1750:
156:
1917:
1824:. Abu Taghlib and his Uqaylid allies attacked Ramla in August, but were defeated and captured on 29 August by the Jarrahids, who by then regained Fadl's support. The latter requested Mufarrij hand over Abu Taghlib to Caliph al-Aziz, but fearing Abu Taghlib could be potentially used by the Fatimids against him, Mufarrij killed him and sent his head to the caliph instead. Mufarrij's execution of Abu Taghlib spelled the official end of the Hamdanids of
2115:
1904:, as caliph in Ramla. Al-Hakim bribed the Jarrahids to end their revolt, and afterward al-Hasan returned to Mecca, while Abu'l Qasim fled to Iraq. The Jarrahids continued to dominate Palestine and sought to entrench their rule by appealing for support among the local Christians. To that end, Mufarrij contributed to the restoration of the
2082:
in 1035/36. In 1038, the
Jarrahids participated in al-Dizbari's conquest of Mirdasid-held Aleppo. As a result, Hassan was forced into confinement in Constantinople until 1040 as a means to prevent his tribe, with its unstable allegiances, from potentially attacking Antioch. The last mention of Hassan
2145:
Canard describes the
Jarrahids as a "turbulent family who were not without significance as pawns on the chess-board of Syria in the 10th–11th centuries, whom the Fatimids alternately attacked and wooed, whom the Byzantines succeeded in using, but who seem to have created for themselves, in their own
1831:
Fadl soon after turned against
Mufarrij, but was recalled to Cairo by Caliph al-Aziz, essentially leaving the Jarrahids as the virtual rulers of Palestine. Between 979 and 980, the Jarrahids plundered and laid waste to al-Ramla and the countryside of Palestine, prompting a Fatimid expedition against
2060:
The
Byzantines and Fatimids entered into peace negotiations in 1032 and Hassan was present in the discussions in Constantinople. The Byzantines stipulated the restoration of Jarrahid governorship in Palestine under Fatimid suzerainty as a condition for peace, but az-Zahir refused. The Fatimids'
1940:
Al-Hakim switched his approach to the
Jarrahids from diplomacy to punitive military force in August 1013. Ali and Mahmud surrendered to the advancing Fatimid army, while al-Hakim had Mufarrij poisoned to death. Hassan, whose ambition was to rule Palestine, fled but later gained a pardon from
1895:
asserts that this represented the "high point in the fortunes of the
Jarrahid leaders". At that point, the Jarrahids controlled the entire interior of Palestine from the boundary with Egypt up to Tiberias. Under Hassan and Abu'l Qasim's initiative, the Jarrahids attacked and captured Yarukh,
2022:
The
Jarrahids and the Byzantines struck an alliance in 1030. Hassan's envoys were received by the Byzantines in Antioch and given a cross-adorned flag to represent Hassan and a message promising them the restoration of Palestine to their tribe. The tribe also nominally embraced
1992:. The Jarrahids launched an all out war in September to release their men, destroying Tiberias, besieging Ramla and freeing their men by forging release authorization documents. They forced al-Dizbari to flee Ramla, which they plundered, and gained a Fatimid concession to grant
2007:. Nonetheless, they overcame a Fatimid army dispatched by az-Zahir that year at Ascalon and Hassan entered Ramla. After Sinan's death, his nephew and successor defected to the Fatimids, while the Jarrahids and Mirdasids continued their rebellion. They were defeated in the
1960:. Such an alliance between the three principal Arab tribes of the Levant was unprecedented and was meant to prevent outsider dominance of the Syrian desert and steppe. According to the pact's terms, the Jarrahids would rule Palestine, while the Kalb and Kilab (under the
1896:
al-Hakim's appointee to the governorship of
Damascus, in the vicinity of Gaza while he was on his way to Damascus. They concurrently occupied Ramla, and soon after Hassan had Yarukh killed. They further challenged al-Hakim's authority by proclaiming
1722:
Egypt in 972 CE. Two years later, a certain Hassan ibn al-Jarrah (possibly the same person as
Daghfal) was a commander of auxiliaries in the Qarmatian army during a second invasion of Egypt. Hassan accepted a bribe to defect by the Fatimid caliph
2164:
clan, while Mira and Faraj became the ancestors of the Al Mira and Al Faraj clans, respectively. Collectively, these clans formed the Banu Rabi'a, and together with their allies, they dominated the desert and steppe regions between the
2130:, who conquered the Levantine coast in 1099, and the Fatimids, whose rule had been limited to Egypt since 1071. This prompted Toghtekin to expel Fadl from Syria, after which he formed an alliance with Sadaqa, the chieftain of the Arab
2027:
as part of the
Jarrahid agreement with the Byzantines. A Jarrahid-Byzantine coalition was soon after defeated by the Mirdasids. Hassan rekindled his former alliance with the Kalb and together their tribesmen attacked the Fatimids in
2103:, in 1066/67. Hazim had sons named Badr and Rabi'a. According to Syrian historian Mustafa A. Hiyari, information on Rabi'a in the medieval sources is confused, though he most likely was an emir of Bedouin auxiliaries for the
1669:. Their presence in Palestine was intermittent; they controlled the region in 977–981/82, 1011–1013, 1024–1029, and circa 1041. During a period of conflict with the Fatimids, the Jarrahids had relocated to the vicinity of
2040:
persuaded Hassan and the Tayy to relocate their encampments to Byzantine territory near Antioch and the 20,000-strong Tayy migrated to al-Ruj in northwestern Syria. There, they faced down two Fatimid assaults at
1987:
and deprive him of the revenues, which ended with the killing of Anushtakin's soldiers. This escalated the conflict with the Jarrahids, particularly after Anushtakin imprisoned two of Hassan's chief aides in
2065:
in Palestine, but the attempt failed. The Fatimids and Byzantines ultimately concluded a ten-year peace treaty, without consideration of the Jarrahids' interests, in 1035. Afterward, Hassan and his son
1832:
them in 981. That year, the Jarrahids revolted against the Fatimids while their army was besieging Damascus. The Jarrahids were joined by the remnants of Abu Taghlib's army and the Arab governor of
1601:. They fought alongside the Byzantines in several confrontations with regional Muslim powers. After 1041, there were only scattered mentions of the Jarrahids, namely regarding Hassan's nephews,
2111:(r. 1103–1128). Nothing more about him is mentioned in the sources, but the military activities of his sons, Mira and Fadl, are noted. His other sons were Daghfal, Thabit and Faraj.
1820:
control of Ramla in place of the Jarrahids; by doing this, Fadl sought to stifle a brewing alliance between the main regional Arab powers at the time, the Jarrahids, Hamdanids and
1566:
in reward for military services. Mufarrij lost favor with the Fatimids, who drove the Jarrahids out of Palestine when they plundered Ramla in 981. Afterward, the Jarrahids raided
2061:
rejection of this condition contributed to the collapse of the peace talks. The following year, the Jarrahids offered their loyalty to al-Dizbari in exchange for their former
1470:
2083:
is in 1041, by which point the Jarrahids had been permitted by the Fatimids to re-enter Palestine. Hassan's rule at the time was opposed by the Fatimid governor of Damascus.
3018:
1574:
pilgrim caravans and vacillated between the Fatimids, Byzantines and individual Muslim rulers in Syria. By 1011–12, the Jarrahids controlled all of interior Palestine up to
1782:
2702:
The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'L-Ta'Rikh.: The Years 491-541/1097-1146 the Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response
2273:
1876:
1868:, Bakjur and the Fatimids. By 997, the Jarrahids had attempted to sack Ramla, but were forced back and fled to the Jabal Aja and Salma mountains in northern
1762:
1590:
1749:
2067:
1463:
3011:
1586:
then paid Mufarrij to end the rebellion, but not long after dispatched an expedition against the Jarrahids in which they were driven from Palestine.
2912:
Hiyari, Mustafa A. (1975). "The Origins and Development of the Amīrate of the Arabs during the Seventh/Thirteenth and Eighth/Fourteenth Centuries".
1531:
in Syria who "created for themselves, in their own best interests, a rule of duplicity, treason and pillage". They were the ruling family of the
2099:. Afterward, the nephews were captured and jailed in Cairo. Their release was requested by the Fatimid general and descendant of the Hamdanids,
1975:
as the military governor of Palestine, which the Jarrahids opposed. In 1024, one of Hassan's sons and another Bedouin chieftain sacked Ayla and
3260:
2095:
and Humayd ibn Mahmud likely backed Abd al-Sharif ibn Abi'l Jann in his attempt to wrest control of Damascus from the troops of Fatimid vizier
1456:
2195:(1260–1516), the post became hereditary within the house of Al Fadl, who had authority over the Bedouin of northern Syria and held numerous
3004:
1888:
2015:
by the Fatimids under general al-Dizbari in 1029, after which Hassan fled Palestine. The Fatimids consequently transferred the Jarrahids'
2804:
1979:, which the Fatimid central government was unable to respond to. Instead, Anushtakin took the initiative to extract taxes from Hassan's
1964:) would rule Damascus and Aleppo, respectively. Al-Hakim's reign ended with his mysterious death in 1021 and he was succeeded by Caliph
2843:
Cappel, Andrew J. (1994). "The Byzantine Response to the 'Arab (10th–11th Centuries)". In Dyck, Andrew Roy; Takács, Sarolta A. (eds.).
2003:
The Tayy, Kalb and Kilab renewed their alliance in 1024/25, but their appeal for support from the Byzantines was rebuffed by Emperor
1887:, "an opportunity occurred for Mufarrij to play a part of genuine political significance" in 1012 when the disgraced Fatimid vizier,
1674:
1593:, who regained control of Palestine. He entered the Tayy into an alliance with Kalb and Kilab, which dominated Syria until its
1528:
1852:. Afterward, Mufarrij returned to Palestine, only to be defeated again by the Fatimids. This time, Mufarrij fled north toward
2878:
1897:
1579:
1702:. The first member of the Banu al-Jarrah to be mentioned in the historical record was Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah, an ally of the
3027:
1805:
in southern Palestine before transferring him to the Fatimids. In return for the Jarrahids' support, al-Aziz made Mufarrij
3145:
1836:, a certain Bishara. The Jarrahids were ultimately driven out of Palestine that year by the Fatimids and fled toward the
2821:
2049:. The Jarrahids later raided Afamiya on behalf of the Byzantines and assisted the latter with capturing the fortress of
2260:
1770:
1758:
1744:
1555:
2986:
2902:
2854:
2780:
2714:
2490:
2268:
Son of Daghfal. Governed Palestine on behalf of the Fatimids, whom he often rebelled against and reconciled with.
422:
2962:
1102:
667:
1905:
2770:
597:
2281:
Son of Mufarrij. Governed Palestine on behalf of Fatimids and later became an ally of the Byzantines.
3255:
2100:
1848:. Another Fatimid punitive expedition was launched against them, but was routed by the Jarrahids at
2846:
Presence of Byzantium: Studies Presented to Milton V. Anastos in Honor of his Eighty-Fifth Birthday
2192:
1346:
17:
1936:, where they served as allies of the Byzantines in their campaigns against regional Muslim states.
3245:
2870:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
2482:
People, Land and Water in the Arab Middle East: Environments and Landscapes in the Bilad ash-Sham
1092:
1765:
intermittently governed, controlled or plundered Ramla in the late 10th and early 11th centuries
3103:
2075:
1497:
1197:
1142:
2706:
1948:
In 1019, Hassan, as a representative of the Tayy, entered his tribe into an alliance with the
3199:
2950:
2480:
2008:
1972:
1880:
1594:
1583:
1187:
1157:
2295:
Nephews of Hassan. Little is known of them other than their rebellion against the Fatimids.
1714:(District of Palestine). Daghfal provided safe haven for an officer of the Qarmatian ruler,
3211:
2204:
1715:
1331:
1212:
112:
1597:. As a result, the Jarrahids moved their encampments close to their Byzantine allies near
8:
2311:
1606:
1421:
432:
89:
2597:
Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan (1993). "Muhanna, Banu". In Bosworth, C. E.; et al. (eds.).
737:
3043:
2937:
2929:
1642:
1512:
1127:
892:
777:
637:
362:
297:
2996:
717:
3085:
3079:
3055:
3049:
2982:
2958:
2941:
2898:
2874:
2850:
2831:
2776:
2710:
2486:
1945:
in Palestine. Afterward, Hassan assisted al-Hakim in his expeditions against Aleppo.
1719:
1658:
1563:
1237:
1082:
687:
327:
317:
307:
192:
59:
1727:, and his defection resulted in the rout of the Qarmatian force at the outskirts of
3115:
3097:
3067:
2921:
2079:
1957:
1929:
1865:
1813:
1391:
1387:
1376:
1357:
1022:
1002:
982:
902:
697:
577:
502:
492:
442:
372:
272:
222:
63:
2215:. The Al Mira's emirs held similar authority under the Mamluks and were known as
2183:
1793:
to collect the 100,000 gold dinar-bounty placed on his head by the Fatimid caliph
3169:
3139:
3109:
2976:
2892:
2868:
2864:
2844:
2700:
2223:) in the southern Syrian Desert. The Al Fadl continued to wield influence during
2178:
1916:
1901:
1892:
1666:
1488:
1327:
1297:
1062:
1052:
962:
942:
832:
767:
727:
707:
617:
542:
532:
522:
482:
452:
392:
382:
262:
212:
2070:
are mentioned on occasion, such as their assistance in the Byzantine defense of
1932:
persuaded the Jarrahids to relocate their encampments close to his territory in
3205:
3193:
3181:
3133:
2816:
2812:
2224:
2096:
2054:
1646:
1516:
1402:
1312:
1256:
1032:
922:
852:
552:
2951:"Turks in the Political and Military Life of Eleventh-Century Egypt and Syria"
2925:
2091:
The Jarrahids were mentioned in the sources in 1065/66, when Hassan's nephews
3250:
3239:
3175:
3163:
3151:
3127:
2835:
2808:
2800:
2286:
2135:
2104:
2092:
2012:
1884:
1778:
1711:
1630:
1618:
1602:
1536:
1524:
1520:
1282:
787:
647:
120:
1523:
in the late 10th and early 11th centuries. They were described by historian
155:
2972:
2212:
2181:
rule in Syria (1182–1260), the emirs of Al Fadl and Al Faraj alternated as
2139:
2123:
2024:
1965:
1802:
1724:
1662:
1650:
1286:
757:
512:
2142:
to block the desert route to Sadaqa "was the last that was heard of him".
1864:, in late 982. During the next ten years, Mufarrij vacillated between the
2037:
1984:
1921:
1857:
1849:
1817:
1731:
and the subsequent Fatimid reoccupation of Palestine and Syria as far as
1146:
912:
822:
607:
462:
412:
104:
3223:
3217:
2320:
2131:
1953:
1821:
1703:
1614:
1551:
1544:
1432:
1072:
1042:
872:
677:
242:
2933:
3073:
2897:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2888:
2200:
2166:
2127:
2114:
2108:
1961:
1949:
1790:
1786:
1699:
1654:
1610:
1540:
1417:
1372:
1342:
1267:
1252:
657:
627:
232:
172:
116:
49:
2327:
dynasty which dominated the Bedouin of Syria until the 18th century
3157:
3121:
3061:
2004:
1989:
1976:
1833:
1774:
1732:
1707:
1575:
1550:
The Jarrahids first emerged in the Muslim sources as allies of the
1201:
972:
932:
882:
842:
747:
402:
352:
252:
3031:
2324:
2161:
2155:
2033:
1933:
1794:
1773:, entered the historical record during the Fatimid struggle with
1670:
1626:
1622:
1598:
1558:. In 973, the latter secured the governorship of Palestine, with
1361:
1271:
1241:
1176:
1012:
992:
952:
862:
797:
587:
202:
138:
38:
2208:
2071:
2050:
2042:
2029:
1993:
1869:
1861:
1781:
commander who took over Damascus. Alptakin was defeated at the
1436:
1316:
1172:
182:
108:
2126:(d. 1233) as an emir, who, in 1107/08, vacillated between the
3187:
2174:
2046:
1845:
1837:
1825:
1798:
1754:
1728:
1567:
1559:
1406:
1161:
1131:
100:
2234:
1698:
tribe. The Jarrahids initially controlled fortresses in the
2170:
2146:
best interests, a rule of duplicity, treason and pillage".
1853:
1841:
1695:
1694:
The Jarrahids (Banu al-Jarrah) were the ruling clan of the
1678:
1571:
1532:
1508:
1301:
1605:
and Humayd ibn Mahmud in the 1060s, and Hazim's grandson,
2772:
The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century
1718:, when the latter departed to lead an expedition against
3026:
1812:
In 979, the Fatimid general Fadl ibn Salih offered the
1578:
and defied the Fatimids by declaring their own caliph,
2978:
Syria Under Islam: Empire on Trial, 634–1097, Volume 1
2914:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
2485:. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 36.
2138:. According to Ibn al-Athir, after Fadl's entry into
1891:, took refuge with Mufarrij's son Hassan. Historian
1502:
2955:
The Influence ff Human Mobility In Muslim Societies
2122:Fadl is described in the 13th-century chronicle of
1673:in 1030 and in 1031 relocated their encampments to
1589:Mufarrij died in 1013 and was succeeded by his son
1883:in his military campaigns. According to historian
1757:and its surroundings in 1895. The Jarrahids under
2478:
3237:
2601:(2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 461–462.
2255:First Jarrahid to be noted in medieval sources.
2118:Genealogy of the Jarrahids and their descendants
1856:where he was given safe haven by the Hamdanids'
2755:
2753:
2479:Lancaster, William; Williams, Fidelity (1999).
1641:The Jarrahids intermittently held territory in
2694:
2692:
2690:
2592:
2590:
2588:
3012:
2569:
2567:
2565:
1464:
2750:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
1844:pilgrim caravan on its return to Syria from
1797:. The Jarrahids detained Alptakin either at
1609:, who at times was an ally of the Fatimids,
2687:
2585:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2187:("commanders of the Bedouin tribes"; sing.
2160:Fadl ibn Rabi'ah was the progenitor of the
2019:in Palestine to more friendly Arab tribes.
1908:, which al-Hakim destroyed in prior years.
1875:In later years, Mufarrij had his sons Ali,
1554:, and grew prominent under their chieftain
1535:tribe, one of the three powerful tribes of
1527:(1888–1982) as a significant player in the
3019:
3005:
2822:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2562:
2472:
1785:in 977, and Mufarrij captured him between
1471:
1457:
2830:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 482–485.
2762:
2669:
2655:
2630:
2134:dynasty in Iraq, before defecting to the
1941:al-Hakim, who restored to him Mufarrij's
1625:dynasty whose emirs came to dominate the
2698:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2499:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2397:
2339:
2113:
1915:
1748:
2863:
2614:
1872:, the ancestral territory of the Tayy.
1657:southeast of the Jordan, and the north
14:
3238:
2971:
2911:
2842:
2799:
2768:
2596:
3261:Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphate
3000:
2535:
2443:
2230:
2219:("kings of the Bedouin tribes; sing.
2873:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
2306:Nothing is known of his activities.
1738:
149:Historical Arab states and dynasties
2948:
2887:
2775:. Librairie du Liban. p. 201.
2169:valley in the north to the central
2086:
1879:and Mahmud, aid the Fatimid caliph
1492:
24:
2036:in the desert. Afterward, Emperor
1911:
1840:. In June 982, they plundered the
1745:Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah
1621:. He became the progenitor of the
1556:Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah
1511:dynasty that intermittently ruled
25:
3272:
1952:under Sinan ibn Sulayman and the
81:Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah (circa 971)
2894:A History of Palestine, 634–1099
1971:In 1023, the Fatimids installed
1539:at the time; the other two were
570:Western dynasties and caliphates
154:
2792:
2769:Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan (1982).
2741:
2732:
2723:
2646:
2605:
2599:Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 7
2576:
2553:
1582:, at Ramla. The Fatimid caliph
2953:. In Hidemitsu, Kuroki (ed.).
2705:. Ashgate Publishing. p.
2526:
2517:
2149:
1677:, an area between Antioch and
1595:defeat by the Fatimids in 1029
13:
1:
2333:
1689:
130:Mid-11th/Early 12th centuries
1906:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1636:
7:
1503:
290:Arab empires and caliphates
10:
3277:
2153:
1742:
1684:
3039:
2981:. Delmar: Caravan Books.
2926:10.1017/s0041977x00048060
2759:Hiyari 1975, pp. 516–517.
2729:Hiyari 1975, pp. 513–514.
2652:Cappel 1994, pp. 125–126.
2582:Canard 1965, pp. 483–484.
2101:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan
134:
126:
96:
85:
77:
69:
55:
45:
37:
32:
2747:Hiyari 1975, pp. 512–513
2699:Richards, D. S. (2010).
1633:until the 18th century.
1562:at its center, from the
598:Umayyad state of Córdoba
3094:(970–11th/12th century)
2559:Gil 1997, pp. 354–355.
2191:). However, under the
2119:
2032:until being driven to
1937:
1766:
1529:Byzantine–Fatimid wars
2573:Kennedy 2004, p. 286.
2289:and Humayd ibn Mahmud
2249:Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah
2199:, including Palmyra,
2177:in the south. During
2117:
2009:Battle of al-Uqhuwana
2000:, but not Jerusalem.
1973:Anushtakin al-Dizbari
1919:
1889:Abu'l Qasim al-Husayn
1809:(governor) of Ramla.
1777:, a Qarmatian-backed
1752:
1188:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1103:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
3224:Hashemites of Jordan
2949:Lev, Yaacov (2003).
2738:Hiyari 1975, p. 515.
2684:Hiyari 1975, p. 513.
2666:Cappel 1994, p. 126.
2643:Cappel 1994, p. 125.
2627:Lev 2003, pp. 48–49.
2514:Canard 1965, p. 482.
2469:Cappel 1994, p. 124.
2440:Canard 1965, p. 483.
2394:Canard 1965, p. 484.
2261:Mufarrij ibn Daghfal
1759:Mufarrij ibn Daghfal
1716:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
3178:(16th–19th century)
3172:(15th–19th century)
3124:(11th–12th century)
3076:(10th–11th century)
2523:Abu Izzedin, p. 50.
2303:early 12th century.
2274:Hassan ibn Mufarrij
2107:ruler of Damascus,
1898:al-Hasan ibn Ja'far
1661:mountain ranges of
1580:al-Hasan ibn Ja'far
165:Ancient Arab states
3218:Hashemites of Iraq
2231:List of chieftains
2120:
1938:
1767:
1706:. He was based in
1649:plain east of the
1230:Current monarchies
893:Sharifate of Mecca
363:Emirate of Tbilisi
353:Emirate of Armenia
203:Kingdom of Osroene
3233:
3232:
3028:Islamic dynasties
2880:978-0-582-40525-7
2550:Gil 1997, p. 355.
2532:Gil 1997, p. 351.
2460:Gil 1997, p. 358.
2331:
2330:
2300:Rabi'ah ibn Hazim
2205:Maarrat al-Nu'man
1739:Reign of Muffarij
1564:Fatimid Caliphate
1501:
1481:
1480:
1446:
1445:
1221:
1220:
1213:Tippu Tip's State
1111:
1110:
1083:Emirate of Beihan
815:Arabian Peninsula
806:
805:
561:
560:
345:Eastern dynasties
336:
335:
281:
280:
193:Nabataean Kingdom
183:Kingdom of Lihyan
144:
143:
60:Fatimid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
3268:
3256:History of Ramla
3021:
3014:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2973:Salibi, Kamal S.
2968:
2945:
2908:
2884:
2860:
2839:
2787:
2786:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2696:
2685:
2682:
2667:
2664:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2628:
2625:
2612:
2611:Lev 2003, p. 47.
2609:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2497:
2496:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2441:
2438:
2395:
2392:
2319:Son of Rabi'ah.
2312:Fadl ibn Rabi'ah
2235:
2087:Later chieftains
1958:Salih ibn Mirdas
1930:Byzantine Empire
1926:depicted on coin
1710:, the center of
1700:Sharat mountains
1655:Sharat mountains
1607:Fadl ibn Rabi'ah
1506:
1496:
1494:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1234:
1233:
1198:Nabahani dynasty
1143:Nabahani dynasty
1128:Makhzumi dynasty
1124:
1123:
819:
818:
574:
573:
373:Emirate of Crete
349:
348:
294:
293:
273:Kingdom of Kinda
223:Kingdom of Hatra
173:Kingdom of Qedar
169:
168:
158:
146:
145:
90:Fadl ibn Rabi'ah
64:Byzantine Empire
30:
29:
21:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3035:
3025:
2995:
2989:
2965:
2905:
2881:
2857:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2697:
2688:
2683:
2670:
2665:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2631:
2626:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2595:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2500:
2493:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2444:
2439:
2398:
2393:
2340:
2336:
2292:circa 1065–1067
2233:
2184:umara al-'ʿarab
2158:
2152:
2089:
1914:
1912:Reign of Hassan
1902:Sharif of Mecca
1783:Battle of Ramla
1769:Daghfal's son,
1747:
1741:
1692:
1687:
1639:
1521:northern Arabia
1515:and controlled
1477:
1448:
1447:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1158:Mahdali dynasty
1121:
1113:
1112:
1053:Muscat and Oman
823:Imamate of Oman
816:
808:
807:
571:
563:
562:
346:
338:
337:
291:
283:
282:
213:Emesene Dynasty
166:
119:
117:Jibal al-Sharat
115:
111:
107:
103:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3246:Arab dynasties
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3226:(1921–present)
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2969:
2963:
2957:. Kegan Paul.
2946:
2920:(3): 509–524.
2909:
2903:
2885:
2879:
2861:
2855:
2849:. A. Hakkert.
2840:
2805:"D̲j̲arrāḥids"
2801:Canard, Marius
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2761:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2715:
2686:
2668:
2654:
2645:
2629:
2613:
2604:
2584:
2575:
2561:
2552:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2498:
2491:
2471:
2462:
2442:
2396:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2221:malik al-'arab
2154:Main article:
2151:
2148:
2097:Badr al-Jamali
2088:
2085:
2055:Jabal Ansariya
1913:
1910:
1743:Main article:
1740:
1737:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1638:
1635:
1504:Banū al-Jarrāḥ
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:Ras al Khaymah
1249:
1248:
1245:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1173:Mazrui dynasty
1169:
1168:
1165:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
989:
988:
985:
979:
978:
975:
969:
968:
965:
959:
958:
955:
949:
948:
945:
939:
938:
935:
929:
928:
925:
919:
918:
915:
909:
908:
905:
899:
898:
895:
889:
888:
885:
879:
878:
875:
869:
868:
865:
859:
858:
855:
849:
848:
845:
839:
838:
835:
829:
828:
825:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
804:
803:
800:
794:
793:
790:
784:
783:
780:
774:
773:
770:
764:
763:
760:
754:
753:
750:
744:
743:
740:
734:
733:
730:
724:
723:
720:
714:
713:
710:
704:
703:
700:
694:
693:
690:
684:
683:
680:
674:
673:
670:
664:
663:
660:
654:
653:
650:
644:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
624:
623:
620:
614:
613:
610:
604:
603:
600:
594:
593:
590:
588:Fihrid Emirate
584:
583:
580:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
558:
555:
549:
548:
545:
539:
538:
535:
529:
528:
525:
519:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
499:
498:
495:
489:
488:
485:
479:
478:
475:
469:
468:
465:
459:
458:
455:
449:
448:
445:
439:
438:
435:
429:
428:
425:
419:
418:
415:
409:
408:
405:
399:
398:
395:
389:
388:
385:
379:
378:
375:
369:
368:
365:
359:
358:
355:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
334:
333:
330:
324:
323:
320:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
300:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
279:
278:
275:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
255:
249:
248:
245:
239:
238:
235:
229:
228:
225:
219:
218:
215:
209:
208:
205:
199:
198:
195:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
175:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
151:
150:
142:
141:
136:
135:Cadet branches
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
98:
94:
93:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
35:
34:
33:Banu al-Jarrah
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3273:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2990:
2988:9780882060132
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2904:0-521-59984-9
2900:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2865:Kennedy, Hugh
2862:
2858:
2856:9789025610722
2852:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2784:
2782:9780866853224
2778:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2718:
2716:9780754669500
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2492:90-5702-322-9
2488:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:Hazim ibn Ali
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:muluk al-arab
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:amir al-ʿarab
2186:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2173:and northern
2172:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:Hazim ibn Ali
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:Lake Tiberias
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:Marius Canard
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:Jund Filastin
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:Hazim ibn Ali
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:Marius Canard
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:Umm al-Quwain
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
984:
981:
980:
976:
974:
971:
970:
966:
964:
961:
960:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
944:
941:
940:
936:
934:
931:
930:
926:
924:
921:
920:
916:
914:
911:
910:
906:
904:
901:
900:
896:
894:
891:
890:
886:
884:
881:
880:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
864:
861:
860:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
844:
841:
840:
836:
834:
831:
830:
826:
824:
821:
820:
812:
811:
801:
799:
796:
795:
791:
789:
786:
785:
781:
779:
776:
775:
771:
769:
766:
765:
761:
759:
756:
755:
751:
749:
746:
745:
741:
739:
736:
735:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
709:
706:
705:
701:
699:
696:
695:
691:
689:
686:
685:
681:
679:
676:
675:
671:
669:
666:
665:
661:
659:
656:
655:
651:
649:
648:Muslim Sicily
646:
645:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
609:
606:
605:
601:
599:
596:
595:
591:
589:
586:
585:
581:
579:
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575:
567:
566:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
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521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
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500:
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494:
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490:
486:
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481:
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476:
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410:
406:
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396:
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386:
384:
381:
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374:
371:
370:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
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351:
350:
342:
341:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
309:
306:
305:
301:
299:
296:
295:
287:
286:
277:450 AD–550 AD
276:
274:
271:
270:
266:
264:
261:
260:
256:
254:
251:
250:
246:
244:
241:
240:
236:
234:
231:
230:
226:
224:
221:
220:
217:64 BC–300s AD
216:
214:
211:
210:
207:132 BC–244 AD
206:
204:
201:
200:
197:400 BC–106 AD
196:
194:
191:
190:
187:600 BC–100 BC
186:
184:
181:
180:
177:800 BC–300 BC
176:
174:
171:
170:
162:
161:
157:
153:
152:
148:
147:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
41:Princely Clan
40:
36:
31:
19:
3184:(1560s–1690)
3091:
2977:
2954:
2917:
2913:
2893:
2869:
2845:
2827:
2820:
2793:Bibliography
2771:
2764:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2701:
2648:
2607:
2598:
2578:
2555:
2528:
2519:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2278:1013–1041(?)
2252:971–mid-970s
2220:
2216:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2159:
2144:
2124:Ibn al-Athir
2121:
2090:
2062:
2059:
2025:Christianity
2021:
2016:
2002:
1997:
1980:
1970:
1966:Ali az-Zahir
1947:
1942:
1939:
1925:
1893:Hugh Kennedy
1874:
1830:
1811:
1806:
1803:Tell es-Safi
1768:
1761:and his son
1753:The town of
1693:
1651:Jordan River
1640:
1588:
1549:
1493:بنو الجرَّاح
1484:
1482:
1442:1921–present
1427:1900–present
1412:1868–present
1397:1833–present
1382:1810–present
1367:1783–present
1352:1775–present
1337:1761–present
1322:1752–present
1307:1749–present
1292:1744–present
1287:Saudi Arabia
1277:1727–present
1262:1727–present
1247:1631–present
472:
257:300s–500s AD
92:(circa 1107)
46:Parent house
27:Arab dynasty
3220:(1921–1958)
3214:(1805–1952)
3208:(1726–1834)
3202:(1704–1831)
3196:(1697–1842)
3190:(1649–1850)
3166:(1382–1517)
3160:(1376–1843)
3154:(1250–1382)
3148:(1234–1262)
3142:(1171–1341)
3136:(1127–1250)
3130:(1104–1154)
3118:(1024–1080)
2817:Schacht, J.
2813:Pellat, Ch.
2150:Descendants
2038:Romanus III
1985:Bayt Jibrin
1922:Romanus III
1818:Abu Taghlib
1667:Jabal Salma
1517:Transjordan
1147:Pate Island
1120:East Africa
913:Sulaymanids
853:Ukhaidhirds
638:Sulaymanids
608:Muhallabids
513:Munqidhites
413:Shirvanshah
267:300s–602 AD
237:196–1100 AD
227:100s–241 AD
127:Dissolution
105:Bayt Jibrin
86:Final ruler
3240:Categories
3112:(990–1096)
3106:(990–1085)
3100:(990–1081)
3082:(909–1171)
3070:(890–1004)
3058:(750–1258)
2964:0710308027
2889:Gil, Moshe
2826:Volume II:
2334:References
2321:Progenitor
2316:circa 1107
1866:Byzantines
1860:governor,
1858:Circassian
1704:Qarmatians
1690:Beginnings
1552:Qarmatians
1507:) were an
1433:Hashemites
1388:Al Maktoum
1358:Al Khalifa
1043:Upper Yafa
1033:Ya'arubids
873:Qarmatians
758:Sumadihids
247:220–638 AD
243:Ghassanids
121:Jabal Tayy
3146:Lu'lu'ids
3116:Mirdasids
3104:Marwanids
3098:Numayrids
3092:Jarrahids
3088:(935–969)
3086:Ikhsidids
3074:Hadhabani
3068:Hamdanids
3064:(868–905)
3052:(661–750)
3046:(632–661)
3044:Rashiduns
2942:178868071
2891:(1997) .
2836:495469475
2809:Lewis, B.
2201:Salamiyah
2167:Euphrates
2128:Crusaders
2109:Toghtekin
2080:Numayrids
2076:Marwanids
2074:from the
2051:al-Maniqa
1962:Mirdasids
1928:) of the
1791:Qalansawa
1787:Kafr Saba
1725:al-Mu'izz
1663:Jabal Aja
1643:Palestine
1637:Territory
1615:Mazyadids
1611:Crusaders
1513:Palestine
1498:romanized
1485:Jarrahids
1418:Al Sharqi
1373:Al Nuaimi
1343:Al Mualla
1332:Abu Dhabi
1328:Al Nahyan
1268:Al Qasimi
1253:Al Qasimi
1217:1860–1887
1207:1858–1895
1192:1856–1964
1182:1746–1828
1167:1277–1495
1152:1203–1894
1107:1926–1970
1097:1906–1934
1087:1903–1967
1077:1858–1967
1073:Qu'aitids
1067:1836–1921
1063:Rashidids
1057:1820–1970
1047:1800–1967
1037:1624–1742
1027:1597–1872
1017:1463–1521
1007:1454–1526
997:1395–1967
993:Kathirids
987:1305–1487
983:Jarwanids
977:1253–1320
967:1229–1454
957:1159–1174
947:1154–1624
943:Nabhanids
937:1083–1174
927:1076–1253
917:1063–1174
907:1047–1138
903:Sulayhids
802:1837–1969
798:Senussids
792:1554–1659
782:1230–1492
772:1049–1078
762:1041–1091
752:1039–1110
742:1031–1091
738:Jawharids
732:1027–1063
728:Muzaynids
722:1026–1057
718:Hammudids
712:1023–1062
708:Yahsubids
702:1023–1091
692:1020–1086
682:1013–1039
672:1012–1051
662:1004–1412
628:Aghlabids
557:1697–1842
547:1517–1865
537:1480–1677
527:1517–1697
517:1025–1157
507:1024–1080
503:Mirdasids
493:Numayrids
473:Jarrahids
463:Mazyadids
443:Hamdanids
433:Hashimids
393:Habbarids
383:Dulafids
233:Tanukhids
97:Estate(s)
50:Banu Tayy
3212:Alawiyya
3158:Bahdinan
3140:Ayyubids
3122:Artuqids
3110:Uqaylids
3080:Fatimids
3062:Tulunids
3056:Abbasids
3050:Umayyads
2975:(1977).
2867:(2004).
2819:(eds.).
2803:(1965).
2265:977–1013
2132:Mazyadid
2005:Basil II
1977:al-Arish
1920:Emperor
1881:al-Hakim
1834:Tiberias
1822:Uqaylids
1814:Hamdanid
1775:Alptakin
1771:Mufarrij
1733:Damascus
1708:al-Ramla
1584:al-Hakim
1576:Tiberias
1422:Fujairah
1403:Al Thani
1313:Al Sabah
1202:Wituland
1137:896–1279
1093:Idrisids
1023:Qasimids
1003:Tahirids
973:Usfurids
963:Rasulids
933:Zurayids
897:968–1925
883:Wajihids
877:899–1077
867:897–1962
857:865–1066
843:Yufirids
837:819–1138
833:Ziyadids
827:751–1970
768:Tahirids
698:Abbadids
678:Tujibids
652:831–1091
618:Idrisids
602:756–1031
582:710–1019
578:Salihids
543:Harfushs
533:Turabays
497:990–1081
487:990–1096
483:Uqaylids
477:970–1107
467:961–1150
457:955–1071
453:Rawadids
447:890–1004
437:869–1075
417:861–1538
403:Kaysites
397:854–1011
367:736–1122
332:909–1171
328:Fatimids
322:750–1258
318:Abbasids
308:Umayyads
298:Rashidun
263:Lakhmids
253:Salihids
18:Jarrahid
3206:Jalilis
3200:Mamluks
3194:Shihabs
3170:Harfush
3134:Zengids
3032:Mashriq
2325:Al Fadl
2323:of the
2225:Ottoman
2197:iqtaʿat
2193:Mamluks
2179:Ayyubid
2162:Al Fadl
2156:Al Fadl
2136:Seljuks
2063:iqtaʿat
2057:range.
2053:in the
2034:Palmyra
2017:iqtaʿat
1990:Ascalon
1943:iqtaʿat
1934:Antioch
1795:al-Aziz
1720:Fatimid
1685:History
1671:Palmyra
1659:Arabian
1629:of the
1627:Bedouin
1623:Al Fadl
1619:Seljuks
1617:or the
1599:Antioch
1570:-bound
1500::
1362:Bahrain
1298:Al Said
1283:Al Saud
1272:Sharjah
1242:Morocco
1238:'Alawis
1177:Mombasa
1013:Jabrids
953:Mahdids
923:Uyunids
887:926–965
863:Rassids
847:847–997
788:Saadids
778:Nasrids
688:Amirids
668:Bakrids
658:Kanzids
642:814–922
632:800–909
622:788–974
612:771–793
592:745-757
553:Shihabs
523:Ma'nids
427:864–928
423:Alavids
407:860–964
387:840–897
377:824–961
357:654–884
312:661–750
302:632–661
139:Al Fadl
78:Founder
73:970s CE
70:Founded
56:Country
39:Bedouin
3182:Ridwan
3128:Burids
3034:region
2985:
2961:
2940:
2934:613705
2932:
2901:
2877:
2853:
2834:
2815:&
2779:
2713:
2489:
2244:Notes
2227:rule.
2209:Sarmin
2072:Edessa
2043:Qastun
2030:Hawran
1996:as an
1994:Nablus
1956:under
1900:, the
1877:Hassan
1870:Arabia
1862:Bakjur
1763:Hassan
1675:al-Ruj
1653:, the
1645:, the
1631:steppe
1591:Hassan
1489:Arabic
1437:Jordan
1317:Kuwait
748:Hudids
109:Nablus
3188:Baban
3176:Soran
3164:Burji
3152:Bahri
2938:S2CID
2930:JSTOR
2807:. In
2241:Reign
2175:Hejaz
2140:Anbar
2105:Burid
2068:Allaf
2011:near
1998:iqtaʿ
1981:iqtaʿ
1954:Kilab
1846:Mecca
1838:Hejaz
1826:Mosul
1816:emir
1799:Yubna
1779:Buyid
1755:Ramla
1729:Cairo
1647:Balqa
1568:Mecca
1560:Ramla
1545:Kilab
1537:Syria
1407:Qatar
1392:Dubai
1377:Ajman
1162:Kilwa
1132:Shewa
113:Balqa
101:Ramla
3251:Tayy
2983:ISBN
2959:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2875:ISBN
2851:ISBN
2832:OCLC
2777:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2238:Name
2213:Duma
2211:and
2171:Najd
2078:and
2047:Inab
2045:and
1950:Kalb
1854:Homs
1850:Ayla
1842:Hajj
1807:wālī
1789:and
1696:Tayy
1679:Homs
1665:and
1572:Hajj
1543:and
1541:Kalb
1533:Tayy
1519:and
1509:Arab
1483:The
1302:Oman
3030:in
2922:doi
2828:C–G
2707:126
1983:at
1801:or
3242::
2936:.
2928:.
2918:38
2916:.
2824:.
2811:;
2752:^
2709:.
2689:^
2671:^
2657:^
2632:^
2616:^
2587:^
2564:^
2537:^
2501:^
2445:^
2399:^
2341:^
2207:,
2203:,
1968:.
1828:.
1735:.
1681:.
1613:,
1547:.
1495:,
1491::
3020:e
3013:t
3006:v
2991:.
2967:.
2944:.
2924::
2907:.
2883:.
2859:.
2838:.
2785:.
2719:.
2495:.
1924:(
1487:(
1472:e
1465:t
1458:v
1439:)
1435:(
1424:)
1420:(
1409:)
1405:(
1394:)
1390:(
1379:)
1375:(
1364:)
1360:(
1349:)
1345:(
1334:)
1330:(
1319:)
1315:(
1304:)
1300:(
1289:)
1285:(
1274:)
1270:(
1259:)
1255:(
1244:)
1240:(
1204:)
1200:(
1179:)
1175:(
1164:)
1160:(
1149:)
1145:(
1134:)
1130:(
20:)
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