Jeremy Thorpe - Knowledge

1047:, and massive cuts in the defence budget, caused bitter disputes within the party and damaged its public image. At this time the political climate was not conducive to radical policies; the Wilson government's rapid descent into unpopularity brought a sharp swing to the right among voters. The beneficiaries were the Conservatives, who made spectacular by-election gains at Labour's expense while the Liberals failed to make any real impact. Discontent against Thorpe's leadership was being voiced within a year of his election, culminating in June 1968 when disaffected senior party members combined with Young Liberals in an attempt to depose him. Thorpe had just married Caroline Allpass, and was abroad on honeymoon when the plotters struck. The timing of their attempted coup, widely seen in and out of the party as treachery, ensured that on Thorpe's return the party executive backed him by 48 votes to 2. 733: 1183:; neither Labour, with 301 seats, nor the Conservatives, with 297 seats, achieved an overall majority. As was his right as the sitting Prime Minister, Heath did not resign, hoping to persuade the Liberals into a Conservative-led coalition. He met Thorpe on 2 March to discuss possible bases for co-operation, Heath's preferred option being a formal coalition in which Thorpe would be given a cabinet post, and junior ministries would be allocated to other senior Liberals. As the combined Conservative-Liberal vote amounted to 57% of the electorate, such a government would, Heath thought, have some moral legitimacy. If Thorpe would not accept coalition, a less formal basis of inter-party co-operation might be agreed which would enable the Conservative government to retain office. 1721:, recognised his strategy of identifying and concentrating on winnable seats as the basis for the major Liberal Democrat breakthrough in the 1997 election. Dutton, in his party history, took a more qualified view, suggesting that in spite of Thorpe's bold style and charisma, "the party drifted without a sense of conviction and underlying purpose ... dominated by tactics rather than ideas". Thorpe positioned the Liberals in the "moderate centre", equidistant from Labour and Conservative, a strategy which was very successful in February 1974 when dissatisfaction with the two main parties was at its height, but which left the party's specific identity obscure, and its policies largely unknown. 1542:. Carman quickly undermined Bessell's credibility by revealing that he had a significant interest in Thorpe's conviction; in the event of an acquittal, Bessell would receive only half of his newspaper fee. During his cross-examination of Scott on 22 May, Carman asked: "You knew Thorpe to be a man of homosexual tendencies in 1961?" This oblique admission of his client's sexuality was a stratagem to prevent the prosecution from calling witnesses who would testify to Thorpe's sex life. Nevertheless, Carman insisted, there was no reliable evidence of any physical sexual relationship between Thorpe and Scott, whom Carman dismissed as "this inveterate liar, social climber and scrounger". 5611: 5525: 4742: 1073: 1187:

acceptable to the Liberals, form the basis of subsequent legislation with full cabinet approval. Following further consultations with their parties, the two leaders met again; Heath reported that while his party would not object to a Speaker's Conference, they could not commit themselves in advance to accepting its recommendations, which would be subject to a free House of Commons vote. This was unacceptable to Thorpe, who then made a separate proposal that an all-party "Government of national unity" be formed to tackle the urgent economic problems facing the country. This idea was rejected by Heath, who resigned on Monday 4 March.

1318: 5872: 1520:, visited the constituency. Thorpe, supported by his wife, his mother and some loyal friends, fought hard, although much of his characteristic vigour was missing. He lost to his Conservative opponent by 8,500 votes. Overall, the Conservatives obtained a majority of 43 seats, and Margaret Thatcher became prime minister. The Liberal Party's share of the national vote fell to 13.8%, and its total seats from 13 to 11. Dutton attributes much of the fall in the Liberal vote to the lengthy adverse publicity generated by the Thorpe affair. 1468:. Newton's claim that he had been paid "by a leading Liberal" to kill Scott caused a sensation, and led to a prolonged police investigation. Throughout this period Thorpe endeavoured to continue his public life, in and out of parliament. In the House of Commons on 1 August 1978, when it appeared certain he would face criminal charges, he asked the Attorney-General what sum of capital possessed by an applicant would prevent him from receiving legal aid. The next day he made his final speech in the House, during a debate on Rhodesia. 631: 1169: 664:(OULC) which, despite the doldrums affecting the Liberal Party nationally, was a thriving club with over 800 members. Thorpe was elected to the club's committee at the end of his first term; in November 1949 he became its president. Outside Oxford, Thorpe showed a genuine commitment to Liberalism in his enthusiastic contributions to the party's national election campaigns, and on reaching his 21st birthday in April 1950, applied to have his name added to the party's list of possible parliamentary candidates. 1404: 1236:

identity and their policies were largely unknown to the public. A further problem for the party was the divergence between its activists, who were radicals well to the left of the official party, and a large section of its recent supporters who were disgruntled Conservatives. Thorpe, whose personal majority in North Devon had fallen to under 7,000 in October, confided to an associate that, unless the party were soon to make a significant impact, his days as leader might be numbered.

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of course he could still be telling the truth." Newton was "determined to milk the case as hard as he can." On 20 June the jury retired; they returned two days later and acquitted the four defendants on all charges. In a brief public statement, Thorpe said that he considered the verdict "a complete vindication." Scott said he was "unsurprised" by the outcome but was upset by the aspersions on his character made by the judge from the safety of the bench.

881: 1372:, where Scott repeated his allegations against Thorpe despite the efforts of the prosecution's lawyers to silence him. Newton was found guilty and sentenced to two years' imprisonment, but did not incriminate Thorpe. The erosion of public support for the Liberal Party continued with several poor by-election results in March, which the former leader Grimond attributed to increasing lack of confidence in Thorpe. On 14 March, 1299:, who was MP for the adjoining Welsh constituency; Hooson precipitated the party inquiry which cleared Thorpe. After Parry-Jones's death the following year, Scott fell into a depression and for a while was quiescent. In time, he began to tell his story to anyone who would listen. By 1974 Thorpe, at the crest of the Liberal revival, was terrified of exposure that might lose him the Liberal leadership. As 1688:, his denunciations of dictators, his opposition to the death penalty, and his rejection of racism. There is wide agreement that he was an outstanding political campaigner—persuasive, witty, and warm: "his astonishing memory for faces persuaded voters that they were intimate friends ... his resourceful mind afforded quips and stunts for every occasion." A different perspective on Thorpe, quoted by 1339:(equivalent to £333,000 in 2023), the Bahamas-based millionaire businessman who had previously donated to the Liberal Party, stating that this was to cover election expenses incurred during 1974. Thorpe arranged for these funds to be secretly channelled to Holmes rather than the party. He later denied that this money had been used to pay Newton, or anyone else, as part of a conspiracy. 845:, a more up-to-date figure than his elderly predecessor Davies, and more in tune with the ideas of Thorpe and the Radical Reform Group. After an uncertain beginning—the Liberals lost one of their six seats to Labour in a February 1957 by-election—Grimond's leadership began to produce results. The party polled well in a series of by-elections during 1957 and 1958, culminating in a 1279:

help. Thorpe later acknowledged that a friendship had developed, but denied any physical relationship; Scott claimed that he had been seduced by Thorpe on the night following the Commons meeting. Over the following years Thorpe made numerous attempts to help Scott find accommodation and work, but Scott became increasingly resentful towards Thorpe, threatening him with exposure.

1275:, a riding instructor and would-be model. Scott maintained that in the early 1960s he had been in a sexual relationship with Thorpe, who had subsequently mistreated him. The inquiry dismissed the allegations, but the danger represented by Scott continued to preoccupy Thorpe who, according to his confidant David Holmes, felt "he would never be safe with that man around". 671:, an office frequently used as a stepping-stone to national prominence. Normally, would-be presidents first served in the Union's junior offices, as Secretary, Treasurer or Librarian, but Thorpe, having impressed as a confident and forceful debater, decided early in 1950 to try directly for the presidency. He was easily defeated by the future broadcaster 622:, then second in line to the British throne. Thorpe revealed little about his Eton years, beyond his membership of the school orchestra and his winning a cup for his violin playing—he briefly considered the possibility of a career as a professional violinist. His time at Eton was marred by the death of his father in 1944, at the age of 57. 1625:, an anthology of his experiences in public life. In the book he repeated his denial of any sexual relationship with Scott, and maintained that the decision not to offer evidence was made to avoid prolonging the trial, since it was clear that the prosecution's case was "shot through with lies, inaccuracies and admissions". In the 943:, where a 14,760 Conservative majority was turned into a Liberal majority of 7,855. These results were accompanied by substantial Liberal gains in municipal elections; national opinion polls briefly showed the party on equal terms with the Labour and Conservative parties. This advance was barely reflected in the results of the 538:. He became a proficient violinist, and often performed at school concerts. Although John Henry Thorpe was no longer in parliament, he had maintained many of his political contacts and friendships, and leading politicians were regularly entertained at the Thorpe home. Among the strongest of these friendships was that with the 1288:

welfare benefits that Scott had been unable to obtain because of his missing card. Bessell later stated that by 1968 Thorpe was considering ways in which Scott might be permanently silenced; he thought David Holmes might organise this. Holmes had been best man at Thorpe's wedding, and was completely loyal to him.

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untenable. When the matter came to court three years later, Thorpe chose not to give evidence to avoid being cross-examined by counsel for the prosecution. This left many questions unanswered; despite his acquittal, Thorpe was discredited and did not return to public life. From the mid-1980s he was disabled by

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innocence and his determination to refute the charges. Although he remained North Devon's MP he withdrew almost completely from public view, except for a brief theatrical appearance at the Liberals' 1978 annual assembly on 14 September—to the annoyance of the party's leaders who had asked him to stay away.

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published its report into the collapse of London & County Securities. The report criticised Thorpe's failure to investigate the true nature of the company before involving himself, "a cautionary tale for any leading politician". Thorpe received some relief when his former colleague Peter Bessell,

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there was evidence of disaffection with both Heath and Wilson, and of a surge in Liberal support. Thorpe was confident that the party would make a significant breakthrough; on election day, 28 February, it secured its highest national vote to date, 6 million, and its highest share of the vote (19.3%)

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in September 1966, Thorpe condemned Wilson's handling of the Rhodesia issue ("misjudged and misplanned"), and called for the bombing by United Nations aircraft of the rail link through which the post-UDI Rhodesian government received its oil supplies. The speech delighted the more radical elements in

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At Oxford, Thorpe enjoyed numerous friendships with his contemporaries, many of whom later achieved distinction. These were almost exclusively with men; even so, he was not identified as a member of any of Oxford's homosexual sets. He confided to a friend that politics provided him with the necessary

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Thorpe started at Eton in September 1943. He proved an indifferent scholar, he lacked sporting aptitude, and although superficially a rebel against conformity, his frequent toadying to authority earned him the nickname "Oily Thorpe". He also annoyed his fellow-pupils by parading his acquaintance with

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By-election losses eroded and finally removed Labour's small parliamentary majority, and in March 1977 Callaghan was in danger of losing a confidence vote that would have precipitated a general election. Opinion polls indicated that an election at that time would have been equally disastrous for the

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Scott (known then as Norman Josiffe) had first met Thorpe early in 1961 when the former was a 20-year-old groom working for one of Thorpe's wealthy friends. The initial meeting was brief, but nearly a year later Scott, by then in London and destitute, called at the House of Commons to ask the MP for

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After the election, which Labour won with a small majority, Thorpe was seen by many as Grimond's natural successor; his speeches were generally the highlights of the party's annual assemblies, and he strengthened his position when, in 1965, he secured the important post of party treasurer. He proved

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The February 1974 election was the high-water mark of Thorpe's career. Thereafter his and his party's fortunes declined, particularly from late 1975 when rumours of his involvement in a plot to murder Norman Scott began to multiply. Thorpe resigned the leadership in May 1976 when his position became

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In his review of Michael Bloch's biography, Murray writes: "Jeremy Thorpe had hoped to be remembered as a great political leader. I suppose they all do. And perhaps he will be remembered longer than many other politicians of his age or ours. But it will always be for the same thing. Jeremy, Jeremy,

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described Thorpe as a "dandy, exhibitionist, superb showman, shallow thinker, wit and mimic, cunning opportunist, sinister intriguer, idealistic internationalist and a man with a clandestine homosexual life". Thorpe never discussed his sexuality publicly, although throughout his political career he

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On 18 June, following closing speeches from prosecution and defence counsel, the judge began his summing-up. While emphasising Thorpe's distinguished public record, he was scathing about the principal prosecution witnesses: Bessell was a "humbug", Scott a fraud, a sponger, a whiner, a parasite—"but

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Rinka. Newton was arrested on charges of possession of a firearm with intent to endanger life, yet the press remained muted, possibly awaiting the bigger story that they hoped would break. Their reticence ended in January 1976 when Scott, in court on a minor social security fraud charge, claimed he

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After weeks in which the court heard the prosecution's evidence from the committal hearings, the defence opened on 7 June. Deakin testified that although he introduced Newton to Holmes, he had thought that this was to help deal with a blackmailer—he knew nothing of a conspiracy to kill. Deakin was

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in these elections. In parliament, Thorpe spoke in favour of Scottish and Welsh devolution, arguing that there was no alternative to home rule except total separation. In the various debates related to the unresolved issue of Rhodesia, Thorpe pressed for the involvement of representatives from the

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The next day, following discussions with senior colleagues, Thorpe advised Heath that a commitment to electoral reform would be a prerequisite to any arrangement between the two parties. Thorpe proposed that Heath establish a Speaker's Conference whose recommendations on electoral reform would, if

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local party was also anxious to adopt Thorpe as their candidate, while Foot saw him as a possible successor in North Cornwall. Thorpe chose to fight North Devon, a seat once held by the Liberals although, in 1951, the party had finished in third place behind Conservative and Labour, with less than

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Thorpe and the Liberals were deflated by the outcome of the October 1974 election. Wilson's majority, albeit slim, denied Thorpe the role of kingmaker, leaving the Liberals without a clear role; as Dutton observes, apart from being neither Conservative or Labour, the Liberals lacked a distinctive

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recalled: "He had an extraordinary ability both to cheer up his followers and send up his opponents". Throughout the 1950s Thorpe was leading a secret homosexual life, at a time when all such activity was illegal in the United Kingdom, and subject to heavy penalties; exposure would have ended his

1438:" was agreed, whereby in return for certain policy concessions the Liberals would support the Government. Thorpe used his influence to insist that legislation for direct elections to the European Parliament was part of the pact, but was unable to secure his principal objective, a commitment to a 1287:

card, the lack of which had been a long-running source of irritation. This quietened matters for a while, but within a year Scott came calling again. With Thorpe's agreement, Bessell began paying Scott a "retainer" of £5 a week (equivalent to £120 in 2023), supposedly as compensation for the

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In March 1966 Wilson called an election, hoping to improve his tiny parliamentary majority. He did so, increasing it to almost 100. The Liberals, although their overall share of the vote fell to 8.5%, increased their number of MPs from nine to 12, an indication of success in targeted campaigning

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Congress in Canada. His failure to explain himself under oath was widely criticised in the press, and the public perception was that he had been fortunate to have "got off". Reluctantly, Thorpe accepted that there was no future role for him within the Liberal Party, and informed the North Devon

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Although the press was generally quiet following Thorpe's resignation, reporters were still investigating him. The most persistent of these were Barry Penrose and Roger Courtiour, collectively known as "Pencourt", who had begun by believing that Thorpe was a target of South African intelligence

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Having been accepted as a potential Liberal parliamentary candidate, Thorpe looked for a constituency. The general elections of 1950 and 1951 had seen the party's MPs fall, first to nine, then six; some commentators saw little future except "further attrition and further losses to the two major

1733:, who was a gay activist within the Liberal Party in the 1970s, maintained that in the repressive climate of the time Thorpe "couldn't have come out, even if he'd wanted to". His double standard irritated and alienated the gay Liberals: "He wanted the best of both worlds—his fun and a family." 1471:

On 4 August, Thorpe, along with Holmes and two of Holmes's associates, was charged with conspiracy to murder Scott. Thorpe was additionally charged with incitement to murder, on the basis of his alleged 1968 discussions with Bessell and Holmes. After being released on bail, Thorpe declared his

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decided in late 1972 that the story "was defamatory, unproveable, and above all was ten years old". From late 1974 Holmes took the lead in furthering plans to silence Scott; through various intermediaries he found Andrew Newton, an airline pilot, who said he would dispose of Scott for a fee of

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to print two letters from 1961. Although these did not conclusively indicate wrongdoing, their tone indicated that Thorpe had not been frank about the true nature of his friendship with Scott. On 10 May 1976, amid rising criticism, Thorpe resigned the party leadership, "convinced that a fixed

1112:, and it duly became law. By mid-1972 the Liberals' fortunes were rising significantly; the public was equally disenchanted with both major parties, and community politics were proving popular. Impressive local election results were followed by sensational by-election results. In October 1972 1088:

Following the Liberals' poor election performance Thorpe came under fire, but such criticisms were stifled when, ten days after the election, Caroline Thorpe was killed in a car crash. For the rest of 1970 and for much of 1971, Thorpe was preoccupied with his loss and his plan for a permanent

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obituarist. While Thorpe hoped that acquittal would ensure he would be remembered primarily for his revival of Liberal fortunes in the 1960s and 1970s, the trial shattered his reputation irretrievably. The prosecuting counsel at the Old Bailey likened the case to "a tragedy of truly Greek or

1643:. York Membery, the Liberal journal's interviewer, found Thorpe able to communicate only in a barely audible whisper, but with his brain power unimpaired. Thorpe asserted that he "still had steam in my pipes"; reviewing the current political situation, he considered the Labour prime minister 1059:

with little confidence. The results justified their gloomy premonitions; the party's share of the vote fell to 7.5%, and seven of its thirteen seats, including Ladywood, were lost. Thorpe barely hung on in North Devon, his majority reduced to 369. Three of his colleagues had comparably small

751:, when Davies decided to retire. There being no immediate prospect of that, Thorpe looked elsewhere, in particular to Devon and Cornwall, where the party had long-standing traditions and had polled respectably in 1950 and 1951. In these elections Thorpe had assisted the Liberal candidate for 38: 603:. He remained there for three generally happy years; his main extracurricular task, he later recalled, was looking after the school's pigs. In 1943 it was thought safe for the children to return to England, and John Henry used his political connections to secure for Jeremy a passage in the 1190:

Thorpe later admitted that a coalition agreement would have torn the party apart; the more radical elements, in particular the Young Liberals, would never have accepted it. Furthermore, Thorpe said that "even with our support Heath wouldn't have had a parliamentary majority"; without some

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Thorpe's last public appearance was in 2009, at the unveiling of a bust of himself in the Grimond Room at the House of Commons. Thereafter he was confined to his home, nursed by Marion until she became too infirm. She died on 6 March 2014; Thorpe survived for nine more months, dying from

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writes that Thorpe's determination to stay with the party, despite its woes, showed a more principled commitment to Liberalism than many critics have acknowledged; his prospects of reaching parliament would have been considerably greater within either the Conservative or Labour parties.

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Aylmer family brought considerable wealth to the Thorpes, as did his elder daughter Olive's marriage into the influential Christie-Miller family of Cheshire. Both John Henry and Jeremy Thorpe would benefit from this connection, as the Christie-Millers paid the costs of their education.

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Beaumont's diary at this time mentions that "the question of Jeremy's security standing is an unfortunate one ... this might stop him getting a Privy Councillorship"—indicating an awareness by party officials at this early date that Thorpe's private life might present problems.

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Thorpe's homosexual activities from time to time came to the attention of the authorities, and were investigated by the police; information was added to his MI5 file, but in no case was action taken against him. In 1971 he survived a party inquiry after a complaint against him by

514:, but those of the elder lost their land and became tenant farmers and tradesmen. Jeremy Thorpe's great-grandfather, William Thorpe, was a Dublin policeman who, having been a labourer, joined the police as a constable and rose to the rank of superintendent. One of his many sons, 1894:

Interviewed much later, Thorpe confided that the party had nearly died in 1970: "If I hadn't survived as an MP I really don't know if there would still be a Liberal Party". If he had lost his seat, he said, he might have pursued an alternative career in television.

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to be an excellent fund-raiser, although his insistence on personal control of much of the party's funds aroused criticism and resentment. In July 1965, after the end of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Thorpe toured Central and East Africa, visiting both

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Thorpe was adopted as North Devon's Liberal candidate in April 1952. His political stance matched that of other young activists, who believed that the party should offer a radical non-socialist alternative to the Conservative government. He and others founded the

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During 1975 Thorpe campaigned for electoral reform, citing the "Great Vote Robbery" of the year before. He argued that electoral reform on a proportional basis would bring about a centrist stability to British politics that would favour British business. In the

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In June 1978, to the police which contradicted his explanation to Hayward, Thorpe stated that the money had been "deposited with accountants an iron reserve against any shortage of funds at any future election". The money was eventually repaid to Hayward by

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The more recent Thorpe ancestors were Irish, stemming from the elder of two brothers who were, according to family tradition, soldiers under Cromwell during the re-conquest of Ireland. Both were rewarded with land; the descendants of the younger brother—from

1908:, such an appointment was discussed and dismissed. Thorpe denied making any claim to the post, and said that no specific ministry was ever mentioned; he later understood that Heath had in mind "a Foreign Office job with specific responsibility for Europe". 1215:

did not have an overall majority after the February 1974 election, he was widely expected to call another election before too long; he did so in September 1974. Thorpe anticipated a turning point in the Liberals' fortunes and campaigned under the slogan

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Thorpe's Liberalism was essentially romantic and emotional. He reacted strongly against bone-headed Establishment snobbery, arrogant management or racial injustice, but showed scant interest in formulating any coherent political philosophy.

1602:, but although friends lobbied on his behalf, the merged party's leadership refused to recommend him. Within the party generally, feelings towards him warmed, and when he attended the 1997 annual conference he received a standing ovation. 776:, to drive the party in that direction. He spent much of his spare time cultivating the voters in North Devon; at rallies and on the doorstep he mixed local concerns with conspicuously liberal views on larger, international issues such as 1455:

agencies, until their investigations led them to Bessell in California. Bessell, no longer covering for Thorpe, gave the reporters his version of the conspiracy to murder Scott, and Thorpe's role in it. Pencourt's progress was covered in

1147:. The year ended less happily for Thorpe, when the secondary banking firm of London & County Securities, of which he had been a director since May 1971, collapsed amid rumours of mismanagement and fraud, marking the start of the 1917:

Thorpe initially greeted Thatcher's assumption of the Conservative leadership with pleasure, writing to Hayward that she was "far more amenable than Heath. I could do business with her". Elsewhere, Thorpe had described Heath as "a

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In 1965 Thorpe asked his parliamentary colleague Peter Bessell to help him resolve the problem. Bessell met Scott and warned him that his threats against Thorpe might be considered blackmail; he offered to help Scott obtain a new

849:—a seat which the party had not contested in the 1955 general election. Thorpe, who had figured prominently in the Torrington campaign, saw this victory in an adjoining Devon constituency as a harbinger of his own future success. 1767:. The book was described as "a political thriller, with urgent dialogue, well-staged scenes, escalating tension and plenty of cliffhangers, especially once the trial begins". A British three-part television series, also titled 1511:

Thorpe accepted the invitation of his local party to fight the North Devon seat, against the advice of friends who were certain he would lose. His campaign was largely ignored by the national party; of its leading figures only

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Following the 1966 election, Grimond confided to senior party officials that he wished soon to step down from the leadership. Thorpe was now the senior Liberal MP after Grimond, and the party's highest-profile member, although

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as prime minister, called a snap general election in April 1955, Thorpe fought an energetic local campaign. He succeeded in halving the Conservative majority in the constituency, and restoring the Liberals to second place.

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opinions, largely not shared by his constituents. He championed freedom from colonial and minority rule, and was an outspoken opponent of regimes he considered oppressive such as those in South Africa and the short-lived

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association that he would not seek to fight the seat again. Steel expressed the hope that Thorpe would, "after a suitable period of rest and recuperation ... find many avenues where his great talents may be used."

877:, during a debate on the government's local employment bill. He highlighted poor communications as the principal reason for the lack of employment opportunities in North Devon, and called for urgent government action. 675:. His single-minded pursuit of office, and the dubious strategies he sometimes employed, led to some acrimonious campaigns, but he gained many supporters, and later in 1950 beat two formidable contenders—the socialist 6232: 655:

Thorpe was reading Law, but his primary interests at Oxford were political and social. From his earliest undergraduate days he drew attention to himself by his flamboyant behaviour; according to Thorpe's biographer,

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As Thorpe had apparently told his friends that he would avoid his national service commitment by simulating a seizure that would convince the medical authorities, it seems likely that the "seizure" was a deception.

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Thorpe's marriage provided him with a period of emotional stability; a son, Rupert, was born in April 1969. Shortly afterwards, Thorpe received a political boost when the Liberals unexpectedly won a by-election at

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level of emotional excitement, thus making sexual relationships unnecessary. Thus, Bloch suggests, he was accepted by his fellow-students as "a basically asexual character, wrapped up in politics and his career".

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Through the later 1950s Thorpe juggled his legal and television work with his political duties in North Devon, where he worked tirelessly to build up support. From September 1956 the Liberal Party was led by

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the only defendant to testify; Thorpe and the others chose to remain silent and call no witnesses, on the basis that the testimonies of Bessell, Scott and Newton had failed to make the prosecution's case.

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was arranged to take place within 48 hours, leaving little time for manoeuvring. The 12 Liberal MPs formed the whole electorate; after the first ballot, Thorpe had secured six votes against three each for

6242: 5723: 1578:, but the appointment was opposed by many of the organisation's membership, and he withdrew from the post after a month of controversy. He kept his position as chairman of the political committee of the 1002:, chairman of the party's organising committee, noted in his diary: "I am pretty certain that he has little popularity within the Parliamentary Party". When Grimond finally resigned, on 17 January 1967, 1151:; the details were not revealed until 1976. In February 1974, Heath, whose government had been plagued by industrial unrest, called a general election on the issue of "Who governs Britain?". During the 4720: 1586:, which had first been diagnosed in 1979, led to the curtailment of most of his public activity. He continued to live in North Devon, and in 1987 accepted the honorary presidency of the North Devon 1904:

Some accounts indicate that Thorpe was offered, or requested, the post of Home Secretary. Heath says that Thorpe expressed "a strong preference for the post"; according to the Cabinet Secretary

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political prospects instantly. This sexual orientation, concealed from the wider public, was known and tolerated in North Devon, and was at least suspected by many in the wider Liberal Party.

6267: 975:(UDI) before the end of the year, unless deterred by the threat of armed intervention. Wilson would not countenance the use of troops; the UDI took place on 11 November. In a speech to the 5732: 1378:

printed Thorpe's answer to Scott's various allegations, under the heading "The Lies of Norman Scott". Nevertheless, many of the party's senior figures now felt that Thorpe should resign.

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a range of famous and important people. He offended the school's traditionalists by resigning from the school's cadet force, and shocked others by expressing his intention to marry

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on 6 May that in his earlier statements he had lied to protect his former leader. Scott was threatening to publish personal letters from Thorpe who, to forestall him, arranged for

1039:, the Conservative leader since March 1965. He was considerably younger, and much more telegenic. His first years of leadership were problematic; he found himself at odds with the 2101: 1248:) at the Oxford Union. The referendum resulted in a two-to-one approval of the UK's membership, but Thorpe failed to stem the decline in his party's electoral fortunes. In the 6217: 1729:

led a double life—responsible politician by day while, according to Murray, "by night he was not only very gay but rather carefree about being so." The writer and broadcaster

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to determine whether they should stand trial. The court heard evidence of a conspiracy from Scott, Newton and Bessell; it also learned that Bessell was being paid £50,000 by

652:. As his place at Oxford was unavailable until the following year, Thorpe worked as a temporary preparatory school teacher before his admission to Trinity on 8 October 1948. 1291:

When Scott unexpectedly married, on 13 May 1969, it appeared that the problem might be over, but by 1970 the marriage had ended. Early in 1971 Scott moved to the village of

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Most assessments of Thorpe's career emphasise his downfall rather than his political achievements, "a fall unparalleled in British political history", according to the

6227: 5587: 5564: 1295:, in North Wales, where he befriended a widow, Gwen Parry-Jones, to whom he recounted his tale of ill-treatment at the hands of Thorpe. She passed the information to 852:

Thorpe's television and radio work had brought him a measure of celebrity, and his colourful and individualistic campaigning style was widely admired. The journalist

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and others, stating that Thorpe's appointment "could seriously harm the work of Amnesty International. Mr Thorpe has shown himself to be a man of unsound judgment".

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In 1959 he was offered the post of chief commentator by Associated Rediffusion, but as the condition was that he gave up his parliamentary candidature, he declined.

809:. Initially he found it difficult to earn a living from his fees; he needed another source of income, and found it in television journalism. Thorpe was employed by 2728: 2637: 1574:. His attempts to restart a career in television also came to nothing. In February 1982, it was announced that he was to become director of the British section of 1508:. This was set to begin on 30 April 1979, but when in March the government fell, and a general election was called for 3 May, the trial was postponed until 8 May. 702:. The time-consuming nature of his various offices meant that Thorpe required a fourth year to complete his law studies, which ended in the summer of 1952 with a 1220:", aiming for a complete breakthrough with entering a coalition a last resort. The phrase is attributed to advertising agent and Liberal parliamentary candidate 1043:, who were advocating policies far to the left of the Liberal mainstream. Their demands for workers' control in nationalised industries, British withdrawal from 591:. War began in September 1939; in June 1940, with invasion threatening, the Thorpe children were sent to live with their American aunt, Kay Norton-Griffiths, in 6197: 1418:, made him party spokesman on foreign affairs, with responsibility for European issues. Wilson had by this time retired as prime minister, and been replaced by 1359:

who had resigned from parliament and relocated to California to escape from a string of business failures, re-emerged in early February after discovery by the

703: 431:, if he would bring the Liberals into a coalition. His price for such a deal, reform of the electoral system, was rejected by Heath, who resigned in favour of 869:, when he won the seat with a majority of 362 over his Conservative opponent—the Liberal Party's solitary gain in what was generally an electoral triumph for 4904: 2992: 478:, widely known as "Empire Jack" because of his passionate imperialism. The Thorpe family claimed kinship with distant forebears carrying the name, including 5810: 4229: 5634: 972: 5108: 2691: 1244:, Thorpe campaigned for a "yes" vote alongside the pro-Europeans of both major parties, appearing with Heath (recently replaced as Conservative leader by 1108:. The bill was opposed by Labour and by some Conservatives. By aligning his party with the government, Thorpe ensured a majority of eight for the bill's 5181: 1684:

After Thorpe's death, sympathetic commentators drew attention to his internationalism and social liberalism, highlighting his long involvement with the

660:, his "pallid appearance, dark hair and eyes and angular features, gave him a diabolonian air". He was quick to seek political office, initially in the 4341: 4255: 6207: 4217: 6167: 2679: 1459:, to Thorpe's extreme vexation; when the pair attempted to question him outside his Devon home early in 1977, he threatened them with prosecution. 935:

Within the Liberal Party, Thorpe helped to found an informal organisation known as "Winnable Seats", which directed energy and funding to selected

554:, an occasional visitor, became Jeremy's political hero and role model, and helped form his ambitions for a political career in the Liberal Party. 491: 1486:

In November 1978, Thorpe, Holmes and two of the latter's business acquaintances, John le Mesurier (a carpet salesman, not to be confused with the

407:

he became one of the Liberals' brightest stars in the 1950s. He entered Parliament at the age of 30, rapidly made his mark, and was elected party

5970: 5793: 5752: 1129: 980:

the Liberal Party but outraged many Conservatives, who used the derisive nickname "Bomber Thorpe" for the rest of Thorpe's parliamentary career.

667:

Beyond the OULC, Thorpe achieved the presidency of the Oxford University Law Society, although his principal objective was the presidency of the

5740: 1655:

had been eroded over the years; in his final years, he thought that the European Union had become too powerful, and insufficiently accountable.

1015:

who had succeeded to the Montgomeryshire seat. On 18 January Lubbock and Hooson withdrew their candidacies, and Thorpe was declared the winner.

4329: 1905: 827:, he travelled to Ghana in 1957 to cover the country's independence celebrations, and in 1958 he reported from Jordan on a plot to assassinate 4930: 4243: 1840:. The party's historian David Dutton believes that had the offer been accepted, the Liberal Party might have ceased its independent existence. 4367: 1152: 1117: 691: 416: 411:

in 1967. After an uncertain start during which the party lost ground, Thorpe capitalised on the growing unpopularity of the Conservative and

5552: 690:

Thorpe's term as president was marked by the range of distinguished guest speakers that he recruited, among them the future Lord Chancellor

6257: 3487: 1229: 947:; the party nearly doubled its share of the national vote, to 11.2%, but secured a net gain of only two seats. One of the new Liberals was 748: 3453: 1607:

If it happened now I think ... the public would be kinder. Back then they were very troubled by it; it offended their set of values.

912: 427:, no party having an overall majority, Thorpe was in a strong position. He was offered a cabinet post by the Conservative prime minister, 6003: 1517: 752: 2109: 1836:

sought to boost his slender majority by inviting the six Liberals into a formal coalition. This offer was refused by the Liberal leader

6222: 6187: 6177: 6172: 6047: 6028: 5963: 4728: 4355: 1700:

entertaining, slightly sinister. Said to be witty, but ... if one doesn't care for impersonations, he's really a bit of a bore".

6212: 6057: 1347:

was being hounded because of his previous sexual relationship with Thorpe. This statement, made in court and thus protected from the

1148: 4823: 4161: 1232:, the Liberals received over 700,000 fewer votes and returned 13 MPs, down one, with Wilson achieving an overall majority of three. 984:

under the "Winnable Seats" strategy. Thorpe suffered a personal disappointment in North Devon, where his majority dropped to 1,166.

6252: 6182: 6018: 5900: 1121: 760: 373: 145: 5090: 1871:

The Federation had dissolved in 1964, with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland becoming the separate independent states of Zambia and

939:

constituencies. This strategy led to some good by-election performances during 1961–62, culminating in March 1962 with victory in

6272: 6116: 1862:

The Liberals failed to hold their recent by-election gain in the adjoining Torrington seat, which returned to the Conservatives.

1850: 1365:. Bessell gave muddled accounts of his involvement with Scott but insisted that his former chief was innocent of any wrongdoing. 764: 831:. Thorpe was a skilled broadcaster, and in addition to his television work he became a regular guest on the BBC radio programme 6038: 6023: 1140: 1003: 940: 732: 5703: 5135: 6262: 6013: 5502: 5480: 5458: 5436: 5417: 5395: 5369: 5347: 5325: 5302: 5283: 5264: 5238: 1462:

Thorpe's relatively peaceful interlude ended in October 1977 when Newton, released from prison, sold his story to the London

1328:

Over the years Scott made several attempts to publicise his story, but no newspapers were interested. The satirical magazine

1113: 1100:, Thorpe was fully re-engaged in political life. In February he assisted the passage through the House of Commons of Heath's 467: 369: 140: 5765: 5667: 5909: 5905: 5575: 1626: 1056: 944: 921: 866: 530:

Jeremy was his parents' third child, following two sisters. His upbringing was privileged and protected, under the care of

97: 6247: 6111: 6096: 5931: 1464: 952: 661: 2645: 6202: 3497: 3463: 3426: 1813:

In the interim period between Thorpe's resignation and Steel's election, Jo Grimond briefly served as stand-in leader.

1769: 1125: 645: 1303:

observes in his history of the times: "The stakes had never been higher; silencing Scott had never been more urgent".

6192: 5867: 5215: 1040: 474:

between 1919 and 1923. His mother, Ursula Norton-Griffiths (1903–1992), was the daughter of another Conservative MP,

93: 5986: 5881: 4912: 3000: 1756: 1558:

Following his acquittal, Thorpe announced that he proposed to attend the 1979 Liberal assembly and the forthcoming

408: 52: 5814: 1252:

on 26 June 1975 the party lost more than two-thirds of its October 1974 vote, a "major humiliation" according to

925: 479: 432: 2754: 6008: 5890: 5112: 1853:, and the victorious candidate was Megan Lloyd George, who had transferred her allegiance to the Labour Party. 1249: 168: 1175:, who formed a minority Labour government in the wake of the failed Heath–Thorpe coalition talks in March 1974 6302: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6062: 1665: 819: 924:. He was also noted for his verve and wit; when in 1962, after a series of by-election disasters, Macmillan 1793:, is a fictionalised retelling of the Thorpe affair in which the Liberal leader succeeds in killing Scott. 1591: 1093:"—engagement with local rather than national issues—and achieved modest gains in the 1971 local elections. 3416: 1072: 1875:. Southern Rhodesia, renamed "Rhodesia" in common parlance, remained as a self-governing British colony. 1439: 1105: 846: 5849:"Former Liberal Party Leader Jeremy Thorpe dies at 85". Liberal Democrats tribute page, 4 December 2014 5801: 3390: 1579: 1444: 1157: 725: 519: 5863: 3418:

Realignment of the Left? A History of the Relationship between the Liberal Democrat and Labour Parties

1160:

system, these figures translated into just 14 seats. Thorpe's majority in North Devon rose to 11,072.

494:

in 1453–54. There is no direct evidence of any link between these figures and Jeremy Thorpe's family.

5843: 1629:

Thorpe appeared on television, attacking both the Conservative and Labour parties for supporting the

1342:

In October 1975 Newton made a bungled attempt to shoot Scott that resulted in the killing of Scott's

1101: 1681:

Shakespearian proportions—the slow but inevitable destruction of a man by the stamp of one defect."

6067: 5252: 3521: 1707:

credited him with providing "the driving force that continued the Liberal revival that began under

1566:

In his search for a new career Thorpe applied unsuccessfully for the posts of administrator of the

743:

Initially the young would-be candidate was offered the opportunity of succeeding the party leader,

511: 101: 6052: 1712: 1685: 1192: 649: 641: 634: 487: 464: 396: 353: 73: 3634: 6307: 1751: 1587: 1583: 1571: 1116:

was won from Labour, and in the next year four victories were achieved over the Conservatives:

810: 507: 440: 236: 1317: 1089:

memorial to Caroline. Meanwhile, the party began to recover, chiefly through its adoption of "

648:, but within six weeks was discharged on medical grounds after collapsing while attempting an 3660: 1575: 1559: 1081: 1035:

As Liberal leader, Thorpe provided a clear contrast with the pedestrian images of Wilson and

475: 340: 1143:. The couple had been brought together a year earlier by a mutual acquaintance, the pianist 1084:

and dedicated on 4 December 1971 by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Crediton.

6297: 6162: 6157: 1500: 936: 773: 600: 515: 415:

parties to lead the Liberals through a period of electoral success. This culminated in the

25: 5594: 3367: 1422:. Thorpe lobbied the government hard for legislation to introduce direct elections to the 1390:

determination to destroy the Leader could itself result in the destruction of the Party".

932::13, was "Greater love hath no man than this, that he lay down his friends for his life". 8: 5853: 4168: 1423: 1381:

Thorpe's problems multiplied when Bessell, alarmed by his own position, confessed to the

1355: 1055:, in a previously safe Labour seat. This was a solitary success, and the party faced the 1052: 895:

Thorpe was a diligent MP, active in promoting local issues—a new general hospital, and a

471: 420: 5871: 1749:

in the title role, but this was subsequently abandoned after legal threats from Thorpe.

6106: 6082: 5939: 3810: 1760: 1567: 1535: 1448: 1369: 1284: 1097: 1090: 1077: 853: 551: 547: 543: 377: 230: 105: 1504:

for his story. At the conclusion, the four defendants were committed for trial at the

5498: 5476: 5454: 5432: 5413: 5405: 5391: 5381: 5365: 5343: 5321: 5298: 5279: 5260: 5248: 5234: 5211: 3493: 3459: 3422: 1833: 1495: 1414:

Thorpe's resignation brought him a period of temporary calm. The new Liberal leader,

1300: 1292: 1245: 1200: 802: 789: 680: 619: 522:

from 1922 to 1932. The archdeacon's marriage in 1884 to a daughter of the prosperous

460: 412: 404: 324: 85: 4831: 630: 5848: 5789: 5639: 5226: 1487: 1435: 1374: 1336: 1196: 1061: 976: 870: 588: 456: 400: 5773: 5675: 5658: 5155:"A Very English Scandal finale review – leaves you reeling, seething and laughing" 1228:

called the whole campaign "a slightly less successful re-run of February." In the

1168: 5857: 5748: 3816: 1954: 1725: 1652: 1651:"a phoney ... a Thatcherite trying to appear progressive". Some of Thorpe's 1419: 1407: 1180: 833: 608: 535: 483: 424: 399:

MPs, but decided to align with the small and ailing Liberal Party. After reading

109: 89: 3664: 1664:

complications of Parkinson's disease on 4 December, aged 85. His funeral was at

801:

In need of a paid occupation Thorpe opted for the law, and in February 1954 was

579:. By mid-1939 war looked likely, and the Thorpe family moved from London to the 6121: 5994: 5955: 5916: 5643: 5490: 5357: 5313: 3821: 3817:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 1837: 1774: 1746: 1730: 1599: 1272: 1217: 1109: 744: 699: 695: 596: 385: 180: 5628: 6151: 6091: 6072: 5468: 5446: 5203: 1717: 1693: 1689: 1648: 1539: 1529: 1481: 1312: 1265: 1212: 1203:. Following Heath's resignation, Wilson formed a Labour minority government. 1172: 1144: 964: 948: 889: 874: 817:, and later as an interviewer on the station's major current affairs vehicle 657: 568: 499: 389: 368:(29 April 1929 – 4 December 2014) was a British politician who served as the 77: 419:, when the party won 6 million votes out of some 31 million cast. Under the 5362:

Great Parliamentary Scandals: Four Centuries of Calumny, Smear and Innuendo

5335: 1919: 1790: 1764: 1644: 1635: 1595: 1410:, Prime Minister 1976–79, who governed by courtesy of the 1977 Lib–Lab pact 1321: 1296: 1221: 1136: 1036: 1012: 1008: 999: 908: 828: 806: 785: 676: 668: 576: 539: 428: 276: 81: 6233:

Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies

5753:"Jeremy Thorpe review – Michael Bloch's gripping and insightful biography" 6136: 5521: 1950: 1782: 1513: 1415: 1403: 1330: 1225: 900: 777: 756: 684: 572: 534:

and nursemaids until, in 1935, he began attending Wagner's day school in

523: 388:, a former model. Thorpe was acquitted on all charges, but the case, and 133: 1064:

were relatively safe. Heath's Conservatives secured a 30-seat majority.

955:. In North Devon, Thorpe increased his personal majority to over 5,000. 6126: 1778: 1708: 1704: 1505: 1361: 1343: 904: 885: 880: 842: 736: 604: 584: 381: 348: 121: 4262: 4028: 3926: 3890: 1199:, the coalition could have been brought down by the first vote on the 2758: 1773:, based on Preston's book, aired on the BBC in May 2018, directed by 1745:

In 2009 the BBC attempted to film a TV biopic of Thorpe's life, with

968: 896: 781: 672: 444: 37: 3868: 3866: 1335:

between £5,000 and £10,000. Meanwhile, Thorpe procured £20,000 from

6243:

Military personnel from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea

4650: 4067: 1630: 1534:

The trial, which lasted for six weeks, began on 8 May 1979, before

1491: 644:, Thorpe left Eton in March 1947. In September he began 18 months' 384:

on charges of conspiracy and incitement to murder his ex-boyfriend

5838: 5070: 3863: 2618: 1242:

June 1975 referendum on the UK's continuing membership of the EEC

929: 531: 1447:, in negotiations for a peaceful settlement to the long-running 928:, Thorpe's reported comment, an inversion of the biblical verse 3715: 3713: 3213: 1923: 1872: 960: 592: 580: 503: 4142: 1348: 873:'s Conservative government. On 10 November 1959, he made his 796: 6268:

Politicians from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea

3970: 3968: 3710: 3322: 3320: 3237: 1755:, a true crime account covering the Thorpe/Scott affair, by 1647:"dour and unimpressive", and dubbed the Conservative leader 4667: 4665: 4132: 4130: 3604: 3602: 1427: 1044: 963:

and Rhodesia. On his return he advised the prime minister,

550:, who became Jeremy's godmother. The former prime minister 4458: 3332: 2413: 2411: 2196: 1434:

Labour and Liberal parties; to ensure mutual survival, a "

813:, at first as chairman of a science discussion programme, 5733:"The damning, shocking, depressing life of Jeremy Thorpe" 5542:"The Election of Jeremy Thorpe to the Liberal Leadership" 5046: 5034: 4186: 3965: 3943: 3941: 3853: 3851: 3776: 3754: 3752: 3317: 3278: 3079: 2942: 2940: 2773: 2548: 2546: 2531: 2435: 1785:

as Norman Scott. Adam Macqueen's counterfactual thriller

4873: 4851: 4849: 4662: 4626: 4602: 4470: 4374: 4310: 4298: 4198: 4127: 4115: 4055: 4016: 4004: 3902: 3599: 3563: 3295: 3293: 3141: 2884: 2872: 2797: 2606: 1096:

By early 1972, with the monument to Caroline erected on

865:

Thorpe's efforts in North Devon came to fruition in the

450: 423:

electoral system this gave them only 14 seats, but in a

4518: 4045: 4043: 3305: 3201: 3177: 3129: 3043: 3031: 2964: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2908: 2896: 2785: 2735: 2698: 2594: 2582: 2495: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2408: 2160: 1594:

merger. He thought he might return to parliament via a

5716:"Jeremy Thorpe: MP who revived Liberal Party fortunes" 5022: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4861: 4780: 4506: 4482: 4091: 4079: 3938: 3848: 3764: 3749: 3698: 3674: 3575: 3551: 3344: 3225: 3189: 3153: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3055: 2937: 2850: 2848: 2543: 2396: 2333: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2148: 2136: 2082: 2070: 2024: 2022: 2020: 542:

family—Ursula Thorpe was a close friend of the former

6218:

LGBTQ members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

5766:"Jeremy Thorpe: Was there an establishment cover-up?" 5058: 4981: 4945: 4885: 4846: 4804: 4792: 4756: 4701: 4689: 4638: 4614: 4590: 4566: 4554: 4542: 4530: 4398: 3980: 3614: 3587: 3290: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3067: 3019: 2660: 2384: 2357: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2124: 2046: 2005: 5109:"A Very English Scandal (official publisher's page)" 4969: 4040: 3539: 3520:

Glover, Julian; Wintour, Patrick (4 February 2005).

3165: 3007: 2920: 2860: 2809: 2570: 2558: 2519: 2507: 2483: 2172: 2034: 1993: 1633:. Three years later, in 2008, he gave interviews to 1490:) and George Deakin, appeared before magistrates at 5410:

Seasons in the Sun: The Battle For Britain, 1974–79

5224: 5005: 4927:"The Funeral of the Right Honourable Jeremy Thorpe" 4656: 4268: 4073: 4034: 3932: 3914: 3896: 3249: 3091: 2952: 2845: 2821: 2624: 2423: 2345: 2321: 2273: 2261: 2184: 2058: 2017: 380:from 1967 to 1976. In May 1979 he was tried at the 6238:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 5627: 5380: 4957: 4768: 3261: 2833: 2208: 1981: 1969: 1696:, at the time of the trial: "Self-centred ... 1104:, approving the United Kingdom's accession to the 759:, whose agent recommended him to the neighbouring 6228:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies 4993: 1259: 911:". On broader questions he made no secret of his 6149: 5985: 5593:. Liberal Democrat History Group. Archived from 5247: 4452: 4440: 4428: 3805: 3803: 1703:In assessing Thorpe's 10 years as party leader, 1324:, scene of Newton's attempted shooting of Scott. 1076:The monument to Caroline Thorpe on Codden Hill, 967:, that the all-white Rhodesian government under 5161:. No. 3 June 2018. Guardian News and Media 2757:. Online Parallel Bible Project. Archived from 1692:, was given by a former friend, the art expert 1430:were appointed by member nations' parliaments. 5311: 5076: 4683: 4584: 4500: 4416: 4392: 4292: 4280: 4109: 3998: 3959: 3884: 3872: 3842: 3794: 3743: 3731: 3692: 1621:In 1999 Thorpe published an anecdotal memoir, 1475: 1179:The February 1974 general election produced a 739:, at the heart of the North Devon constituency 5971: 5318:Rinkagate: The Rise and Fall of Jeremy Thorpe 3800: 3519: 3361: 3359: 595:. In September that year Jeremy began at the 5844:contributions in Parliament by Jeremy Thorpe 5638:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4727:. 9 February 1982. p. 5. Archived from 4162:"European Parliament: Historical Background" 2715: 2713: 1898: 3455:David Steel: Rising Hope to Elder Statesman 1139:, a concert pianist and the former wife of 459:, London, on 29 April 1929. His father was 6198:Deaths from Parkinson's disease in England 5978: 5964: 5870: 5811:"Former Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe dies" 5565:"Asking Too Much and Offering Too Little?" 5378: 5146: 3447: 3445: 3356: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2779: 2644:. BBC News. 9 October 1959. Archived from 2638:"1959: 'Supermac' leads Tories to victory" 1865: 1856: 1843: 797:Barrister-at-law and television journalist 718: 518:, became an Anglican priest and served as 36: 5763: 5549:Liberal Democrat History Group Newsletter 5473:Final Term: The Labour Government 1974–76 5404: 4167:. The European Parliament. Archived from 3813:inflation figures are based on data from 3782: 3719: 3680: 3284: 2710: 2612: 1922:around whom no one knew how to light the 1826: 1443:African nationalists, in the form of the 1368:On 16 March 1976 Newton's trial began at 1163: 903:—and campaigned successfully to save the 6208:English expatriates in the United States 5813:. Liberal Democrat Voice. Archived from 5788: 5747: 5609: 5539: 5101: 5088: 5064: 4855: 4762: 3451: 2931: 2102:"Limpsfield-educated-Jeremy-Thorpe-dies" 1939: 1929: 1878: 1658: 1402: 1316: 1167: 1071: 879: 731: 629: 376:from 1959 to 1979, and as leader of the 6168:20th-century British military personnel 5690: 5665: 5635:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5489: 4975: 3442: 3338: 3311: 3108: 3085: 2976: 1911: 1888: 1816: 1796: 860: 268: 1968; died 1970) 6150: 5730: 5625: 5585: 5467: 5426: 5356: 5292: 5179: 5133: 5052: 5040: 5028: 5016: 4867: 4786: 4512: 4488: 4192: 4148: 4097: 4085: 3974: 3947: 3857: 3770: 3758: 3704: 3632: 3581: 3557: 3365: 3350: 3326: 3255: 3231: 3147: 3120: 3073: 3025: 2890: 2878: 2839: 2803: 2666: 2525: 2501: 2417: 2390: 2363: 2243: 2178: 2166: 2130: 2064: 1807: 1590:association, formed after the Liberal– 1523: 1141:George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood 973:unilateral declaration of independence 694:, the barrister and former Liberal MP 463:, a lawyer and politician who was the 158:8 October 1959 – 7 April 1979 65:18 January 1967 – 10 May 1976 5959: 5764:Rosenbaum, Martin (6 December 2014). 5713: 5612:"Thorpe quits after Amnesty protests" 5562: 5520: 5445: 5334: 5202: 5152: 4987: 4963: 4951: 4891: 4879: 4810: 4798: 4774: 4707: 4695: 4671: 4644: 4632: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4476: 4464: 4404: 4380: 4316: 4304: 4232:from the original on 3 December 2015. 4204: 4136: 4121: 4061: 4022: 4010: 3986: 3920: 3908: 3814: 3620: 3608: 3593: 3569: 3485: 3414: 3388: 3299: 3272: 3219: 3207: 3183: 3171: 3135: 3049: 3037: 3013: 2970: 2914: 2902: 2866: 2815: 2791: 2741: 2704: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2537: 2513: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2402: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2202: 2190: 2154: 2142: 2088: 2076: 2052: 2040: 2028: 2011: 1999: 1987: 1832:In 1951, the incoming prime minister 1206: 1149:secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 1060:majorities; only Grimond, Hooson and 451:Family background and early childhood 292: 5808: 5383:The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations 5276:A Short History of the Liberal Party 5273: 5127: 4999: 4743:"Amnesty job for Thorpe causes stir" 4431:, pp. 30–33, 86, 104–06, 112–15 4049: 3545: 3489:The Dictionary of Liberal Quotations 3243: 3195: 3159: 3061: 2958: 2946: 2854: 2827: 2552: 1975: 1570:, and race relations adviser to the 922:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 296: 6258:People educated at Hazelwood School 5794:"Jeremy Thorpe: I remember the lot" 5475:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 5390:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5320:. London: Bloomsbury Publications. 5297:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 5134:Stasio, Marilyn (25 October 2016). 5089:Helliker, Adam (20 December 2009). 4929:. Westminster Abbey. Archived from 4830:. 23 September 1999. Archived from 1740: 1393: 847:victory at Torrington in March 1958 395:Thorpe was the son and grandson of 13: 5731:Murray, Douglas (5 January 2015). 5714:Moore, Richard (4 December 2014). 5666:Landale, James (4 December 2014). 5610:Horsnell, Michael (5 March 1982). 5524:; et al. (27 February 1982). 4370:from the original on 3 March 2016. 4344:from the original on 4 March 2016. 4254:: col. 1046–50. 11 November 1977. 4228:: col. 1849–53. 16 December 1976. 3389:Black, Peter (30 September 2007). 2727:. 13 December 2014. Archived from 2694:from the original on 4 March 2016. 683:—to secure the presidency for the 14: 6319: 6223:Leaders of the Liberal Party (UK) 6188:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford 6178:21st-century English LGBTQ people 6173:20th-century English LGBTQ people 5868:National Portrait Gallery, London 5831: 5809:Tail, Stephen (4 December 2014). 5431:. London: Politico's Publishing. 5180:Larman, Alexander (17 May 2020). 4721:"Thorpe beats 41 for Amnesty job" 4657:Chester, Linklater & May 1979 4269:Chester, Linklater & May 1979 4258:from the original on 7 July 2015. 4074:Chester, Linklater & May 1979 4035:Chester, Linklater & May 1979 3933:Chester, Linklater & May 1979 3897:Chester, Linklater & May 1979 3655:"Sinking and swinging together". 3641:. p. 1 – via Proquest. 2999:. 4 December 2014. Archived from 2690:: col. 249–54. 10 November 1959. 2625:Chester, Linklater & May 1979 1582:, but in 1985 the progression of 1135:On 14 March 1973, Thorpe married 905:Barnstaple-to-Exeter railway line 886:Barnstaple to Exeter railway line 417:general election of February 1974 6213:English male non-fiction writers 5882:Parliament of the United Kingdom 5278:. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press. 5173: 5082: 5079:, pp. 376–77, quoting Fryer 4919: 4897: 4816: 4735: 4713: 4677: 4578: 4494: 4446: 4434: 4422: 4410: 4386: 4348: 4322: 4286: 4274: 4236: 4210: 4154: 4103: 3992: 3953: 3878: 3836: 3788: 3737: 3725: 3686: 3648: 3626: 3513: 3479: 3421:. MacMillan Press. p. 235. 3408: 3382: 823:. Among various assignments for 575:that prepared boys for entry to 6253:People educated at Eton College 6183:20th-century English memoirists 5540:Beaumont, Timothy (June 1997). 5136:"New True-Crime Books for Fall" 5111:. Penguin Books. Archived from 5091:"BBC film blow to frail Thorpe" 3635:"Woolwich West falls to Tories" 3114: 2747: 2672: 2630: 2369: 2094: 987: 713: 567:In January 1938 Jeremy went to 492:Speaker of the House of Commons 288: 265: 6273:Presidents of the Oxford Union 5586:Glover, Julian (31 May 2015). 5526:"Mr Jeremy Thorpe and Amnesty" 5295:A History of the Liberal Party 5182:"Beneath the Streets – review" 4911:. 7 March 2014. Archived from 4366:: cols 808–85. 2 August 1978. 3366:Glover, Julian (20 May 2012). 1627:2005 general election campaign 1306: 1260:Relationship with Norman Scott 1224:. Future Liberal Party leader 951:, who won the Cornish seat of 662:Oxford University Liberal Club 392:, ended his political career. 16:British politician (1929–2014) 1: 5691:Membery, York (Summer 2008). 4824:"Thorpe proposed for peerage" 4749:. 9 February 1982. p. 2. 2380:. 27 October 1951. p. 6. 1949:published a letter signed by 1553: 1230:October 1974 general election 1057:general election of June 1970 945:October 1964 general election 926:sacked a third of his cabinet 867:October 1959 general election 6263:People from South Kensington 6068:Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman 5987:Leaders of the Liberal Party 5659:UK public library membership 5231:Jeremy Thorpe: A Secret Life 4453:Chippindale & Leigh 1979 4441:Chippindale & Leigh 1979 4429:Chippindale & Leigh 1979 3659:. 28 June 1975. p. 12. 3633:Aitken, Ian (27 June 1975). 1963: 1671: 1398: 1067: 992: 562: 557: 433:a minority Labour government 82:The Lord Beaumont of Whitley 7: 5379:Partington, Angela (1996). 1476:Committal, electoral defeat 1351:laws, was widely reported. 1106:European Economic Community 546:prime minister's daughter, 98:The Lord Lloyd of Kilgerran 53:Leader of the Liberal Party 10: 6324: 6248:People acquitted of crimes 5864:Portraits of Jeremy Thorpe 5700:Journal of Liberal History 5693:"Interview: Jeremy Thorpe" 5588:"Jeremy Thorpe, 1929–2014" 5572:Journal of Liberal History 5453:. London: Michael Joseph. 5077:Freeman & Penrose 1997 4684:Freeman & Penrose 1997 4585:Freeman & Penrose 1997 4501:Freeman & Penrose 1997 4417:Freeman & Penrose 1997 4393:Freeman & Penrose 1997 4340:: cols230. 1 August 1978. 4293:Freeman & Penrose 1997 4281:Freeman & Penrose 1997 4110:Freeman & Penrose 1997 3999:Freeman & Penrose 1997 3960:Freeman & Penrose 1997 3885:Freeman & Penrose 1997 3873:Freeman & Penrose 1997 3843:Freeman & Penrose 1997 3795:Freeman & Penrose 1997 3744:Freeman & Penrose 1997 3732:Freeman & Penrose 1997 3693:Freeman & Penrose 1997 3368:"Jeremy Thorpe, 1929–2014" 3222:, pp. 372–76, 439–40. 2993:"Jeremy Thorpe – obituary" 2721:"From glamour to disgrace" 1789:, longlisted for the 2021 1666:St Margaret's, Westminster 1641:Journal of Liberal History 1580:United Nations Association 1527: 1479: 1310: 1263: 1158:first-past-the-post voting 1004:an election to replace him 704:third-class honours degree 640:Having secured a place at 520:Archdeacon of Macclesfield 6203:English LGBTQ politicians 6081: 6037: 5993: 5946: 5936: 5928: 5923: 5913: 5895: 5887: 5880: 5668:"Obituary: Jeremy Thorpe" 5513: 5412:. London: Penguin Books. 5342:. London: Coronet Books. 5233:. London: Fontana Books. 4905:"Obituary: Marion Thorpe" 4218:"Scotland and Wales Bill" 1759:, was published on 5 May 1737:bang, bang, woof, woof." 1724:The political journalist 1538:. Thorpe was defended by 1250:Woolwich West by-election 1102:European Communities Bill 724:parties". The journalist 625: 476:Sir John Norton-Griffiths 447:and all forms of racism. 390:the furore surrounding it 359: 347: 336: 317: 309: 246: 223: 209: 195: 190: 186: 174: 162: 151: 139: 127: 115: 69: 58: 51: 47: 35: 23: 6193:Anti-apartheid activists 5924:Party political offices 5497:. London: Harper Press. 5364:. London: Robson Books. 5210:. London: Little Brown. 5195: 3452:Torrance, David (2012). 3391:"Great election slogans" 1801: 1011:, the Orpington MP, and 6053:William Ewart Gladstone 6048:The Viscount Palmerston 5702:: 23–25. Archived from 5629:"Bessell, Peter Joseph" 5626:Ingham, Robert (2004). 5621:(subscription required) 5574:: 28–36. Archived from 5535:(subscription required) 5427:Thorpe, Jeremy (1999). 5259:. London: Arrow Books. 4752:(subscription required) 4151:, pp. 232–33, 236. 3815:Clark, Gregory (2017). 3670:(subscription required) 3644:(subscription required) 3492:. Biteback Publishing. 3458:. Biteback Publishing. 3246:, pp. 155–56, 246. 3121:Thorpe, Jeremy (2014). 2680:"Local Employment Bill" 2378:The Manchester Guardian 1781:starring as Thorpe and 1686:Anti-Apartheid Movement 901:Exeter-Taunton motorway 747:, in the Welsh seat of 719:Parliamentary candidate 642:Trinity College, Oxford 635:Trinity College, Oxford 354:Trinity College, Oxford 329:Ursula Norton-Griffiths 6117:Sir Archibald Sinclair 6058:Marquess of Hartington 5644:10.1093/ref:odnb/61814 5293:Dutton, David (2004). 3962:, pp. 207–09, 214 3486:Brack, Duncan (2013). 3125:. Biteback Publishing. 1770:A Very English Scandal 1752:A Very English Scandal 1609: 1572:Greater London Council 1411: 1325: 1191:arrangements with the 1176: 1164:Coalition negotiations 1156:since 1929. Under the 1085: 1023: 892: 811:Associated-Rediffusion 740: 637: 587:where Jeremy attended 343:(maternal grandfather) 6029:The Marquess of Crewe 6024:The Marquess of Ripon 6014:The Earl of Kimberley 5563:Dorey, Peter (2009). 5551:: 5–6. Archived from 5340:The Course of My Life 5229:; May, David (1979). 3415:Joyce, Peter (1999). 2205:, pp. 58–61, 65. 1659:Final years and death 1605: 1576:Amnesty International 1560:Liberal International 1528:Further information: 1480:Further information: 1406: 1320: 1311:Further information: 1193:Scottish Nationalists 1171: 1082:Clough Williams-Ellis 1080:. It was designed by 1075: 1018: 888:, which survived the 883: 815:The Scientist Replies 735: 679:and the Conservative 633: 341:John Norton-Griffiths 6063:Sir William Harcourt 6019:The Earl of Rosebery 5897:Member of Parliament 5854:Jeremy Thorpe Papers 5776:on 25 September 2015 5678:on 25 September 2015 5274:Cook, Chris (1998). 5257:The Thorpe Committal 4467:, pp. 514, 517. 3746:, pp. 36, 42–44 3695:, pp. 36, 58–60 3522:"Winners and losers" 2540:, pp. 116, 127. 2444:, pp. 103, 117. 2112:on 24 September 2015 1945:On 27 February 1982 1906:Sir Robert Armstrong 1797:Notes and references 1501:The Sunday Telegraph 861:Member of Parliament 788:, who had succeeded 774:Radical Reform Group 601:Pomfret, Connecticut 370:Member of Parliament 295:; died 141:Member of Parliament 26:The Right Honourable 5792:(28 January 2008). 5751:(18 January 2015). 4244:"Southern Rhodesia" 1787:Beneath the Streets 1584:Parkinson's disease 1524:Trial and acquittal 1424:European Parliament 1356:Department of Trade 1053:Birmingham Ladywood 1028:The Daily Telegraph 1026:Thorpe's obituary, 698:, and the humorist 472:Manchester Rusholme 455:Thorpe was born in 441:Parkinson's disease 421:first-past-the-post 6112:Sir Herbert Samuel 6107:David Lloyd George 6097:Sir Donald Maclean 6004:The Earl Granville 5804:on 16 August 2015. 5726:on 13 August 2015. 5406:Sandbrook, Dominic 5249:Chippindale, Peter 5140:The New York Times 5055:, pp. 223–24. 5043:, pp. 219–20. 4882:, pp. 554–55. 4725:The Glasgow Herald 4674:, pp. 545–46. 4635:, pp. 225–27. 4611:, pp. 220–21. 4479:, pp. 517–20. 4383:, pp. 503–04. 4319:, pp. 500–01. 4307:, pp. 490–92. 4271:, pp. 272–77. 4207:, pp. 479–81. 4195:, pp. 229–30. 4139:, pp. 475–77. 4124:, pp. 473–74. 4064:, pp. 454–55. 4037:, pp. 261–64. 4025:, pp. 443–44. 4013:, pp. 439–40. 3977:, pp. 228–29. 3935:, pp. 217–20. 3911:, pp. 369–70. 3899:, pp. 158–60. 3875:, pp. 143–46. 3811:Retail Price Index 3722:, pp. 444–45. 3611:, pp. 548–49. 3572:, pp. 409–10. 3395:Peter Black's Blog 3341:, pp. 441–42. 3329:, pp. 114–15. 3210:, pp. 352–57. 3198:, pp. 152–54. 3186:, pp. 341–42. 3162:, pp. 151–52. 3150:, pp. 212–13. 3138:, pp. 315–19. 3088:, pp. 224–25. 3064:, pp. 149–50. 3052:, pp. 296–98. 3040:, pp. 291–95. 2973:, pp. 244–47. 2949:, pp. 147–48. 2917:, pp. 215–16. 2905:, pp. 219–20. 2893:, pp. 171–75. 2881:, pp. 167–68. 2806:, pp. 198–99. 2794:, pp. 161–63. 2744:, pp. 165–66. 2707:, pp. 170–71. 2648:on 11 October 2015 2603:, pp. 142–43. 2591:, pp. 131–32. 2555:, pp. 137–39. 2480:, pp. 112–14. 2468:, pp. 104–08. 2456:, pp. 109–10. 1668:, on 17 December. 1616:, 28 January 2008. 1612:Thorpe interview, 1568:Aldeburgh Festival 1536:Mr Justice Cantley 1488:actor of that name 1449:Rhodesian Bush War 1440:proportional basis 1412: 1370:Exeter Crown Court 1354:On 29 January the 1326: 1285:National Insurance 1207:Declining fortunes 1177: 1130:Berwick-upon-Tweed 1091:community politics 1086: 1030:, 4 December 2014. 893: 854:Christopher Booker 763:constituency. The 741: 638: 552:David Lloyd George 482:, who was briefly 366:John Jeremy Thorpe 200:John Jeremy Thorpe 106:Margaret Wingfield 6145: 6144: 6103: 5954: 5953: 5947:Succeeded by 5938:Treasurer of the 5914:Succeeded by 5790:Stratton, Allegra 5743:on 6 August 2015. 5709:on 7 August 2016. 5657:(Subscription or 5504:978-0-00-724740-0 5482:978-0-7181-1860-0 5460:978-0-7181-1799-3 5438:978-1-902301-21-1 5419:978-0-14-103216-0 5397:978-0-19-860058-9 5371:978-1-86105-061-8 5349:978-0-340-70853-8 5327:978-0-7475-3339-9 5304:978-0-333-74656-1 5285:978-0-333-73516-9 5266:978-0-09-920400-8 5240:978-0-00-635733-9 5227:Linklater, Magnus 4527:, pp. 85–86. 4503:, pp. 350–51 4419:, pp. 333–34 4283:, pp. 262–66 4001:, pp. 229–30 3887:, pp. 169–75 3845:, pp. 128–30 3370:. 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2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2133:, pp. 8–9. 2129: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2031:, pp. 3–4. 2027: 2018: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1955:Richard Hoggart 1944: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1848: 1844: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1743: 1726:Andrew Rawnsley 1678:Daily Telegraph 1674: 1661: 1653:pro-Europeanism 1619: 1611: 1556: 1532: 1526: 1484: 1478: 1445:Patriotic Front 1426:; at that time 1420:James Callaghan 1408:James Callaghan 1401: 1396: 1315: 1309: 1268: 1262: 1209: 1181:hung parliament 1166: 1078:Bishop's Tawton 1070: 1033: 1025: 995: 990: 863: 799: 749:Montgomeryshire 721: 716: 628: 565: 560: 484:Lord Chancellor 453: 425:hung parliament 332: 305: 302: 286: 282: 279: 271: 263: 259: 256: 242: 224:Political party 219:London, England 218: 214: 213:4 December 2014 205:London, England 204: 202: 201: 175: 163: 157: 152: 143: 128: 116: 110:Basil Goldstone 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 90:Stephen Terrell 88: 84: 80: 76: 64: 59: 43: 31: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6321: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6122:Clement Davies 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6083:Overall Leader 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5995:House of Lords 5991: 5990: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5960: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5917:Antony Speller 5915: 5912: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5876: 5875: 5861: 5851: 5846: 5833: 5832:External links 5830: 5828: 5827: 5806: 5786: 5761: 5745: 5728: 5711: 5688: 5663: 5623: 5607: 5583: 5560: 5537: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5503: 5487: 5481: 5469:Wilson, Harold 5465: 5459: 5447:Waugh, Auberon 5443: 5437: 5429:In My Own Time 5424: 5418: 5402: 5396: 5376: 5370: 5354: 5348: 5332: 5326: 5309: 5303: 5290: 5284: 5271: 5265: 5245: 5239: 5222: 5216: 5204:Bloch, Michael 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5172: 5145: 5126: 5100: 5081: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5031:, p. 208. 5021: 5004: 4992: 4990:, p. 141. 4980: 4968: 4956: 4954:, p. 185. 4944: 4933:on 7 July 2015 4918: 4896: 4894:, p. 555. 4884: 4872: 4870:, p. 203. 4860: 4845: 4815: 4813:, p. 552. 4803: 4801:, p. 550. 4791: 4789:, p. 206. 4779: 4767: 4755: 4734: 4712: 4710:, p. 547. 4700: 4698:, p. 238. 4688: 4676: 4661: 4659:, p. 369. 4649: 4647:, p. 543. 4637: 4625: 4623:, p. 539. 4613: 4601: 4599:, p. 217. 4589: 4577: 4575:, p. 533. 4565: 4563:, p. 205. 4553: 4551:, p. 529. 4541: 4539:, p. 116. 4529: 4517: 4515:, p. 230. 4505: 4493: 4491:, p. 167. 4481: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4407:, p. 506. 4397: 4385: 4373: 4347: 4321: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4235: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4174:on 1 July 2015 4153: 4141: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4100:, p. 218. 4090: 4088:, p. 219. 4078: 4076:, p. 259. 4066: 4054: 4052:, p. 161. 4039: 4027: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3989:, p. 545. 3979: 3964: 3952: 3950:, p. 217. 3937: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3862: 3860:, p. 215. 3847: 3835: 3822:MeasuringWorth 3799: 3787: 3785:, p. 443. 3783:Sandbrook 2013 3775: 3773:, p. 210. 3763: 3761:, p. 201. 3748: 3736: 3724: 3720:Sandbrook 2013 3709: 3707:, p. 214. 3697: 3685: 3681:Rosenbaum 2014 3673: 3647: 3625: 3623:, p. 412. 3613: 3598: 3596:, p. 414. 3586: 3584:, p. 225. 3574: 3562: 3560:, p. 224. 3550: 3548:, p. 159. 3538: 3512: 3499:978-1849546553 3498: 3478: 3465:978-1849544665 3464: 3441: 3428:978-1349143535 3427: 3407: 3381: 3355: 3353:, p. 222. 3343: 3331: 3316: 3314:, p. 439. 3304: 3302:, p. 518. 3289: 3287:, p. 445. 3285:Sandbrook 2013 3277: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3174:, p. 340. 3164: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3123:In My Own Time 3113: 3090: 3078: 3076:, p. 211. 3066: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3028:, p. 210. 3018: 3016:, p. 255. 3006: 2975: 2963: 2961:, p. 147. 2951: 2936: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2869:, p. 210. 2859: 2857:, p. 143. 2844: 2832: 2830:, p. 246. 2820: 2818:, p. 204. 2808: 2796: 2784: 2782:, p. 697. 2772: 2746: 2734: 2709: 2697: 2671: 2669:, p. 184. 2659: 2629: 2617: 2615:, p. 442. 2613:Sandbrook 2013 2605: 2593: 2581: 2579:, p. 121. 2569: 2567:, p. 123. 2557: 2542: 2530: 2518: 2516:, p. 116. 2506: 2494: 2492:, p. 115. 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2407: 2395: 2393:, p. 177. 2383: 2376:"The Change". 2368: 2366:, p. 330. 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2207: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2093: 2081: 2069: 2057: 2045: 2033: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1980: 1978:, p. 162. 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1938: 1928: 1910: 1897: 1887: 1877: 1864: 1855: 1842: 1838:Clement Davies 1825: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1775:Stephen Frears 1747:Rupert Everett 1742: 1739: 1731:Jonathan Fryer 1715:, writing for 1713:Douglas Murray 1673: 1670: 1660: 1657: 1623:In My Own Time 1604: 1600:House of Lords 1555: 1552: 1525: 1522: 1518:North Cornwall 1477: 1474: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1308: 1305: 1264:Main article: 1261: 1258: 1218:one more heave 1208: 1205: 1201:Queen's Speech 1165: 1162: 1110:second reading 1069: 1066: 1041:Young Liberals 1017: 994: 991: 989: 986: 862: 859: 834:Any Questions? 798: 795: 753:North Cornwall 745:Clement Davies 720: 717: 715: 712: 700:Stephen Potter 696:Norman Birkett 650:assault course 627: 624: 597:Rectory School 571:, a school in 564: 561: 559: 556: 502:—prospered in 452: 449: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 345: 344: 338: 334: 333: 331: 330: 327: 321: 319: 315: 314: 311: 307: 306: 304: 303: 284: 280: 275: 274: 272: 261: 257: 254: 253: 250: 248: 244: 243: 241: 240: 234: 227: 225: 221: 220: 217:(aged 85) 211: 207: 206: 199: 197: 193: 192: 188: 187: 184: 183: 181:Antony Speller 178: 172: 171: 166: 160: 159: 149: 148: 137: 136: 131: 125: 124: 119: 113: 112: 71: 67: 66: 56: 55: 49: 48: 45: 44: 42:Thorpe in 1965 41: 33: 32: 29: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6320: 6309: 6308:Thorpe family 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6132:Jeremy Thorpe 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6092:H. H. Asquith 6090: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6073:H. H. Asquith 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5976: 5974: 5969: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5942: 5941: 5940:Liberal Party 5933: 5932:Andrew Murray 5927: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5892: 5891:James Lindsay 5886: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5737:The Spectator 5734: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5689: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5451:The Last Word 5448: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5336:Heath, Edward 5333: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5217:9780316856850 5213: 5209: 5208:Jeremy Thorpe 5205: 5201: 5200: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5096: 5095:Express.co.uk 5092: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5065:Rawnsley 2015 5061: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4909:The Telegraph 4906: 4900: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4857: 4856:Stratton 2008 4852: 4850: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4763:Horsnell 1982 4759: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4686:, p. 364 4685: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4666: 4658: 4653: 4646: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4587:, p. 357 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4455:, p. 189 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4395:, p. 324 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4295:, p. 276 4294: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4123: 4118: 4112:, p. 240 4111: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3844: 3839: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3804: 3796: 3791: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3745: 3740: 3734:, p. 208 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3446: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3369: 3362: 3360: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3257: 3252: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3034: 3027: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2997:The Telegraph 2994: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2932:Beaumont 1997 2928: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2911: 2904: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2841: 2836: 2829: 2824: 2817: 2812: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2725:The Economist 2722: 2716: 2714: 2706: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2668: 2663: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2627:, p. 29. 2626: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2539: 2534: 2528:, p. 45. 2527: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2432:, p. 98. 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2379: 2372: 2365: 2360: 2354:, p. 90. 2353: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2330:, p. 85. 2329: 2324: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2282:, p. 69. 2281: 2276: 2270:, p. 61. 2269: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2204: 2199: 2193:, p. 59. 2192: 2187: 2181:, p. 11. 2180: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2151: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2111: 2107: 2106:Surrey Mirror 2103: 2097: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2073: 2067:, p. 33. 2066: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1996: 1990:, p. 25. 1989: 1984: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1932: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1907: 1901: 1891: 1881: 1874: 1868: 1859: 1852: 1849:The seat was 1846: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1819: 1810: 1806: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777:, with actor 1776: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1718:The Spectator 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1694:David Carritt 1691: 1690:Michael Bloch 1687: 1682: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1649:David Cameron 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1561: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1540:George Carman 1537: 1531: 1530:Thorpe affair 1521: 1519: 1516:, the MP for 1515: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1482:Thorpe affair 1473: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1313:Thorpe affair 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1267: 1266:Thorpe affair 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1213:Harold Wilson 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1174: 1173:Harold Wilson 1170: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145:Moura Lympany 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1001: 985: 981: 978: 974: 971:would make a 970: 966: 965:Harold Wilson 962: 956: 954: 950: 949:Peter Bessell 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 891: 890:Beeching cuts 887: 882: 878: 876: 875:maiden speech 872: 868: 858: 855: 850: 848: 844: 838: 836: 835: 830: 826: 822: 821: 816: 812: 808: 804: 794: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 769: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 738: 734: 730: 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