761:, which was believed to be a Communist front organization, was a major issue in the campaign. Nixon's campaign manager claimed to have proof of Voorhis's involvement with the group. On September 13, the two candidates met at a debate at South Pasadena Junior High School. When Nixon was challenged to produce proof of the allegation, Nixon took from his pocket a local bulletin of the National Citizens Political Action Committee that contained an endorsement of Voorhis. That was a different group, also affiliated with the CIO. While Voorhis's staff was aware of the endorsement, no one had told the representative. Voorhis, confronted with the bulletin, noted that they were two different groups. Nixon responded by reading the names of the boards of directors of the two groups, with many names in common. After the debate, Voorhis asked Congressman
330:, on April 6, 1901, to Charles Brown Voorhis, of Dutch descent, and Ella Ward (Smith) Voorhis. Jerry was the grandson (and future biographer) of Aurelius Lyman Voorhis, who had "ventured out to the frontier in western Kansas" as merchant, land agent, and self-taught lawyer, and had scraped to send his son to college until he was forced, halfway through, to give his son the only two dollars he could spare and advise him to get a job. Charles Voorhis took work in an investment company and as a semi-professional baseball player and rose to become an executive of the Kingman Plow Company. When that company dissolved, Charles Voorhis became an executive of the
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555:, though he suggested that the evacuations be done in as voluntary a manner as possible and that officials be appointed to administer their property to avoid forced sales at bargain prices. During the war, Voorhis advocated more efficiently taxing higher incomes and war profits, planning against postwar unemployment, and planning for the nutritional needs of Americans. Voorhis also opposed dominance of big business in the war effort. Congress, for the most part, ignored Voorhis's pleas.
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power on the other are entirely contrary to its precepts". He later stated that he lacked the faith in his own judgment to leave Yale and get a job in "the real world lay beyond the college walls". However, once he graduated, Voorhis engaged a room at a boarding house and went to work as a receiving clerk, a job he soon exchanged for one as a freight handler. Later in 1923, he was laid off. In 1923 and 1924, he served as a traveling representative for the
818:, near the League's Chicago headquarters. The League, which included both consumer and producer cooperatives, had fallen on hard times in the postwar period. Under his leadership, the League's financial position gradually improved and some major cooperatives that had remained aloof from the League were persuaded to join. The League expanded its purview, founding the Group Health Association of America and the National Association of Housing Cooperatives.
835:, successfully opposing Soviet plans to give greater representation to Eastern European countries, which was seen as a means of eventual communist control of the organization. Voorhis occasionally testified before Congressional committees, usually in opposition to bills which would tax cooperatives. He shut down the League's moribund New York office and opened an office in Los Angeles. Voorhis encouraged the forming of cooperatives in
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425:, a post he retained after his election to Congress. In addition to academic tutelage, the Voorhis School's boys received training in farming, mechanical work, and other manual vocations. Charles and Jerry Voorhis would put much of the family fortune into the school. After Voorhis's election to Congress, the school would be closed down, with the land and buildings donated to
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530:, Voorhis urged neutrality. He proposed enactment of a law which would require a national referendum on whether to go to war. According to Voorhis, laws banning the sale of munitions to foreign nations and forbidding Americans from making loans to other nations for war preparations would keep the United States out of war. In September 1939, when interviewed by
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opposition prior to 1946. Elected as part of the
Roosevelt landslide of 1936, in 1938 he faced an opponent so shy that Voorhis had to introduce him to the crowd at a joint appearance. In 1940, he faced a military school principal, and his 1942 opponent, radio preacher and former Prohibition Party gubernatorial candidate
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noted, "Here is the philosophy of doing-anything-to-win receiving its just and proper reward." Voorhis, believing he had been labeled a subversive by Nixon, "took some satisfaction" in stating that Nixon himself had been the subversive, seeking, according to
Voorhis, to impose "a virtual dictatorship" on the country.
540:, Voorhis stated that a special session should quickly increase relief to the working poor. In early November 1939, however, Voorhis announced his support for repealing the arms embargo mandated by the Act, at the same time urging that the country remain neutral. Voorhis also opposed a peacetime draft, and supported "
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Voorhis had the advantage of incumbency, but this was balanced by other factors favoring Nixon. Due to the press of
Congressional business, Voorhis was able to devote only two months to the campaign, while Nixon campaigned in the district for ten months. Voorhis's time was further limited when, while
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Voorhis resisted all encouragement toward a business or management career, much to his father's disappointment. While attending Yale, he came to believe that "the
Christian Gospel is to be taken seriously, and that needless poverty and suffering on the one hand and special privilege and inordinate
385:; Jerry Voorhis joined his parents there on his return from Europe. As part of his recovery from his illness, he spent several weeks in northwestern Wyoming, working on a ranch. In Kenosha, he met a social worker named Alice Louise Livingston and married her on November 27, 1924, in her hometown of
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As the Nixon presidency slowly collapsed, Voorhis spoke out more frequently. In 1972, he said, "Sour grapes to criticize the man who beat me, but I just wouldn't be human if I said I liked spending the second half of my life as 'the man who Nixon beat'". After Nixon resigned as
President, Voorhis,
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in the other party's primary, a practice
Voorhis had long adopted. Winning both primaries virtually assured election. Each candidate won his own party's primary, with Voorhis garnering a considerable number of votes in the Republican primary, and outpolling Nixon by 7,000 votes overall. Nixon
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Voorhis "temperamentally and philosophically loathed" communism. He sponsored the
Voorhis Act of 1940, which required political organizations which were controlled by a foreign power or which engaged in military activities to subvert the American government to register with the Justice Department.
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and compiled a liberal voting record. His major legislative achievement was the
Voorhis Act of 1940 requiring registration of certain organizations controlled by foreign powers. After being re-elected by comfortable margins four times, he faced Nixon in 1946 in a bitter campaign in which Voorhis's
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In spite of any hard feelings, Voorhis sent Nixon a letter of congratulations in early
December 1946. The two men met for an hour at Voorhis's office and parted as friends, according to Voorhis. Voorhis's final letter as a congressman, on December 31, was to his father, who had been his political
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him out of office by removing strong
Democratic precincts from the 12th during the decennial redistricting. Nevertheless, Voorhis was re-elected by 13,000 votes in 1942, and by a similar margin two years later. Despite the Republican leanings of his district, Voorhis had not faced any strong
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As Voorhis served his fifth term in the House, local Republicans searched for a candidate capable of defeating him. Richard Nixon answered the call. Nixon, who was still in the Navy when approached, wrote of Voorhis, "His 'conservative' reputation must be blasted. But my main efforts are being
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for his view of how it had gone, and Holifield responded, "Jerry, he cut you to pieces." Voorhis had been successfully linked with "the PAC", though he had refused to accept the endorsement of any PAC unless it renounced Communist influence. Nixon defeated Voorhis by over 15,000 votes, and
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of Illinois considered Voorhis "a political saint", and said of Voorhis, "Driven by conscience, he had a compulsion to master every subject that came before the House, and having mastered it, he spoke his mind." Voorhis would make five-minute speeches in the House of Representatives at any
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Nixon's defeat of Voorhis has been cited as the start of a number of red-baiting campaigns by the future president that later elevated him to the Senate and the vice presidency, and eventually put him in position to run for president. Voorhis later deemed himself "the first victim of the
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Aside from the act named for him, Voorhis succeeded in enacting few new laws, a fact Nixon used against him in 1946 when he argued that Voorhis's legislation had only "transferred jurisdiction over the raising of rabbits from one government department to another."
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from 1930 until 1935. He began publishing articles, writing in 1933, "We could produce plenty for all, but we don't do it ... we will do it only when all producing wealth is owned publicly. ... Incidentally, we would then be living in the kingdom of God."
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The day after the election, Voorhis issued a concession statement, "I have given the best years of my life to serving this district in Congress. By the will of the people, that work is ended. I have no regrets about the record I have written." In his 1947 book,
884:, a book in which he stated that Nixon was "quite a ruthless opponent" whose "one cardinal and unbreakable rule of conduct" was "to win, whatever it takes to do it". "I did not expect my loyalty to America's constitutional government to be attacked," he wrote.
825:, who, when Voorhis declined (in part for health reasons), himself ran in the Democratic primary. Nixon, facing no opposition in the Republican primary, entered and won the Democratic poll, eliminating Zetterberg from the race and ensuring his re-election.
511:, which was held by the member banks, as a way of financing government expenditures and briefly got President Roosevelt to support the measure until the President's advisers caused Roosevelt to change his mind. Voorhis later allied with future
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In 1972, Voorhis and his wife entered a retirement home in Claremont. Nonetheless, he continued to work on a number of committees and advisory boards. His activities ranged from the California Commission on Aging (appointed by Governor
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adviser throughout his congressional career, "It has been primarily due to your help, your confidence, your advice ... above all to a feeling I have always had that your hand was on my shoulder. Thanks ... God bless you."
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had in excess of 300 Democrats, many of them were conservative, and Voorhis emerged as a leader of a progressive caucus of some 50 representatives. Voorhis advocated the purchase by the Federal Government of the stock in the
778:, Voorhis attributed his defeat to tremendous amounts of money supposedly spent by the Nixon forces. When Nixon read the book, he commented, "What I am wondering is where all the money went that we were supposed to have had!"
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suggested that Voorhis had harmed the war effort by depriving the people of California of gasoline. In 1945, Voorhis fought a bill which would have given oil companies offshore drilling rights. The petroleum industry journal
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directed toward building up a positive, progressive group of speeches that tell what we want to do, not what the Democrats have failed to do ... I'm really hopped up over this deal, and I believe we can win." However, "
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until being offered work as a teacher in an Illinois school for underprivileged boys, teaching three grades, coaching sports, and giving religious talks in the school's chapel each morning. This was followed by a year in
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Voorhis also involved himself in the local community. He organized cooperatives among the local ranchers and farmers. When strikes occurred, he would walk the picket lines with the workers. Voorhis gave lectures at
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in order to increase employment. While this effort was unsuccessful, Congress, faced with an economic downturn the following year, increased WPA spending beyond the level which Voorhis had sought. While the
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program, "The Political Obituary of Richard M. Nixon". Voorhis complained about the way Nixon had conducted himself in the 1946 race. but was overshadowed by fellow detractor and Nixon nemesis
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During a writing career spanning a half-century, Voorhis penned several books. Following his defeat by Nixon, he retired from politics and worked for almost twenty years as an executive in the
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Five days after Nixon's defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial election, Voorhis appeared on TV as a Nixon detractor, with Murray Chotiner and Republican Michigan Congressman
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formula for political success." In 1958, Voorhis alleged that voters had received anonymous phone calls alleging that he was a Communist, that newspapers had stated that he was a
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847:. Stanley Dreyer, Voorhis's eventual successor as executive director, was put in charge of these international operations. In January 1967, Voorhis retired from the League.
743:(CIO), its Communist principles, and its gigantic slush fund." The Nixon campaign distributed 25,000 thimbles labeled "Nixon for Congress/Put the needle in the P.A.C."
358:, an elite boys' boarding school in Connecticut with close ties to Yale University, and subsequently attended Yale, graduating in 1923. Voorhis was elected as a member of
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643:", seeming to carry the weight of the world on his shoulders. The press corps also voted him the most honest congressman, and the fifth most intelligent. However,
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Voorhis was a conscientious congressman towards his constituents, careful to remember births, anniversaries, and in-district events. In fact, after the birth of
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suggested that these stands led oil companies to give Nixon substantial, but surreptitious, financial assistance during the 1946 campaign against Voorhis.
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931:, is named for the former congressman. Cal Poly Pomona considers Voorhis one of its founders and has named a park and an ecological reserve for him.
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Voorhis was reelected to Congress four times and had one of Congress's most liberal voting records. He supported New Deal initiatives, including
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to Democrat, but was defeated by popular incumbent Herbert Evans despite receiving the backing of writer and Democratic gubernatorial candidate
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gained momentum, however, when the newspapers pointed out that Voorhis's total percentage of the vote had decreased from 60% in 1944 to 53.5%.
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on September 11, 1984. In addition to his widow, he left two sons and a daughter. Fellow Nixon opponent and former California governor
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opportunity, on matters ranging from local concerns in his district to international monetary issues. The press nicknamed him "Kid
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In 1927, the now-retired Charles Voorhis offered his son an opportunity to found a boys academy near the elder Voorhis's home in
295:. In 1928, he founded the Voorhis School for Boys and became its headmaster. He retained the post into his congressional career.
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for the 12th district Democratic nomination. Hoeppel was weakened by a recent conviction for attempting to sell a nomination to
421:. Jerry Voorhis responded by moving to California. In 1928, he founded and became headmaster of the Voorhis School for Boys in
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673:, of which congressmen received 150 a month. On April 1, 1946, Richard Nixon sent Voorhis a thank you letter for the pamphlet.
662:, "even embarrassed GOP regulars". In 1944, the 12th district Republicans were bitterly divided, and Voorhis easily triumphed.
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eulogized him, saying, "He was a great man. Not many like him these days." Voorhis is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in
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389:. Resuming his blue-collar career after his marriage, Voorhis moved to North Carolina with his wife and went to work in a
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near the start of the 1946 campaign, Voorhis's office sent the Nixon family a copy of a government publication called
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Having spent 23 years in Winnetka, Voorhis moved back with his wife to the old 12th district to an apartment in
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578:. The congressman in a speech from the House floor in May 1943 exposed the deal, which was soon cancelled. The
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In January 1937, Voorhis's first legislative initiative was to propose a dramatic increase in spending for the
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and Voorhis won the Democratic nomination, with Hoeppel finishing in third place. Running as a "Progressive
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869:. Hiss's participation led to such an uproar that sponsors pulled back from underwriting the program, and
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Voorhis's 12th district leaned Republican, the more so after Voorhis survived an attempt, in 1941, to
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for his reaction to the President calling Congress into special session to consider amendments to the
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Blue, Carol (April 16, 1979). "Postscript: 'The Man Nixon beat' sees repeat of mood of the '40s".
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Voorhis was a candidate for the California State Assembly in 1934, changing his registration from
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before his 1925 retirement. Jerry Voorhis began school in Ottawa, but also attended school in
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magazine praised the future president for "politely avoid personal attacks on his opponent".
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described Voorhis's 1943 resignation from HUAC as the representative being "obbly as usual".
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naval reserve in central California, then thought to be the richest oil reserve outside the
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Voorhis was generally highly regarded by his colleagues and others in Washington. Senator
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of Georgia stated that Voorhis had performed "the greatest kind of service". However, the
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311:-leaning district by over 15,000 votes and Voorhis refused to run against Nixon in 1948.
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stated he could be "counted upon ... to temper rightist blasts for leftist lambs".
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Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California
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to force Federal Reserve Banks to pay most of the interest they earned on federal
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and in 1963, the first hemisphere-wide conference of cooperatives took place in
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362:, was president of the Christian Association, and was greatly influenced by the
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American Cooperatives. Where They Come From, What They Do, Where They are Going
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880:. After almost a quarter century of silence on his defeat by Nixon, he wrote
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924:. His papers are held by The Claremont Colleges Library Special Collections.
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movement. He died in a California retirement home in 1984 at the age of 83.
2222:. California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Library). Archived from
2202:. California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Library). Archived from
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Voorhis often opposed the petroleum industry, questioning the need for the
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2432:. Miller Center for Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
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1998:
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Out of Debt, Out of Danger. Proposals for War Finance and Tomorrow's Money
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wrote of him in 1947, "He was ineffectual in terms of practical results."
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Nixon alleged that a vote against Voorhis was "a vote against the P.A.C.
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Cooperative Enterprise: The Little People's Chance in a World of Bigness
732:. He spent two weeks in an Ogden hotel recuperating from the operation.
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In the House of Representatives, Voorhis was a loyal supporter of the
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Voorhis was urged to run again for Congress against Nixon in 1948 by
810:. In early 1947, he was offered the job of executive director of the
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in Germany, though his stay was cut short by illness. Suffering from
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2414:"An excerpt of chapter 4 from the book Richard Nixon by Earl Mazo"
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hailed him as a hero, and House Naval Affairs Committee Chairman
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allowance. In 1943, he was told by a Pasadena attorney that the
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In 1954, the former congressman led the U.S. delegation to the
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As was usual in California at the time, both Nixon and Voorhis
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Charles Voorhis's job with Nash had taken him to a new home in
378:, Voorhis spent six weeks recovering in a London nursing home.
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to the U.S. Government, rather than to the bank stockholders.
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List of members of the House Un-American Activities Committee
402:, where the Voorhises founded and ran an orphanage for boys.
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437:. Voorhis remained in close touch with his school's alumni.
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2200:"The Voorhis connection (Biography of H. Jeremiah Voorhis)"
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Voorhis's supposed involvement with and endorsement by the
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blamed the defeat of the bill on Voorhis. Nixon biographer
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Richard Milhous Nixon: The Rise of an American Politician
2010:
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2149:"Congress called to meet September 21 on embargo issue"
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479:-Democrat", Voorhis easily defeated Republican nominee
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The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from
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1962:
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License plate attachment promoting Voorhis's candidacy
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1946 California's 12th congressional district election
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2601:. Special Collections, The Claremont Colleges Library
2265:. Special Collections, The Claremont Colleges Library
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429:(Cal Poly Pomona), later serving as the university's
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Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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Voorhis's bill to transfer jurisdiction over rabbits
287:(where he was elected to the academic honor society
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708:" Republicans deemed Nixon's campaign hopeless.
241:(April 6, 1901 – September 11, 1984) was a
2587:California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
2452:. Mountain View School District. Archived from
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2028:Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1913–1962
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427:California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
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802:After leaving office, Voorhis remained in his
2491:"Voorhis recalls Nixon's entry into politics"
2394:"Stephen Zetterberg, Nixon rival, dies at 92"
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724:in August, he was forced to have surgery for
303:supposed endorsement by groups linked to the
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1019:The Life and Times of Aurelius Lyman Voorhis
753:(formerly South Pasadena Junior High School)
2337:"Ex-Rep. Jerry Voorhis dies; lost to Nixon"
912:. Voorhis died at the retirement home from
891:Voorhis Ecological Reserve, Cal Poly Pomona
570:exclusive free drilling rights in the vast
467:. Two years later, he challenged incumbent
307:was made into a major issue. Nixon won the
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1971:
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291:) and a master's degree in education from
72:January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1947
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2122:The Strange Case of Richard Milhous Nixon
2048:Jerry Voorhis: The Idealist as Politician
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1279:Cal Poly Pomona, "The Voorhis connection"
1007:The Strange Case of Richard Milhous Nixon
882:The Strange Case of Richard Milhous Nixon
547:Once war was declared, Voorhis supported
264:. He was the first political opponent of
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47:U.S. House of Representatives
2658:California's 12th congressional district
2147:Belair, Felix Jr. (September 14, 1939).
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2618:"Horace Jeremiah Voorhis (id: V000118)"
2416:. Harper & Brothers. pp. 41–45
2371:"Neutrality called 'weak' and 'a need'"
854:defending the former vice-president on
620:Voorhis also served as a member of the
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334:, which became the Pontiac division of
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2239:Catledge, Turner (December 21, 1947).
1930:The Museum of Broadcast Communications
622:House Un-American Activities Committee
254:United States House of Representatives
2712:American politicians of Dutch descent
16:Democratic politician from California
2742:Claremont Graduate University alumni
2558:. September 20, 1954. Archived from
2392:Martin, Douglas (February 9, 2009).
2346:. September 12, 1984. Archived from
2287:Fowler, Glenn (September 12, 1984).
1999:Claremont Colleges, "Voorhis papers"
959:The Story of Voorhis School for Boys
953:The Education of the Institution Boy
904:) to working as a teacher's aide to
873:left the air in the spring of 1963.
741:Congress of Industrial Organizations
256:from 1937 to 1947, representing the
2583:"Books by Jerry Livingston Voorhis"
2532:. November 18, 1946. Archived from
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2313:Kenworthy, E.W. (August 5, 1956).
2171:"Voorhis, Horace Jeremiah (Jerry)"
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830:International Cooperative Alliance
814:. The Voorhis family relocated to
14:
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2752:20th-century American politicians
2747:People from San Dimas, California
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2369:Mallon, Winifred (July 9, 1937).
1001:Credit Unions. Basic Cooperatives
433:campus until it moved in 1950 to
2489:Seelye, Howard (July 21, 1971).
2411:
2315:"In the shadow of the President"
1639:
684:
272:as an example of Nixon's use of
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2702:American cooperative organizers
2241:"The Conscientious Mr. Voorhis"
946:
910:Campaign for Economic Democracy
175:
2289:"Jerry Voorhis, '46 Nixon foe"
806:, house, completing his book,
1:
2650:Member of the
2635:U.S. House of Representatives
2278:"We remember Jerry Voorhis".
2011:Mountain View School District
812:Cooperative League of the USA
797:
499:Works Progress Administration
252:who served five terms in the
2430:"Life before the presidency"
2112:Confessions of a Congressman
983:Confessions of a Congressman
808:Confessions of a Congressman
776:Confessions of a Congressman
751:South Pasadena Middle School
720:en route to California from
7:
934:
276:during his political rise.
258:12th congressional district
10:
2773:
2697:People from Ottawa, Kansas
2095:. Henry Holt and Company.
2019:
1720:Kenworthy & 1956-08-05
1053:Cal Poly Pomona, Biography
737:Political Action Committee
688:
2665:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2114:. The Country Life Press.
2026:Ambrose, Stephen (1988).
1597:Catledge & 1947-12-21
989:The Christian in Politics
483:in the general election.
332:Oakland Motor Car Company
293:Claremont Graduate School
224:
212:
189:
159:
143:
126:
109:
104:
100:
88:
76:
65:
43:
39:
30:
23:
2616:United States Congress.
2524:"New faces in the House"
2220:"The Voorhis connection"
2177:. United States Congress
1031:
927:An elementary school in
2727:Hotchkiss School alumni
2518:(subscription required)
2364:(subscription required)
2308:(subscription required)
2119:Voorhis, Jerry (1973).
2110:Voorhis, Jerry (1947).
2066:Gellman, Irwin (1999).
1942:Seelye & 1971-07-21
1867:Martin & 2009-02-09
1452:Belair & 1939-09-14
1440:Mallon & 1937-07-09
1341:Fowler & 1984-09-12
965:The Morale of Democracy
513:House Banking Committee
165:Alice Louise Livingston
114:Horace Jeremiah Voorhis
2757:Pomona College faculty
2732:Yale University alumni
2599:"Jerry Voorhis Papers"
2263:"Jerry Voorhis Papers"
2089:Morris, Roger (1990).
2051:. Vantage Press, Inc.
2045:Bullock, Paul (1978).
2030:. Simon and Schuster.
892:
754:
739:, affiliated with the
700:
616:
566:was planning to grant
414:
2707:Deaths from emphysema
2550:"Lesson in Democracy"
2498:The Los Angeles Times
2344:The Los Angeles Times
2282:. September 26, 1984.
2192:The Los Angeles Times
1972:Blue & 1979-04-16
1250:The Los Angeles Times
1009:. 1972 (Reprint 1973)
997:. 1961 (Reprint 1973)
890:
749:
698:
614:
509:Federal Reserve Banks
455:Congressional service
423:San Dimas, California
408:
338:, and finally of the
322:Early life and career
137:Claremont, California
2536:on February 19, 2011
2476:on February 17, 2009
2226:on December 12, 2013
1025:Confession of Faith.
929:El Monte, California
922:Altadena, California
804:Alexandria, Virginia
763:Chester E. Holifield
607:Record and campaigns
419:Pasadena, California
326:Voorhis was born in
279:Voorhis was born in
2737:American Christians
2593:on October 3, 2013.
2562:on January 15, 2005
2507:on January 11, 2012
2456:on November 5, 2010
2436:on February 6, 2013
2412:Mazo, Earl (1959).
2353:on January 11, 2012
2125:. Popular Library.
1896:, pp. 286–291.
1854:, pp. 283–286.
1550:, pp. 308–309.
1502:, pp. 164–165.
1418:, pp. 106–108.
1293:, pp. 258–259.
481:Frederick F. Houser
431:Southern California
2470:"Smith, Howard K."
2398:The New York Times
2378:The New York Times
2322:The New York Times
2296:The New York Times
2248:The New York Times
2206:on October 3, 2013
2156:The New York Times
2074:. The Free Press.
955:(M.A. thesis) 1928
893:
823:Stephen Zetterberg
816:Winnetka, Illinois
755:
701:
679:The New York Times
645:Interior Secretary
617:
553:Japanese-Americans
533:The New York Times
488:Franklin Roosevelt
415:
383:Kenosha, Wisconsin
354:. He attended the
340:Nash Motor Company
262:Los Angeles County
248:and educator from
130:September 11, 1984
2675:
2674:
2666:Succeeded by
2280:Claremont Courier
2132:978-0-8397-7917-9
2102:978-0-8050-1834-9
2081:978-1-4165-7255-8
2058:978-0-533-03120-7
2037:978-0-671-65722-2
1985:Claremont Courier
1749:, pp. 69–71.
1394:, pp. 75–76.
1370:, pp. 57–59.
1322:, pp. 41–45.
1310:, pp. 27–28.
1208:, pp. 13–14.
1184:, pp. 10–13.
1142:, pp. 90–91.
833:congress in Paris
591:Los Angeles Times
576:Arabian Peninsula
526:In the run-up to
490:'s controversial
352:Pontiac, Michigan
228:
227:
204:Claremont College
2764:
2660:
2641:Preceded by
2631:
2630:
2627:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2594:
2589:. Archived from
2571:
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2500:. Archived from
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1987:& 1984-09-26
1981:
1975:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
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1897:
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1882:& 1954-09-20
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1684:& 1946-11-18
1678:
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1252:& 1984-09-12
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871:News and Comment
863:News and Comment
660:Robert P. Shuler
450:Political career
400:Laramie, Wyoming
387:Washington, Iowa
356:Hotchkiss School
348:Peoria, Illinois
270:a campaign cited
266:Richard M. Nixon
220:
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105:Personal details
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856:Howard K. Smith
800:
788:fellow traveler
722:Washington D.C.
693:
687:
609:
581:Washington Post
564:Navy Department
544:" legislation.
457:
452:
411:Cal Poly Pomona
324:
305:Communist Party
285:Yale University
231:Horace Jeremiah
208:
199:Yale University
185:
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144:Political party
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689:Main article:
686:
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624:(HUAC) though
608:
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549:the internment
538:Neutrality Act
465:Upton Sinclair
456:
453:
451:
448:
443:Pomona College
409:Voorhis Park,
360:Phi Beta Kappa
336:General Motors
328:Ottawa, Kansas
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25:Jerry Voorhis
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2591:the original
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2560:the original
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2534:the original
2527:
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2502:the original
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2480:December 29,
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2006:
1994:
1984:
1979:
1956:Strange Case
1955:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1847:
1835:
1830:, p. 9.
1827:Strange Case
1826:
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1812:Strange Case
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1805:
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1067:, p. 2.
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678:
675:
670:
667:Tricia Nixon
664:
652:
648:Harold Ickes
636:Paul Douglas
633:
626:
618:
601:Roger Morris
597:Second Issue
596:
589:
579:
568:Standard Oil
557:
546:
531:
528:World War II
525:
496:
485:
469:John Hoeppel
458:
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416:
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368:
325:
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297:
278:
238:
234:
230:
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155:(until 1934)
132:(1984-09-11)
90:Succeeded by
67:
18:
2692:1984 deaths
2687:1901 births
1169:Confessions
1154:Confessions
902:Jerry Brown
852:Gerald Ford
730:Ogden, Utah
726:hemorrhoids
713:cross-filed
671:Infant Care
655:gerrymander
586:Carl Vinson
316:cooperative
274:red-baiting
150:(from 1934)
78:Preceded by
2681:Categories
2663:1937–1947
906:Tom Hayden
867:Alger Hiss
841:Montevideo
798:Later life
706:wheelhorse
542:lend-lease
521:securities
473:West Point
366:movement.
309:Republican
250:California
246:politician
243:Democratic
191:Alma mater
148:Democratic
53:California
2605:March 23,
2566:April 27,
2540:March 27,
2403:March 25,
2383:March 27,
2357:March 27,
2327:March 27,
2301:March 27,
2269:March 23,
2161:March 27,
1954:Voorhis,
1825:Voorhis,
1810:Voorhis,
1167:Voorhis,
1152:Voorhis,
1101:, Voorhis
918:Pat Brown
914:emphysema
878:Claremont
572:Elk Hills
515:chairman
477:Roosevelt
461:Socialist
395:Charlotte
393:plant in
376:pneumonia
213:Signature
153:Socialist
68:In office
2511:July 21,
2440:March 4,
2420:March 5,
2253:March 4,
2210:March 5,
2181:March 5,
1099:Bioguide
935:See also
784:Chotiner
629:magazine
300:New Deal
61:district
2460:July 8,
2020:Sources
1918:Ambrose
1906:Bullock
1894:Bullock
1852:Bullock
1840:Gellman
1798:Gellman
1783:Gellman
1747:Gellman
1696:Gellman
1664:Gellman
1652:Gellman
1609:Bullock
1580:Gellman
1512:Bullock
1500:Bullock
1488:Bullock
1476:Bullock
1464:Bullock
1416:Bullock
1404:Bullock
1392:Bullock
1380:Bullock
1368:Bullock
1356:Gellman
1320:Bullock
1308:Gellman
1230:Bullock
1218:Bullock
1206:Bullock
1194:Bullock
1182:Bullock
1140:Bullock
1128:Bullock
1116:Gellman
1077:Bullock
1065:Bullock
845:Uruguay
759:CIO-PAC
239:Voorhis
184:
172:
168:
2655:from
2230:May 2,
2129:
2099:
2078:
2055:
2034:
1759:Morris
1732:Morris
1708:Morris
1621:Morris
1565:Morris
1548:Morris
1536:Morris
1524:Morris
1428:Morris
1291:Morris
1267:Morris
1021:. 1976
1015:. 1975
1003:. 1965
991:. 1951
985:, 1947
979:. 1944
973:. 1943
967:. 1941
961:. 1932
782:Nixon-
494:plan.
435:Pomona
281:Kansas
178:
160:Spouse
139:, U.S.
122:, U.S.
2505:(PDF)
2494:(PDF)
2374:(PDF)
2351:(PDF)
2340:(PDF)
2318:(PDF)
2292:(PDF)
2244:(PDF)
2152:(PDF)
1032:Notes
641:Atlas
235:Jerry
182:)
174:(
170:
51:from
2607:2021
2568:2009
2555:Time
2542:2009
2529:Time
2513:2009
2482:2008
2462:2009
2442:2009
2422:2009
2405:2009
2385:2009
2359:2009
2329:2009
2303:2009
2271:2021
2255:2009
2232:2009
2212:2009
2183:2009
2163:2009
2127:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2032:ISBN
1880:Time
1682:Time
1640:Mazo
1027:1978
768:Time
627:Time
391:Ford
372:YMCA
350:and
180:1924
127:Died
110:Born
58:12th
908:'s
860:ABC
858:'s
728:in
551:of
260:in
55:'s
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2154:.
1964:^
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1348:^
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1039:^
843:,
346:,
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176:m.
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2013:.
2001:.
1989:.
1974:.
1944:.
1932:.
1884:.
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1722:.
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1254:.
1103:.
1055:.
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