1316:
1392:
1471:
1695:
2895:
48:
1679:, and de facto foreign minister for Japan was allegedly a staunch opponent of militarism. Concerned that his Judo school, the Kodokan, would be used as a military training center, he obtained a promise from the Emperor that it would not be. Alternate sources list different causes of death, and some consider his passing to be suspicious.
1197:
minister resign if he could not fill all of his cabinet posts, both the Army and the Navy had final say on the formation of a cabinet, and could bring down the cabinet at any time by withdrawing their minister and refusing to nominate a successor. In reality, while this tactic was used only one time (ironically to prevent a
General,
1432:. Despite public dismay over these events and the discredit they brought to numerous military figures, Japan's civilian leadership capitulated to the army's demands in the hope of ending domestic violence. Increases were seen in defense budgets, naval construction (Japan announced it would no longer accede to
1588:
followed a non-interventionist policy toward China, attempting to stabilize its relations with Great
Britain and the United States. The term "Shidehara diplomacy" came to describe Japan's liberal foreign policy during the 1920s, and was assailed by military interests who believed it was weakening the
981:
in transforming itself from an agricultural state to a leading modern industrial and military power. He accepted
Prussian political ideas, which favored military expansion abroad and authoritarian government at home. The Prussian model also devalued the notion of civilian control over the independent
1718:
and the breaking off of negotiations between Japan and the United States. Japan had plans to take over other Asian countries, which resulted in the US stripping any war materials and resources to be sold to the
Japanese and freezing all Japanese assets and bank accounts in the US. The US fleet moved
1482:
Despite the military's long tradition of independence from civilian control, its efforts at staging a coup d'état to overthrow the civilian government, and its forcing Japan into war through insubordination and military adventurism, the military was ultimately unable to force a military dictatorship
1660:
to compile a report analyzing
Japanese defeats during the Pacific campaign of 1942. His analysis convinced Takagi of Japan's inevitable defeat. Believing that the only solution for Japan was the elimination of the Tojo-led government and a truce with the United States, Takagi began planning for the
1614:
declared the emperor to be a part of the constitutional structure of Japan rather than a sacred power beyond the state itself in 1935. His constitutional interpretation was overwhelmingly accepted by bureaucrats until the 1930s. In the increasingly militant 1930s, these ideas led to attacks against
1196:
The Army and the Navy also had decisive say on the formation (and survival) of any civilian government. Since the law required that the posts of Army
Minister and Navy Minister be filled by active-duty officers nominated by their respective services, and since the law also required that a prime
1050:) in a process of refining tactics. By training some sixty of the highest-ranking Japanese officers of the time in tactics, strategy and organization, he was able to replace the previous influences of the French advisors with his own philosophies. Meckel especially reinforced
1540:
and tanks. These designs were not on public display but on linings and undergarments. They symbolised – or in the case of boy's clothes, were hoped to bring about – the alignment of the individual's goals with those of Japan as a whole.
1388:, waging a three-month undeclared war there before a truce was reached. The civilian government in Tokyo was powerless to prevent these military adventures, and instead of being condemned, the Kwangtung Army's actions enjoyed considerable popular support.
1106:, Japan joined the imperialist powers. The need for a strong military to secure Japan's new overseas empire was strengthened by a sense that only through a strong military would Japan earn the respect of western nations, and thus revision of the
1415:
and generally approved the army's actions in securing
Manchuria as an industrial base, an area for Japanese emigration, and a potential staging ground for war with the Soviet Union. Various army factions contended for power amid increasing
1307:. Although the assassins were put on trial and sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment, they were seen popularly as having acted out of patriotism and the atmosphere was set where the military was able to act with little restraint.
1189:. These General Staff offices were responsible for the planning and execution of military operations, and reported directly to the emperor. As the Chiefs of the General Staff were not cabinet ministers, they did not report to the
1719:
from being stationed in
California to be moved in Pearl Harbor to somewhat control Japan's aggression and imposed on an embargo of essential materials, because Japan was trying to take over and control more territories.
968:
in 1882 enabled the military to indoctrinate thousands of men from various social backgrounds with military-patriotic values and the concept of unquestioning loyalty to the
Emperor as the basis of the Japanese state
1285:
party agreed to a treaty which would severely limit
Japanese naval power. This treaty was strongly opposed by the military, who claimed that it would endanger national defense, and was portrayed by the opposition
1242:
by ultra-nationalist secret societies) led to a resurgence of so-called "jingoistic" patriotism, a weakening of democratic forces and a belief that the military could solve all threats both domestic and foreign.
1094:(rich nation, strong army) was created during this time and shows how Japanese officials saw imperialism as the way to gain respect and power. With a more aggressive foreign policy, and victory over China in the
1514:, the military was still unable to do away with the last vestiges of party politics. This was partly due to the fact that the military itself was not a monolithic structure, but was rent internally with its own
952:
policy ("Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Armed Forces") was to strengthen Japan's economic and industrial foundations, so that a strong military could be built to defend Japan against outside powers.
1237:
by western nations and an increasing radicalism in Japanese politics including issues of domestic terrorist violence (including an assassination attempt on the emperor in 1932 and a number of attempted
3909:
1642:
1040:
Although his period in Japan (1885–1888) was relatively short, Meckel had a tremendous impact on the development of the Japanese military. He is credited with having introduced
1001:'s views on the superiority of the German military model over the French system as the reason for German victory. In response to a Japanese request, Prussian Chief of Staff
3182:
3100:
2130:
1428:
staged an attempted coup d'état in yet another effort to overthrow civilian rule. The revolt was put down by other military units, and its leaders were executed after
982:
military, which meant that in Japan, as in Germany, the military could develop into a state within a state, thus exercising greater influence on politics in general.
3904:
1029:
and regiments, thus increasing mobility, strengthening the army logistics and transportation structure with the major army bases connected by railways, establishing
3305:
1362:
of September 1931 did not fail, and it set the stage for the Japanese military takeover of all of Manchuria. Kwantung Army conspirators blew up a few meters of
3335:
2842:
2150:
3793:
2595:
Militarismus des Zivilen in Japan 1937–1940: Diskurse und ihre Auswirkungen auf politische Entscheidungsprozesse, (Reihe zur Geschichte Asiens; Bd. 19)
2598:
2125:
1549:
Despite the apparently monolithic national consensus on the official aggressive policies pursued by the Imperial government in the first part of the
3939:
1600:
Bank, was an important opponent of Japan overseas interventions and was known for his pro-American views. He was murdered on March 5, 1932, in the
2869:
1564:. In the early 1930s Communist activists attempted to influence army conscripts, but the party was suppressed during the mid-1930s within Japan.
1062:, by teaching his pupils that Prussian military success was a consequence of the officer class's unswerving loyalty to their sovereign Emperor.
2590:
1515:
1554:
1065:
The rise of political parties in the late Meiji period was coupled with the rise of secret and semi-secret patriotic societies, such as the
3811:
2321:
Japan's Military Masters: The Army in Japanese people not live with farm on hilltop when fish swim in moist creek with bottletop bill. Life
1711:
1037:
system to abolish virtually all exceptions. A bust of Meckel was sited in front of the Japanese Army Staff College from 1909 through 1945.
3944:
3325:
3256:
261:
1455:
of July 7, 1937 in which a clash near Beijing between Chinese and Japanese troops quickly escalated into the full-scale warfare of the
1351:
embarked on unauthorized initiatives to protect Japanese interests in Manchuria, including the assassination of a former ally, warlord
1201:, from becoming Prime Minister in 1937), the threat always loomed large when the military made any demands on the civilian leadership.
1137:(1895) and Korea (1910) had brought Japan primarily agricultural colonies. In terms of resources, the Japanese military looked towards
837:
777:
2421:
3659:
3269:
3151:
2779:
2075:
965:
535:
3052:
3042:
1732:
2283:
2268:
2238:
1025:. Meckel made numerous recommendations which were implemented, including reorganization of the command structure of the army into
2253:
2220:
1567:
Personal opposition included individuals from the fields of party politics, business and culture. Some notable examples include:
2847:
3857:
3831:
2360:
2156:
2140:
1756:
1526:
1475:
903:
2664:
1256:
Those who continued to resist the "military solution" including nationalists with unquestionable patriotism, such as generals
3801:
2752:
2694:
2674:
2654:
2548:
2528:
2464:
2201:
787:
712:
607:
3629:
3385:
3261:
3161:
3146:
3057:
3017:
2145:
1499:
1186:
1170:
1510:. Even so, there was much entrenched opposition from the government bureaucrats, and in the 1942 general election for the
3929:
3924:
3644:
3141:
1971:
883:
228:
1153:
financial and industrial corporations on how to manage economic expansion, a conflict also affecting domestic politics.
3496:
3491:
3390:
3330:
3121:
3111:
2802:
2744:
2606:
1529:, which was to have integrated Asia politically and economically—under Japanese leadership—against Western domination.
1525:
Japan's overseas possessions, greatly extended as a result of early successes in the Pacific War were organized into a
385:
360:
2812:
2807:
2728:
2709:
2628:
2563:
2501:
2482:
2394:
2385:
Jackson, Anna (2015). "Dress in the Taishō and early Shōwa periods: traditions transformed". In Jackson, Anna (ed.).
2334:
2304:
612:
2738:
2680:
2450:
3836:
3821:
3816:
3526:
3285:
3218:
3007:
2827:
2822:
1448:
1443:, an agreement to exchange information and collaborate in preventing communist activities, was signed by Japan and
1244:
1162:
735:
443:
3519:
677:
1315:
3899:
3541:
3242:
3012:
2817:
1822:
1932: After an attack on Japanese monks in Shanghai (January 18), Japanese forces shell the city (January 29).
830:
490:
410:
2534:
1217:(the so-called "Taisho democracy"), and several diplomatic attempts were made to encourage peace, such as the
448:
3826:
3251:
3166:
3156:
2772:
1703:
702:
942:, and shared a set of values and outlooks. The early Meiji government viewed Japan as threatened by western
3965:
3806:
3677:
3131:
3072:
3062:
2091:
2083:
1002:
811:
801:
745:
730:
687:
1582:
in 1918 with the rallying cry of "Militarism is dead." Three years later, however, Hara was assassinated.
1370:, blamed it on Chinese saboteurs, and used the event as an excuse to invade and seize the vast territory.
3481:
3300:
3171:
2514:
1952:
1460:
1133:, raw materials such as iron, oil, and coal largely had to be imported. The success of Japan in securing
640:
570:
1622:
1126:, both as a source of raw materials for military and industrial production, and international prestige.
3768:
3737:
1676:
1452:
782:
635:
390:
249:
1727:
Despite efforts to totally militarize Japanese society during the war, including such measures as the
3727:
3722:
3649:
3604:
3395:
3082:
2616:
2520:
1728:
1611:
1491:
1293:
882:
should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and the belief that the strength of the
823:
757:
740:
692:
565:
520:
415:
195:
157:
31:
3975:
3584:
2874:
2120:
475:
20:
3980:
3970:
3841:
3624:
3566:
3514:
3136:
2964:
2765:
1899:
1638:
1601:
1561:
1456:
1374:
1363:
1178:
990:
597:
515:
480:
438:
1656:, an opponent of Japan's decision to declare war on the United States, was asked by Navy Minister
1292:
party as having been forced upon Japan by a hostile United States, which further inflamed growing
3664:
3536:
3466:
3275:
3027:
2954:
2556:
Military Intervention in Pre-War Japanese Politics: Admiral Kato Kanji and the Washington System'
2456:
2107:
2079:
2014:
1951:
becomes prime minister (January 16). Konoe becomes prime minister for his second term (July 22).
1937:
1853:
1788:
1641:. He was expelled from the Diet on March 7, 1940, and his speech also led to the creation of the
1616:
1579:
1385:
1218:
1190:
1095:
1010:
722:
540:
370:
355:
1391:
3614:
3376:
3340:
3316:
3213:
3198:
3047:
2959:
1983:
1903:
1689:
1417:
1182:
1166:
762:
525:
317:
1331:
Japan had been involved in the Asian continent continuously from the First Sino-Japanese War,
3400:
2862:
2087:
1922:
1760:
1585:
1378:
1336:
1265:
1130:
1080:
1034:
957:
907:
375:
1470:
3531:
3355:
3345:
2857:
2135:
2033:
1891:
1860:
1421:
1303:
in 1932, when a group of junior naval officers and army cadets assassinated Prime Minister
1174:
1070:
645:
500:
405:
266:
162:
69:
1933:
1808:
1657:
977:. Yamagata, like many Japanese, was strongly influenced by the recent striking success of
8:
3763:
3710:
3683:
3673:
3619:
3609:
3594:
3471:
3295:
2974:
2969:
2103:
2095:
1872:
1748:
1740:
1440:
1359:
1272:
1041:
1026:
986:
550:
505:
380:
3546:
2078:. Telegram sent to Allied Nations agreeing Potsdam terms (7am August 10). USSR declares
1090:
Japan felt looked down on by Western countries during the late 19th century. The phrase
3732:
3669:
3486:
3456:
2997:
2470:
2099:
2059:
2055:
1744:
1694:
1490:, the Japanese government was streamlined to meet war-time conditions, and through the
1103:
1059:
1006:
895:
717:
545:
400:
297:
292:
1815:
becomes prime minister (December 13) and increases funding for the military in China.
1575:
3773:
3461:
3441:
3208:
2837:
2748:
2724:
2705:
2690:
2686:
2670:
2650:
2624:
2602:
2578:
2559:
2544:
2524:
2497:
2478:
2460:
2452:
Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945.
2400:
2390:
2300:
2071:
2006:
2002:
1842:
1835:
1607:
1495:
1381:, but again the news was suppressed and the military perpetrators were not punished.
1222:
1214:
924:
891:
767:
750:
697:
682:
365:
327:
205:
2917:
2255:
Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945
2063:
1777:
1653:
1239:
3914:
3634:
3350:
3022:
2044:
2037:
2026:
1975:
1956:
1915:
1798:
1668:
1662:
1519:
1425:
1404:
1276:
1230:
1107:
1055:
1018:
961:
806:
312:
221:
39:
3889:
1210:
1091:
3934:
3639:
3556:
3476:
2949:
2788:
2067:
1960:
1948:
1816:
1812:
1630:
1626:
1507:
1503:
1436:
treaties), and patriotic indoctrination as Japan moved toward a wartime footing.
1396:
1344:
1332:
1304:
1300:
1288:
1281:
1261:
1257:
1198:
1161:
Also forming part of the basis for the growth of militarism was the freedom from
1123:
1099:
1051:
1022:
875:
707:
510:
495:
485:
395:
183:
3551:
1936:
becomes prime minister (January 5). Japanese forces suffer a military defeat at
1831:
1066:
1014:
81:
3884:
3778:
3599:
3589:
3446:
3410:
2832:
2010:
1895:
1884:
1752:
1715:
1646:
1487:
1234:
772:
302:
233:
190:
3919:
3894:
2637:
Kitaoka, Shin'ichi. "The army as bureaucracy: Japanese militarism revisited."
1868:
886:
is equal to the strength of a nation. It was most prominent from the start of
3959:
3405:
3126:
3116:
2944:
2909:
2740:
Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries.
2540:
2510:
2404:
2187:
Shin'ichi Kitaoka, "The army as bureaucracy: Japanese militarism revisited."
2048:
2018:
1849:
1784:
1634:
1511:
1348:
1340:
1193:, and were thus completely independent of any civilian oversight or control.
994:
948:
560:
555:
3506:
2240:
Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries
1735:, Japanese militarism was discredited by the failure of Japan's military in
431:
3002:
2879:
1979:
1967:
1941:
1830:
as emperor (February 29). Inukai is assassinated during a coup attempt and
1736:
1571:
1444:
1429:
1352:
1320:
1084:
1076:
998:
928:
899:
887:
592:
256:
150:
122:
108:
94:
3576:
3193:
2422:"The Rise of Militaristic Nationalism - November '96 World War II Feature"
2222:
Japanese and European Private International Law in Comparative Perspective
1553:, some substantial opposition did exist. This was one of various forms of
1550:
1226:
463:
200:
3654:
3203:
2682:
Collection, Laboratory, Theater: Scenes of Knowledge in the 17th Century.
2022:
1987:
1986:), prompting the United States to declare war on Japan (December 8) (see
1827:
1464:
1433:
1249:
1149:, and China's vast resources. However, the army was at variance with the
1119:
1046:
943:
530:
136:
2335:"Omoshirogara Textile Design and Children's Clothing in Japan 1910–1930"
1532:
Militarism was even reflected in the clothing trends of the 1930s. Male
1299:
The Japanese system of party government finally met its demise with the
1177:. This office was independent of, and equal (and later superior) to the
3451:
3067:
2582:
1593:
879:
602:
585:
332:
281:
167:
3360:
1755:. Furthermore, its government and educational system were revised and
1343:
from 1927 to 1929, Japan sent troops three times to China to obstruct
3783:
3758:
3753:
3561:
3432:
3365:
3037:
1998:
1991:
1926:
1880:
1823:
1804:
1930: Hamaguchi is wounded in an assassination attempt (November 14).
1536:
designs adopted explicitly militaristic imagery, including soldiers,
1494:, it was given absolute power over the nation's assets. In 1940, all
1412:
1142:
1138:
1030:
628:
348:
322:
1637:
in which he sharply questioned the prosecution and justification of
1033:
and engineering regiments as independent commands, and revising the
3862:
3290:
2981:
2925:
1864:
1773:
1699:
1347:'s unification campaign. In June 1928, adventurist officers of the
1150:
871:
47:
2757:
1978:
becomes prime minister (October 18). Japanese naval forces attack
1710:
The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor happened on December 7, 1941.
1408:
3032:
1911:
1907:
1876:
1675:
and founder of the modern Japanese educational system, member of
1324:
978:
972:
934:
923:
The military had a strong influence on Japanese society from the
1009:(foreign advisor). In Japan, Meckel worked closely with future
3715:
2884:
2702:
Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000
1959:
in the wake of the fall of Paris to the Germans, and signs the
1643:
League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War
1597:
1537:
1533:
1367:
1146:
1134:
307:
1560:
The most organized open opposition to militarism was from the
1451:
joined a year later). War was launched against China with the
3077:
2621:
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present
1268:
were driven from office or an active role in the government.
1229:, the apparent collapse of the world economic order with the
2679:
Schramm, Helmar, Ludger Schwarte and Jan Lazardzig. (2005).
1044:'s military theories and the Prussian concept of war games (
16:
Militaristic ideology espoused by Imperial Japan (1873–1945)
2496:. New York, New York: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 110.
2299:. New York, New York: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 110.
1672:
1522:, had difficulty controlling portions of his own military.
2339:
Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. Paper 77
1852:
becomes prime minister (July 8). Japan withdraws from the
1834:
becomes prime minister (May 15). Japan is censured by the
1384:
In January 1932, Japanese forces attacked Shanghai in the
2575:
Militarization and Demilitarization in Contemporary Japan
2361:"The Propaganda Kimonos Japan Kept Hidden From Outsiders"
1794:
1928: Hirohito is enthroned as the Emperor (November 10).
1253:, or a divine mission to unify Asia under Japanese rule.
2131:
List of Japanese political figures in early Shōwa period
1377:, military figures failed in an attempt to establish a
931:(whether in the military, politics or business) were ex
1747:, many of its former military leaders were tried for
2516:
Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II.
2076:
on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki bomb (August 9)
1633:
party. On February 2, 1940, he made a speech in the
927:. Almost all leaders in Japanese society during the
2469:
2021:implemented in North China. American forces in the
1165:enjoyed by the Japanese armed forces. In 1878, the
1087:overseas as a solution to Japan's domestic issues.
1058:, as expressly codified in Articles XI-XIII of the
1871:becomes prime minister (March 9). Japan signs its
1271:A turning point came with the ratification of the
2443:
2387:Kimono: the art and evolution of Japanese fashion
2151:Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period
2126:List of Japanese political and military incidents
1310:
1233:starting in 1929, coupled with the imposition of
1122:status was considered dependent on resource-rich
3957:
3940:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1075:(1901), which coupled political activities with
3910:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
1683:
1156:
861:
2894:
2615:
2153:for Japanese opponents to Japanese militarism.
1714:, such as the Japanese peoples' opposition to
855:
2773:
2589:
831:
2494:Fukuzawa yukichi: from samurai to capitalist
2389:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 165.
2297:Fukuzawa yukichi: from samurai to capitalist
1894:becomes prime minister (February 2). Prince
1665:before his removal from office in July 1944.
1403:Inukai's successors, military men chosen by
964:in 1873, along with the proclamation of the
3257:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
1555:Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period
1544:
1355:, in hopes of sparking a general conflict.
946:, and one of the prime motivations for the
2780:
2766:
1335:, Russo-Japanese War, World War I and the
838:
824:
3660:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3270:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
2025:surrender (May 8). Japan defeated at the
966:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
3043:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
2333:Atkins, Jacqueline M. (September 2008).
2176:The dark valley: A panorama of the 1930s
1733:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
1693:
1574:, a commoner and liberal thinker of the
1469:
1390:
1314:
2384:
2358:
2106:begins (until April 28, 1952, upon the
1518:. Even Japan's wartime Prime Minister,
3958:
3858:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
2666:Japan and Germany in the modern world.
2491:
2332:
2326:
2294:
2157:Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution
2141:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
2092:Hirohito broadcasts Japan's acceptance
1940:against Soviet forces (September 15).
1929:falls to Japanese forces (October 21).
1527:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1476:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1327:after capturing the city in July 1937.
2761:
2721:Japanese Militarism, Past and Present
2718:
2647:Japanese Militarism, Past and Present
2416:
2414:
2203:Japan and Germany in the Modern World
2102:in Tokyo bay follows on September 2:
1898:becomes prime minister (June 4). The
1225:. However, with the beginning of the
918:
3262:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
3018:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
2699:
2644:
2572:
2233:
2231:
2146:Imperialism in Asia (disambiguation)
2086:(August 9) and break through at the
2056:firebombing of major Japanese cities
1776:(Emperor Shōwa) became emperor upon
1500:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
1339:. During the term of Prime Minister
1187:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
1171:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
985:Following the German victory in the
902:, roughly 1873 to 1945. Since then,
3930:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
3172:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
2787:
2669:Providence/Oxford: Berghahn Books.
2553:
2074:(June 21). U.S. drops atomic bombs
2003:Japan bombs Australia (February 19)
2001:surrenders to Japan (February 15).
1955:(August–September). Japan occupies
1944:becomes prime minister (August 30).
1811:becomes prime minister (April 14).
1619:and his resignation from that body.
1113:
1021:, and with army strategist General
13:
2745:State University of New York Press
2411:
2359:Perkins, Sam (November 16, 2016).
2066:becomes prime minister (April 7).
1910:(July 31). Japanese troops occupy
1498:were ordered to dissolve into the
1005:sent Meckel to Japan to become an
906:has been enshrined in the postwar
14:
3992:
2228:
2051:becomes prime minister (July 22).
1712:Multiple events led to the attack
1373:In Tokyo one month later, in the
1247:also strengthened the sense of a
3630:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2893:
2178:(Knopf, 2000) pp 438–64, 633–60.
1801:becomes prime minister (July 2).
1729:National Service Draft Ordinance
1722:
1661:assassination of Prime Minister
1420:and more assassinations. In the
1129:Due to the lack of resources in
1054:'s ideal of subservience to the
878:which advocated the belief that
46:
3645:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
2737:Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976).
2449:Bassford, Christopher. (1994).
2378:
2352:
2313:
2270:Collection, Laboratory, Theater
2252:Bassford, Christopher. (1994).
2237:Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976).
1204:
3900:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
3013:Imperial Rescript on Education
2475:Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945
2444:References and further reading
2288:
2276:
2261:
2246:
2209:
2194:
2181:
2168:
1311:Growth of military adventurism
1213:, Japan saw a short period of
997:paid close attention to Major
1:
3346:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
3252:Imperial General Headquarters
2843:Foreign commerce and shipping
2719:Sunoo, Harold Hwakon (1975).
1914:(December 13), beginning the
1759:was written into the postwar
1704:Imperial General Headquarters
3678:Hirohito surrender broadcast
3073:Greater East Asia Conference
1873:first pact with Nazi Germany
1684:Japan attacking Pearl Harbor
1157:Independence of the military
7:
3058:Supreme Court of Judicature
2639:Journal of Military History
2623:. Oxford University Press.
2477:. Oxford University Press.
2189:Journal of Military History
2114:
2047:(July 9). Tojo resigns and
1982:, Hawaii (December 7) (see
1953:Hundred Regiments Offensive
1875:(November 25) and occupies
1766:
1639:Japan's "holy war" in China
1610:, a respected professor at
1461:Soviet-Japanese Border Wars
1319:Japanese troops march into
1181:in terms of authority. The
1173:office, modelled after the
862:
10:
3997:
3769:Second Philippine Republic
3542:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
2521:W. W. Norton & Company
2098:(August 15). The official
1763:as one of its key tenets.
1687:
1453:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
1424:of 1936, the Army's elite
913:
910:as one of its key tenets.
18:
3877:
3850:
3792:
3746:
3703:
3696:
3650:Japan during World War II
3605:Pacification of Manchukuo
3575:
3505:
3497:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
3492:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
3430:
3423:
3374:
3361:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
3314:
3240:
3233:
3180:
3098:
3091:
3083:Imperial Japanese Airways
2990:
2937:
2902:
2891:
2795:
2536:Japan in War & Peace.
2323:Washington 1943 pp127-130
2267:Schramm, Helmar. (2005).
2054:1945: U.S. bombers begin
1906:(July 7). Japan captures
1807:1931: Hamaguchi dies and
1677:Japan's Olympic Committee
1612:Tokyo Imperial University
1492:National Mobilization Law
1221:and participation in the
1118:During the 19th century,
856:
386:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
361:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
3625:Second Sino-Japanese War
3567:Racial Equality Proposal
3147:Agriculture and Commerce
2577:. Taylor & Francis.
2162:
2043:1944: Japan defeated at
2032:1943: Japan defeated at
1900:Second Sino-Japanese War
1859:1936: Coup attempt, the
1602:League of Blood Incident
1562:Japanese Communist Party
1545:Opposition to militarism
1457:Second Sino-Japanese War
1375:Imperial Colors Incident
1364:South Manchurian Railway
1275:of 1930. Prime Minister
1264:and ex-Foreign Minister
1179:Ministry of War of Japan
598:Great Hanshin earthquake
516:Second Sino-Japanese War
3537:Washington Naval Treaty
3482:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
3467:First Sino-Japanese War
3286:Nuclear weapons program
3028:Great Japan Youth Party
2955:National seals of Japan
2663:Martin, Bernd. (1995).
2533:Dower, John W. (1995).
2457:Oxford University Press
2108:Treaty of San Francisco
2015:Battle of the Coral Sea
1938:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
1854:Washington Naval Treaty
1841:1933: Japan leaves the
1780:'s death (December 25).
1426:First Infantry Division
1386:First Shanghai Incident
1219:Washington Naval Treaty
1191:Prime Minister of Japan
1185:soon followed with the
1096:First Sino-Japanese War
444:Intervention in Siberia
371:First Sino-Japanese War
3615:Motherland controversy
3585:Shōwa financial crisis
3377:Imperial Japanese Navy
3317:Imperial Japanese Army
3048:Peace Preservation Law
2704:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2700:Sims, Richard (2001).
2573:Hook, Glenn D (2007).
2492:Hopper, Helen (2005).
2295:Hopper, Helen (2005).
2121:Statism in Shōwa Japan
2009:(March 31-April 10).
1984:Attack on Pearl Harbor
1904:Battle of Lugou Bridge
1819:occurs (18 September).
1707:
1690:Attack on Pearl Harbor
1479:
1439:In November 1936, the
1418:suppression of dissent
1400:
1328:
1294:anti-foreign sentiment
1183:Imperial Japanese Navy
1167:Imperial Japanese Army
1035:universal conscription
956:The rise of universal
778:Science and technology
526:Attack on Pearl Harbor
449:Great Kantō earthquake
391:Colonization of Taiwan
318:Convention of Kanagawa
158:Former Nine Years' War
101:1000 BC – 300 AD
87:14,000 – 1000 BC
21:Statism in Shōwa Japan
3527:Siberian Intervention
3336:Railways and Shipping
3152:Commerce and Industry
2848:Industrial production
2645:Maki, John M (2007).
2088:Battle of Mutanchiang
2013:on Tokyo (April 18).
1923:Battle of Taierzhuang
1761:Constitution of Japan
1697:
1486:Under Prime Minister
1473:
1407:, the last surviving
1394:
1379:military dictatorship
1337:Siberian Intervention
1318:
1131:Japanese home islands
1081:military intelligence
958:military conscription
908:Constitution of Japan
491:Invasion of Manchuria
416:Colonization of Korea
376:Treaty of Shimonoseki
115:300 AD – 538 AD
3945:Political dissidence
3794:Occupied territories
3532:General Election Law
3356:Taiwan Army of Japan
2136:Japanese nationalism
2070:. Japan defeated at
2062:(March 26). Admiral
2058:. Japan defeated at
2034:Guadalcanal campaign
1974:(April 13). General
1861:February 26 Incident
1826:is established with
1629:was a member of the
1422:February 26 Incident
1175:German General Staff
788:World Heritage Sites
501:February 26 incident
406:Treaty of Portsmouth
267:Battle of Sekigahara
163:Later Three-Year War
3966:Japanese militarism
3764:Wang Jingwei regime
3674:Potsdam Declaration
3665:Soviet–Japanese War
3620:Anti-Comintern Pact
3610:January 28 incident
3595:London Naval Treaty
3472:Triple Intervention
3301:Supreme War Council
3185:deliberative bodies
2723:. Burnham Inc Pub.
2558:. RoutledgeCurzon.
2471:Beasley, William G.
2104:Occupation of Japan
2096:Potsdam Declaration
1972:non-aggression pact
1741:American occupation
1508:totalitarian values
1441:Anti-Comintern Pact
1366:Company track near
1360:Manchurian Incident
1273:London Naval Treaty
1245:Patriotic education
987:Franco-Prussian War
863:Nihon gunkoku shugi
851:Japanese militarism
613:Imperial transition
551:Occupation of Japan
541:Soviet–Japanese War
506:Anti-Comintern Pact
381:Triple Intervention
3487:Russo-Japanese War
3457:Two Lords Incident
3112:Imperial Household
2649:. Thompson Press.
2100:surrender ceremony
2060:Battle of Iwo Jima
1990:). Japan conquers
1745:surrender of Japan
1708:
1516:political factions
1480:
1459:, followed by the
1401:
1329:
1141:'s iron and coal,
1104:Russo-Japanese War
1060:Meiji Constitution
1007:O-yatoi gaikokujin
1003:Helmuth von Moltke
991:Army Staff College
938:or descendants of
919:Rise of militarism
678:Capital punishment
654:2019–present
571:Asset price bubble
546:Surrender of Japan
411:Japan–Korea Treaty
401:Russo-Japanese War
356:Ryūkyū Disposition
298:Invasion of Ryukyu
293:Tokugawa shogunate
229:Nanboku-chō period
3953:
3952:
3925:Socialist thought
3873:
3872:
3812:Dutch East Indies
3774:Empire of Vietnam
3692:
3691:
3462:Satsuma Rebellion
3442:Meiji Restoration
3419:
3418:
3229:
3228:
3167:Greater East Asia
3053:Political parties
3008:Foreign relations
2753:978-0-87395-348-1
2695:978-3-11-017736-7
2687:Walter de Gruyter
2675:978-1-84545-047-2
2656:978-1-4067-2272-7
2641:57.5 (1993): 67+.
2554:Gow, Ian (2004).
2549:978-1-56584-279-3
2529:978-0-393-32027-5
2465:978-0-19-508383-5
2428:. August 19, 1996
2191:57.5 (1993): 67+.
2084:invades Manchuria
2072:Battle of Okinawa
2036:(February 9) and
2007:Indian Ocean raid
1934:Hiranuma Kiichirō
1843:League of Nations
1836:League of Nations
1809:Wakatsuki Reijirō
1698:Japanese Emperor
1658:Shigetarō Shimada
1608:Minobe Tatsukichi
1496:political parties
1223:League of Nations
993:and the Japanese
925:Meiji Restoration
892:Meiji Restoration
848:
847:
713:Foreign relations
658:
657:
641:Abe assassination
636:COVID-19 pandemic
608:Tōhoku earthquake
366:Satsuma Rebellion
328:Meiji Restoration
206:Kenmu Restoration
3988:
3915:Shinmin no Michi
3905:Internment camps
3817:French Indochina
3701:
3700:
3547:Taishō Democracy
3428:
3427:
3351:Japanese holdout
3238:
3237:
3162:Colonial Affairs
3096:
3095:
3023:Yokusan Sonendan
2929:
2921:
2913:
2897:
2896:
2823:Economic history
2782:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2734:
2715:
2660:
2634:
2612:
2586:
2569:
2507:
2488:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2330:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2215:Nishitani, Yuko
2213:
2207:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2179:
2172:
2090:(August 12–16).
2045:Battle of Saipan
2038:Battle of Tarawa
2027:Battle of Midway
1966:1941: Japan and
1957:French Indochina
1916:Nanjing massacre
1902:starts with the
1799:Osachi Hamaguchi
1706:on 29 April 1943
1625:, a graduate of
1586:Kijūrō Shidehara
1405:Saionji Kinmochi
1277:Osachi Hamaguchi
1266:Kijūrō Shidehara
1231:Great Depression
1169:established the
1163:civilian control
1124:colonial empires
1114:Economic factors
1108:unequal treaties
1083:, and supported
1019:Yamagata Aritomo
962:Yamagata Aritomo
960:, introduced by
869:
868:
865:
859:
858:
840:
833:
826:
670:
566:Economic miracle
481:Nanking incident
476:Financial crisis
313:Perry Expedition
287:
196:Mongol invasions
75:before 14,000 BC
65:
64:
60:
50:
40:History of Japan
27:
26:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3981:New Imperialism
3971:Empire of Japan
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3935:Yasukuni Shrine
3869:
3846:
3788:
3742:
3688:
3640:Tripartite Pact
3635:Rape of Nanking
3571:
3557:Tapani incident
3501:
3477:Boxer Rebellion
3435:
3415:
3379:
3370:
3319:
3310:
3245:
3225:
3219:Representatives
3187:
3184:
3183:Legislative and
3176:
3142:Foreign Affairs
3105:
3102:
3087:
2986:
2965:Government Seal
2950:Rising Sun Flag
2933:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2898:
2889:
2791:
2789:Empire of Japan
2786:
2731:
2712:
2657:
2631:
2609:
2599:Iudicium Verlag
2566:
2504:
2485:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2397:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2247:
2236:
2229:
2214:
2210:
2200:Martin, Bernd.
2199:
2195:
2186:
2182:
2174:Piers Brendon,
2173:
2169:
2165:
2117:
2082:(August 8) and
2068:Manila massacre
1963:(September 27).
1961:Tripartite Pact
1949:Mitsumasa Yonai
1892:Senjūrō Hayashi
1883:established in
1817:Mukden Incident
1813:Inukai Tsuyoshi
1769:
1725:
1702:as head of the
1692:
1686:
1631:Rikken Minseito
1627:Yale University
1576:Rikken Seiyūkai
1547:
1504:one-party state
1397:Japanese Empire
1345:Chiang Kai-shek
1333:Boxer Rebellion
1313:
1305:Inukai Tsuyoshi
1301:May 15 Incident
1289:Rikken Seiyukai
1262:Tetsuzan Nagata
1258:Jotaro Watanabe
1215:democratic rule
1207:
1199:Kazushige Ugaki
1159:
1116:
1079:activities and
1052:Hermann Roesler
1023:Kawakami Soroku
1011:Prime Ministers
921:
916:
896:Japanese defeat
876:Empire of Japan
866:
853:
844:
794:
793:
792:
672:
671:
668:
660:
659:
651:
650:
646:Noto earthquake
621:1989–2019
618:
617:
578:1926–1989
575:
536:Atomic bombings
511:Tripartite Pact
496:May 15 incident
486:Mukden Incident
457:1912–1926
454:
453:
424:1868–1912
421:
420:
396:Boxer Rebellion
341:1603–1868
338:
337:
285:
275:1573–1603
272:
271:
250:Azuchi–Momoyama
242:1336–1573
239:
238:
214:1185–1333
211:
210:
173:
172:
143:710 – 794
140:
129:538 – 710
126:
112:
98:
62:
61:
58:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3779:State of Burma
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3707:
3705:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3600:Musha Incident
3597:
3592:
3590:Jinan incident
3587:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3447:Beipu uprising
3444:
3438:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3411:Treaty Faction
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:Imperial Guard
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3101:Administration
3099:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2735:
2729:
2716:
2710:
2697:
2677:
2661:
2655:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2617:Gordon, Andrew
2613:
2608:978-3862052202
2607:
2587:
2570:
2564:
2551:
2531:
2511:Dower, John W.
2508:
2502:
2489:
2483:
2467:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2410:
2395:
2377:
2351:
2325:
2312:
2305:
2287:
2275:
2260:
2245:
2227:
2208:
2193:
2180:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2064:Kantarō Suzuki
2052:
2041:
2040:(November 23).
2030:
2011:Doolittle Raid
1995:
1994:(December 25).
1964:
1945:
1930:
1919:
1896:Konoe Fumimaro
1888:
1885:Inner Mongolia
1879:(December 3).
1857:
1856:(December 29).
1846:
1839:
1820:
1805:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1789:prime minister
1781:
1768:
1765:
1753:Tokyo tribunal
1724:
1721:
1688:Main article:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1666:
1654:Sōkichi Takagi
1650:
1647:Fumimaro Konoe
1620:
1617:House of Peers
1615:Minobe in the
1605:
1596:, director of
1590:
1583:
1580:prime minister
1546:
1543:
1488:Konoe Fumimaro
1312:
1309:
1235:trade barriers
1206:
1203:
1158:
1155:
1115:
1112:
920:
917:
915:
912:
846:
845:
843:
842:
835:
828:
820:
817:
816:
815:
814:
809:
804:
796:
795:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
725:
723:Historiography
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
674:
673:
667:
666:
665:
662:
661:
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649:
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632:
626:
623:
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619:
616:
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610:
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589:
583:
580:
579:
576:
574:
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568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
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508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
467:
459:
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363:
358:
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315:
310:
305:
303:Siege of Osaka
300:
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289:
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277:
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273:
270:
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259:
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247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
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234:Sengoku period
231:
225:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
208:
203:
198:
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187:
181:
178:
177:
176:794–1185
174:
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165:
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154:
148:
145:
144:
141:
134:
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127:
120:
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106:
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88:
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73:
63:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
43:
42:
36:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3993:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:Shōwa Statism
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
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3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Fukoku kyōhei
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
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3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
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3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:Puppet states
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
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3648:
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3643:
3641:
3638:
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3628:
3626:
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3621:
3618:
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3613:
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3608:
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3603:
3601:
3598:
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3593:
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3582:
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3574:
3568:
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3558:
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3508:
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3470:
3468:
3465:
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3455:
3453:
3450:
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3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Fleet Faction
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:General Staff
3384:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:General Staff
3324:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3279:military code
3278:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:Imperial Diet
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:Privy Council
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Home Ministry
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
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3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
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3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
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3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Imperial Seal
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Flag of Japan
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2908:
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2859:
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2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
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2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2730:0-88229-217-X
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2711:0-312-23915-7
2707:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2630:0-19-511061-7
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:Ito, Tomohide
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2565:0-7007-1315-8
2561:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:The New Press
2538:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2503:0-321-07802-0
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2484:0-19-822168-1
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2396:9780500518021
2392:
2388:
2381:
2366:
2365:Atlas Obscura
2362:
2355:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2319:Hillis, Lory
2316:
2308:
2306:0-321-07802-0
2302:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:Kuniaki Koiso
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:Sanko sakusen
2017:(May 4 – 8).
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:, crushed by
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1850:Keisuke Okada
1847:
1844:
1840:
1838:(December 7).
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:Tanaka Giichi
1782:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:Postwar Japan
1720:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1678:
1674:
1671:, creator of
1670:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:, had become
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:Japanese Diet
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:secret trials
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:, recognized
1410:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1349:Kwantung Army
1346:
1342:
1341:Tanaka Giichi
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:Taishō period
1202:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:fukoku kyōhei
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:General Staff
992:
988:
983:
980:
976:
974:
967:
963:
959:
954:
951:
950:
949:Fukoku Kyohei
945:
941:
937:
936:
930:
926:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
864:
852:
841:
836:
834:
829:
827:
822:
821:
819:
818:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
798:
797:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
664:
663:
653:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
631:
630:
625:
624:
620:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
588:
587:
582:
581:
577:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:Anpo protests
559:
557:
556:Postwar Japan
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
466:
465:
461:
460:
456:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
434:
433:
428:
427:
423:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
351:
350:
345:
344:
340:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
288:
284:
279:
278:
274:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
252:
251:
246:
245:
241:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
224:
223:
218:
217:
213:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
186:
185:
180:
179:
175:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
153:
152:
147:
146:
142:
139:
138:
133:
132:
128:
125:
124:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
105:
104:
100:
97:
96:
91:
90:
86:
84:
83:
79:
78:
74:
72:
71:
67:
66:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
41:
38:
37:
33:
29:
28:
25:
22:
3878:Other topics
3714:
3552:Taishō Roman
3306:Conscription
3276:
3268:
3243:Armed Forces
3103:(ministries)
3003:Charter Oath
2998:Constitution
2880:State Shinto
2863:Essentialism
2852:
2813:Demographics
2739:
2720:
2701:
2681:
2665:
2646:
2638:
2620:
2594:
2574:
2555:
2535:
2515:
2493:
2474:
2451:
2430:. Retrieved
2425:
2386:
2380:
2370:February 21,
2368:. Retrieved
2364:
2354:
2344:February 21,
2342:. Retrieved
2338:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2296:
2290:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2239:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2183:
2175:
2170:
2080:war on Japan
1980:Pearl Harbor
1968:Soviet Union
1942:Nobuyuki Abe
1925:(March 24).
1832:Saitō Makoto
1743:. After the
1737:World War II
1726:
1709:
1572:Hara Takashi
1566:
1559:
1548:
1531:
1524:
1502:, forming a
1485:
1481:
1438:
1402:
1383:
1372:
1357:
1353:Zhang Zuolin
1330:
1321:Zhengyangmen
1298:
1287:
1280:
1270:
1255:
1248:
1240:coups d'état
1208:
1205:Expansionism
1195:
1160:
1128:
1117:
1089:
1085:expansionism
1077:paramilitary
1071:
1064:
1045:
1039:
1017:and General
1015:Katsura Tarō
999:Jakob Meckel
984:
970:
955:
947:
939:
932:
929:Meiji period
922:
900:World War II
888:conscription
850:
849:
736:Christianity
627:
593:Lost Decades
584:
521:World War II
470:
462:
430:
347:
282:
257:Nanban trade
248:
220:
182:
149:
135:
121:
107:
93:
80:
68:
24:
3920:Shōwa Modan
3895:Hakkō ichiu
3832:Philippines
3719:after 1943)
3697:Territories
3655:Pacific War
3515:World War I
3391:Air Service
3331:Air Service
3204:Gozen Kaigi
2920:(Yoshihito)
2912:(Mutsuhito)
2858:Nationalism
2803:Agriculture
2224:, p. 29 n6.
2023:Philippines
1988:Pacific War
1976:Hideki Tōjō
1869:Kōki Hirota
1845:(March 27).
1828:Henry Pu Yi
1791:(April 20).
1751:before the
1739:and by the
1669:Kanō Jigorō
1663:Hideki Tōjō
1623:Saitō Takao
1520:Hideki Tōjō
1465:Pacific War
1434:disarmament
1250:hakko ichiu
1209:During the
1120:Great Power
1069:(1881) and
1047:Kriegsspiel
944:imperialism
688:Earthquakes
531:Pacific War
439:World War I
70:Paleolithic
3960:Categories
3684:Occupation
3507:Taishō era
3452:Boshin War
3296:War crimes
3092:Government
3068:Tonarigumi
2975:Privy Seal
2970:State Seal
2928:(Hirohito)
2853:Militarism
2808:Censorship
2583:B000OI0VTI
2539:New York:
2519:New York:
2455:New York:
2426:HistoryNet
1778:his father
1749:war crimes
1716:Westernism
1594:Takuma Dan
1483:on Japan.
1072:Kokuryukai
1042:Clausewitz
894:until the
890:after the
880:militarism
603:Cool Japan
471:Militarism
333:Boshin War
286:(Tokugawa)
168:Genpei War
19:See also:
3885:Sonnō jōi
3837:Singapore
3822:Hong Kong
3784:Azad Hind
3759:Mengjiang
3754:Manchukuo
3728:Kantō-shū
3670:Surrender
3577:Shōwa era
3562:Truku War
3433:Meiji era
3401:Tokkeitai
3366:Kempeitai
3277:Senjinkun
3194:Daijō-kan
3157:Munitions
3038:Mokusatsu
2828:Education
2405:990574229
2272:, p. 429.
2242:, p. 161.
2029:(June 6).
1999:Singapore
1992:Hong Kong
1881:Mengjiang
1824:Manchukuo
1551:Shōwa era
1506:based on
1413:Manchukuo
1227:Shōwa era
1143:Indochina
1139:Manchuria
1098:and over
1067:Gen'yōsha
1031:artillery
1027:divisions
727:Religion
718:Geography
703:Education
698:Era names
323:Bakumatsu
262:Imjin War
222:Muromachi
201:Genkō War
191:Jōkyū War
3863:Yen bloc
3851:Ideology
3842:Thailand
3711:Karafuto
3704:Colonies
3291:Kamikaze
3234:Military
3137:Treasury
2991:Policies
2982:Kimigayo
2903:Emperors
2870:Politics
2838:Eugenics
2796:Overview
2743:Albany:
2685:Berlin:
2619:(2003).
2593:(2019).
2513:(1999).
2473:(1991).
2257:, p. 74.
2219:(2008).
2205:, p. 31.
2115:See also
1865:Hirohito
1787:becomes
1774:Hirohito
1767:Timeline
1757:pacifism
1731:and the
1700:Hirohito
1652:Admiral
1589:country.
1463:and the
1282:Minseito
1279:and his
1151:zaibatsu
1013:General
904:pacifism
884:military
872:ideology
870:was the
812:Timeline
802:Glossary
773:Post-war
768:Politics
758:Military
731:Buddhism
683:Currency
184:Kamakura
32:a series
30:Part of
3424:History
3396:Marines
3033:Kokutai
2938:Symbols
2918:Taishō
2875:Statism
2818:Economy
2432:June 8,
2284:p. 162.
2282:Welch,
2094:of the
1970:sign a
1912:Nanjing
1908:Beiping
1877:Qingdao
1538:bombers
1478:in 1942
1445:Germany
1399:in 1939
1325:Beijing
1102:in the
1056:Emperor
979:Prussia
973:kokutai
940:samurai
935:samurai
914:History
874:in the
807:History
746:Judaism
693:Economy
59:Periods
3827:Malaya
3802:Borneo
3738:Taiwan
3733:Nan'yō
3723:Chōsen
3716:naichi
2926:Shōwa
2910:Meiji
2885:Kazoku
2833:System
2751:
2727:
2708:
2693:
2673:
2653:
2627:
2605:
2581:
2562:
2547:
2527:
2500:
2481:
2463:
2403:
2393:
2303:
2217:et al.
1997:1942:
1947:1940:
1932:1939:
1927:Canton
1921:1938:
1890:1937:
1848:1934:
1797:1929:
1783:1927:
1772:1926:
1598:Mitsui
1592:Baron
1534:kimono
1368:Mukden
1147:rubber
1135:Taiwan
1100:Russia
989:, the
857:日本軍国主義
783:Sports
751:Shinto
708:Empire
669:Topics
586:Heisei
432:Taishō
308:Sakoku
34:on the
3807:Burma
3520:Entry
3214:Peers
3078:Senbu
3063:Tokkō
2163:Notes
1449:Italy
1409:genrō
763:Naval
741:Islam
629:Reiwa
464:Shōwa
349:Meiji
151:Heian
123:Asuka
109:Kofun
95:Yayoi
82:Jōmon
3132:Navy
3127:Army
2749:ISBN
2725:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2671:ISBN
2651:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2579:ASIN
2560:ISBN
2545:ISBN
2525:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2479:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2434:2018
2401:OCLC
2391:ISBN
2372:2020
2346:2020
2301:ISBN
1673:Judo
1635:Diet
1474:The
1395:The
1358:The
1260:and
137:Nara
3122:War
1645:by
1323:of
1145:'s
898:in
283:Edo
3962::
3676:,
2747:.
2689:.
2601:.
2597:.
2543:.
2523:.
2459:.
2424:.
2413:^
2399:.
2363:.
2337:.
2230:^
2110:).
2005:.
1867:.
1557:.
1467:.
1296:.
1110:.
860:,
3713:(
3680:)
3672:(
2781:e
2774:t
2767:v
2733:.
2714:.
2659:.
2633:.
2611:.
2585:.
2568:.
2506:.
2487:.
2436:.
2407:.
2374:.
2348:.
2309:.
1918:.
1887:.
1649:.
1604:.
1447:(
975:)
971:(
933:-
867:)
854:(
839:e
832:t
825:v
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