507:
33:
194:, with both being a form of suicide by women through self-immolation. However, the two are only superficially similar, with the underlying reason for both being significantly different. Sati was the custom of a widow committing suicide by sitting on her husband's funeral pyre. Jauhar was collective self-immolation by women in order to escape being captured and forced into slavery by invaders when defeat was imminent. Self-immolation was preferred over simple suicide because it would negate the possibility of any defilement of their dead bodies which their husbands, children and/or clansmen might have to watch.
374:
210:
the subcontinent, made of
Rajasthan a continual war zone, and its socially most respected community was therefore not the Brahmins but the kshatriya or Rajput castes, who controlled and defended the land. This history predates the coming of the Muslims by more than a millennium. Commemorative stones unearthed and dated in Rajasthan and Vijayanagara mark the deaths of both sexes. Their dates, which can be reliably determined, match perfectly the times and zones of war."
2445:
84:-immolation. Jauhar involved Hindu Rajput women committing suicide with their children and valuables in a massive fire, in order to avoid capture and abuse in the face of inescapable military defeat. At the same time or shortly thereafter, the men would ritualistically march to the battlefield expecting certain death, which in the regional tradition is called
729:. As Sayapaneni Pedda Venkatadri Nayudu, who was in charge, died during the conflict, all the assembled Sayapaneni women set fire to the houses in the fort and were burnt to death. The five-year-old prince Mallikarjuna Nayudu was saved by a maidservant who had smuggled him out through an orifice in the walls of the fort and was raised by his relatives.
209:
disagrees as well, saying that "internecine warfare among the Rajput kingdoms almost certainly supplied the first occasions for jauhar, well before the Muslim invasions with which the practice is popularly associated" and that "the geopolitics of the northwest, whence a succession of invaders entered
638:
and his army. Abu'l-Fazl states that the women were victims of Rajput men and unwilling participants, and these
Rajputs came out walking to die, throwing away their lives. According to David Smith, when Akbar entered the Chittorgarh fort in 1568, it was "nothing but an immense crematorium".
1004:, Quote: "In this she resembles the sati who dies in jauhar. The jauhar sati dies before and while her husband fights what appears to be an unwinnable battle. By dying, she frees him from worry about her welfare and saves herself from the possible shame of rape by triumphant enemy forces."
669:
was led by Rani
Chanderi. After the Mughal army left, the kingdom refused to accept orders from Delhi. After a long siege of Raisen fort, that exhausted all supplies within the fort, Rani Durgavati and 700 Raisen women committed the second
315:. During a war that killed many in the Macedonian and Agalossoi armies, some 20,000 men, women and children of an Agalossoi town set fire to the town and immolated themselves when they came to believe that military defeat was imminent.
67:
mention women committing self-immolation along with their children. This practice was historically observed in the northwest regions of India, with most famous jauhars in recorded history occurring during wars between Hindu
609:
is a fictional story which wrongly became a part of folklore based on an unreliable gossip from the 17th century (200 years after the event). Contemporary
Persian and Hindu authorities did not mention this story at all.
342:. After Dahir had been killed, the queen (Ladi) coordinated the defense of the capital for several months. As the food supplies ran out, she and the women of the capital refused to surrender, lit pyres and committed
1321:
Veena
Oldenburg, A Comment to Ashis Nandy's "Sati as Profit versus Sati as Spectacle: The Public Debate on Roop Kanwar's Death," in Hawley, Sati the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India, page
365:
instead of submitting to
Iltutmish's army. The place where the women committed mass suicide, in the northern end of the Gwalior fort, is known as Jauhar-tal (or Johar kund, Jauhar Tank).
201:
was observed only during Hindu-Muslim wars, but not during internecine Hindu-Hindu wars among the
Rajputs. John Hawley, however, disagrees with this assertion; he links it to the
145:, meaning a "house plastered with lac and other combustible materials for burning people alive in". It has also been incorrectly interpreted to have been derived from the
2612:
737:
Practices like the jauhar however weren't limited to Hindus. Muslim rulers are recorded to have their women killed in order to prevent any degradation of their honour.
1063:
The women would build a great bonfire, and in their wedding finery, with their children and with all their valuables, they would immolate themselves en masse.
326:. Arrian states that they started burning their houses with themselves in it, though any Indian captured alive in their houses was slaughtered by the Greeks.
602:. Bahadur Shah sacked the fort for the second time. Rani Karnavati with 13,000 women shut themselves with gunpowder, lit it and thus committed mass suicide.
630:
in spring of 1568 CE, and the next morning, thousands of Rajput men walked the saka ritual. The Mughal army killed all the
Rajputs who walked out the fort.
411:
in order to protect their honor from the invading
Islamic army. However, they found no time to arrange a huge sacrificial fire and altar in which to commit
334:
In 712, Muhammed bin Qasim and his army attacked various kingdoms of the western regions of the Indian subcontinent. He laid siege to the capital of
229:
the poetic scholar described it, states Arvind Sharma – a professor of
Comparative Religion, as "no doubt magical but nevertheless they are heroic".
589:. Rani committed Jauhar with other women on 8 March 1535, while the Rajput army rallied out to meet the besieging Muslim army and committed saka.
2640:
2554:
393:
1985:
The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas
129:
There is an annual celebration of heroism called the Jauhar Mela in Chittorgarh where the local people commemorate their ancestors.
1352:
Kaushik Roy (2012), Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present, Cambridge University Press,
466:
of Delhi Sultanate. The historicity of the first jauhar of Chittor is based on Rajasthani traditional belief as well as Islamic
2672:
2477:
205:
who also captured Indian women, arguing that the practice of jauhar might have started with the Greek campaigns in the region.
76:
and the opposing Muslim armies. Jauhar was only performed during war, usually when there was no chance of victory. The term
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As Chittorgarh faced an imminent attack from the Sultan of Gujarat, Karnavati sought the assistance of the Mughal emperor
2647:
2239:
415:, thus they committed mass suicide by jumping into the reservoir at the fort. In her honor the reservoir has been named "
2806:
2771:
2542:
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1883:"It is particularly associated with the Rajasthani city of Chittorgarh, where jauhars occurred in 1303, 1535 and 1568";
1381:
1357:
1340:
1306:
1115:
1105:
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as a day of Chittorgarh massacre by the Akbar army, with "the red color signifying the blood that flowed on that day".
152:, which refers to "gem, worth, virtue". This confusion, as author John Stratton Hawley states, rose from the fact that
755:, Mirza Nathan ordered all Mughal women in his camp to be killed if he died. He later ordered them to perform jauhar.
2426:
2337:
2276:
2249:
1727:
1619:
1018:
2796:
1464:
1255:
1578:
The Early History of India from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest: Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great
221:
was a heroic act by the women of a community facing certain defeat and abuse by the enemy. For Muslim historians,
2574:
1396:
Veena Talwar Oldenburg, "Comment: The Continuing Invention of the Sati Tradition" in John Stratton Hawley (ed.),
1041:
Jauhar specifically refers to the self-immolation of the women and children in anticipation of capture and abuse.
1609:
1281:
1083:
Mandakranta Bose (2014), Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern India, Oxford University Press,
407:
Hammira Dev’s wife Rani Rang Devi and his daughter Padmala, along with other women, made the decision to commit
1371:
88:. This practice was intended to show that those committing it valued their honor more highly than their lives.
506:
2801:
2781:
2756:
63:
to avoid capture, enslavement, and rape by invaders when facing certain defeat during a war. Some reports of
2038:
R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi, Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of ..., page 125
1972:
R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi, Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of ..., page 124
311:
between 336 and 323 BCE. Arrian mentions Alexander's army conquering and enslaving peoples of the northwest
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2665:
1296:
2564:
447:
250:
246:
2717:
2470:
2009:
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631:
299:
1551:
Sovereignty and Social Reform in India: British Colonialism and the Campaign Against Sati, 1830-1860
400:
decided to fight to death with his soldiers, and his minister Jaja supervised the organization of a
2697:
2633:
202:
32:
2791:
2786:
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were considered heroic acts, and the practice was glorified in the local ballads and folklore of
1922:
1804:
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2704:
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2296:
206:
2168:
2087:
2057:
1887:
1690:
1522:
1495:
1203:
1176:
1013:
Arvind Sharma (1988), Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays, Motilal Banarsidass Publ,
987:
926:
839:
812:
2690:
2569:
2463:
2114:
1983:
1947:
1829:
1663:
1611:
Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia
1549:
1438:
1332:
475:
626:
in September 1567. After his army conquered Chittorgarh in Rajasthan, Hindu women committed
1949:
Himu, the Hindu "Hero" of Medieval India: Against the Background of Afghan-Mughal Conflicts
1100:
Malise Ruthven (2007), Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press,
2313:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
8:
2711:
2304:
665:
was repeatedly attacked by the Mughal Army in the early 16th century. In 1528, the first
312:
308:
60:
1257:
Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India: 900 B.C.-1947 A.D.
1110:
John Stratton Hawley (1994), Sati, the Blessing and the Curse, Oxford University Press,
646:
of 1568 is a part of regional legend and is locally remembered on the Hindu festival of
361:
attacked Gwalior in 1232, then under control of the Rajputs. The Rajput women committed
217:
has been reported and perceived by Hindus and Muslims differently. In Hindu traditions,
1915:
1857:
1797:
1576:
907:
899:
404:. The queens, daughters and other female relatives of Hammira Deva committed jauhar.
2591:
2507:
2422:
2403:
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2357:
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2314:
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2218:
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2019:
1989:
1953:
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891:
634:, who was not an immediate witness, gave a hearsay account of the event as seen by
574:
539:
435:
339:
319:
146:
346:. The remaining men walked out to their deaths at the hands of the invading army.
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2212:
2013:
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in his memoirs states that his nobleman Khan-i-Jahan ordered his wives to commit
487:
467:
463:
389:
385:
358:
270:
266:
190:
119:
95:
56:
446:
According to many scholars, the first jauhar of Chittorgarh occurred during the
2581:
2393:
2300:
1595:
748:
709:. Men were forced to convert to Islam whereas those who refused were executed.
662:
598:
582:
531:
111:
895:
322:
also performed a similar act, which Pierre Herman Leonard Eggermont considers
2750:
2512:
2385:
989:
Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives
764:
726:
547:
99:
2318:
1151:
2527:
2486:
1413:
From the Margins of Hindu Marriage: Essays on Gender, Religion, and Culture
752:
455:
427:
226:
107:
1524:
DuMont Reise-Handbuch Reiseführer Indien, Der Norden: mit Extra-Reisekarte
701:
as the fort fell. Those who had not completed the ritual and survived the
694:
550:. In January 1528 CE, his fort was overwhelmed by the invading forces of
397:
1468:
903:
880:"Hindus Beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade"
678:. This refusal to submit to Mughal rule repeated, and in 1543 the third
498:
when it fell in 1327 to Delhi Sultanate armies of Muhammad bin Tughluq.
2727:
1688:
570:
535:
523:
335:
2586:
36:
The Rajput ceremony of Jauhar, 1567, as depicted by Ambrose Dudley in
2371:
2310:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
1761:
1058:
769:
690:
491:
354:
294:
282:
258:
123:
118:
phenomenon was also observed in other parts of India, such as in the
73:
2170:
Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material
1749:
879:
697:
in Madhya Pradesh in December 1634 CE. The resident women committed
160:
were written in the same manner with the same letter used to denote
2537:
2187:
740:
527:
471:
378:
Sultan Alau'd Din put to Flight; Women of Ranthambhor commit Jauhar
242:
2241:
Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500–1700
2148:
558:, the men dressed up in saffron garments and walked the ritual of
94:
by Hindu kingdoms has been documented by Muslim historians of the
2138:
2136:
780:
774:
623:
606:
593:
578:
288:
20:
1409:
2455:
2444:
2416:
1607:
1475:
1398:
Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India
1201:
955:
Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India
928:
Embodied Violence: Communalising Female Sexuality in South Asia
658:
304:
172:
has also came to be incorrectly associated with the meaning of
69:
24:
2133:
458:
the main character, wherein she and other Rajput women commit
1889:
Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India
1692:
Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places
1497:
Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India
1178:
Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India
1055:
Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India
706:
635:
619:
551:
543:
1773:
1333:
Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern India
931:. ACLS Humanities E-Book. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 120.
225:
was portrayed as an act forced upon women by their culture.
110:
fort in Rajasthan, when faced with the invading army of the
2613:
Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God
1912:
1794:
992:. University of California Press. pp. 160 footnote 8.
718:
647:
441:
2214:
Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800
481:
2052:
The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture
1074:
Pratibha Jain, Saṅgītā Śarmā, Honour, status & polity
565:
368:
106:
is the mass suicide committed in 1303 CE by the women of
1746:, Archaeology Dept, Government of Madhya Pradesh, page 2
554:. The women and children of the Chanderi fort committed
2015:
Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan
16:
Hindu Rajput wartime practice involving self-immolation
2295:
2089:
The Goddesses' Henchmen: Gender in Indian Hero Worship
1767:
1282:"A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages"
396:. When faced with certain defeat, the defending ruler
329:
2048:
Annemarie Schimmel (2004). Burzine K. Waghmar (ed.).
837:
810:
725:
of Andhra Pradesh that was the capital of the Dupati
712:
674:
in 1532 while the men led by Lakshman Tuar committed
605:
However, the narrative of Karnawati sending Rakhi to
454:
became a subject of legendary Rajasthani poems, with
1981:
1689:
Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (2012).
1574:
1369:
1294:
951:
841:
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760
777:
practice of Hindu kingdoms of Indonesia and Malaysia
426:
at Ranthambore was described by Alauddin's courtier
2210:
1854:
1668:. BRILL Academic. pp. 13–14 with footnote 43.
1598:
by Arrian, translated by E. J. Chinnock, Wikisource
1520:
924:
685:
653:
297:tribe of northwest India is mentioned in Book 6 of
265:, one in the year 1299 CE, during the reign of the
2049:
2047:
1945:
1914:
1856:
1796:
1715:
2370:
2325:
1790:
1788:
1755:
1661:
1634:
1030:
613:
2748:
2346:
2193:
2154:
2142:
1481:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1130:
188:has been claimed as being culturally related to
126:when it fell in 1327 to Delhi Sultanate armies.
2641:Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple
2421:. London: Frederick Muller. p. 200 pages.
1614:. Clarendon Press. pp. 20 with footnotes.
844:. University of California Press. p. 166.
349:
2392:
2264:
2211:Nārāyaṇarāvu, Vēlcēru; Shulman, David (2001).
2085:
2008:
1785:
1779:
1527:(in German). Dumont Reiseverlag. p. 307.
1205:Encyclopedia of Death and the Human Experience
985:
289:Jauhar during invasion of Alexander of Macedon
245:(Chittaurgarh, Chittorgarh), in Rajasthan, in
2471:
2237:
1859:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M
1831:Arms and Armour: Traditional Weapons of India
1641:. Columbia University Press. pp. 84–85.
1436:
1416:. Oxford University Press. pp. 209–210.
1376:. Oxford University Press. pp. 165–166.
1346:
1163:
1094:
59:by females, both adults and children, in the
2299:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In
2081:
2079:
2077:
1917:Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India
1799:Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India
1547:
1440:Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays
1228:
501:
380:. Indian, Pahari style painting from c. 1825
2271:. John Wiley & sons. pp. 152–153.
2166:
2112:
1821:
1410:Lindsey Harlan; Paul B. Courtright (1995).
1126:
1124:
981:
979:
977:
975:
806:
804:
802:
800:
2478:
2464:
2417:Beny, Roland; Matheson, Sylvia A. (1984).
1885:
1827:
1493:
1315:
1202:Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (2009).
1174:
717:In 1710 CE, Mir Fazlullah, a rebel Mughal
2173:. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 457–458.
2074:
1370:John Stratton Hawley (8 September 1994).
1288:
1033:The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources
814:The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources
102:. Among the most often cited examples of
2092:. Oxford University Press. p. 162.
1921:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
1608:Pierre Herman Leonard Eggermont (1914).
1400:, Oxford University Press (1994), p. 165
1301:. Oxford University Press. p. 164.
1121:
972:
958:. Oxford University Press. p. 189.
817:. Oxford University Press. p. 285.
797:
534:in early 16th century. He tried to help
505:
442:First Jauhar of Chittor: Alauddin Khalji
372:
338:, then to the Hindu king in the area of
31:
2258:
1803:. University of Chicago Press. p.
1443:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 21–22.
732:
482:Jauhar of Kampili: Muhammad bin Tughluq
2749:
2673:Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones
2018:. Vikas Publishing House. p. 11.
1863:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.
1363:
1253:
1052:
925:Jayawardena, K.; de Alwis, M. (1996).
566:Second Jauhar of Chittor: Bahadur Shah
369:Jauhar of Ranthambore: Alauddin Khalji
307:'s 2nd-century CE military history of
269:, and another during the reign of the
55:, was a Hindu Rajput practice of mass
2459:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2119:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 54.
1500:. Taylor & Francis. p. 142.
1181:. Taylor & Francis. p. 311.
581:came under the regency of his widow,
241:are three occurrences at the fort of
1913:Catherine Weinberger-Thomas (1999).
1795:Catherine Weinberger-Thomas (1999).
1134:A History of Modern India, 1480-1950
884:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
877:
866:India in the Persiante Age 1000-1765
261:was the scene of two occurrences of
2648:House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths
2399:History of Medieval India: 800-1700
1952:. Atlantic Publishers. p. 83.
721:, invaded Daddanala, a town in the
713:Jauhar of Daddanala: Mir Fazlullah
330:Jauhar of Sindh: Muhammad bin Qasim
13:
2377:History of the Khaljis (1290-1320)
2332:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass.
2199:
1638:Empire and Nation: Selected Essays
1208:. SAGE Publications. p. 696.
38:Hutchinsons History of the Nations
14:
2818:
2437:
2217:. Other Press. pp. 268–269.
1722:. Trade Publishers. p. 297.
1665:Religion and Society in Arab Sind
1596:The Anabasis of Alexander/Book VI
868:, p219. Great Britain: Allen Lane
705:in progress were forced into the
642:According to Lindsey Harlan, the
514:) of the Hindu women, during the
2485:
2443:
1373:Sati, the Blessing and the Curse
1260:Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
1254:Nijjar, Bakhshish Singh (2008).
1137:. Anthem Press. pp. 57–58.
878:Levi, Scott C. (November 2002).
747:during a battle with his enemy,
686:Jauhar of Bundelkhand: Aurangzeb
654:Three Jauhars of Raisen: Humayun
577:. Shortly afterwards, Mewar and
293:The mass self-immolation by the
2380:. Allahabad: The Indian Press.
2288:
2231:
2160:
2106:
2041:
2032:
2002:
1975:
1966:
1939:
1906:
1892:. Routledge. pp. 141–142.
1848:
1736:
1709:
1682:
1655:
1628:
1601:
1589:
1568:
1541:
1514:
1487:
1457:
1430:
1403:
1390:
1325:
1274:
1247:
1222:
1195:
1077:
1068:
1046:
596:to whom she had once offered a
2356:. Cambridge University Press.
1834:. Roli Books. pp. 48–49.
1742:For an image of the site, see
1024:
1007:
945:
918:
871:
858:
838:Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996).
831:
811:Margaret Pabst Battin (2015).
614:Third Jauhar of Chittor: Akbar
585:. The kingdom was besieged by
394:conquered the Ranthambore fort
237:Among the most cited cases of
1:
1982:Everett Jenkins, Jr. (2000).
1575:Vincent Arthur Smith (1914).
1295:John Stratton Hawley (1994).
1233:. Penguin. pp. 341–343.
952:John Stratton Hawley (1994).
791:
693:with vast army laid siege to
618:The armies of Mughal Emperor
542:against the Muslim armies of
232:
2666:Guyana: Crime of the Century
1855:James G. Lochtefeld (2002).
1581:. Clarendon Press. pp.
1521:Hans-Joachim Aubert (2014).
1160:, pp. 87, 100–101, 109.
622:besieged the Rajput fort of
350:Jauhar of Gwalior: Iltutmish
132:
114:of the Delhi Sultanate. The
7:
1946:Sunil Kumar Sarker (1994).
1768:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
1716:Robert W. Bradnock (1994).
1335:, Oxford University Press,
758:
682:was led by Rani Ratnavali.
462:to avoid being captured by
430:, which makes it the first
179:
10:
2823:
2326:Dasharatha Sharma (1959).
1695:. Routledge. p. 312.
1662:Derryl N. MacLean (1989).
1635:Partha Chatterjee (2010).
573:died in 1528 CE after the
450:of the Chittor fort. This
18:
2807:History of women in India
2772:Women in medieval warfare
2682:
2657:
2625:
2600:
2560:Order of the Solar Temple
2500:
2493:
2419:Rajasthan - Land of Kings
2353:Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy
2244:. Routledge. p. 54.
1988:. McFarland. p. 58.
1744:Jauhar Kund, Gwalior Fort
1554:. Routledge. p. 34.
1331:Mandakranta Bose (2014),
1131:Claude Markovits (2004).
896:10.1017/S1356186302000329
502:Jauhar of Chanderi: Babur
300:The Anabasis of Alexander
141:is connected to Sanskrit
2698:Chitty Chitty Death Bang
2634:Jonestown: Paradise Lost
751:. During a war with the
197:Kaushik Roy states that
2797:Wartime sexual violence
2329:Early Chauhān Dynasties
2265:Harbans Mukhia (1999).
2086:Lindsey Harlan (2003).
1298:Sati, the and the Curse
1037:Oxford University Press
1031:Margaret Pabst Battin.
986:Lindsey Harlan (1992).
587:Bahadur Shah of Gujarat
486:The Hindu women of the
2705:The Field Where I Died
2297:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
2238:J.J.L. Gomans (1999).
2116:Hinduism and Modernity
1756:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
1437:Arvind Sharma (1988).
632:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
522:The Hindu Rajput king
519:
381:
355:Shams ud-Din Iltutmish
207:Veena Talwar Oldenburg
41:
2194:Dirk H. A. Kolff 2002
2155:Dirk H. A. Kolff 2002
2143:Dirk H. A. Kolff 2002
1548:Andrea Major (2010).
1482:Dirk H. A. Kolff 2002
1229:Gavin Thomas (2010).
1158:Dirk H. A. Kolff 2002
864:Eaton, R.M., (2019),
546:, the founder of the
510:The self-immolation (
509:
476:Malik Muhammad Jayasi
434:to be described in a
376:
35:
2802:Religion and suicide
2782:Chittorgarh district
2757:History of Rajasthan
2691:El cerco de Numancia
2452:at Wikimedia Commons
2268:The Mughals of India
2167:S.R. Sharma (1999).
2113:David Smith (2008).
2056:. Reaktion. p.
1719:South Asian Handbook
733:Jauhar among Mughals
516:Siege of Chittorgarh
47:, sometimes spelled
2762:Indian women in war
2508:1906 Badung puputan
2305:Khaliq Ahmad Nizami
1886:Mary Storm (2015).
1828:E. J. Paul (2005).
1780:Satish Chandra 2007
1758:, pp. 118–119.
1585:–94 with footnotes.
1494:Mary Storm (2015).
1471:on 6 February 2012.
1175:Mary Storm (2015).
313:Indian subcontinent
309:Alexander the Great
61:Indian subcontinent
2683:In popular culture
2543:Nazi Germany, 1945
2402:. Orient Longman.
2196:, p. 141-142.
2157:, pp. 99–103.
520:
382:
213:The phenomenon of
42:
2744:
2743:
2621:
2620:
2448:Media related to
2409:978-81-250-3226-7
2372:Kishori Saran Lal
2363:978-0-521-52305-9
2224:978-1-59051-044-5
2180:978-81-7156-818-5
2126:978-0-470-77685-8
2099:978-0-19-534834-7
2067:978-1-86189-185-3
2025:978-0-7069-6385-4
1995:978-0-7864-4689-6
1959:978-81-7156-483-5
1932:978-0-226-88568-1
1899:978-1-317-32557-4
1874:978-0-8239-3179-8
1841:978-81-7436-340-4
1814:978-0-226-88568-1
1702:978-1-136-63979-1
1675:978-90-04-08551-0
1648:978-0-231-52650-0
1561:978-1-136-90115-7
1534:978-3-7701-7763-9
1507:978-1-317-32556-7
1450:978-81-208-0464-7
1423:978-0-19-508117-6
1267:978-81-269-0908-7
1240:978-1-4053-8688-3
1215:978-1-4522-6616-9
1188:978-1-317-32556-7
1144:978-1-84331-152-2
999:978-0-520-07339-5
965:978-0-19-536022-6
938:978-1-85649-448-9
851:978-0-520-20507-9
824:978-0-19-513599-2
727:Sayapaneni Nayaks
723:Prakasam District
2814:
2518:Dance of Zalongo
2498:
2497:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2432:
2413:
2389:
2367:
2348:Dirk H. A. Kolff
2343:
2322:
2283:
2282:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2208:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2083:
2072:
2071:
2055:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1920:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1878:
1862:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1802:
1792:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1467:. Archived from
1461:
1455:
1454:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1367:
1361:
1350:
1344:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1172:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1128:
1119:
1098:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1028:
1022:
1011:
1005:
1003:
983:
970:
969:
949:
943:
942:
922:
916:
915:
875:
869:
862:
856:
855:
835:
829:
828:
808:
575:Battle of Khanwa
540:Battle of Khanua
436:Persian language
203:Greek conquerors
184:The practice of
80:often connotes
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:Inspector Rishi
2678:
2653:
2617:
2596:
2489:
2484:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2410:
2364:
2340:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2209:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2084:
2075:
2068:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1884:
1875:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1368:
1364:
1360:, pages 182-184
1351:
1347:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1129:
1122:
1109:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1051:
1047:
1039:. p. 285.
1029:
1025:
1012:
1008:
1000:
984:
973:
966:
950:
946:
939:
923:
919:
876:
872:
863:
859:
852:
836:
832:
825:
809:
798:
794:
786:Sati (practice)
761:
735:
715:
688:
656:
616:
568:
562:on 29 January.
504:
488:Kampili kingdom
484:
468:Sufi literature
464:Alauddin Khalji
444:
390:Delhi Sultanate
386:Alauddin Khalji
371:
359:Delhi Sultanate
352:
332:
291:
271:Tughlaq dynasty
267:Alauddin Khalji
235:
182:
135:
120:Kampili kingdom
96:Delhi Sultanate
57:self-immolation
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Death in India
2789:
2787:Rajput history
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Rajput culture
2764:
2759:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2658:Dramatizations
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:Peoples Temple
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2439:
2438:External links
2436:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2414:
2408:
2394:Satish Chandra
2390:
2368:
2362:
2344:
2338:
2323:
2301:Mohammad Habib
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
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2257:
2250:
2230:
2223:
2198:
2186:
2179:
2159:
2147:
2132:
2125:
2105:
2098:
2073:
2066:
2040:
2031:
2024:
2010:Satish Chandra
2001:
1994:
1974:
1965:
1958:
1938:
1931:
1905:
1898:
1873:
1847:
1840:
1820:
1813:
1784:
1772:
1770:, p. 368.
1760:
1748:
1735:
1728:
1708:
1701:
1681:
1674:
1654:
1647:
1627:
1620:
1600:
1588:
1567:
1560:
1540:
1533:
1513:
1506:
1486:
1484:, p. 109.
1474:
1465:"Main Battles"
1456:
1449:
1429:
1422:
1402:
1389:
1383:978-0195077742
1382:
1362:
1358:978-1107017368
1345:
1341:978-0195352771
1324:
1314:
1308:978-0195077742
1307:
1287:
1273:
1266:
1246:
1239:
1221:
1214:
1194:
1187:
1162:
1150:
1143:
1120:
1118:, page 165-166
1116:978-0195077742
1106:978-0199212705
1093:
1089:978-0195352771
1076:
1067:
1045:
1023:
1006:
998:
971:
964:
944:
937:
917:
890:(3): 277–288.
870:
857:
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830:
823:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
783:
778:
772:
767:
760:
757:
749:Sher Shah Suri
734:
731:
714:
711:
687:
684:
663:Madhya Pradesh
655:
652:
615:
612:
583:Rani Karnavati
567:
564:
532:Madhya Pradesh
503:
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483:
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331:
328:
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112:Khalji dynasty
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Suicide types
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2736:
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2729:
2725:
2723:
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2720:Stargate SG-1
2716:
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2630:
2628:
2626:Documentaries
2624:
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2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:Heaven's Gate
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Burari deaths
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2430:
2428:0-584-95061-6
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2339:9780842606189
2335:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2280:
2278:9788126518777
2274:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2251:9781134552764
2247:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2145:, p. 85.
2144:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1782:, p. 97.
1781:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1729:9780844299808
1725:
1721:
1720:
1712:
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1621:9789061860372
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1049:
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1038:
1034:
1027:
1021:, page xi, 86
1020:
1019:9788120804647
1016:
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978:
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796:
787:
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782:
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771:
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766:
765:Honor suicide
763:
762:
756:
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724:
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548:Mughal Empire
545:
541:
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417:Padmala Talav
414:
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403:
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392:besieged and
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526:ruled over
398:Hammiradeva
320:Malli tribe
108:Chittorgarh
2751:Categories
2728:Umi Yukaba
1108:, page 63;
792:References
571:Rana Sanga
536:Rana Sanga
524:Medini Rai
494:committed
448:1303 siege
336:Raja Dahir
233:Occurrence
98:, and the
2386:685167335
1343:, page 26
1231:Rajasthan
1091:, page 26
1059:Routledge
912:155047611
770:Akbarnama
691:Aurangzeb
492:Karnataka
384:In 1301,
295:Agalassoi
283:Rajasthan
273:in 1326.
259:Jaisalmer
143:jatugr̥ha
137:The word
133:Etymology
124:Karnataka
74:Rajasthan
2718:"Seth" (
2601:Disputed
2592:Numantia
2555:Odaeyang
2538:Kamikaze
2396:(2007).
2374:(1950).
2350:(2002).
2319:31870180
2307:(eds.).
2012:(1993).
904:25188289
759:See also
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528:Chanderi
472:Padmavat
470:such as
243:Chittaur
180:Practice
168:. Thus,
40:, c.1910
2587:Pilėnai
781:Seppuku
775:Puputan
695:Bundela
624:Chittor
607:Humayun
594:Humayun
579:Chittor
538:in the
518:in 1568
357:of the
255:1568 CE
147:Persian
21:Somalia
2712:Masada
2608:Masada
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432:jauhar
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324:jauhar
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275:Jauhar
263:jauhar
253:, and
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223:jauhar
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174:jauhar
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92:Jauhar
82:jauhar
78:jauhar
70:Rajput
65:jauhar
49:Jowhar
45:Jauhar
25:Jowhar
23:, see
2501:Known
2494:Cases
908:S2CID
900:JSTOR
707:harem
636:Akbar
620:Akbar
599:rakhi
552:Babur
544:Babur
150:gōhar
53:Juhar
2575:1997
2570:1995
2565:1994
2423:ISBN
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2382:OCLC
2358:ISBN
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2315:OCLC
2273:ISBN
2246:ISBN
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2020:ISBN
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1954:ISBN
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960:ISBN
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676:saka
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560:saka
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340:Sind
318:The
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