507:
499:
40:
2153:
970:
As long-term results of arterial switch are being reported, newer sets of potential surgical problems are becoming evident. Progressive neo-aortic dilation (pulmonary valve at birth) has been observed. However, this dilation does not necessarily translate into aortic regurgitation (AR) and need for
665:
When the septal defects have been repaired and the atrial incision is closed, the patient is again placed on cardiopulmonary pass. The left ventricle is then vented and the cross clamp removed from the aorta, enabling full-flow to be re-established and rewarming to begin. At this point the patient
616:
to the ascending aorta. On imaging, the pulmonary arteries will classically have the appearance of being draped over the aorta. Sometimes, however, patient anatomy prevents this and the aorta great vessels are kept in the non-anatomic 'anterior aorta' arrangement. The coronary arteries
1298:
Kuroczynski W, Kampmann Ch, Peivandi AA, Hartert M, Knuf M, Heinemann MK, Vahl CF: Mid-term results of a modified arterial switch operation using the direct reconstruction technique of the pulmonary artery. Cardiology
Journal, 2010, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 574-579 |
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Kuroczyński W, Kampmann Ch, Peivandi AA, Hartert M, Knuf M, Heinemann MK, Vahl C-F: Mid-term results of a modified arterial switch operation using the direct reconstruction technique of the pulmonary artery. Cardiology
Journal, 2010, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp.
370:. A blood transfusion is necessary for the arterial switch because the HLM needs its "circulation" filled with blood and an infant does not have enough blood on their own to do this (in most cases, an adult would not require blood transfusion).
964:. In the postoperative period, increased incidence and degree of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis. Eliminating the pericardial patch for pulmonary artery reconstruction and using a direct connection reduced the incidence of this complication.
166:
The atrial switch, which was an attempt to correct the physiology of transposition, had significant shortcomings. The arterial switch sought to address them. This has emerged as an anatomically as well as physiologically appropriate solution.
1118:
Kang N, de Leval MR, Elliott M, Tsang V, Kocyildirim E, Sehic I, et al. Extending the boundaries of the primary arterial switch operation in patients with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum. Circulation.
944:, created a renewed interest in Mustard's original concept of an arterial switch procedure. The first successful arterial switch was performed on a forty-two-day-old d-TGA + VSD infant by Jatene in 1975. Egyptian cardiac surgeon
1251:
Jonas RA, Giglia TM, Sanders SP, Wernovsky G, Nadal-Ginard B, Mayer JE, Jr, et al. Rapid, two-stage arterial switch for transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum beyond the neonatal period. Circulation.
1178:
Allen HD, Driscoll DJ, Shaddy RE, Feltes TF. Moss & Adams' Heart
Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Including the Fetus and Young Adult. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008. pp.
741:
The sternum and chest can usually be closed within a few days; however, the chest tubes, pacemaker, ventilator, and drugs may still be required after this time. The patient will continue to fast for up to a few days, and
797:
diagnosis. Without surgical correction, preoperative mortality in the neonate is approximately 30% within the first week of life and up to 90% within the first year; the survivors would have been those with one or more
1312:
Moll JJ, Michalak KW, MĹ‚udzik K, Moszura T, Kopala M, Moll M, Moll JA .: Long-term outcome of direct neopulmonary artery reconstruction during the arterial switch procedure. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012 Jan; 93 (1): 177-84 |
1270:
Hövels-Gürich HH, Seghaye MC, Ma Q, Miskova M, Minkenberg R, Messmer BJ, von
Bernuth G.Long-term results of cardiac and general health status in children after neonatal arterial switch operation Ann Thorac Surg. 2003
847:, which was then routinely used to palliate patients. This would have effectively reduced early mortality rates, particularly in cases with no concomitant shunts, but is unlikely to have reduced late mortality rates.
1280:
Moll JJ, Michalak KW, MĹ‚udzik K, Moszura T, Kopala M, Moll M, Moll JA.: Long-term outcome of direct neopulmonary artery reconstruction during the arterial switch procedure. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012 Jan;93(1):177-84
362:), and the process of collecting a sufficient amount of blood may take several weeks to a few months. However, in cases where the individual has been diagnosed but surgery must be delayed, maternal (or even
978:
The world's smallest infant to survive an arterial switch was
Jerrick De Leon, born 13 weeks premature. At the time of the operation on February 6, 2005, he weighed just over 1.5 pounds (700 grams).
674:
sites, and to extend and widen the neo-pulmonary root, which allows the pulmonary artery to be anastamosed without residua tension; the pulmonary artery is then transplanted to the neo-pulmonary root.
1261:
Castaneda AR, Norwood WI, Jonas RA, Colan SD, Sanders SP, Lang P. Transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum: Anatomical repair in the neonate. Ann Thorac Surg. 1984;38:438–43
850:
Mustard first conceived of, and attempted, the anatomical repair (arterial switch) for d-TGA in the early 1950s. His few attempts were unsuccessful due to technical difficulties posed by the
1289:
Schwartz ML, Gauvreau K, del Nido P, Mayer JE, Colan SD. Long-term predictors of aortic root dilation and aortic regurgitation after arterial switch operation. Circulation. 2004;110:II128–32
1224:
Quaegebeur JM, Rohmer J, Brom AG. Revival of the
Senning operation in the treatment of transposition of the great arteries. Preliminary report on recent experience. Thorax. 1977;32:517–24.
1131:
Yacoub MH, Radley-Smith R, Maclaurin R. Two-stage operation for anatomical correction of transposition of the great arteries with intact interventricular septum. Lancet. 1977;1:1275–8
1242:
Jatene AD, Fontes VF, Paulista PP, Souza LC, Neger F, Galantier M, et al. Anatomic correction of transposition of the great vessels. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg. 1976;72:364–70
1233:
Rashkind WJ, Miller WW. Creation of an atrial septal defect without thoracotomy. A palliative approach to complete transposition of the great arteries. JAMA. 1966;196:991–2
918:
405:). The coronary arteries are carefully mapped out in order to avoid unexpected intra-operative complications in transferring them from the native aorta to the neo-aorta.
887:
Due to the technical complexity of the
Senning procedure, others could not duplicate his success rate; in response, Mustard developed a simpler alternative method (the
366:, in certain cases) blood donation may be possible, as long as the mother has a compatible blood type. In most cases, though, the patient receives a donation from a
1197:
Mustard WT, Chute AL, Keith JD, Sirek A, Rowe R, Vlad P. A surgical approach to transposition of the great vessels with extracorporeal circuit, Surgery, 1954, 36:39
971:
surgery in all patients. Older age at time of ASO, presence of ventricular septal defect, and previous PA banding have been found to be risk factors for AR.
1215:
Mustard WT, Keith JD, Trusler GA, Fowler R, Kidd L. The surgical management of transposition of the great vessels. J Thorac
Cadiovasc Surg. 1964;48:953–8
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136:, who was the first to use it successfully. It was the first method of d-TGA repair to be attempted, but the last to be put into regular use because of
234:
success rate is 90% or more, with a comparable survival rate after 5 years. Approximately 10% of arterial switch recipients develop residual pulmonary
222:
The success of ASO procedure is largely dependent on the facilities available, the skill and experience of the surgeon, and the general health of the
227:
65:
1188:
Blalock A, Hanlon CR. The surgical treatment of complete transposition of the aorta and the pulmonary artery. Surg
Gynecol Obstet. 1950;90:1–15
1392:
975:
was commonly observed in the postoperative period. A direct connection of the pulmonary artery reduced the incidence of this complication
906:
was eventually discovered in relation to the use of synthetic graft material, which does not grow with the recipient and eventually causes
1109:
Marathe SP, Talwar S. Surgery for transposition of great arteries: A historical perspective. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2015 May-Aug;8(2):122–8.
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was the first to recount a small series of successful arterial switch procedures, and the first large successful series was reported by
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1427:
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103:
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1355:
953:
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Baillie M. 2nd ed. London: Johnson and Nicol; 1797. The morbid anatomy of some of the more important parts of the human body; p. 38
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JP Breinholt, S John - Management of the Adult with Arterial Switch. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 2019, 15(2):133-137
967:
By 1991, the arterial switch had become the procedure of choice, and it remains the standard modern procedure for d-TGA repair.
902:
material, such as Dacron. This procedure yielded early and late mortality rates comparable to the Senning procedure; however, a
1921:
1511:
1077:
288:
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level; Senning yielded a high success rate using this procedure, significantly lowering both early and late mortality rates.
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was used, the ASD should be able to be closed with sutures, but cases involving large congenital atrial septal defects or
789:
210:
construction may be used to increase the left ventricular mass sufficiently to make an arterial switch possible later in
577:, is separated from surrounding connective tissue. When the patient is fully cooled, the ascending aorta is clamped and
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for several hours prior to the surgery to avoid the risk of aspiration of vomitus during the induction of anesthesia.
1927:
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17:
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Length of procedure, from initiation of anaesthesia to post-operative cease thereof, is approximately 6–8 hours.
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are then surgically cut off the native aorta and transplanted onto the pulmonary root to make a neo-aorta.
382:
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when preceded by pulmonary artery banding and systemic-to-pulmonary shunt palliation. Austrian surgeon
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is normally unable to donate blood for the transfusion, as she will not be able to donate blood during
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1988:
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to gain back the weight they have lost and continue to gain weight at a normal or near-normal rate.
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1027:"Atrial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries: tricuspid regurgitation matters"
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2005:
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Senning A. Surgical correction of transposition of the great vessels. Surgery. 1959;45:966–80
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As with any procedure requiring general anaesthesia, arterial switch recipients will need to
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under control. The previously harvested pericardium is then used to patch the coronary
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at its center; the main left pulmonary artery including its first branches in the left
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2019:
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is achieved by delivering cold blood to the heart via the ascending aorta (below the
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The Jatene procedure is ideally performed during the second week of life, before the
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which has not yet been repaired, this is also fixed through the atrial incision and
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The late morbidity rate is high in atrial switch, combined with advances in
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https://www.annalsthoracicsurgery.org/article/S0003-4975(11)02282-X/fulltext
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The cardiothoracic surgery network (CTSNet): Transposition of Great Vessels
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589:. The vessels are again examined, and the pulmonary root is inspected for
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and reattached to the opposite root; thus, the pulmonary root becomes the
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https://journals.viamedica.pl/cardiology_journal/article/view/21305/16909
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662:, again using sutures for a small defect or a patch for a large defect.
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Brickner, Elizabeth (2007). Topol, Eric J.; Califf, Robert M. (eds.).
612:, with the aortic cross clamp positioned to hold the pulmonary artery
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from the aorta/neo-pulmonary artery to the pulmonary artery/neo-aorta.
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729:, allowing the heart room to swell and preventing pressure caused by
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transformed the palliation of d-TGA patients with the innovative
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is removed so the coronary and great arteries can be seen. The
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As the patient is anesthetized, they may receive the following
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and chest incision are left open to provide extra room in the
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otherwise associated with low blood flow during the surgery.
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If the procedure is anticipated far enough in advance (with
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Inova Heart and Vascular Institute: Arterial Switch for TGA
948:
was subsequently successful in treating TGA with AN intact
695:
535:
284:
424:, which continue as necessary throughout the procedure:
824:), and/or VSD), and are unlikely to have survived past
561:
While the patient is cooling, the ductus arteriosus is
291:, and the aortic root becomes the neo-pulmonary artery.
861:
described the first corrective surgery for d-TGA (the
854:
of the coronary arteries, and the idea was abandoned.
891:) in 1964, which involved constructing a baffle from
666:
will receive an additional dose of Regitine to keep
929:required by a septectomy, is performed through the
546:. Cardiopulmonary bypass is then initiated and the
1025:Prokšelj, Katja; Brida, Margarita (18 July 2022).
608:The great arteries are usually arranged using the
461:, or other antifibrinolytic, to prevent excessive
1329:Pioneering surgery saves baby born 3 months early
381:of the great arteries and, most importantly, the
322:type is known, a family member with a compatible
2167:
538:, are separated from the surrounding supportive
530:, up to and including the first branches in the
377:procedures in order to determine the individual
762:after a successful arterial switch, and before
632:is made in the right atrium, through which the
318:diagnosis, for example), and the individual's
245:if left untreated; treatment usually involves
1386:
1024:
995:
44:An 8-day-old right after the Jatene procedure
1361:Med-Lib: Transposition of the great arteries
1317:| access date 2021.01.03, language: English
1303:, access date 2021.01.03, language: English
1069:
1018:
1004:. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 735–748.
621:branches and the aortic root extending the
1428:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
1393:
1379:
996:Frandson, Eric; Files, Matthew D. (2020).
628:The bypass machine is then turned off, an
591:left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
104:dextro-transposition of the great arteries
38:
1524:Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement
998:"99. Transposition of the great arteries"
510:Illustration of arterial switch operation
502:Illustration of arterial switch operation
1567:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
1366:PediHeart: The Arterial Switch Operation
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1153:
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597:is present, it is also repaired via the
585:). The aorta and pulmonary arteries are
505:
497:
1667:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
989:
643:is repaired. In septal defects where a
186:and is therefore unable to support the
14:
2168:
1797:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
1536:enlargement of existing septal defect
1374:
1150:
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1100:
750:can then be gradually introduced via
717:is relaxed and the external surgical
373:The patient will require a number of
1531:production of septal defect in heart
865:) in 1959, which involved using the
330:some or all of the blood needed for
238:post-operatively, which can lead to
1079:Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine
226:. Under preferable conditions, the
24:
1628:transposition of the great vessels
1553:creation of septal defect in heart
923:Rashkind balloon atrial septostomy
645:Rashkind balloon atrial septostomy
493:
354:) or for a few weeks after giving
25:
2187:
1928:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
1344:
1084:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
1002:Cardiac Surgery: A Complete Guide
736:
565:at both the aortic and pulmonary
2152:
2151:
973:supravalvular pulmonary stenosis
845:Blalock-Hanlon atrial septectomy
649:Blalock-Hanlon atrial septectomy
408:
1935:Left atrial appendage occlusion
1337:article dated February 17, 2005
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140:limitations at the time of its
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309:
147:Use of the arterial switch is
13:
1:
2057:Radionuclide ventriculography
1000:. In Raja, Shahzad G. (ed.).
982:
27:Open heart surgical procedure
2042:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1039:10.1136/heartjnl-2022-321398
217:
7:
913:In 1966, American surgeons
682:The patient is fitted with
256:
10:
2192:
1649:for univentricular defect
773:
514:The heart is accessed via
391:magnetic resonance imaging
102:procedure used to correct
2149:
2128:
2100:
1989:Implantable loop recorder
1957:
1812:
1708:
1633:Arterial switch operation
1448:
1441:
1423:Interventional cardiology
1413:
793:in 1797, presumably as a
705:, to assist the heart in
656:ventricular septal defect
595:ventricular septal defect
542:to allow mobility of the
350:(due to the needs of the
170:
85:Arterial switch operation
71:
59:
49:
37:
33:Arterial switch operation
32:
2068:Coronary catheterization
1558:Blalock–Hanlon procedure
1519:Mitral valve replacement
1502:Aortic valve replacement
857:Swedish cardiac surgeon
810:patent ductus arteriosus
651:, a patch can be used.
448:, to manage pain, cause
429:Inhalational anaesthetic
280:are detached from their
200:pulmonary artery banding
2064:Cardiac catheterization
2006:Electrophysiology study
1906:Radiofrequency ablation
1871:Alcohol septal ablation
950:interventricular septum
935:cardiac catheterization
698:from the HLM is begun.
2110:Impedance cardiography
1732:Coronary artery bypass
933:surgical technique of
766:discharge, is for the
511:
503:
436:, to induce temporary
267:cardiopulmonary bypass
2141:Transcutaneous pacing
1945:Heart transplantation
1866:Ventricular reduction
1682:Blalock–Taussig shunt
942:microvascular surgery
721:is bandaged, but the
509:
501:
247:endovascular stenting
179:adjusts to the lower
128:and it was named for
2115:Ballistocardiography
1672:systemic circulation
925:, which, unlike the
818:patent foramen ovale
641:atrial septal defect
385:. These may include
334:during the use of a
188:systemic circulation
113:Its development was
1994:Cardiac stress test
1972:Electrocardiography
1911:Pacemaker insertion
1658:Kawashima procedure
1622:compound procedures
1497:Aortic valve repair
1470:Mitral valve repair
904:late morbidity rate
399:computed tomography
263:General anaesthesia
198:, a combination of
2047:Cardiovascular MRI
1977:Vectorcardiography
1832:Pericardial window
1827:Pericardiocentesis
1768:Drug-eluting stent
1597:Rastelli procedure
1546:Balloon septostomy
931:minimally invasive
512:
504:
468:Methylprednisolone
336:heart-lung machine
190:. In the event of
161:Mustard procedures
2163:
2162:
2020:Angiocardiography
1966:Electrophysiology
1953:
1952:
1896:Catheter ablation
1879:Conduction system
1804:LeCompte maneuver
1792:Bentall procedure
1653:Norwood procedure
1643:Senning procedure
1638:Mustard procedure
1541:Atrial septostomy
1492:Valve replacement
1093:978-0-7817-7012-5
1011:978-3-030-24176-6
962:Aldo R. Casteneda
889:Mustard procedure
863:Senning procedure
841:C. Rollins Hanlon
623:sinus of Valsalva
610:LeCompte maneuver
524:ductus arteriosus
516:median sternotomy
383:coronary arteries
342:). The patient's
296:coronary arteries
82:
81:
16:(Redirected from
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2120:Cardiotocography
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2052:Ventriculography
2025:Echocardiography
2016:
1968:
1884:Maze procedure (
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1775:Obstacle removal
1763:Bare-metal stent
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1676:pulmonary artery
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1608:pulmonary artery
1581:Fontan procedure
1576:pulmonary artery
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915:William Rashkind
876:that redirected
787:first described
752:nasogastric tube
731:pleural effusion
528:pulmonary artery
278:pulmonary artery
151:preceded by two
132:cardiac surgeon
75:edit on Wikidata
54:Jatene procedure
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18:Jatene procedure
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2014:Cardiac imaging
2012:
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1698:Glenn procedure
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1117:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1086:. p. 515.
1074:
1070:
1023:
1019:
1012:
994:
990:
985:
843:introduced the
785:Matthew Baillie
776:
758:); the primary
739:
680:
660:tricuspid valve
603:pulmonary valve
554:to prevent the
526:and main right
496:
494:Intra-operative
434:muscle relaxant
411:
312:
259:
228:intra-operative
220:
173:
126:William Mustard
93:arterial switch
78:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2147:
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2144:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2102:Function tests
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2022:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1999:Bruce protocol
1991:
1986:
1984:Holter monitor
1981:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1930:
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1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1780:Endarterectomy
1777:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1757:Coronary stent
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1725:
1720:
1712:
1710:
1706:
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1703:
1702:
1701:
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1686:
1685:
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1663:
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1655:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1588:left ventricle
1585:
1584:
1583:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1507:Ross procedure
1499:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1405:involving the
1398:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1345:External links
1343:
1340:
1339:
1319:
1305:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1263:
1254:
1252:1989;80:I203–8
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1171:
1162:
1149:
1133:
1121:
1111:
1099:
1092:
1068:
1017:
1010:
987:
986:
984:
981:
919:William Miller
837:Alfred Blalock
775:
772:
748:infant formula
738:
737:Post-operative
735:
727:pleural cavity
711:
710:
679:
676:
668:blood pressure
654:If there is a
587:surgically cut
495:
492:
491:
490:
478:
465:
456:
440:
431:
410:
407:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
292:
270:
258:
255:
232:post-operative
219:
216:
177:left ventricle
172:
169:
80:
79:
72:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2188:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Cardioversion
2134:
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2127:
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2113:
2111:
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2028:
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2023:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
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1956:
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1941:
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1883:
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1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:Dor procedure
1854:
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1846:
1842:
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1838:
1835:
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1707:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:to the right
1690:
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1665:
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1598:
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1579:
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1577:
1573:
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1565:
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1559:
1556:
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1554:
1551:
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1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:Transcatheter
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:Valvuloplasty
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
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1444:
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1316:
1309:
1302:
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1277:
1267:
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1239:
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1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1175:
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1144:
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1128:
1126:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1089:
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1072:
1064:
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1048:
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1028:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
988:
980:
976:
974:
968:
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959:
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951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
872:
869:to create an
868:
867:atrial septum
864:
860:
855:
853:
852:translocation
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
801:
796:
792:
791:
786:
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761:
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749:
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734:
732:
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724:
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708:
704:
701:
700:
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697:
693:
689:
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675:
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669:
663:
661:
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652:
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642:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:of the right
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
508:
500:
489:
486:, to prevent
485:
482:
479:
477:
473:
469:
466:
464:
460:
457:
455:
451:
447:
444:
441:
439:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
425:
423:
418:
416:
409:Pre-operative
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
304:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
264:
261:
260:
254:
252:
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
168:
164:
162:
158:
155:methods: the
154:
153:atrial switch
150:
145:
143:
139:
138:technological
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
76:
70:
67:
64:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1924:implantation
1918:implantation
1901:Cryoablation
1742:Off-pump CAB
1632:
1552:
1535:
1460:Valve repair
1450:Heart valves
1328:
1322:
1308:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1266:
1257:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1174:
1165:
1114:
1078:
1071:
1030:
1020:
1001:
991:
977:
969:
966:
946:Magdi Yacoub
939:
922:
912:
888:
886:
862:
856:
849:
844:
830:
821:
813:
803:intracardiac
788:
777:
755:
740:
712:
686:, temporary
681:
678:Final stages
672:explantation
664:
653:
627:
619:infundibular
607:
579:cardioplegia
560:
556:brain damage
513:
481:Prophylactic
476:inflammation
470:, to reduce
419:
412:
402:
394:
372:
339:
313:
300:transplanted
221:
203:
174:
165:
149:historically
146:
112:
107:
92:
88:
84:
83:
53:
2078:Cardiac PET
1821:Pericardium
1785:Atherectomy
1723:Angioplasty
1465:Valvulotomy
927:thoracotomy
908:obstruction
896:pericardium
859:Ă…ke Senning
826:adolescence
800:concomitant
782:pathologist
707:contracting
690:leads, and
684:chest tubes
583:cross clamp
520:pericardium
484:antibiotics
452:and induce
387:angiography
332:transfusion
310:Preparatory
240:right heart
194:or delayed
134:Adib Jatene
50:Other names
2073:Cardiac CT
1940:Cardiotomy
1845:Myocardium
1613:Sano shunt
1403:procedures
1401:Tests and
983:References
958:Guatemalan
893:autologous
871:intratrial
795:posthumous
744:breastmilk
709:adequately
692:ventilated
638:palliative
634:congenital
571:transected
397:), and/or
368:blood bank
364:autologous
360:blood loss
324:blood type
253:patching.
142:conception
97:open heart
1453:and septa
1063:250642197
1047:1355-6037
900:synthetic
878:bloodflow
835:surgeons
831:In 1950,
688:pacemaker
488:infection
459:Aprotinin
446:analgesic
438:paralysis
348:pregnancy
289:neo-aorta
269:are used.
251:xenograft
218:Prognosis
196:diagnosis
181:pulmonary
130:Brazilian
115:pioneered
2170:Category
2157:Category
1890:minimaze
1886:Cox maze
1055:35851320
960:surgeon
833:American
779:Scottish
764:hospital
715:rib cage
703:inotrope
630:incision
614:anterior
518:and its
472:swelling
463:bleeding
454:serenity
450:sedation
358:(due to
316:prenatal
257:Overview
236:stenosis
184:pressure
124:surgeon
119:Canadian
100:surgical
95:, is an
61:ICD-9-CM
1442:Surgery
1335:CNN.com
1179:1039–84
1160:574-579
954:B. Eber
880:at the
774:History
756:NG tube
723:sternum
696:weaning
694:before
593:. If a
569:, then
563:ligated
544:vessels
403:CT scan
379:anatomy
375:imaging
249:and/or
243:failure
224:patient
212:infancy
157:Senning
122:cardiac
2129:Pacing
1737:MIDCAB
1728:Bypass
1678:shunt
1572:atrium
1485:mitral
1480:aortic
1090:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1008:
882:atrial
874:baffle
808:(ASD,
806:shunts
768:infant
599:aortic
552:cooled
540:tissue
443:opioid
344:mother
328:donate
282:native
206:) and
192:sepsis
171:Timing
2086:sound
1958:Tests
1916:S-ICD
1813:Other
1747:TECAB
1592:aorta
1407:heart
1059:S2CID
1031:Heart
719:wound
575:hilum
567:ostia
532:hilum
422:drugs
356:birth
352:fetus
320:blood
285:roots
274:aorta
208:shunt
108:d-TGA
91:) or
73:[
66:35.84
1888:and
1626:for
1088:ISBN
1051:PMID
1043:ISSN
1006:ISBN
917:and
839:and
760:goal
713:The
548:body
536:lung
474:and
415:fast
326:may
298:are
294:The
276:and
272:The
265:and
230:and
159:and
110:).
2035:TEE
2030:TTE
1922:ICD
1717:CHD
1689:SVC
1674:to
1606:to
1590:to
1574:to
1035:doi
898:or
822:PFO
816:),
814:PDA
790:TGA
746:or
636:or
605:.
601:or
550:is
395:MRI
340:HLM
204:PAB
117:by
89:ASO
2172::
1693:PA
1333:-
1152:^
1136:^
1124:^
1102:^
1082:.
1057:.
1049:.
1041:.
1033:.
1029:.
937:.
910:.
828:.
733:.
389:,
214:.
163:.
144:.
2066:/
1892:)
1730:/
1394:e
1387:t
1380:v
1331:"
1327:"
1096:.
1065:.
1037::
1014:.
820:(
812:(
754:(
401:(
393:(
338:(
202:(
106:(
87:(
77:]
20:)
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