2815:) which was signed by EU member states on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009. In October 2007, Le Pen suggested that he would personally visit Ireland to assist the "No" campaign but finally changed his mind, fearing that his presence would be used against the supporters of the NO vote. Ireland finally refused to ratify the treaty. Ireland is the only EU country which had a citizen referendum. All other EU states, including France, ratified the treaty by parliamentary vote, despite a previous citizen referendum where over 55% of French voters rejected the European Reform Treaty (although that vote was on a different draft of the Treaty in the form of the Constitutional Treaty). After the Irish "No" vote, Le Pen addressed the French President
2777:
public opinion as virtually the entire French political spectrum from the centre-right to the left united in fierce opposition to Le Pen's ideas. More than one million people in France took part in street rallies; slogans such as "A crook is better than a fascist" ("Un escroc mieux qu'un facho") and "Graft rather than hate, Chirac rather than Le Pen" ("L'arnaque plutĂŽt que la haine, Chirac plutĂŽt que Le Pen") were heard in opposition to Le Pen. Le Pen was then defeated by a large margin in the second round, when incumbent president
Jacques Chirac obtained 82% of the votes, thus securing the biggest majority in the history of the
1177:
2868:'s status, including Le Pen's Honorary Presidency. On 10 July another French court ruled to suspend the vote two days beforehand and urged the party to organize an in-person Congress, as Le Pen sued the National Front again. The party decided to appeal against both of these decisions. The FN then decided, on 29 July, to count the votes on the suppression of Le Pen's Honorary Presidency, which showed that 94% of the members were in favor of this decision. However, due to the legal challenges to the FN's removal of Le Pen as its honorary president, he continued to officially hold the position.
33:
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2857:. He had originally been fined 183,200 euros for saying in 1987 that "I'm not saying the gas chambers didn't exist. I haven't seen them myself. I haven't particularly studied the question. But I believe it's just a detail in the history of World War II." In 1996, he stated that "If you take a 1,000-page book on World War II, the concentration camps take up only two pages and the gas chambers 10 to 15 lines. This is what one calls a detail," and he made similar statements before the
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3518:" it, have a "culture of government" etc.; however, relations with Le Pen and other supporters of the hard line are complex. Le Pen's National Front electoral successes along with the party gaining wider public prominence led to suggestions for the renewal of the pan-European alliance of extreme-right parties with Le Pen as its figurehead, a suggestion that eventually did indeed bring about the establishment of the
879:. His progression in the 1980s is known as the "lepénisation of minds" due to its noticeable effect on mainstream political opinion. His controversial speeches and his integration into public life have made him a figure who polarizes opinion, considered the "Devil of the Republic" among his opponents or the "last samurai in politics" among his supporters. He has been convicted for statements downplaying
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3431:", due to his "granitic nature" as he is perceived as someone who does not give way to pressure or who cannot be easily knocked down. It also connects him to France's Celtic origins. Le Pen is often described as one of the most flamboyant and charismatic orators in Europe, whose speech blends folksy humour, crude attacks and rhetorical finesse.
3252:. He has been convicted of racism or inciting racial hatred at least six times. Thus, on 13 September 1987, he said, "I ask myself several questions. I'm not saying the gas chambers didn't exist. I haven't seen them myself. I haven't particularly studied the question. But I believe it's just a detail in the history of
3450:). He later described his position as right-wing and opposed to the "socialo-communists" and other right-wing parties, which he deems are not real right-wing parties. At other times, for example during the 2002 election campaign, he declared himself "socially left-wing, economically right-wing, nationally French" (
3454:). He further contends that most of the French political and media class are corrupt and out of touch with the real needs of the common people, and conspire to exclude Le Pen and his party from mainstream politics. Le Pen criticizes the other political parties as the "establishment" and lumped all major parties (
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and the scattering of votes among 15 other candidates. This was a major political event, both nationally and internationally, as it was the first time someone with such far-right views had qualified for the second round of the French presidential elections. There was a widespread stirring of national
5148:
The
Medieval icon is obviously being instrumentalized: by enacting this rite, the FN incites nationalist sentiment directed against all those who â according to the far-right party â betray the notion of French national identity and adhere to a global European project, as well as those who keep the
1103:
In 1957, Le Pen became the
General Secretary of the National Front of Combatants, a veterans' organization, as well as the first French politician to nominate a Muslim candidate, Ahmed Djebbour, an Algerian, elected in 1957 as deputy of Paris. The next year, following his break with Poujade, he was
3223:
Arguing that his party includes people of various ethnic or religious origins like Jean-Pierre Cohen, Farid Smahi or
Huguette Fatna, he has attributed some anti-Semitism in France to the effects of Muslim immigration to Europe and suggested that some part of the Jewish community in France might
5036:
The Maid of
Orleans must turn in her grave every May 1st, for since 1988 the extreme right-wing National Front (FN) has expropriated her along with other symbols of Frenchness like the tricolour and the Marseillaise for its own noisy propaganda. Up to 20,000 frontistes came out yesterday to
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Deux semaines plus tard, en juin, le numéro 23 de
Playboy est dans les kiosques: Madame Le Pen nue fait le mĂ©nage" titre l'hebdomadaire, qui, Ă une Ă©poque oĂč le mot buzz mĂ©diatique, n'existe pas encore, a flairĂ© le bon coup et imprimĂ© 250.000 exemplaires, soit 100.000 de plus que la moyenne
931:, like his ancestors, and had started work at the age of 13 on a transatlantic vessel. He was the president of L'Association des Ancients Combattants and Councilor of La TrinitĂ©-sur-Mer. Jean-Marie Le Pen's mother, Anne-Marie HervĂ© (1904â1965), was a seamstress and also of local ancestry.
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court found this statement to be "minimizing the
Holocaust, which caused the deaths of six million Jews," and convicted and fined Le Pen for his remarks. Le Pen retorted sarcastically: "I understand now that it's the Second World War which is a detail of the history of the gas chambers."
2747:
Marius Masse. In 1991 Le Pen's invitation to London by
Conservative MPs was militantly protested by large numbers coordinated by the Campaign Against Fascism in Europe, CAFE, which led to a surge of anti-fascist groups and activity across Europe. In 1992 and 1998 he was elected to the
6337:
magazine, (5 June 2002) writes: "Denunciations of Jean-Marie Le Pen and his xenophobic
National Front (FN) as racist, anti-Semitic and hostile to minorities and foreigners aren't exactly new. More novel, however, are such condemnations coming from far-right movements like the
2942:. On 31 May 1991, Jean-Marie Le Pen married Jeanne-Marie Paschos ("Jany"), of Greek descent, in a civil cerimony. Born in 1933, Paschos was previously married to Belgian businessman Jean Garnier. The two married again in a religious marriage in 2021, in a ceremony presided by
3260:, where they were killed, is a trivial matter, and he denies that 6 million Jews were killed, saying "I don't think there were that many deaths. There weren't 6 million ... There weren't mass murders as it's been said." He was eventually condemned under the
3441:
Le Pen and the
National Front are described by much of the media and nearly all commentators as far right. Le Pen himself and the rest of his party disagree with this label; earlier in his political career, Le Pen described his position as "neither right, nor
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celebrate Saint Joan and the day of workers, pausing to lay flowers in front of her equestrian statue in the Place des Pyramides, listening with rapt attention to National Front leader, Mr Jean-Marie Le Pen, as he held forth from the steps of the Paris Opera.
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region but was prevented from doing so because he did not meet the conditions for being a voter in that region: he neither lived there nor was registered as a taxpayer there. However, he was planned to be the FN's top candidate in the region for the
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In 1977, Le Pen inherited a fortune from Hubert Lambert (1934â1976), son of the cement industrialist Leon Lambert (1877â1952), one of three sons of Lambert Cement founder Hilaire Lambert. Hubert Lambert was a political supporter of Le Pen and a
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party. Echoing his 1987 remarks in France, Le Pen stated: "If you take a 1,000-page book on World War II, the concentration camps take up only two pages and the gas chambers 10 to 15 lines. This is what one calls a detail." In June 1999, a
3235:
He also infamously compared gays to soup with salt, saying "it's like salt with soup: if there is not enough, it's too bland, and if it's too much, it's undrinkable" and compared pedophilia with "the exaltation of homosexuality".
2915:
from 29 June 1960 to 18 March 1987 resulted in three daughters, who have given him eight grandchildren. The break-up of the marriage was somewhat dramatic, with his ex-wife posing nude, to ridicule him, in the French edition of
2767:
Le Pen ran in the French presidential elections in 1974, 1988, 1995, 2002, and 2007. As noted above, he was not able to run for office in 1981, having failed to gather the necessary 500 signatures of elected officials. In the
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because the city had just elected a mayor from the National Front. Le Pen said, "the city of Toulon will then have to get along without the vocalisations of singer Benguigui". Benguigui, an Algerian name, is Bruel's birth
3315:: In 2005 and 2008, Le Pen was fined, in both cases âŹ10,000 for "incitement to discrimination, hatred and violence towards a group of people", on account of statements made about Muslims in France. In 2010. The
2712:, Le Pen's party managed to increase its support in the 1980s, starting in the municipal elections of 1983. His popularity has been greatest in the south and east of France. The FN obtained 16 seats in the
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1100:'s UDCA populist party. Le Pen has often presented himself as the youngest member of the Assembly, but a young communist, André ChÚne, 27 years old and half a year younger, was elected in the same year.
5394:
2772:, Le Pen obtained 16.86% of the votes in the first round of voting. This was enough to qualify him for the second round, as a result of the poor showing by the PS candidate and incumbent prime minister
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campaign. Testimonies suggest that he was only wounded in the right eye and did not lose it. He lost the sight in his left eye years later, due to an illness. (Popular belief is that he wears a
5570:
3510:'s success in Italy by making it possible for right-wing parties to ally themselves with the Front, but claimed that Le Pen's attitude and outrageous speech prevented this. Le Pen's daughter
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A French court decided in June of 2015 to cancel his suspension; although the members of the party were to hold a vote to accept or reject a whole series of measures aiming at changing the
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3309:
during the 1997 general election. This ultimately led to him losing his seat in the European parliament in 2003. The Versailles appeals court banned him from seeking office for one year.
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government (that is, the combination of a right-wing Prime minister, Chirac, with a socialist President, Mitterrand). In Paris, Jean-Marie Le Pen was elected to the National Assembly.
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2823:, accusing him of furthering the agenda of a "cabal of international finance and free market fanatics." Ireland has since accepted the treaty in a second Lisbon referendum.
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In May 1987, he advocated the forced isolation from society of all people infected with HIV, by placing them in a special "sidatorium". "SidaĂŻque" is Le Pen's pejorative
1092:. Within two days, there were 40 volunteers from his university, a group that would later help victims of an earthquake in Italy. In Paris in 1956, he was elected to the
4397:
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with "next time we'll do a whole oven batch!" Le Pen later claimed the comments he made had no anti-Semitic connotations "except for my political enemies or imbeciles".
9164:
3391:(French supreme jurisdiction) concluded that it was legitimate to publish these assertions. In 1995, Le Pen unsuccessfully sued Jean Dufour, regional counselor of the
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poll showed that while 22% of the electorate have a good or very good opinion of Le Pen, and 13% an unfavorable opinion, 61% have a very unfavorable opinion.
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provided 30 million francs (equivalent to âŹ19,000,000 in 2022) to Le Pen, as well as his opulent three-storey 11-room mansion at 8 Parc de Montretout,
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2995:(Civic Action Service), a Gaullist organisation. SAC allegedly employed figures with organized crime backgrounds and from the far-right movement.
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which printed 100,000 more than the normal production of 150,000 nevertheless needed to print a second printing of 150,000, to satisfy demand.
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Stockemer, Daniel, and Abdelkarim Amengay. "The voters of the FN under Jean-Marie Le Pen and Marine Le Pen: Continuity or change&quest."
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On 4 May 2015, Le Pen was suspended from the party after refusing to attend his disciplinary hearing for repeating his description of the
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contained too many non-white players, and was not an accurate reflection of French society. He went on to scold players for not singing
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so that Le Pen could be tried by a German court in Germany, for comments he made at a December 1996 press conference before the German
2804:
and finished fourth. His 2007 campaign, at the age of 78 years and 9 months, makes him the oldest candidate for presidential office in
910:(MEP), Le Pen served as the Honorary President of the National Front from 2011 to 2015. He was expelled from the party by his daughter
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of Montretout in Saint-Cloud). The crime was never solved. Le Pen then failed to obtain the 500 signatures from "grand electors" (
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3333:(1954â1962), when he was a lieutenant in the French Army. He denied it and won some trials. But he lost a trial when he attacked
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In November 1944, aged 16, he was turned down (because of his age) by Colonel Henri de La VaissiĂšre (then representative of the
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interview, were "inciting racial hatred", and he was fined âŹ10,000 and ordered to pay an additional âŹ5,000 in damages to the
3067:: 1984â2003 (Sentenced by the courts in 2003) / Since 2004. Elected in 1984, reelected in 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014.
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4956:
Every year on May Day the far right in France marches to the statue of Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc) on the right bank in Paris
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1999:
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Le Pen once made the infamous pun "Durafour-crématoire" ("four crématoire" meaning "crematory oven") about then-minister
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1964:
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In the early 1980s, Le Pen's personal security was assured by KO International Company, a subsidiary of VHP Security, a
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banner, Le Pen voluntarily reengaged himself for two to three months in the French Foreign Legion. He was then sent to
8357:
906:âleft its mark on French public life, and the "21st of April" is now a frequently used expression in France. A former
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In August 2015, Le Pen was expelled from the National Front after a special party congress. He has since founded the
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borders open for immigrants and refugees, thus betraying the values that Joan of Arc supposedly fought and died for.
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2720:(the only legislative elections held under proportional representation), which were won by the right wing, bringing
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In February 1997, Le Pen accused Chirac of being "on the payroll of Jewish organizations, and particularly of the
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402:
381:
9159:
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3506:, MNR), claiming that Le Pen kept the Front away from the possibility of gaining power. MĂ©gret wanted to emulate
3126:. A Paris court found in February 2005 that his verbal criticisms, such as remarks disparaging Muslims in a 2003
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1158:
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3494:, and some National Front supporters, to distance themselves from him. Controversial Dutch anti-Islam lawmaker
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Criticizing immigration and taking advantage of the economic crisis striking France and the world since the
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Hainsworth, Paul. "The extreme right in France: the rise and rise of JeanâMarie Le Pen's front national."
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938:, a small seaside village in Brittany, the son of Anne Marie Hervé and Jean Le Pen, a fisherman. He was
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François Bachelot. Celui qui a soufflé à Le Pen ses «sidatoriums» poursuit sa carriÚre de cancérologue.
5298:
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3409:, charged with misusing EU funds meant for European Parliament assistants by instead using them to pay
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2685:, obtaining 0.74% of the vote. In 1976, his Parisian flat was dynamited (he lived at that time in his
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5076:""La Peur Gagne": The National Front Platform of the 1980s and the Rising Tide of French Nationalism"
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In a 2014 video on the National Front's website, Le Pen reacted to criticism of him by Jewish singer
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habituelle....Playboy est mĂȘme obligĂ© de rĂ©imprimer 150.000 exemplaires pour rĂ©pondre Ă la demande.
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In April 2024, Jean Marie Le Pen was placed âunder legal protectionâ at the request of his family.
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5425:"Jean-Marie Le Pen, placé "sous régime de protection juridique", annonce le vice-président du RN"
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Romania's first gift to the European Union â a caucus of neo-fascists and Holocaust deniers
6222:
Michelle Hale Williams, "The Impact of Radical Right-Wing Parties in West European Democracies "
5625:
4712:"Far-Right Party in France Tries to Push Jean-Marie Le Pen, Provocative Founder, to the Margins"
3434:
Le Pen is a polarizing figure in France: opinions regarding him tend to be quite strong. A 2002
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4421:"Jean-Marie Le Pen et la SERP : le disque de musique au service d'une pratique politique"
4137:
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8013:
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6255:"'Ni droite, Ni gauche, Français!' Mainstream populism and the future of Left/Right politics"
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Jean Louis Marie Le Pen was the only son of Jean Le Pen (1901â1942). Jean Le Pen was born in
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4788:"Vote massif des adhérents FN contre Jean-Marie Le Pen, qui renonce à se présenter en Paca"
4215:(in French) (first ed.). Paris, France: Presses universitaires de France. p. 573.
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and has been consistently reelected since then. In 1988 he lost his reelection bid for the
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1620:
1492:
1369:
1196:
801:
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Soffer, Dalya. "The use of collective memory in the populist messaging of Marine Le Pen."
5294:
4283:"Battle of Algiers returns to haunt Le Pen as claims of torture focus on far-right leader"
3514:
leads an internal movement of the Front that wants to "normalize" the National Front, "de-
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3090:: 1992â2000 (sentenced by the courts in 2000) / Since 2010â2015. Reelected in 1998, 2010.
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2820:
2732:
2557:
2189:
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2016:
1959:
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6342:(FPO), which itself won international opprobrium in 1999 after entering government on a
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3165:, who is of Algerian Jewish descent, on his policy of no longer singing in the city of
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6136:"French far-right leader Marine Le Pen to stand trial over alleged misuse of EU funds"
5395:"Jean-Marie Le Pen, hospitalized after a heart attack, was able to return to his home"
4040:"AssemblĂ©e nationale â Les dĂ©putĂ©s de la IVe RĂ©publique : Jean-Marie Le Pen"
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8124:
7975:
7879:
7867:
7807:
7655:
7487:
7482:
7446:
7297:
7165:
6992:
6508:
6440:
6254:
6211:
Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, "Introduction to Comparative Politics"
6185:
5831:
5822:"France's National Front co-founder Jean-Marie Le Pen says the battle is already won"
5593:
5199:
5163:""Dans l'enfer de Montretout": 6 anecdotes incroyables sur l'histoire du clan Le Pen"
5110:
4436:
4376:
4326:
4290:
4143:
3852:
2842:
2805:
2657:, which specialized in historical recordings and sold recordings of the choir of the
2633:
2625:
2513:
2472:
2051:
1979:
1655:
1520:
1352:
1023:
950:
was blown up by a mine in 1942. He was raised as a Roman Catholic and studied at the
876:
89:
8862:
8609:
8372:
8367:
8184:
8119:
7812:
7660:
7619:
7451:
6997:
6753:
3387:
1993). Le Pen sued the papers and Michel Rocard. This affair ended in 2000 when the
2872:
2853:, as a "detail" of World War II and speaking favorably of Nazi collaborator Marshal
2811:
Le Pen has been a vocal critic of the European Reform Treaty (formally known as the
2458:
1640:
1525:
1115:
Le Pen claimed that he had lost his left eye when he was savagely beaten during the
497:
8875:
8754:
8604:
8599:
8428:
8209:
8199:
7824:
7749:
7631:
7564:
7470:
7379:
7285:
7213:
7189:
7110:
6980:
6889:
6800:
6356:
5998:
5369:"French far-right veteran Jean-Marie Le Pen hospitalised after 'mild' heart attack"
4733:"Jean-Marie Le Pen to Face Trial for Saying Gas Chambers Are 'A Detail' of History"
4428:
3785:
3249:
2982:
2912:
2812:
2617:
2465:
2204:
2117:
2061:
2056:
1685:
1605:
1535:
1530:
1051:
555:
430:
32:
8689:
6651:
6121:
6103:
6085:
6060:
6042:
5325:
4812:
4557:
4189:
2011:
1433:
1030:. His graduate thesis, submitted in 1971 by him and Jean-Loup Vincent, was titled
8795:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8569:
8559:
8539:
8498:
8478:
8438:
8352:
8214:
8019:
7960:
6871:
6658:
6240:
6080:
6037:
5995:"J'ai croisé Le Pen à la villa Sésini" (I bumped into Le Pen in the Sesini Villa)
5637:
5550:
5519:"France's far-right leader Jean-Marie Le Pen convicted of inciting racial hatred"
5343:"French far-right party founder Jean-Marie Le Pen in hospital after minor stroke"
5320:
4865:
4398:"Jean-Marie Le Pen et La Torture [1/3] Excellent ! â une vidĂ©o"
4164:
4088:
4017:
3818:
3507:
3205:
3197:
3181:
2975:
2831:
2816:
2759:
2709:
2322:
2313:
2290:
2112:
2071:
2006:
1954:
1779:
1715:
1670:
1635:
1560:
1550:
1333:
1203:
884:
848:
8764:
8684:
7843:
7249:
6519:
The National Front and French Politics: The Resistible Rise of Jean-Marie Le Pen
3534:
3499:
2927:
2523:
2091:
1146:. Le Pen has denied these accusations, although he admitted knowing of its use.
8903:
8709:
8619:
8549:
8524:
8448:
8254:
8244:
8234:
8189:
8159:
7915:
7836:
7667:
7612:
7572:
7427:
7361:
7273:
7092:
7004:
6741:
6310:
6233:
4918:"Jean-Marie Le Pen crée les comités "Jeanne, au secours!" pour peser sur le FN"
4420:
3565:
3410:
3100:
2939:
2888:
2721:
2654:
2492:
2199:
2142:
2076:
2026:
1725:
1630:
1585:
1555:
1487:
1342:
1297:
1232:
1131:
1097:
1085:
903:
864:
853:
806:
131:
8887:
8169:
8164:
7819:
6667:
5857:"Jean-Marie Le Pen renvoyé devant la justice pour ses propos sur l'Occupation"
1984:
1969:
1580:
856:
from 1972 to 2011 and Honorary President of the same party from 2011 to 2015.
8948:
8834:
8659:
8584:
8277:
8249:
8144:
7855:
7643:
7595:
7387:
7225:
7141:
6794:
6789:
6444:
6175:
5835:
4939:
4440:
4330:
4294:
4258:
3856:
3771:
3511:
3498:, who has often been accused of being far-right, has also criticized Le Pen.
3495:
3406:
3376:
3355:
as court evidence. Although war crimes committed during the Algerian War are
3216:
3162:
3123:
2935:
2883:
2827:
2773:
2640:
In 1962, Le Pen lost his seat in the Assembly. In 1963, he created the Serp (
2569:
2385:
2157:
2122:
1994:
1710:
1590:
1570:
1406:
1347:
1109:
911:
880:
615:
152:
81:
8488:
7891:
5575:
3405:: In December 2023, Le Pen was among 28 people, which included his daughter
3367:
3191:
On many occasions, before and after the FIFA World Cup, he claimed that the
2616:, who obtained 5.19% of the votes. He insisted on the rehabilitation of the
2147:
8928:
8923:
8801:
8788:
8729:
8694:
8664:
8594:
8589:
8403:
8312:
8239:
8204:
8154:
8134:
8026:
7800:
6812:
6567:
Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary
6393:
6261:
4842:
3475:
3330:
3265:
3253:
3209:
3032:
for Paris: 1956â1962 / 1986â1988. Elected in 1956, reelected in 1958, 1986.
3006:
2999:
2974:. With his wife, he also owns a two-story townhouse on the Rue Hortense in
2967:
2340:
1730:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1665:
1650:
1497:
1399:
1265:
1135:
1124:
1088:, who approved Le Pen's proposed volunteer disaster relief project after a
1081:
780:
6431:"Marine Le Pen's father backs far-right rival Ăric Zemmour for presidency"
5651:"We are, Frenchmen says Thuram, as Le Pen bemoans number of black players"
5123:
3118:
Le Pen has been accused and convicted several times at home and abroad of
1545:
1272:
883:, and fined for incitement to discrimination regarding remarks made about
8781:
8759:
8734:
8704:
8669:
8544:
8529:
8519:
8224:
6527:. "From Jean-Marie to Marine Le Pen: electoral change on the far right."
6524:
4995:"Chaotic scenes as France's National Front family feud erupts on May Day"
4838:"Juridiquement, Jean-Marie Le Pen est toujours président d'honneur du FN"
4662:
3261:
2963:
2934:(MNR, National Republican Movement). The youngest of Le Pen's daughters,
2926:, one of his daughters, broke with Le Pen, following her husband to join
2892:
2834:. He became honorary chairman of the party and won his seat again at the
2530:
1440:
1326:
1258:
1253:
1227:
1074:
775:
709:
5742:"French far-right veteran Jean-Marie Le Pen on trial over Holocaust pun"
4432:
1003:
Le Pen started his political career as the head of the student union in
8912:
8057:
7792:
7715:
7530:
7434:
7345:
7237:
7076:
6855:
5715:"French far-right party founder Jean-Marie Le Pen faces new hate trial"
4892:"Jean-Marie Le Pen lance des comités "Jeanne d'Arc, au secours !""
4612:
3340:
3151:
3138:(League for Human Rights). The conviction and fines were upheld by the
3119:
2959:
2955:
1388:
1362:
633:
8869:
5220:"The Greek-French Stepmother of Marine Le Pen | Greek Reporter Europe"
3305:
following prosecution for the physical assault of Socialist candidate
2441:
8644:
8574:
6435:
5557:
5107:
The French National Front : the extremist challenge to democracy
3452:
socialement à gauche, économiquement à droite, nationalement français
3443:
3352:
3245:
3229:
2850:
2420:
1314:
1279:
1120:
996:, in the street. He was repeatedly convicted of assault and battery (
98:
57:
6696:
5977:"Le Pen et la torture, l'enquete du "Monde" validée par le tribunal"
5507:"Le Pen convicted of inciting racial hatred for anti-Muslim remarks"
3490:
Some of Le Pen's statements led other far-right groups, such as the
3256:." For Le Pen, the French deportation of 76,000 Jews from France to
9000:
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
8033:
6613:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
6343:
5981:
5960:
5861:
5768:"French National Front launches nationalist environmental movement"
5251:
3343:, following accusations by the newspaper that he had used torture.
3335:
3147:
3128:
2434:
1470:
1248:
1212:
1004:
928:
852:), is a French far-right politician who served as president of the
486:
9010:
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
9005:
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
5689:"Le Pen rides to Sarkozy's rescue? | Certain ideas of Europe"
5560:, 6 May 1987 (QuickTime video, French). Retrieved 19 October 2008.
3878:"Jean-Marie Le Pen to protest exclusion from National Front party"
3224:
eventually come to appreciate National Front ideology. Le Pen has
3005:
Le Pen was hospitalized on 15 April 2023, after suffering a âmild
960:
6662:
6277:"France: prĂ©sidentielle 2002 â Le Pen trace "un avenir français""
4737:
3515:
3356:
3326:
2918:
2904:
1321:
965:
6117:"Torture: Le Pen perd son procĂšs en diffamation contre Le Monde"
5021:"Joan of Arc hijacked as Le Pen backs in adulation of thousands"
3845:"France's National Front party expels founder Jean-Marie Le Pen"
3150:
for "person infected with AIDS" (the more usual French term is "
8071:
5676:
Far-Right Le Pen's Slurs Fail to Upset France's Quest For Glory
3428:
3348:
3285:
3204:
In the 2007 election campaign, he referred to fellow-candidate
3166:
2666:
955:
951:
939:
890:
Le Pen's longevity in politics and his five attempts to become
6408:"France's Jean-Marie Le Pen joins European far-right alliance"
5807:"French court condemns Jean-Marie le Pen for anti-gay remarks"
5478:"France's Jean Marie Le Pen Calls For Decapitating Terrorists"
4254:"La naissance du Front national : La réponse de l'auteur"
3576:
North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal
3244:
Le Pen has made several provocative statements concerning the
3035:
President of the National Front political grouping: 1986â1988.
2966:, in the western suburbs of Paris. The home had been built by
8458:
8398:
8393:
7278:
5264:
5262:
5098:
4761:"Jean-Marie Le Pen fait suspendre l'assemblée générale du FN"
3435:
2900:
2632:
in the occupied zone? This isn't sure. It was much easier to
2379:
6541:
Singer, Daniel. "The resistible rise of JeanâMarie Le Pen."
6001:(who had argued in favor of the use of torture in Algeria),
5509:, Associated Press, 2 April 2004. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
4111:"Biographie et actualités de Jean Marie Le Pen France Inter"
2743:'s 8th constituency. He was defeated in the second round by
681:
8990:
Union for the Defense of Tradesmen and Artisans politicians
8409:
Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal PĂ©tain
5890:, Associated Press, 2 June 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
5521:, Associated Press, 11 May 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
5452:"Death penalty pledge as Le Pen launches election campaign"
5154:
3110:
Le Pen supports bringing back the death penalty in France.
2716:. A total of 35 FN deputies entered the Assembly after the
6470:
Rethinking the French New Right: Alternatives to Modernity
5544:"Le Pen et le sida: les modes de contagion et l'exclusion"
5259:
3239:
5793:"France's Jean-Marie le Pen fined for homophobic remarks"
5185:
4666:
3384:
2978:
and another house in his hometown of La Trinité-sur-Mer.
1123:.) During the 1950s, Le Pen took a close interest in the
8995:
National Centre of Independents and Peasants politicians
5270:"Marine Le Pen, une riche propriétaire (comme son pÚre)"
4866:"French National Front expels founder Jean-Marie Le Pen"
4456:"1981-2007. Le FN face Ă la "galĂšre" des 500 signatures"
3819:"French National Front expels founder Jean-Marie Le Pen"
6687:
Jean-Marie Le Pen: A Right-Wing Extremist and His Party
5956:"L'affaire du poignard du lieutenant Le Pen en Algérie"
3292:
3212:
and Hungarian descent, as "foreign" or "the foreigner."
2826:
After Le Pen left office in January 2011, his daughter
3184:, who had said in public a few days before, "One must
3154:" (seropositive)) The term "sidatorium" was coined by
2878:
1104:
reelected to the National Assembly as a member of the
4281:
Paris, Giles Tremlett Paul Webster in (4 June 2002).
898:. His unexpected progress to the second round in the
9130:
French military personnel of the First Indochina War
3761:
3502:
left the National Front to found his own party (the
2887:"Jany" Paschos, his second wife, with Le Pen at his
2693:, mayors, etc.) necessary to present himself in the
9035:
Candidates in the 2007 French presidential election
9030:
Candidates in the 2002 French presidential election
9025:
Candidates in the 1995 French presidential election
9020:
Candidates in the 1988 French presidential election
9015:
Candidates in the 1974 French presidential election
6155:
6153:
4727:
4725:
4611:. Frontnational.com. 25 August 2008. Archived from
1058:, which had been lost by France and which prompted
1046:After receiving his law degree, he enlisted in the
1019:). He was excluded from this organisation in 1951.
946:, brought up by the state), when his father's boat
6536:The extreme right in France: from PĂ©tain to Le Pen
4785:
4710:Rubin, Alissa J.; Breeden, Aurelien (4 May 2015).
4316:
2830:was elected by the adherents of the party against
1130:Elected deputy of the French Parliament under the
9165:Politicians affected by a party expulsion process
6597:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
5930:ECtHR Admissibility decision in case No. 18788/09
3359:in France, this was publicised by the newspapers
3275:, of which Le Pen was then a member, removed his
3009:â and was discharged from the hospital on 3 May.
902:âwhere he would lose in a landslide to incumbent
8946:
7945:
6174:
6150:
4722:
4690:"FRANCE: A CRITICAL PLAYER IN A WEAKENED EUROPE"
4427:(in French). 14 : 1 (14 : 1): 85â101.
1077:in 1956, but arrived only after the cease-fire.
5109:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. p. 238.
4425:Volume !. La revue des musiques populaires
3952:. Linternaute.com. 20 June 1928. Archived from
3301:: In April 2000, Le Pen was suspended from the
5920:, 18 November 1998. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
5050:"Jean Marie Le Pen Paris May 1988 Joan Of Arc"
4356:Tribune, Ray Moseley, Chicago (15 July 1985).
4135:
3485:
3094:
2138:National Centre of Independents & Peasants
1760:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism
1009:Association Corporative des Ă©tudiants en droit
9125:French military personnel of the Algerian War
7931:
7701:
7516:
7331:
7062:
6841:
6712:
6031:"Quand Le Pen travaillait 20 heures par jour"
4179:
3751:
3699:
3678:
3657:
2589:
1810:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
914:in 2015, after new controversial statements.
6817:
6669:Le Pen on Al Jazeera English's Riz Khan show
5295:Le gĂ©nĂ©ral croate Gotovina arrĂȘtĂ© en Espagne
4709:
4381:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2985:firm, and an alleged front organisation for
2528:
2357:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2295:
2281:
2267:
2245:
1431:
1404:
1367:
1331:
1312:
1263:
1239:
1201:
1080:In 1953, a year before the beginning of the
9140:French people convicted of Holocaust denial
8288:Fédération d'action nationale et européenne
6164:Missionary Politics in Contemporary Europe
5616:, 15 March 1997. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
5502:
5500:
5498:
4635:"Décision n° 2007-139 PDR du 25 avril 2007"
4525:"Décision n° 2002-109 PDR du 24 avril 2002"
4358:"EX-PARATROOPER AROUSES POLITICAL PASSIONS"
4166:Le Courant anarchiste en France depuis 1945
3983:Fauchoux, Marc and Forcari, Christophe. p42
3319:declared Le Pen's application inadmissible.
3113:
2930:, who split from the FN to found the rival
2788:, Le Pen intended to run for office in the
1142:. He has been accused of having engaged in
1106:Centre National des Indépendants et Paysans
1032:Le courant anarchiste en France depuis 1945
1022:After his time in the military, he studied
9145:People convicted of racial hatred offences
7938:
7924:
7708:
7694:
7523:
7509:
7338:
7324:
7069:
7055:
6848:
6834:
6719:
6705:
6234:Ipsos.fr â Political Action Barometer
6099:Jean Dufour: "Le Pen vient d'ĂȘtre dĂ©boutĂ©"
5563:
4315:Broughton, Philip Delves (22 April 2002).
4077:
3581:Middle-East operations commemorative medal
2643:Société d'études et de relations publiques
2596:
2582:
347:19 January 1956 â 5 December 1958
31:
6633:Learn how and when to remove this message
6260:. Prague Populism Conference – via
6074:"Le Pen attaque un Ă©lu du PCF en justice"
5946:, No. 1000, 17 January 1986, p.2-3.
5765:
5739:
4314:
4251:
4210:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
1127:(1954â62) and the French defence budget.
394:27 March 1992 â 24 February 2000
373:26 March 2010 â 13 December 2015
306:9 December 1958 â 9 October 1962
196:5 October 1972 â 15 January 2011
144:16 January 2011 â 20 August 2015
6485:Fauchoux, Marc and Forcari, Christophe.
5881:
5602:
5582:
5512:
5495:
5449:
5247:"Jean-Marie Le Pen s'est marié à 92 ans"
5244:
5191:
5160:
5129:
4786:Un mot Ă ajouter ? (29 July 2015).
4687:
4581:"Décision n° 2002-111 PDR du 8 mai 2002"
3799:History of far-right movements in France
2998:Le Pen was briefly hospitalized after a
2882:
2758:
132:Honorary President of the National Front
8469:National Council of European Resistance
6300:
6274:
6252:
6056:"New Revelations on Le Pen, tortionary"
5906:
5819:
5648:
5475:
5104:
5018:
4480:
4355:
4142:(in French). Odile Jacob. p. 235.
3919:
3917:
3526:, chaired by Le Pen's daughter Marine.
3240:Prosecution concerning Holocaust denial
9155:French politicians convicted of crimes
8947:
5588:Nicolas Domenach and Maurice Szafran,
5314:Le chauffeur de l'homme de la Question
5073:
4418:
4054:
4011:Quand Le Pen voulait rejoindre les FFI
3571:Indochina Campaign commemorative medal
2891:party's annual march to the statue of
2258:(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)
443:13 March 1983 â 19 March 1989
415:21 March 1986 â 22 March 1992
9115:Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
8298:French and European Nationalist Party
7919:
7689:
7504:
7319:
7050:
6829:
6816:
6726:
6700:
4940:"National Front in patriotic fervour"
4419:Thomas, Jonathan (13 December 2017).
4395:
4280:
4252:Kauffmann, Grégoire (December 2011).
4213:Vie politique française au xxe siÚcle
4136:Schwartzenberg, Roger-GĂ©rard (1998).
2538:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau
1149:
983:, and started to sell the monarchist
847:
257:24 July 1984 â 10 April 2003
9150:French politicians with disabilities
9075:MEPs for South-East France 2014â2019
9070:MEPs for South-East France 2009â2014
9065:MEPs for South-East France 2004â2009
6577:
5888:"Le Pen Convicted for Racial Hatred"
5537:
5532:Syndrome d'Immuno-DĂ©ficience Acquise
5476:Sharkov, Damien (20 November 2015).
4969:"National Front Le Pen Jeanne D'arc"
4454:Mas, Marie-Laure (2 February 2012).
4337:from the original on 12 January 2022
4318:"Exposing the myth of poison Le Pen"
3914:
3586:
3551:Officer of the French Foreign Legion
3529:On 22 March 2018, Le Pen joined the
3422:
3323:Allegations of war crimes in Algeria
3293:Other legal problems and allegations
3248:which have been legally ruled to be
3228:and has linked climate science with
3161:On 21 June 1995, he attacked singer
859:Le Pen focuses on issues related to
6275:Quentin, Francine (24 April 2002).
5307:
5288:
4553:"Contre Le Pen, le sursaut civique"
4453:
4162:
3015:
2879:Personal life, wealth, and security
2636:in London than to resist in France.
2298:Union Nationale Inter-universitaire
1041:
934:Le Pen was born on 20 June 1928 in
285:2 April 1986 â 14 May 1988
13:
8494:Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms
8293:Federation of Nationalist Students
8040:French National-Collectivist Party
6569:(Greenwood, 1995) pp. 271â74.
6462:
5914:"One-year election ban for Le Pen"
5450:Willsher, Kim (26 February 2007).
5245:Labacher, Paul (18 January 2021).
4992:
4663:"Ireland backs EU's Lisbon Treaty"
3313:Statements about Muslims in France
2731:In 1984, Le Pen won a seat in the
2653:) firm, a company involved in the
1859:"The Future of the Intelligentsia"
917:
877:France's high rate of unemployment
236:1 July 2004 â 1 July 2019
14:
9186:
9120:French people of the Algerian War
9110:People named in the Panama Papers
7718:1974 French presidential election
7533:1988 French presidential election
7348:1995 French presidential election
7079:2002 French presidential election
6858:2007 French presidential election
6772:MĂ©moires : fils de la nation
6573:
6502:MĂ©moires : fils de la nation
6428:
5649:Fifield, Dominic (30 June 2006).
5130:El Hissy, Maha (September 2018).
4688:LE CORRE, PHILIPPE (April 2017).
4211:Sirinelli, Jean-Francois (1995).
4169:(in French). Universite de Paris.
3539:2022 French presidential election
2802:2007 French presidential election
2672:
2180:French Agrarian and Peasant Party
908:Member of the European Parliament
224:Member of the European Parliament
8363:Revolutionary Nationalist Groups
6582:
6422:
6400:
6381:
6367:
6349:
6325:
6294:
6268:
6246:
6227:
6216:
6205:
6181:Political Institutions in Europe
6168:
5820:McAuley, James (20 March 2017).
4640:Constitutional Council of France
4586:Constitutional Council of France
4530:Constitutional Council of France
3778:
3764:
3598:President of the French Republic
3470:(RPR)) into the "Gang of Four" (
3403:Allegations of misusing EU funds
3201:, saying they were not "French".
3105:
2763:Jean-Marie Le Pen, November 2005
2563:
2551:
1175:
975:) when he attempted to join the
894:have made him a major figure in
668:
571:
9170:French political party founders
9095:French traditionalist Catholics
8358:Rassemblement National Français
6301:McNeill, Tony (16 March 1998).
6128:
6110:
6092:
6067:
6049:
6024:
6008:
5988:
5970:
5949:
5937:
5923:
5893:
5849:
5813:
5799:
5785:
5759:
5733:
5707:
5681:
5669:
5642:
5619:
5524:
5469:
5443:
5417:
5387:
5361:
5335:
5238:
5212:
5161:Schwyter, Adrien (3 May 2017).
5067:
5042:
5012:
4986:
4961:
4932:
4910:
4884:
4858:
4830:
4805:
4779:
4753:
4703:
4681:
4655:
4627:
4601:
4573:
4545:
4517:
4505:
4474:
4447:
4412:
4389:
4349:
4308:
4274:
4245:
4219:
4204:
4173:
4156:
4129:
4103:
4082:Le Pen, son univers impitoyable
4032:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3925:"Jean-Marie Le Pen: genealogie"
3591:
3533:. In October 2021, he endorsed
3427:Le Pen is often nicknamed the "
3417:
2681:(FN) party. He then ran in the
2263:Initiative and Liberty Movement
954:high school François Xavier in
594:
567:
273:Member of the National Assembly
184:President of the National Front
6346:platform similar to Le Pen's."
5865:. 13 July 2006. Archived from
5074:Howell, Maggie (Winter 2013).
3977:
3968:
3950:"Biographie Jean-Marie Le Pen"
3942:
3905:
3896:
3870:
3837:
3811:
3544:
3531:Alliance for Peace and Freedom
3448:ni droite, ni gauche, français
3317:European Court of Human Rights
3226:denied man-made climate change
2932:Mouvement National RĂ©publicain
2770:presidential elections of 2002
2697:, won by the candidate of the
869:traditional culture and values
839:(born 20 June 1928), known as
755:1st Foreign Parachute Regiment
49:Alliance for Peace and Freedom
1:
9080:Right-wing populism in France
8820:Active publications and media
8090:Revolutionary Social Movement
6489:Jacob-Duvernet Editions. 2007
3804:
3520:Europe of Nations and Freedom
3347:has produced in May 2003 the
3325:: Le Pen allegedly practiced
3047:Municipal councillor for the
2661:trade-union and songs of the
1007:. He became president of the
977:French Forces of the Interior
922:
431:Municipal Councillor of Paris
16:French politician (born 1928)
8474:National Republican Movement
8009:Antisemitic League of France
7947:Far-right politics in France
5678:Deutsche Welle, 29 June 2006
5401:. 3 May 2023. Archived from
5019:Marlowe, Lara (2 May 1997).
4846:(in French). 27 January 2017
4483:"Ălections europĂ©ennes 1984"
4186:LE BLOG DE Jean-Marie Le Pen
3504:National Republican Movement
3351:he allegedly used to commit
3049:20th arrondissement of Paris
2677:In 1972, Le Pen founded the
2614:Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour
2225:Union for a Popular Movement
1036:anarchist movement in France
7:
9135:People convicted of assault
8434:Equality and Reconciliation
8096:Service d'ordre légionnaire
6550:Journal of European Studies
6281:Radio France Internationale
6253:Lorimer, Marta (May 2017).
5105:Simmons, Harvey G. (1996).
5084:Michigan Journal of History
4188:(in French). Archived from
4163:Pen, Jean-Marie Le (1971).
4094:Radio France Internationale
3757:
3486:Relations with other groups
3474: â an allusion to the
3135:Ligue des droits de l'homme
3095:Issues and policy positions
3030:National Assembly of France
3022:National Assembly of France
979:(FFI). He then entered the
10:
9191:
8338:Organisation Armée SecrÚte
8283:European Rally for Liberty
6543:Ethnic and Racial Studies
6487:Le Pen, le derniner combat
6357:"In quotes: Geert Wilders"
6138:. Reuters. 8 December 2023
5534:, the French name for AIDS
5195:Dans l'enfer de Montretout
5192:Beaumont, Olivier (2018).
4643:(in French). 25 April 2007
4561:(in French). 23 April 2002
4533:(in French). 24 April 2002
3541:over his daughter Marine.
3464:Union for French Democracy
3393:Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d'Azur
3098:
3088:Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d'Azur
2836:European elections in 2014
2790:Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d'Azur
2754:Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte-d'Azur
2695:1981 presidential election
2683:1974 presidential election
2610:1965 presidential campaign
2163:VIA, the Way of the People
1898:The Tears of the White Man
1770:The Genius of Christianity
1073:. Le Pen was then sent to
900:2002 presidential election
403:Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d'Azur
382:Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d'Azur
9060:MEPs for France 1999â2004
9055:MEPs for France 1994â1999
9050:MEPs for France 1989â1994
9045:MEPs for France 1984â1989
8985:Politicians from Brittany
8896:
8819:
8773:
8512:
8381:
8263:
8112:
7994:
7953:
7773:
7747:
7724:
7588:
7562:
7539:
7403:
7377:
7354:
7134:
7108:
7085:
6913:
6887:
6864:
6823:
6782:
6763:
6748:Blue, White and Red Rally
6734:
6079:29 September 2007 at the
5431:(in French). 3 April 2024
4813:"29 juillet 2015 Ă 19:40"
3609:
3606:
3603:
3556:Cross for Military Valour
2724:to Matignon in the first
2284:Nouvelle Action Royaliste
1084:, he contacted President
1028:Panthéon-Assas University
830:
797:Cross for Military Valour
789:
763:
742:
732:
715:
705:
695:
690:
676:
664:
644:
639:Panthéon-Assas University
632:
621:
605:
544:
504:
493:
466:
461:
457:
447:
436:
429:
419:
408:
398:
387:
377:
366:
359:
351:
340:
332:
322:
310:
299:
289:
278:
271:
261:
250:
240:
229:
222:
212:
200:
189:
182:
170:
158:
148:
137:
130:
118:
106:
95:
87:
77:
65:
54:
47:Honorary Chairman of the
46:
42:
30:
23:
9105:Political party founders
8774:Ideologies and movements
7732:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
6818:Presidential candidacies
6646:News articles and videos
6307:University of Sunderland
5549:26 February 2009 at the
5319:18 November 2007 at the
5138:. collateral-journal.com
4087:24 February 2012 at the
4042:. Assemblee-nationale.fr
3339:newspaper on charges of
3307:Annette Peulvast-Bergeal
3264:to pay 1.2 million
3258:Nazi concentration camps
3114:Controversial statements
2992:Service d'Action Civique
2800:Le Pen again ran in the
2737:French National Assembly
2628:more brave than Marshal
2360:Service d'Action Civique
1850:EnquĂȘte sur la monarchie
1750:Considerations on France
1303:Catholic social teaching
1157:This article is part of
1090:flood in the Netherlands
317:Constituency established
9100:French critics of Islam
8303:Front Algérie Française
7178:Jean-Pierre ChevĂšnement
5636:6 December 2008 at the
5632:Retrieved 30 May 2008
5590:Le Roman d'un President
5132:"Affective Communities"
4609:"FN list of candidates"
4589:(in French). 8 May 2002
4001:Le Pen, Jean-Marie, p94
3992:Le Pen, Jean-Marie, p72
3974:Le Pen, Jean-Marie, p82
3911:Le Pen, Jean-Marie. p16
3902:Le Pen, Jean-Marie. p45
3299:Prosecution for assault
3086:Regional councillor of
3079:Regional councillor of
2970:for his chief of staff
2944:traditionalist Catholic
2795:2010 regional elections
2786:2004 regional elections
2714:1984 European elections
2612:of far-right candidate
2558:Conservatism portal
2348:Independent Republicans
2195:Independent Republicans
1878:Violence and the Sacred
1790:St Petersburg Dialogues
1056:battle of Dien Bien Phu
981:faculty of law in Paris
837:Jean Louis Marie Le Pen
9160:Antisemitism in France
9085:French anti-communists
8980:French Roman Catholics
8933:Algiers putsch of 1961
8919:6 February 1934 crisis
8484:Rassemblement National
8424:Carrefour de l'Horloge
8085:National Popular Rally
6692:Anti-Defamation League
6475:Chombeau, Christiane.
6429:Paris, Peter Conradi.
6340:Austrian Freedom Party
5198:(in French). J'ai lu.
4481:de Boissieu, Laurent.
4016:1 October 2007 at the
3492:Austrian Freedom Party
3468:Rally for the Republic
3399:) for the same reason.
3397:French Communist Party
3277:parliamentary immunity
3193:French World Cup squad
2972:Jean-François Mocquard
2908:
2764:
2638:
2529:
2358:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2296:
2282:
2268:
2255:Carrefour de l'Horloge
2246:
2210:Rally for the Republic
2133:Future with Confidence
1888:The Camp of the Saints
1432:
1405:
1368:
1332:
1313:
1264:
1240:
1202:
1168:Conservatism in France
849:[ÊÉÌmaÊilÉpÉn]
700:French Fourth Republic
8014:Breton National Party
7781:Jacques Chaban-Delmas
6657:17 April 2009 at the
6565:Wilsford, David, ed.
6562:13.4 (2015): 370â390.
6545:14.3 (1991): 368â381.
6531:66.1 (2013): 160â178.
6529:Parliamentary Affairs
6496:40.2 (2004): 101â114.
6477:Le Pen: fille et pĂšre
6239:18 March 2005 at the
5746:www.timesofisrael.com
5274:Le Nouvel Observateur
4139:La politique mensonge
2911:Le Pen's marriage to
2886:
2762:
2622:
2519:Immigrant criminality
2499:Clerical philosophers
2215:Republican Federation
1868:The Reign of Quantity
1541:Blanc de Saint-Bonnet
1456:Thermidorian Reaction
1414:Traditional authority
1218:Political Catholicism
1108:(CNIP) party, led by
1065:to put an end to the
1060:French Prime Minister
896:French political life
861:immigration to France
716:Years of service
610:Marie-Caroline Le Pen
8970:People from Morbihan
8808:RĂ©volution nationale
8308:Groupe Union DĂ©fense
8273:Charles Martel Group
8103:Solidarité Française
8045:French Popular Party
7459:Philippe de Villiers
6957:Philippe de Villiers
6603:improve this article
6552:52.1 (2022): 69â78.
6499:Le Pen, Jean-Marie.
5610:"Ancient and Modern"
5224:eu.greekreporter.com
4262:(in French) (370): 6
3208:, who is of partial
3188:the National Front".
3002:on 2 February 2022.
2608:Le Pen directed the
2509:FrenchâGerman enmity
1908:The Tyranny of Guilt
1800:Democracy in America
1493:Second French Empire
1242:RĂ©volution nationale
1140:intelligence officer
1063:Pierre MendĂšs France
994:Aspects de la France
584:Jeanne-Marie Paschos
570: 1960;
9090:French nationalists
9040:National Rally MEPs
8909:Franco-Prussian War
8655:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
8464:League of the South
8454:Generation Identity
8343:Party of New Forces
8323:Nouvelle RĂ©sistance
8079:Mouvement Franciste
8065:Ligue des Patriotes
8051:Jeunesses Patriotes
7897:European federalist
7758:François Mitterrand
7547:François Mitterrand
6969:Marie-George Buffet
6615:footnote references
6303:"Le Front national"
6036:15 May 2006 at the
5827:The Washington Post
5809:. 29 November 2018.
5795:. 28 November 2018.
5405:on 3 September 2023
5329:, 10 December 2005
4487:europe-politique.eu
4433:10.4000/volume.5370
4231:ASSEMBLĂE NATIONALE
4192:on 15 February 2018
4180:Jean-Marie Le Pen.
4097:, 1 September 2006
3600:
3561:Croix du combattant
3524:European Parliament
3480:Cultural Revolution
3472:la bande des quatre
3303:European Parliament
3273:European Parliament
3065:European Parliament
3057:European Parliament
2958:as well. Lambert's
2938:, is leader of the
2897:Place des Pyramides
2861:in 2008 and 2009.
2859:European Parliament
2847:concentration camps
2821:European Parliament
2733:European Parliament
2703:François Mitterrand
2414:La Nation française
2190:Movement for France
2185:French Social Party
2000:Political positions
1990:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
1596:Fustel de Coulanges
1483:Bourbon Restoration
1478:Second White Terror
1223:Christian democracy
892:President of France
771:First Indochina War
452:20th arrondissement
361:Regional Councillor
8828:Boulevard Voltaire
8348:Phalange Française
7716:Candidates in the
7649:miscellaneous left
7531:Candidates in the
7346:Candidates in the
7262:Christiane Taubira
7202:Olivier Besancenot
7077:Candidates in the
7010:miscellaneous left
6945:Olivier Besancenot
6856:Candidates in the
6538:(Routledge, 2007).
6521:(NYU Press, 1995).
6517:Marcus, Jonathan.
6472:(Routledge, 2013).
6391:" by Ian Traynor,
6375:Le Canard Enchaßné
6334:Time International
6160:JosĂ© Pedro ZĂșquete
6015:"Un lourd silence"
5721:. 1 September 2021
5555:L'Heure de vérité,
5301:, 8 December 2005
4716:The New York Times
4115:www.franceinter.fr
3851:. 20 August 2015.
3794:Politics of France
3596:
3362:Le Canard Enchaßné
3140:Court of Cassation
3083: : 1986â1992.
2909:
2765:
2620:, declaring that:
2504:European New Right
2428:Le Figaro Magazine
2393:Famille chrétienne
2270:La Manif pour tous
1918:The French Suicide
1516:Barbey d'Aurevilly
1466:Companions of Jehu
1461:First White Terror
1308:Counter-revolution
1192:French nationalism
1150:Far-right politics
998:coups et blessures
944:Ward of the Nation
942:as an adolescent (
936:La Trinité-sur-Mer
483:La Trinité-sur-Mer
165:Office established
8955:Jean-Marie Le Pen
8942:
8941:
8750:Tixier-Vignancour
8318:L'Ćuvre Française
8195:Drieu La Rochelle
7913:
7912:
7907:
7906:
7900:
7888:
7880:Jean-Claude Sebag
7876:
7868:Bertrand Renouvin
7864:
7852:
7840:
7832:Jean-Marie Le Pen
7828:
7816:
7808:Arlette Laguiller
7804:
7789:
7766:
7740:
7683:
7682:
7676:
7664:
7656:Arlette Laguiller
7652:
7640:
7628:
7616:
7608:Jean-Marie Le Pen
7604:
7581:
7555:
7498:
7497:
7491:
7483:Jacques Cheminade
7479:
7467:
7455:
7447:Arlette Laguiller
7443:
7431:
7423:Jean-Marie Le Pen
7419:
7396:
7370:
7313:
7312:
7306:
7298:Daniel Gluckstein
7294:
7282:
7270:
7258:
7246:
7234:
7222:
7210:
7198:
7186:
7174:
7166:Arlette Laguiller
7162:
7150:
7127:
7119:Jean-Marie Le Pen
7101:
7044:
7043:
6993:Arlette Laguiller
6933:Jean-Marie Le Pen
6810:
6809:
6728:Jean-Marie Le Pen
6643:
6642:
6635:
6363:. 4 October 2010.
6331:Bruce Crumley in
5997:, interview with
5740:Lec'hvien, Anne.
5626:'Libres Ăchanges'
5608:Douglas Johnson,
5349:. 3 February 2022
5276:. 27 January 2016
5205:978-2-290-15039-9
4999:timesofisrael.com
4615:on 2 October 2009
3956:on 16 August 2016
3755:
3754:
3587:Electoral history
3423:Public perception
3389:Cour de cassation
3156:François Bachelot
3041:Municipal Council
2948:Philippe Laguérie
2843:Nazi gas chambers
2618:Collaborationists
2606:
2605:
2570:France portal
2514:French Revolution
2473:Valeurs actuelles
1975:de La Tour du Pin
1830:What Is a Nation?
1451:War in the Vendée
1094:National Assembly
1071:Geneva Conference
1024:political science
885:Muslims in France
841:Jean-Marie Le Pen
834:
833:
802:Combatant's Cross
556:Pierrette Lallane
245:South-East France
207:Party established
125:Party established
90:Jeanne Committees
25:Jean-Marie Le Pen
9182:
9175:Authoritarianism
8876:Radio Courtoisie
8857:
8513:Post-1945 people
8444:The Nationalists
8429:Debout la France
8389:Action Française
8266:post-1945 groups
8003:Action Française
7940:
7933:
7926:
7917:
7916:
7894:
7882:
7870:
7858:
7846:
7834:
7825:environmentalist
7822:
7810:
7795:
7783:
7774:Other candidates
7760:
7734:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7687:
7686:
7670:
7658:
7646:
7634:
7632:Antoine Waechter
7622:
7610:
7598:
7589:Other candidates
7575:
7549:
7525:
7518:
7511:
7502:
7501:
7485:
7473:
7471:Dominique Voynet
7461:
7449:
7437:
7425:
7413:
7411:Ădouard Balladur
7404:Other candidates
7390:
7364:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7317:
7316:
7300:
7288:
7286:Christine Boutin
7276:
7264:
7252:
7240:
7228:
7216:
7214:Jean Saint-Josse
7204:
7192:
7180:
7168:
7156:
7144:
7135:Other candidates
7121:
7095:
7071:
7064:
7057:
7048:
7047:
7037:
7029:GĂ©rard Schivardi
7025:
7013:
7001:
6989:
6981:Dominique Voynet
6977:
6965:
6953:
6941:
6929:
6914:Other candidates
6906:
6880:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6827:
6826:
6814:
6813:
6803:(wife 1960â1987)
6801:Pierrette Le Pen
6721:
6714:
6707:
6698:
6697:
6670:
6638:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6618:
6586:
6585:
6578:
6534:Shields, James.
6506:Mueller Editions
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6404:
6398:
6397:, 8 January 2007
6385:
6379:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6353:
6347:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6309:. Archived from
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6259:
6250:
6244:
6231:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6178:(25 July 2008).
6176:Josep M. Colomer
6172:
6166:
6157:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6132:
6126:
6114:
6108:
6096:
6090:
6071:
6065:
6053:
6047:
6028:
6022:
6012:
6006:
5999:Paul Aussaresses
5992:
5986:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5964:, 17 March 2003
5953:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5927:
5921:
5910:
5904:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5646:
5640:
5623:
5617:
5606:
5600:
5586:
5580:
5579:, 11 August 1999
5567:
5561:
5541:
5535:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5266:
5257:
5256:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5080:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4993:Ganley, Elaine.
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4872:. 20 August 2015
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4729:
4720:
4719:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4694:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4669:. 3 October 2009
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4489:. Archived from
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4320:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4079:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4026:, 28 March 2007
4008:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3921:
3912:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3884:. 5 October 2016
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3825:. 20 August 2015
3815:
3788:
3786:Biography portal
3783:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3601:
3595:
3250:Holocaust denial
3073:Regional Council
3016:Electoral record
2983:private security
2913:Pierrette Le Pen
2813:Treaty of Lisbon
2741:Bouches-du-RhĂŽne
2691:grands Ă©lecteurs
2651:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2534:
2466:Radio Courtoisie
2447:
2363:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2301:
2287:
2273:
2259:
2251:
2248:Action Française
2220:Resistance Party
2205:Rally for France
2128:The Nationalists
2118:Debout la France
1965:de Chateaubriand
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1820:The Ancient City
1815:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1576:de Chateaubriand
1437:
1410:
1395:Social hierarchy
1373:
1337:
1318:
1269:
1245:
1207:
1179:
1169:
1154:
1153:
1050:. He arrived in
1042:Military service
991:
986:Action Française
851:
846:
691:Military service
686:
683:
672:
598:
596:
575:
573:
569:
480:
476:
474:
462:Personal details
441:
413:
392:
371:
345:
325:
313:
304:
283:
255:
234:
215:
203:
194:
177:Office abolished
173:
161:
142:
121:
111:
70:
35:
21:
20:
9190:
9189:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9180:
9179:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8938:
8892:
8851:
8815:
8796:Nouvelle Droite
8769:
8660:Le Pen (Marine)
8508:
8499:Terre et Peuple
8479:Party of France
8439:Europe-Jeunesse
8414:Cité catholique
8377:
8353:Radical Network
8265:
8259:
8113:Pre-1945 people
8108:
8020:Camelots du Roi
7995:Pre-1945 groups
7990:
7949:
7944:
7914:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7769:
7743:
7720:
7714:
7684:
7679:
7584:
7558:
7535:
7529:
7499:
7494:
7399:
7373:
7350:
7344:
7314:
7309:
7154:François Bayrou
7130:
7104:
7081:
7075:
7045:
7040:
7031:
7019:
7017:Frédéric Nihous
7007:
6995:
6983:
6971:
6959:
6947:
6935:
6923:
6921:François Bayrou
6909:
6900:
6883:
6874:
6872:Nicolas Sarkozy
6860:
6854:
6819:
6811:
6806:
6778:
6759:
6730:
6725:
6668:
6659:Wayback Machine
6652:Jews for Le Pen
6639:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6600:
6591:This section's
6587:
6583:
6576:
6560:French Politics
6480:Panama Editions
6468:Bar-On, Tamir.
6465:
6463:Further reading
6460:
6459:
6449:
6447:
6427:
6423:
6413:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6386:
6382:
6372:
6368:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6330:
6326:
6316:
6314:
6313:on 8 April 2019
6299:
6295:
6285:
6283:
6273:
6269:
6257:
6251:
6247:
6241:Wayback Machine
6232:
6228:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6206:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6173:
6169:
6158:
6151:
6141:
6139:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6115:
6111:
6097:
6093:
6081:Wayback Machine
6072:
6068:
6054:
6050:
6038:Wayback Machine
6029:
6025:
6013:
6009:
5993:
5989:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5954:
5950:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5911:
5907:
5898:
5894:
5886:
5882:
5872:
5870:
5869:on 20 July 2006
5855:
5854:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5818:
5814:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5776:
5774:
5766:Arthur Neslen.
5764:
5760:
5750:
5748:
5738:
5734:
5724:
5722:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5696:
5695:. 12 April 2007
5687:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5660:
5658:
5647:
5643:
5638:Wayback Machine
5624:
5620:
5607:
5603:
5587:
5583:
5568:
5564:
5551:Wayback Machine
5542:
5538:
5529:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5505:
5496:
5486:
5484:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5458:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5406:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5378:
5376:
5375:. 16 April 2023
5367:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5350:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5321:Wayback Machine
5312:
5308:
5302:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5277:
5268:
5267:
5260:
5243:
5239:
5229:
5227:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5190:
5186:
5172:
5170:
5159:
5155:
5141:
5139:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5103:
5099:
5089:
5087:
5078:
5072:
5068:
5058:
5056:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5029:
5027:
5025:The Irish Times
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4991:
4987:
4977:
4975:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4949:
4947:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4920:. 21 March 2016
4916:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4898:. 20 March 2016
4890:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4849:
4847:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4821:
4819:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4794:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4708:
4704:
4692:
4686:
4682:
4672:
4670:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4493:on 8 April 2019
4479:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4452:
4448:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4394:
4390:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4364:
4362:Chicago Tribune
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4323:Daily Telegraph
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4178:
4174:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4089:Wayback Machine
4080:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4018:Wayback Machine
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3594:
3589:
3547:
3508:Gianfranco Fini
3488:
3478:during China's
3446:, but French" (
3425:
3420:
3295:
3242:
3206:Nicolas Sarkozy
3198:La Marseillaise
3182:Michel Durafour
3116:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3018:
2976:Rueil-Malmaison
2881:
2855:Philippe PĂ©tain
2832:Bruno Gollnisch
2817:Nicolas Sarkozy
2710:1973 oil crisis
2699:Socialist Party
2675:
2645:
2602:
2564:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2445:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2323:Cercle Proudhon
2314:Camelots du Roi
2291:Student Cockade
2257:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2153:The Republicans
2113:Alliance Royale
2105:
2097:
2096:
1995:Le Pen (Marine)
1945:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1488:Ultra-royalists
1427:
1419:
1418:
1334:Noblesse oblige
1293:
1285:
1284:
1204:Nouvelle Droite
1187:
1167:
1152:
1096:as a member of
1054:after the 1954
1044:
989:
973:Communist Youth
948:La Persévérance
925:
920:
918:Life and career
844:
826:
785:
759:
728:
680:
660:
628:(granddaughter)
626:Marion Maréchal
614:
612:
601:
600:
597: 1991)
592:
588:
585:
577:
574: 1987)
565:
561:
558:
540:
519:FNC (1957â1961)
506:
505:Other political
494:Political party
481:
478:
472:
470:
442:
437:
414:
409:
393:
388:
372:
367:
346:
341:
323:
311:
305:
300:
284:
279:
256:
251:
235:
230:
213:
201:
195:
190:
171:
159:
143:
138:
119:
113:
107:
102:
72:
66:
61:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9188:
9178:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8940:
8939:
8937:
8936:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8906:
8904:Dreyfus affair
8900:
8898:
8897:Notable events
8894:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8885:
8878:
8873:
8866:
8863:Nouvelle Ăcole
8859:
8849:National-Hebdo
8845:
8838:
8831:
8823:
8821:
8817:
8816:
8814:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8799:
8792:
8785:
8777:
8775:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8516:
8514:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8449:French Renewal
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8378:
8376:
8375:
8373:Unité Radicale
8370:
8368:TroisiĂšme Voie
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8269:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8130:Benoist-MĂ©chin
8127:
8122:
8116:
8114:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8099:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8075:
8068:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8016:
8011:
8006:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7957:
7955:
7951:
7950:
7943:
7942:
7935:
7928:
7920:
7911:
7910:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7889:
7877:
7865:
7853:
7841:
7829:
7817:
7805:
7790:
7777:
7775:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7754:
7752:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7728:
7726:
7722:
7721:
7713:
7712:
7705:
7698:
7690:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7668:Pierre Lambert
7665:
7653:
7641:
7629:
7620:André Lajoinie
7617:
7605:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7573:Jacques Chirac
7569:
7567:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7536:
7528:
7527:
7520:
7513:
7505:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7480:
7468:
7456:
7444:
7432:
7420:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7384:
7382:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7362:Jacques Chirac
7358:
7356:
7352:
7351:
7343:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7320:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7295:
7283:
7274:Corinne Lepage
7271:
7259:
7247:
7235:
7223:
7211:
7199:
7187:
7175:
7163:
7151:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7115:
7113:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7093:Jacques Chirac
7089:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7074:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7051:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7026:
7014:
7002:
6990:
6978:
6966:
6954:
6942:
6930:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6898:SĂ©golĂšne Royal
6894:
6892:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6861:
6853:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6830:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6754:Comités Jeanne
6751:
6745:
6742:National Front
6738:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6724:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6677:
6676:
6665:
6641:
6640:
6595:external links
6590:
6588:
6581:
6575:
6574:External links
6572:
6571:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6522:
6515:
6497:
6494:Representation
6490:
6483:
6473:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6421:
6410:. 7 April 2018
6399:
6380:
6378:, 9 March 2005
6366:
6348:
6324:
6293:
6267:
6245:
6226:
6215:
6204:
6190:
6167:
6149:
6127:
6125:, 27 June 2003
6109:
6107:, 26 June 1995
6091:
6089:, 4 April 1995
6066:
6048:
6023:
6007:
5987:
5985:, 28 June 2003
5969:
5948:
5936:
5922:
5912:Julian Nundy,
5905:
5892:
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5592:, Pion: 1997,
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4741:. 25 July 2015
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3608:
3605:
3593:
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3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Colonial Medal
3563:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3487:
3484:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:National Rally
3400:
3381:Prime Minister
3320:
3310:
3294:
3291:
3241:
3238:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3202:
3189:
3178:
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3159:
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3112:
3107:
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3101:National Rally
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3069:
3068:
3053:
3052:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3028:Member of the
3017:
3014:
2940:National Rally
2924:Marie-Caroline
2889:National Front
2880:
2877:
2873:Comités Jeanne
2866:National Front
2806:French history
2779:Fifth Republic
2722:Jacques Chirac
2718:1986 elections
2679:Front National
2674:
2673:National Front
2671:
2655:music industry
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2578:
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2574:
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2560:
2545:
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2541:
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2535:
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2496:
2493:Archeofuturism
2488:
2486:Related topics
2485:
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2480:
2477:
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2469:
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2459:Nouvelle Ăcole
2455:
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2318:
2303:
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2279:
2277:March for Life
2274:
2265:
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2252:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
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2222:
2217:
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2207:
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2200:Party of Order
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2166:
2165:
2160:
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2143:National Rally
2140:
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2125:
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2115:
2106:
2103:
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2099:
2098:
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2089:
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2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1943:
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1939:
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1766:
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1721:de Tocqueville
1718:
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1397:
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1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1360:
1355:
1353:French culture
1350:
1345:
1343:Ethnopluralism
1340:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1298:Anti-communism
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1261:
1256:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:Ultramontanism
1230:
1225:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1148:
1098:Pierre Poujade
1086:Vincent Auriol
1048:Foreign Legion
1043:
1040:
1038:since 1945").
958:, then at the
924:
921:
919:
916:
904:Jacques Chirac
865:European Union
854:National Front
832:
831:
828:
827:
825:
824:
819:
814:
809:
807:Colonial Medal
804:
799:
793:
791:
787:
786:
784:
783:
778:
773:
767:
765:
761:
760:
758:
757:
752:
750:Foreign Legion
746:
744:
740:
739:
737:1st Lieutenant
734:
730:
729:
727:
726:
723:
719:
717:
713:
712:
707:
706:Branch/service
703:
702:
697:
693:
692:
688:
687:
682:jeanmarielepen
678:
674:
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666:
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661:
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541:
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537:(2018-present)
532:
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500:(2016âpresent)
495:
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468:
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364:
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338:
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156:
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145:
135:
134:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
109:Assumed office
104:
103:
96:
93:
92:
88:Leader of the
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
68:Assumed office
63:
62:
55:
52:
51:
44:
43:
40:
39:
37:Le Pen in 2019
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9187:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
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9161:
9158:
9156:
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9148:
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9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
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9088:
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9073:
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9058:
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9038:
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9033:
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9026:
9023:
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9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8975:Le Pen family
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8965:Living people
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8934:
8930:
8927:
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8818:
8810:
8809:
8805:
8804:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8797:
8793:
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8783:
8779:
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8753:
8751:
8748:
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8708:
8706:
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8666:
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8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
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8586:
8583:
8581:
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8568:
8566:
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8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
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8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8511:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8382:Active groups
8380:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8333:Ordre Nouveau
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8278:Europe-Action
8276:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8262:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
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8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
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8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
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8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
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8173:
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8158:
8156:
8153:
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8146:
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8138:
8136:
8133:
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8128:
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8029:
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8024:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8004:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7993:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7941:
7936:
7934:
7929:
7927:
7922:
7921:
7918:
7898:
7893:
7890:
7886:
7881:
7878:
7874:
7869:
7866:
7862:
7857:
7856:Alain Krivine
7854:
7850:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7830:
7826:
7821:
7818:
7814:
7809:
7806:
7802:
7799:
7794:
7791:
7787:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7772:
7764:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7746:
7738:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7711:
7706:
7704:
7699:
7697:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7674:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7657:
7654:
7650:
7645:
7644:Pierre Juquin
7642:
7638:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7621:
7618:
7614:
7609:
7606:
7602:
7597:
7596:Raymond Barre
7594:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7579:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7561:
7553:
7548:
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7544:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7526:
7521:
7519:
7514:
7512:
7507:
7506:
7503:
7489:
7484:
7481:
7477:
7472:
7469:
7465:
7460:
7457:
7453:
7448:
7445:
7441:
7436:
7433:
7429:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7394:
7389:
7388:Lionel Jospin
7386:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7376:
7368:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7341:
7336:
7334:
7329:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7304:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7263:
7260:
7256:
7251:
7248:
7244:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7227:
7226:Alain Madelin
7224:
7220:
7215:
7212:
7208:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7179:
7176:
7172:
7167:
7164:
7160:
7155:
7152:
7148:
7143:
7142:Lionel Jospin
7140:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7125:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7107:
7099:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7072:
7067:
7065:
7060:
7058:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7035:
7030:
7027:
7023:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6970:
6967:
6963:
6958:
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6951:
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6859:
6851:
6846:
6844:
6839:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6822:
6815:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6795:Marine Le Pen
6793:
6791:
6790:Le Pen family
6788:
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6773:
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6735:Organisations
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6611:inappropriate
6608:
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6513:9791090947221
6510:
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6488:
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6481:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6425:
6409:
6403:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6384:
6377:
6376:
6370:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6345:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6328:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6297:
6282:
6279:(in French).
6278:
6271:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6219:
6213:
6208:
6193:
6191:9781134073535
6187:
6184:. Routledge.
6183:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6154:
6137:
6131:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6070:
6064:, 4 June 2002
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6027:
6020:
6016:
6011:
6005:, 4 June 2002
6004:
6000:
5996:
5991:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5963:
5962:
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5945:
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5931:
5926:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5901:
5896:
5889:
5884:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5852:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5816:
5808:
5802:
5794:
5788:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5694:
5693:The Economist
5690:
5684:
5677:
5672:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5622:
5615:
5614:The Spectator
5611:
5605:
5599:
5598:2-259-18188-0
5595:
5591:
5585:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5569:Renaud Dely,
5566:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5540:
5533:
5527:
5520:
5515:
5508:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5483:
5479:
5472:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5310:
5300:
5296:
5291:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5263:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5241:
5226:. 2 June 2014
5225:
5221:
5215:
5207:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5188:
5181:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5118:
5112:
5108:
5101:
5086:
5085:
5077:
5070:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5038:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4957:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4919:
4913:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4767:. 8 July 2015
4766:
4762:
4756:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4697:brookings.edu
4691:
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4532:
4531:
4526:
4520:
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4508:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4461:
4460:Le Nouvel Obs
4457:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4400:. Dailymotion
4399:
4392:
4384:
4378:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4311:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4232:
4228:
4227:"André ChÚne"
4222:
4214:
4207:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4168:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4149:9782738105431
4145:
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4132:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4096:
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4019:
4015:
4012:
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3998:
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3824:
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3772:France portal
3762:
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3648:
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3643:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:Second round
3602:
3599:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3522:group in the
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3496:Geert Wilders
3493:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:Michel Rocard
3374:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3271:In 1997, the
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3218:
3217:Patrick Bruel
3214:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:Patrick Bruel
3160:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3106:Death penalty
3102:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:Ăle-de-France
3078:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3046:
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3044:
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3034:
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3027:
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3025:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3010:
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3003:
3001:
2996:
2994:
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2988:
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2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2936:Marine Le Pen
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2876:
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2869:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2828:Marine Le Pen
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2774:Lionel Jospin
2771:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2665:, as well as
2664:
2663:Popular Front
2660:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2599:
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2592:
2587:
2585:
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2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
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2500:
2497:
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2423:
2422:
2418:
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2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2400:L'Ăcho du Sud
2397:
2395:
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2390:
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2250:
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2243:
2242:
2237:Organisations
2234:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
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2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Soyons libres
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:French Future
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
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2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
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1971:
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1963:
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1958:
1956:
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1951:
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1915:
1910:
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1900:
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1870:
1869:
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1649:
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1629:
1627:
1626:de La Mennais
1624:
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1614:
1612:
1609:
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1602:
1599:
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1574:
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1549:
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1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:Intellectuals
1507:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:Ancien RĂ©gime
1430:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:Souverainisme
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Family values
1346:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1138:(1957) as an
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:1958 election
1113:
1111:
1110:Antoine Pinay
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:Indochina war
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
988:
987:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
881:the Holocaust
878:
874:
873:law and order
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
850:
842:
838:
829:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
792:
788:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
766:
762:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
745:
741:
738:
735:
731:
724:
721:
720:
718:
714:
711:
708:
704:
701:
698:
694:
689:
685:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
653:
650:
649:
647:
643:
640:
637:
635:
631:
627:
624:
620:
617:
616:Marine Le Pen
611:
608:
604:
579:
578:
557:
550:
549:
547:
543:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
511:
509:
503:
499:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:(age 96)
469:
465:
460:
456:
453:
450:
446:
440:
435:
432:
428:
425:
424:Ăle-de-France
422:
418:
412:
407:
404:
401:
397:
391:
386:
383:
380:
376:
370:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
344:
339:
335:
331:
328:René Capitant
327:
321:
318:
315:
309:
303:
298:
295:
292:
288:
282:
277:
274:
270:
267:
264:
260:
254:
249:
246:
243:
239:
233:
228:
225:
221:
218:Marine Le Pen
217:
211:
208:
205:
199:
193:
188:
185:
181:
178:
175:
169:
166:
163:
157:
154:
153:Marine Le Pen
151:
147:
141:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
117:
114:22 March 2016
110:
105:
101:
100:
94:
91:
86:
83:
82:Roberto Fiore
80:
76:
69:
64:
60:
59:
53:
50:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
8929:Algerian War
8924:Vichy France
8880:
8868:
8861:
8847:
8840:
8833:
8826:
8806:
8794:
8789:Maurrassisme
8787:
8780:
8654:
8504:The Patriots
8404:Alsace First
8313:Jeune Nation
8101:
8094:
8077:
8070:
8063:
8056:
8049:
8032:
8027:Croix-de-Feu
8025:
8018:
8001:
7844:Ămile Muller
7831:
7801:conservative
7607:
7554:; incumbent)
7422:
7250:Bruno MĂ©gret
7118:
7100:; incumbent)
6932:
6770:
6727:
6686:
6679:
6678:
6645:
6644:
6629:
6620:
6605:by removing
6592:
6566:
6559:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6525:Mayer, Nonna
6518:
6505:
6500:
6493:
6486:
6479:
6476:
6469:
6448:. Retrieved
6434:
6424:
6412:. Retrieved
6402:
6394:The Guardian
6392:
6383:
6373:
6369:
6360:
6351:
6332:
6327:
6315:. Retrieved
6311:the original
6296:
6284:. Retrieved
6270:
6262:ResearchGate
6248:
6229:
6218:
6207:
6195:. Retrieved
6180:
6170:
6140:. Retrieved
6130:
6120:
6112:
6102:
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6084:
6069:
6059:
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6046:, 2 May 2002
6041:
6026:
6021:, 5 May 2002
6018:
6010:
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5980:
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5918:The Scotsman
5917:
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5867:the original
5860:
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5839:. Retrieved
5825:
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5801:
5787:
5775:. Retrieved
5772:The Guardian
5771:
5761:
5749:. Retrieved
5745:
5735:
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5718:
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5692:
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5655:The Guardian
5654:
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5485:. Retrieved
5481:
5471:
5459:. Retrieved
5456:The Guardian
5455:
5445:
5433:. Retrieved
5428:
5419:
5407:. Retrieved
5403:the original
5398:
5389:
5377:. Retrieved
5372:
5363:
5351:. Retrieved
5346:
5337:
5324:
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5290:
5278:. Retrieved
5273:
5255:(in French).
5250:
5240:
5228:. Retrieved
5223:
5214:
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5187:
5178:
5171:. Retrieved
5166:
5156:
5147:
5140:. Retrieved
5136:Collision 16
5135:
5125:
5106:
5100:
5088:. Retrieved
5082:
5069:
5057:. Retrieved
5054:Getty Images
5053:
5044:
5035:
5028:. Retrieved
5024:
5014:
5002:. Retrieved
4998:
4988:
4976:. Retrieved
4973:Getty Images
4972:
4963:
4955:
4948:. Retrieved
4946:. 1 May 2014
4943:
4934:
4922:. Retrieved
4912:
4900:. Retrieved
4895:
4886:
4874:. Retrieved
4869:
4860:
4848:. Retrieved
4841:
4832:
4820:. Retrieved
4816:
4807:
4795:. Retrieved
4791:
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4769:. Retrieved
4764:
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4743:. Retrieved
4736:
4715:
4705:
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4683:
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4657:
4645:. Retrieved
4638:
4629:
4617:. Retrieved
4613:the original
4603:
4591:. Retrieved
4584:
4575:
4563:. Retrieved
4556:
4547:
4535:. Retrieved
4528:
4519:
4512:Marius Masse
4507:
4495:. Retrieved
4491:the original
4486:
4476:
4464:. Retrieved
4459:
4449:
4424:
4414:
4402:. Retrieved
4391:
4365:. Retrieved
4361:
4351:
4339:. Retrieved
4322:
4310:
4298:. Retrieved
4287:The Guardian
4286:
4276:
4264:. Retrieved
4257:
4247:
4235:. Retrieved
4230:
4221:
4212:
4206:
4194:. Retrieved
4190:the original
4185:
4182:"Biographie"
4175:
4165:
4158:
4138:
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4114:
4105:
4092:
4044:. Retrieved
4034:
4021:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3954:the original
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3929:geneanet.org
3928:
3907:
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3881:
3872:
3860:. Retrieved
3849:The Guardian
3848:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3822:
3813:
3607:First round
3592:Presidential
3535:Ăric Zemmour
3528:
3500:Bruno MĂ©gret
3489:
3476:Gang of Four
3471:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3418:Public image
3402:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3344:
3334:
3331:Algerian War
3322:
3312:
3298:
3281:Republikaner
3270:
3268:(âŹ183,200).
3254:World War II
3243:
3234:
3222:
3210:Greek Jewish
3196:
3185:
3175:B'nai B'rith
3133:
3127:
3124:antisemitism
3117:
3109:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:: 1983â1989.
3040:
3039:
3038:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3007:heart attack
3004:
3000:minor stroke
2997:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2968:Napoleon III
2952:
2928:Bruno MĂ©gret
2917:
2910:
2870:
2863:
2840:
2825:
2810:
2799:
2783:
2766:
2730:
2726:cohabitation
2707:
2690:
2676:
2641:
2639:
2624:Was General
2623:
2607:
2491:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2341:Croix-de-Feu
2305:
2304:
2240:
2168:
2167:
2107:
2067:de La Rocque
1989:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1848:
1838:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1498:Vichy France
1400:Social order
1379:Metapolitics
1370:Restauration
1266:Maurrassisme
1129:
1125:Algerian War
1114:
1102:
1082:Algerian War
1079:
1045:
1031:
1021:
1012:
1008:
1002:
997:
993:
984:
970:
959:
947:
933:
926:
889:
858:
840:
836:
835:
817:North Africa
781:Algerian War
764:Battles/wars
507:affiliations
477:20 June 1928
448:Constituency
438:
420:Constituency
410:
399:Constituency
389:
378:Constituency
368:
352:Constituency
342:
333:Constituency
324:Succeeded by
316:
301:
290:Constituency
280:
262:Constituency
252:
241:Constituency
231:
214:Succeeded by
206:
191:
176:
172:Succeeded by
164:
139:
124:
108:
97:
67:
56:
18:
8960:1928 births
8888:TV-Libertés
8852: [
8782:Boulangisme
8675:Malliarakis
7971:de Gobineau
7820:René Dumont
7190:Noël MamÚre
6744:(1972â2015)
6142:10 December
5966:(in French)
5933:(in French)
5841:15 November
5429:France Bleu
5409:3 September
5379:3 September
5353:3 September
5331:(in French)
5303:(in French)
5230:15 November
5169:(in French)
4462:(in French)
4396:CatusJack.
4367:27 December
4341:27 December
4300:27 December
4233:(in French)
4121:10 December
4117:(in French)
4099:(in French)
4028:(in French)
3545:Decorations
3329:during the
3262:Gayssot Act
3186:exterminate
3152:séropositif
2964:Saint-Cloud
2893:Joan of Arc
2849:during the
2752:council of
2646: [
2531:Sinistrisme
2524:Remigration
2082:de Vaublanc
2052:de Polignac
1960:Cathelineau
1944:Politicians
1621:de Jouvenel
1616:Houellebecq
1611:de Gobineau
1441:Monarchiens
1358:Imperialism
1327:Meritocracy
1254:Bonapartism
1228:Integralism
1026:and law at
992:newspaper,
822:Middle East
776:Suez Crisis
710:French Army
613:Yann Le Pen
531:(1972â2015)
525:(1964â1966)
516:(1956â1957)
355:Seine's 3rd
336:Seine's 1st
312:Preceded by
202:Preceded by
160:Preceded by
120:Preceded by
8949:Categories
8913:Revanchism
8725:Saint-Loup
8625:Fredriksen
8605:de Lesquen
8600:de Benoist
8489:ReconquĂȘte
8140:Brasillach
8058:La Cagoule
7986:de Lapouge
7976:de Maistre
7954:Precursors
7892:Guy HĂ©raud
7798:right-wing
7793:Jean Royer
7435:Robert Hue
7238:Robert Hue
6797:(daughter)
6122:L'Humanité
6104:L'Humanité
6086:L'Humanité
6061:L'Humanité
6043:L'Humanité
5900:20 minutes
5873:7 December
5661:7 February
5630:L'Humanité
5576:Libération
5399:Globe Echo
5326:L'Humanité
5167:Challenges
5116:0813328918
4896:europe1.fr
4817:Libération
4792:Libération
4673:21 October
4665:. London:
4558:L'Humanité
4259:L'Histoire
3805:References
3740:3,834,530
3721:5,525,032
3709:4,804,713
3688:4,570,838
3667:4,375,894
3466:(UDF) and
3413:officials.
3368:Libération
3353:war crimes
3341:defamation
3120:xenophobia
3099:See also:
3063:Member of
2956:monarchist
2175:Feuillants
2148:ReconquĂȘte
2087:de VillĂšle
2062:Retailleau
1928:Submission
1743:Literature
1706:de Rivarol
1686:Peyrefitte
1681:d'Ornellas
1656:de Maistre
1566:BrunetiĂšre
1536:de Benoist
1389:Patriotism
1363:Monarchism
1292:Principles
1259:Legitimism
1186:Ideologies
1017:communists
923:Early life
696:Allegiance
654:politician
645:Profession
634:Alma mater
473:1928-06-20
8802:PĂ©tainism
8720:Reynouard
8700:Philippot
8650:Le Gallou
8635:Holeindre
8630:Gollnisch
8550:Benedetti
8180:DĂ©roulĂšde
8125:Bainville
7966:Boulanger
7005:José Bové
6690:from the
6680:Criticism
6623:July 2020
6607:excessive
6450:7 January
6445:0140-0460
6436:The Times
5836:0190-8286
5751:7 January
5725:7 January
5719:France 24
5558:Antenne 2
5530:"SIDA" =
5373:France 24
5280:7 October
5173:5 January
5142:5 January
5090:5 January
5059:5 January
5030:5 January
5004:5 January
4978:5 January
4950:5 January
4876:28 August
4843:L'Express
4514:biography
4441:1634-5495
4331:0307-1235
4295:0261-3077
4023:L'Express
3857:0261-3077
3633:Position
3621:Position
3604:Election
3460:Socialist
3456:Communist
3383:) on TV (
3375:, and by
3357:amnestied
3246:Holocaust
3230:communism
3142:in 2006.
2851:Holocaust
2745:Socialist
2669:marches.
2626:de Gaulle
2446:(Defunct)
2421:Le Figaro
1980:de Gaulle
1955:de Bonald
1840:The Crowd
1676:d'Orcival
1551:de Bonald
1521:Bainville
1471:Muscadins
1446:Feuillant
1315:Dirigisme
1280:Sarkozysm
1273:Orléanism
1132:Poujadist
1121:glass eye
1052:Indochina
1034:or ("The
812:Indochina
725:1956â1957
722:1953â1955
665:Signature
622:Relatives
439:In office
411:In office
390:In office
369:In office
343:In office
302:In office
281:In office
253:In office
232:In office
192:In office
149:President
140:In office
99:Incumbent
58:Incumbent
8835:ĂlĂ©ments
8740:Stirbois
8710:Rachline
8680:Maréchal
8580:Brigneau
8570:Bousquet
8540:Bardella
8535:BardĂšche
8328:Occident
8255:Vaugeois
8210:Maulnier
8185:DorgĂšres
8175:Deloncle
8150:Clémenti
8034:Faisceau
7748:Lost in
7563:Lost in
7378:Lost in
7109:Lost in
6888:Lost in
6655:Archived
6414:17 April
6361:BBC News
6344:populist
6243:(French)
6237:Archived
6077:Archived
6034:Archived
6019:Le Monde
6003:Le Monde
5982:Le Monde
5961:Le Monde
5862:Le Monde
5657:. London
5634:Archived
5547:Archived
5487:19 April
5482:Newsweek
5461:19 April
5317:Archived
4944:BBC News
4924:25 April
4902:25 April
4870:BBC News
4850:28 April
4765:Le Monde
4565:20 April
4377:cite web
4335:Archived
4085:Archived
4014:Archived
3934:21 April
3882:POLITICO
3823:BBC News
3758:See also
3718:Run-off
3646:190,921
3537:for the
3373:Le Monde
3345:Le Monde
3336:Le Monde
3148:solecism
3129:Le Monde
2845:used in
2750:regional
2435:Le Point
2407:La Croix
2386:ĂlĂ©ments
2353:Hussards
2057:Pompidou
2042:Poincaré
2032:PĂ©cresse
2022:Maréchal
2017:MacMahon
1780:The Pope
1726:Veuillot
1641:LemaĂźtre
1636:Lefebvre
1561:Bruckner
1384:Nativism
1249:Royalism
1213:Gaullism
1197:Integral
1159:a series
1005:Toulouse
940:orphaned
929:Brittany
657:activist
606:Children
489:, France
487:Brittany
8882:Rivarol
8870:Présent
8765:Zemmour
8695:Messiha
8565:Bouchet
8560:Bompard
8419:Civitas
8264:Defunct
8245:Rebatet
8235:Plateau
8220:Maxence
8215:Maurras
8160:Darnard
8135:Bonnard
7981:Drumont
6756:(2016â)
6750:(2015â)
6674:YouTube
6663:Haaretz
6601:Please
6593:use of
6317:8 April
6286:8 April
6197:21 July
5944:Présent
5777:21 July
5699:13 June
5435:3 April
5347:Reuters
4822:21 July
4797:21 July
4771:21 July
4738:Haaretz
4647:8 April
4619:13 June
4593:8 April
4537:8 April
4497:8 April
4404:13 June
4046:13 June
3960:21 July
3636:Result
3624:Result
3516:enclave
3327:torture
2946:priest
2919:Playboy
2905:May Day
2819:in the
2784:In the
2739:in the
2687:mansion
2442:Présent
2332:Civitas
2306:Defunct
2169:Defunct
2104:Parties
2092:Zemmour
2077:Schuman
2072:Sarkozy
2047:Poisson
2027:Messmer
2012:Malraux
2007:Maurras
1950:Bellamy
1696:Raspail
1671:Maurras
1651:Madiran
1646:Le Play
1601:Dumézil
1556:Boutang
1531:Barruel
1426:History
1322:Elitism
1144:torture
1136:Algeria
1069:at the
966:Lorient
845:French:
677:Website
599:
591:
587:
576:
564:
560:
545:Spouses
8842:Minute
8755:Venner
8745:Susini
8715:Ravier
8690:MĂ©nard
8685:MĂ©gret
8670:Maribe
8615:Duprat
8595:Coston
8585:Briois
8525:Antony
8250:Vallat
8230:PĂ©tain
8225:Ousset
8200:Guénon
8190:Doriot
8165:Daudet
8155:Coston
8145:Bucard
8120:BarrĂšs
8072:Milice
7961:Bonald
7750:runoff
7725:Winner
7565:runoff
7540:Winner
7380:runoff
7355:Winner
7111:runoff
7086:Winner
6890:runoff
6865:Winner
6783:Family
6775:(2018)
6554:online
6511:
6443:
6188:
5834:
5596:
5202:
5113:
4745:2 June
4466:4 June
4439:
4329:
4293:
4146:
3888:3 July
3862:3 July
3855:
3829:3 July
3627:Votes
3615:Votes
3512:Marine
3429:Menhir
3407:Marine
3371:, and
3349:dagger
3286:Munich
3266:francs
3167:Toulon
2989:, the
2701:(PS),
2634:resist
2630:PĂ©tain
2452:Minute
2241:Active
2108:Active
2037:PĂ©tain
1970:Ciotti
1932:(2015)
1922:(2014)
1912:(2006)
1902:(1983)
1892:(1973)
1882:(1972)
1872:(1945)
1862:(1905)
1854:(1900)
1844:(1895)
1834:(1882)
1824:(1864)
1814:(1855)
1804:(1835)
1794:(1821)
1784:(1819)
1774:(1802)
1764:(1797)
1754:(1796)
1666:Massis
1631:Le Bon
1606:Guénon
1591:Freund
1581:Daudet
1571:Carrel
1526:BarrĂšs
1393:
990:'s
956:Vannes
952:Jesuit
912:Marine
875:, and
863:, the
790:Awards
651:Lawyer
266:France
78:Leader
8856:]
8735:Soral
8730:Sidos
8640:Jalkh
8590:Camus
8555:Binet
8530:Ayoub
8520:Aliot
8459:GRECE
8399:AGRIF
8394:Adsav
8205:Laval
7279:Cap21
6764:Books
6661:from
6258:(PDF)
6119:, in
6101:, in
6083:, in
5252:L'Obs
5079:(PDF)
4693:(PDF)
4266:9 May
4237:9 May
4196:9 May
3749:Lost
3746:(#4)
3743:10.4
3730:Lost
3727:(#2)
3724:17.8
3715:(#2)
3712:16.9
3697:Lost
3694:(#4)
3691:15.0
3676:Lost
3673:(#4)
3670:14.4
3655:Lost
3652:(#7)
3436:Ipsos
3170:name.
2901:Paris
2650:]
2380:CNews
2374:Media
1985:Juppé
1731:Ye'or
1716:Taine
1711:Rueff
1701:Renan
1661:Morel
1013:Cocos
961:lycée
593:(
589:
566:(
562:
294:Seine
112:
71:
8760:Vial
8705:Pujo
8665:Luce
8645:Lang
8620:Faye
8610:Dior
8575:Blot
8240:Pujo
8170:DĂ©at
7849:MDSF
7737:FNRI
7673:MPPT
7219:CPNT
7022:CPNT
6509:ISBN
6482:2007
6452:2022
6441:ISSN
6416:2018
6319:2019
6288:2019
6199:2016
6186:ISBN
6144:2023
5875:2018
5843:2017
5832:ISSN
5779:2016
5753:2022
5727:2022
5701:2010
5663:2007
5594:ISBN
5489:2022
5463:2022
5437:2024
5411:2023
5381:2023
5355:2023
5282:2016
5232:2017
5200:ISBN
5175:2022
5144:2022
5111:ISBN
5092:2022
5061:2022
5032:2022
5006:2022
4980:2022
4952:2022
4926:2018
4904:2018
4878:2015
4852:2017
4824:2016
4799:2016
4773:2016
4747:2024
4675:2009
4649:2019
4621:2010
4595:2019
4567:2022
4539:2019
4499:2019
4468:2024
4437:ISSN
4406:2010
4383:link
4369:2018
4343:2018
4327:ISSN
4302:2018
4291:ISSN
4268:2017
4239:2017
4198:2017
4144:ISBN
4123:2020
4048:2010
3962:2016
3936:2018
3890:2024
3864:2024
3853:ISSN
3831:2024
3736:2007
3705:2002
3684:1995
3663:1988
3649:0.7
3642:1974
3444:left
3379:(ex-
3122:and
2960:will
2907:2007
2667:Nazi
1691:Pujo
1586:Faye
1546:Bloy
1075:Suez
743:Unit
733:Rank
684:.com
572:div.
514:UDCA
467:Born
73:2018
8545:Bay
7885:MFE
7873:NAF
7861:FCR
7786:UDR
7625:PCF
7601:UDF
7578:RPR
7488:FNS
7464:MPF
7440:PCF
7416:RPR
7367:RPR
7291:FRS
7267:PRG
7255:MNR
7243:PCF
7207:LCR
7183:MDC
7159:UDF
7098:RPR
6974:PCF
6962:MPF
6950:LCR
6926:UDF
6877:UMP
6672:on
6609:or
6058:in
6040:in
5299:RFI
4667:BBC
4429:doi
3482:).
3385:TF1
2987:SAC
2659:CGT
1015:" (
1000:).
964:of
535:APF
523:CTV
8951::
8854:fr
7837:FN
7813:LO
7763:PS
7661:LO
7637:LV
7613:FN
7552:PS
7476:LV
7452:LO
7428:FN
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