:
Particular to the
Supreme Court of Japan is the uncodified custom of having seats of the court be allocated to different legal professions: career judges, private attorneys, prosecutors, academics and bureaucrats. The numbers for each group have been subject to some variation, but overall have been
1957:
The
Supreme Court also manages the operation, budget, and personnel of all of Japan's courts. Decisions are made by a regular Conference of the Justices in the Supreme Court and implemented by the Administration Bureau of the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, through the office
2011:
in the legal ecosystem. The bureau is composed of senior bureaucrats and a minority of judges, some of whom go on to join the
Supreme Court. It has the responsibility of thoroughly investigating government legislation to avoid constitutional flaws. Proponents of this view argue that this process
311:
In the 1960s and 1970s, the
Supreme Court experienced a "judicial crisis" between older judges and generally younger, liberal judges. For example, there was controversy when some judges in lower courts were seen as frustrating the implementation of ordinances that would limit anti-government
299:
meeting of 1946 over the extent of the power of the judiciary, but it was overshadowed by other major questions about popular sovereignty, the role of the emperor, and the renunciation of war. Although the ratified wording in
Article 81 states that the court possesses the power of
1998:
or other departments. Another critical view is that the court functions like a bureaucracy, with a conservative leadership promoting like-minded judges that less likely to make significant decisions. A historical perspective argues that the early judges were influenced by a
1958:
of the General Secretariat, also has extensive control over judicial personnel, including judges. This includes the ability to determine posts of judges, which has a significant impact on their careers and advancement opportunities. The Supreme Court also oversees the
2095:
In 1964, a plan for a new Supreme Court building was created. It was decided that the building should be created in a modern style, and that the design be selected through a public contest. Of 217 submissions, one submitted through a joint effort of 17 people at
2003:
and German jurisprudence tradition that did not allow striking down unconstitutional legislation, and that over time this expectation resulted in a reluctance to act in politically sensitive cases to maintain judicial independence.
2091:
era, but the building was largely destroyed in the war and had to be rebuilt. In October 1949, this reconstruction was completed and the Supreme Court of Japan would use the building for twenty-five years.
3895:
1983:
over 2600. Furthermore, in at least one case where a constitutional violation was found, regarding election district apportionment, the court has been unable to achieve compliance with its ruling.
2826:"Judgment concerning the question of whether, in the absence of a concrete case, the Supreme Court has authority to determine the constitutionality of any law or the like in the abstract (1952),"
800:
2028:
The composition of the Supreme Court is defined by the 1947 Judiciary Act. The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief Justice and 14 other Justices. These Justices are divided into three Petty
304:, a part of the court's early history involved clarifying the extent of this power. In 1948, the court declared that the constitution meant to establish the type of judicial review that was
2838:
Holding of the 1952 case: "In the absence of a concrete case, the Supreme Court does not have authority to determine whether laws, orders, and the like are constitutional in the abstract."
3900:
3810:
3885:
2032:
of five, which adjudicate most appeals. Questions of constitutional interpretation are adjudicated by the Grand Bench of all 15 Justices, of which nine are needed for a
1986:
Observers have proposed several possible reasons for this. One critical view is that the membership of the Supreme Court is influenced by the political dominance of the
2047:. Justices are required to be over the age of 40 and possess an extensive knowledge of the law. Unlike in other countries, Supreme Court judges in Japan are subject to
3755:
3640:
790:
3740:
3720:
3800:
3785:
795:
3354:
2997:
2012:
prevents the need for the Supreme Court to frequently strike down legislation, as violations of the constitution are removed during the legislative phase.
2575:
2540:
126:
65:
3974:
2610:
2226:
2901:
612:
2704:
2114:
718:
3325:"Judicial Review in Japan: An Overview of the Case Law and an Examination of Trends in the Japanese Supreme Court's Constitutional Oversight"
2441:
3382:
1962:, which prospective legal professionals who have passed the National Bar Examination are required to attend to receive practical training.
2157:
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1097:
1092:
1087:
197:
2859:
Tadano, Masahito (2018). "The Role of the Judicial Branch in the Protection of Fundamental Rights in Japan". In Yumiko Nakanishi (ed.).
3530:"Makoto Nakamura Becomes Japan's Supreme Court Justice; Former Tokyo High Court President Promises to 'Face Each Case with Sincerity'"
3122:
3850:
1859:
534:
3456:[The 30th Two Supreme Court Government Buildings | Kashima's Path] (in Japanese). Kashima Construction Co., Ltd. 2010-10-04
837:
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17:
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1355:
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2083:. It moved to the Tokyo District Court building in September of that year. It was intended to occupy the building of the
1333:
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1976:
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822:
3486:[Government Repairs: Supreme Court Building-Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism].
3845:
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1811:
1751:
1651:
1641:
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1501:
1431:
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1972:
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1401:
1391:
119:
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1995:
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1801:
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1411:
1381:
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2008:
1922:
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324:
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1756:
1741:
1631:
1606:
1561:
1546:
1456:
1406:
1396:
526:
458:
408:
308:. In 1952, the power, as the Court held, was clarified to apply only in cases with a concrete case.
3860:
3775:
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1816:
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2020:
604:
3865:
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3039:
2689:
1990:, and therefore is less likely to challenge legislation produced by aligned politicians in the
1980:
704:
471:
3422:
2735:"Forty Years of the Constitution and Its Various Influences: Japanese, American, and European"
3750:
3705:
3700:
3300:"Independence on the Bench: Political and Bureaucratic Constraints on the Japanese Judiciary"
2431:
2080:
367:
356:
288:
272:
172:
2962:"The Supreme Court of Japan: Commentary on the Recent Work of Scholars in the United States"
3508:
2052:
1373:
1279:
639:
546:
448:
8:
3588:
3481:
3214:"The Supreme Court of Japan: Its adjudication on electoral systems and economic freedoms"
2217:
555:
479:
2372:
487:
3213:
3189:
3181:
3151:"The Case for Managed Judges: Learning from Japan after the Political Upheaval of 1993"
3006:
2781:
2762:
2261:
2101:
2048:
2000:
1303:
783:
372:
48:
3929:
3233:
3173:
3010:
2973:
2872:
2825:
2801:
2754:
2709:
2565:
2422:
2353:
2303:
1363:
674:
333:
421:
3225:
3193:
3165:
3005:. Law in Japan: At the Turning Point, Seattle. Law in Japan: At the Turning Point.
2864:
2793:
2746:
2642:
2189:
2180:
2162:
2044:
2040:
1994:. There could also be the desire to maintain good relationships with judges in the
1285:
619:
521:
403:
390:
207:
162:
3324:
2088:
770:
662:
301:
279:, which allows it to determine the constitutionality of any law or official act.
276:
2868:
2404:
2335:
2039:
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court are both selected and appointed by the
1885:
1313:
396:
256:
108:
252:
190:
3948:
3923:
3387:
3299:
3237:
3177:
2977:
2805:
2758:
2236:
2076:
1991:
1950:
740:
711:
579:
508:
296:
264:
141:
128:
80:
67:
2999:
The Japanese Judiciary: Maintaining Integrity, Autonomy and the Public Trust
587:
2694:
2199:
1903:
760:
631:
377:
360:
3229:
2797:
3933:
3580:
2508:
2271:
2029:
342:
3185:
801:
Japanese House of Councillors national proportional representation block
3377:
3375:
2766:
2476:
1949:
Article 81 of the Constitution of Japan defines the Supreme Court as a
753:
2075:
The modern Supreme Court was first convened in May 1947 in the former
3169:
3372:
2750:
3570:
415:
2067:
543:
2500:
Superintending Prosecutor, Tokyo High Public Prosecutors Office
2105:
There are five floors above ground and two floors below ground.
2097:
2033:
287:
The modern Supreme Court was established in Article 81 of the
268:
260:
112:
2043:, but the Chief Justice differs in being appointed by the
791:
List of districts of the House of Representatives of Japan
275:
and decide questions of national law. It has the power of
3144:
3142:
3097:"Japanese Supreme Court - Its Institution and Background"
1880:
2861:
Contemporary Issues in Human Rights Law: Europe and Asia
291:
in 1947. There was some debate among the members of the
3488:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
295:
legal officers who drafted the constitution and in the
3139:
796:
List of districts of the House of Councillors of Japan
271:. It has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the
3558:
The Supreme Court and Benign Elite Democracy in Japan
3446:
3444:
3442:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3040:"Why Is the Japanese Supreme Court So Conservative?"
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3149:Ramseyer, J. Mark; Rasmusen, Eric B. (2006-06-01).
3439:
3427:[50 years of the Supreme Court in photos]
3406:
3059:
3057:
2007:One more favorable explanation is the role of the
3280:. Decision Making on the Japanese Supreme Court.
3046:. Decision Making on the Japanese Supreme Court.
2841:
3946:
3576:Justices of the supreme court / Former Justices
3467:
3148:
2932:"Political Impact of the Japanese Supreme Court"
3293:
3291:
3090:
3088:
3054:
2925:
2923:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2059:remarkably stable since the court's inception.
235:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3116:
3114:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
2705:List of justices of the Supreme Court of Japan
2115:List of justices of the Supreme Court of Japan
315:
241:
229:
38:
3596:
3316:
3123:"Supreme Court place of last judicial resort"
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
1930:
3288:
3085:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2920:
2721:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3218:International Journal of Constitutional Law
3200:
3111:
3024:
2786:International Journal of Constitutional Law
2055:, there are effectively no second reviews.
3610:
3603:
3589:
3274:"Why Has Judicial Review Failed in Japan?"
2946:
2885:
1937:
1923:
2984:
2906:"Reserved Seats on Japan's Supreme Court"
2779:
2676:The Supreme Court building before the war
1965:
535:Second Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle)
3975:Courts and tribunals established in 1947
3250:
2929:
2732:
2671:
2087:, the previous highest court during the
2066:
2019:
3297:
3094:
2863:. Singapore: Springer. pp. 73ā90.
2782:"The birth of judicial review in Japan"
2601:Permanent Mission to the United Nations
1080:Japanese House of Councillors elections
14:
3947:
3211:
3120:
3037:
2959:
2900:
2858:
3584:
3322:
3158:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
2995:
1960:Legal Research and Training Institute
2227:Osaka High Public Prosecutors Office
2071:FaƧade of the Supreme Court building
368:Constitution of Japan (1947āpresent)
3383:"Editorial: Review of Top Justices"
3323:Satoh, Jun-ichi (January 1, 2008).
3271:
2467:Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
24:
3550:
2780:Kawagishi, Norikazu (2007-04-01).
25:
3986:
3564:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3329:Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review
3278:Washington University Law Review
3044:Washington University Law Review
2966:Washington University Law Review
2910:Washington University Law Review
1897:
728:Intellectual Property High Court
646:
603:
586:
486:
420:
395:
341:
47:
3522:
3509:"Justices of the Supreme Court"
3501:
3453:ē¬¬30å ćµćć¤ć®ęé«č£å¤ęåŗčļ½é¹æ島ć®č»č·”ļ½é¹æ島å»ŗčØę Ŗå¼ä¼ē¤¾
3347:
3298:Keiichi, Muraoka (2020-06-22).
2960:Fujita, Tokiyasu (2011-01-01).
2295:Professor, University of Tokyo
3121:Kamiya, Setsuko (2008-09-17).
2832:
2818:
2773:
2634:Chief Judge, Osaka High Court
2015:
373:Meiji Constitution (1890ā1947)
306:practiced in the United States
182:Mandatory retirement at age 70
13:
1:
2739:Law and Contemporary Problems
2715:
719:Justices of the Supreme Court
3970:1947 establishments in Japan
3391:. 2009-08-27. Archived from
3357:. 1947-04-16. Archived from
3212:Hasebe, Yasuo (2007-04-01).
2666:President, Tokyo High Court
2532:President, Osaka High Court
2396:President, Osaka High Court
2327:President, Tokyo High Court
1973:Federal Constitutional Court
7:
2869:10.1007/978-981-10-6129-5_4
2733:Okudaira, Yasuhiro (1990).
2683:
2225:Superintending Prosecutor,
2108:
2085:Supreme Court of Judicature
2062:
1977:United States Supreme Court
1334:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
316:Powers and responsibilities
236:
10:
3991:
3560:. London: Routledge, 2010.
3038:Matsui, Shigenori (2011).
2996:Haley, John (2002-08-22).
2930:Danelski, David J (1974).
2119:The current justices are:
2112:
2009:Cabinet Legislation Bureau
1975:struck down over 600, the
815:Japanese general elections
282:
3914:
3874:
3616:
459:Imperial Household Agency
242:
230:
213:
203:
196:
186:
178:
168:
157:
118:
104:
96:
62:
58:
46:
39:
37:
32:
3676:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3511:. Supreme Court of Japan
3482:
3452:
3423:
2700:Judicial system of Japan
2358:Attorney and Prosecutor
1272:Administrative divisions
597:House of Representatives
323:This article is part of
3960:National supreme courts
3095:Chikusa, Hideo (1999).
2363:Consumer Affairs Agency
1230:Unified local elections
561:Administrative Agencies
3955:Supreme Court of Japan
3611:Supreme Courts of Asia
3571:Supreme Court of Japan
3433:Supreme Court of Japan
3072:Supreme Court of Japan
2690:Chief Justice of Japan
2677:
2072:
2025:
1966:Use of judicial review
1352:Diplomatic missions of
225:Supreme Court of Japan
142:35.68028Ā°N 139.74361Ā°E
81:35.68028Ā°N 139.74361Ā°E
53:Supreme Court building
27:Highest court of Japan
18:Japanese Supreme Court
3965:Constitutional courts
3272:Law, David S (2011).
2936:Notre Dame Law Review
2675:
2432:Ochanomizu University
2081:Tokyo Imperial Palace
2070:
2053:must retire at age 70
2023:
289:Constitution of Japan
273:Japanese constitution
173:Constitution of Japan
3851:United Arab Emirates
3483:å®åŗå¶ē¹ļ¼ęé«č£å¤ęåŗč - å½åäŗ¤éē
2260:Visiting Professor,
1981:Indian Supreme Court
1951:court of last resort
640:House of Councillors
449:Chrysanthemum Throne
3878:limited recognition
3536:. Tokyo. 2024-09-12
3230:10.1093/icon/mom004
2798:10.1093/icon/mom011
2151:Previous occupation
2049:retention elections
1996:Ministry of Justice
1487:Trinidad and Tobago
454:Imperial Succession
147:35.68028; 139.74361
138: /
86:35.68028; 139.74361
77: /
3395:on October 1, 2009
2678:
2654:September 12, 1961
2564:Outside Director,
2465:Outside Director,
2262:Harvard Law School
2073:
2026:
2001:Meiji Constitution
1979:over 900, and the
158:Composition method
3942:
3941:
3065:"Courts in Japan"
2878:978-981-10-6129-5
2710:Politics of Japan
2670:
2669:
2576:Kimihiro Ishikane
2566:Mitsubishi Motors
2552:February 13, 1960
2520:September 1, 1958
2416:December 27, 1958
2347:December 23, 1957
2304:Michiharu Hayashi
2174:November 10, 1957
2100:led by architect
1947:
1946:
1369:Visa requirements
1364:Japanese passport
1327:Foreign relations
1314:Submunicipalities
806:Political parties
675:Hiroyuki Nagahama
334:Politics of Japan
221:
220:
179:Judge term length
16:(Redirected from
3982:
3932:
3922:
3921:
3618:Sovereign states
3605:
3598:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3448:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3419:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3269:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3209:
3198:
3197:
3170:10.2307/40041354
3155:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3035:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3013:. Archived from
3004:
2993:
2982:
2981:
2972:(6): 1507ā1526.
2957:
2944:
2943:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2902:Repeta, Lawrence
2898:
2883:
2882:
2856:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2730:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2541:Mitsuko Miyagawa
2523:
2519:
2517:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2456:
2453:February 2, 1956
2452:
2450:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2373:RyÅsuke Yasunami
2350:
2346:
2344:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2214:
2211:October 23, 1956
2210:
2208:
2190:Tokyo High Court
2177:
2173:
2171:
2163:Yukihiko Imasaki
2122:
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2079:quarters of the
2045:Emperor of Japan
2041:Cabinet of Japan
1939:
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1904:Japan portal
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3551:Further reading
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2643:Makoto Nakamura
2623:
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2611:Masahiro Hiraki
2588:
2587:January 4, 1958
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2315:August 31, 1957
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2024:The Grand Bench
2018:
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1943:
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1910:Other countries
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3565:External links
3563:
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3556:Hiroshi Itoh.
3552:
3549:
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3546:
3534:The Japan News
3521:
3500:
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3435:(in Japanese).
3424:åēć§č¦ćęé«č£å¤ęć®50幓
3405:
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3287:
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3224:(2): 296ā307.
3199:
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3110:
3101:SMU Law Review
3084:
3053:
3023:
3020:on 2020-02-13.
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2384:April 19, 1957
2375:
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2361:Commissioner,
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2336:Kazumi Okamura
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2113:Main article:
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2089:Imperial Japan
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3388:Asahi Shimbun
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2622:April 3, 1961
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2488:July 17, 1958
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2283:July 21, 1955
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2250:(age 69)
2240:
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2237:Koichi Kusano
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2176:(age 66)
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2158:Chief Justice
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2077:Privy Council
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1992:National Diet
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2789:
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2695:Japanese law
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2599:Ambassador,
2200:Mamoru Miura
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3876:States with
3796:Philippines
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3731:North Korea
3626:Afghanistan
3355:"Court Act"
3339:13 February
3164:(6): 1879.
2509:Akira Ojima
2497:Prosecutor
2442:Masaaki Oka
2272:Katsuya Uga
2222:Prosecutor
2188:President,
2016:Composition
1822:New Zealand
1767:Netherlands
1647:South Korea
1627:Philippines
1612:North Korea
1507:Afghanistan
1374:Visa policy
1280:Prefectures
573:Legislature
404:The Emperor
253:HayabusachÅ
145: /
133:139Ā°44ā²37ā³E
120:Coordinates
100:May 3, 1947
97:Established
84: /
72:139Ā°44ā²37ā³E
3949:Categories
3856:Uzbekistan
3831:Tajikistan
3746:Kyrgyzstan
3726:Kazakhstan
3646:Bangladesh
3636:Azerbaijan
3540:2024-09-13
3515:2024-09-13
3494:2020-07-11
3460:2020-07-11
3399:2009-10-15
3365:2020-07-10
3309:2020-07-10
3304:nippon.com
3243:2020-07-10
3132:2020-07-11
3078:2020-07-10
2811:2020-07-11
2716:References
2650:1961-09-12
2618:1961-04-03
2583:1958-01-04
2548:1960-02-13
2516:1958-09-01
2484:1958-07-17
2477:Toru Sakai
2449:1956-02-02
2412:1958-12-27
2380:1957-04-19
2343:1957-12-23
2311:1957-08-31
2279:1955-07-21
2244:1955-03-22
2207:1956-10-23
2170:1957-11-10
2146:Background
2141:University
2136:Birth date
1845:Arab world
1762:Montenegro
1552:East Timor
1527:Bangladesh
1517:Azerbaijan
848:1898 (Aug)
843:1898 (Mar)
838:1894 (Sep)
833:1894 (Mar)
754:Kazuo Ueda
556:Ministries
480:Government
249:for short)
130:35Ā°40ā²49ā³N
109:Chiyoda-ku
69:35Ā°40ā²49ā³N
3896:Palestine
3821:Sri Lanka
3816:Singapore
3696:Indonesia
3238:1474-2640
3178:0041-9907
3011:155394286
2978:2166-8000
2806:1474-2640
2759:0023-9186
2596:Diplomat
2561:Attorney
2462:Attorney
2430:Auditor,
2427:Attorney
2257:Attorney
1812:Australia
1752:Lithuania
1652:Sri Lanka
1642:Singapore
1622:Palestine
1567:Indonesia
1502:Venezuela
1432:Argentina
1304:Districts
1286:Governors
784:Elections
766:Banknotes
689:Judiciary
656:President
547:coalition
472:Executive
263:, is the
247:SaikÅ-Sai
240:, called
204:Currently
3924:Category
3886:Abkhazia
3836:Thailand
3791:Pakistan
3771:Mongolia
3766:Maldives
3761:Malaysia
3661:Cambodia
3186:40041354
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2942:(5): 27.
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2904:(2011).
2684:See also
2639:Justice
2607:Justice
2572:Justice
2537:Justice
2505:Justice
2473:Justice
2438:Justice
2401:Justice
2369:Justice
2332:Justice
2300:Justice
2268:Justice
2233:Justice
2196:Justice
2109:Justices
2063:Building
1777:Portugal
1727:Holy See
1662:Thailand
1617:Pakistan
1597:Mongolia
1592:Maldives
1587:Malaysia
1542:Cambodia
1477:Paraguay
1462:Colombia
1437:Barbados
1402:Ethiopia
1392:Djibouti
1356:in Japan
748:Governor
437:Fumihito
416:Naruhito
325:a series
105:Location
3861:Vietnam
3776:Myanmar
3756:Lebanon
3686:Georgia
3641:Bahrain
3631:Armenia
3194:5791013
2767:1191824
2030:Benches
1971:German
1855:Oceania
1802:Ukraine
1737:Ireland
1732:Iceland
1722:Hungary
1712:Germany
1702:Denmark
1692:Croatia
1687:Belgium
1682:Austria
1677:Albania
1672:Vietnam
1602:Myanmar
1557:Georgia
1522:Bahrain
1512:Armenia
1497:Uruguay
1467:Ecuador
1442:Bolivia
1422:Somalia
1417:Nigeria
1412:Namibia
1382:Algeria
1343:history
613:Speaker
544:Komeito
522:Cabinet
283:History
257:Chiyoda
187:Website
3906:Taiwan
3841:Turkey
3806:Russia
3741:Kuwait
3721:Jordan
3711:Israel
3671:Cyprus
3656:Brunei
3651:Bhutan
3236:
3192:
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3074:. 2020
3009:
2976:
2875:
2804:
2765:
2757:
2663:Judge
2660:Kyoto
2631:Judge
2628:Tokyo
2593:Tokyo
2558:Tokyo
2529:Judge
2526:Tokyo
2494:Tokyo
2459:Tokyo
2423:Tohoku
2393:Judge
2390:Tokyo
2354:Waseda
2324:Judge
2321:Tokyo
2292:Judge
2289:Tokyo
2254:Tokyo
2185:Judge
2098:Kajima
2034:quorum
1840:Africa
1797:Sweden
1787:Serbia
1782:Russia
1772:Poland
1747:Kosovo
1717:Greece
1707:France
1667:Turkey
1657:Taiwan
1577:Israel
1537:Brunei
1532:Bhutan
1472:Mexico
1452:Canada
1447:Brazil
1387:Angola
3866:Yemen
3826:Syria
3801:Qatar
3781:Nepal
3716:Japan
3691:India
3681:Egypt
3666:China
3429:(PDF)
3190:S2CID
3182:JSTOR
3154:(PDF)
3068:(PDF)
3018:(PDF)
3007:S2CID
3003:(PDF)
2763:JSTOR
2218:Tokyo
2181:Kyoto
2126:Title
1832:Tonga
1827:Palau
1792:Spain
1757:Malta
1742:Italy
1632:Qatar
1607:Nepal
1562:India
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1457:Chile
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1397:Egypt
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3234:ISSN
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2873:ISBN
2802:ISSN
2755:ISSN
2131:Name
1817:Fiji
1582:Laos
1572:Iran
1482:Peru
1290:List
1258:2023
1253:2019
1248:2015
1243:2011
1238:2007
1219:2025
1213:2022
1208:2019
1203:2016
1198:2013
1193:2010
1188:2007
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1178:2001
1173:1998
1168:1995
1163:1992
1158:1989
1153:1986
1148:1983
1143:1980
1138:1977
1133:1974
1128:1971
1123:1968
1118:1965
1113:1962
1108:1959
1103:1956
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1088:1947
1069:Next
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1058:2017
1053:2014
1048:2012
1043:2009
1038:2005
1033:2003
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978:1969
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863:1904
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853:1902
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409:List
378:Laws
361:Laws
359:and
293:SCAP
223:The
3226:doi
3166:doi
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